Assessment of Drainage System in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Urban drainage management system is a critically important challenge in

ensuring the sustainable development of the City of Cagayan de Oro. According

to Butler on his article on 2016, he emphasized that water management faces major

challenges over the coming decades, with existing social, ecological, and technical

water subsystems subject to emerging global threats such as climate change,

urbanization, and depletion of resources. Current methods may be able to deal with

these threats individually; however, recent experiences have revealed serious

problems, and, without new ideas and approaches, levels of service will be

challenged significantly by future change. The essential way of managing

stormwater runoff and sea-level rise in urban areas is by having an effective

drainage system. Effective drainage systems lessen the probability of flooding,

reduce the risk of erosion, and mitigates water pollution while developing the

overall health and securing the community. (Scholz et al., 2018). To reduce the

risks of urban flooding, implementation and extension of old stormwater

management using grey infrastructure to present approaches for such as

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) by utilizing green-blue infrastructure (GBI)

(Kapetas & Fenner, 2020)

1
 Lapasan is one of the urban areas in Cagayan de Oro City having a land area

of 2.165 km². Negative environmental effects of the area are caused by its

urbanization. Due to its unfortunate causes, Sitio San Juan 1 of Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City become accustomed to stormwater overflow during rainy

seasons. Stormwater overflow in the area during rainy seasons causes

inconveniency to students, business, transportation, and to residents in general.

(Islam et al., 2020). Management of Urban drainage systems and challenges

associated with it like management of storm waters, surface run off and recurring

issue of flooding has been an issue in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan

de Oro City. Thus, this study aims to assess the current state of drainage system in

this area focusing on its effectiveness and efficiency in managing storm waters and

household excess waters. By addressing this issue and identifying the key

challenges and limits of existing drainage system, we can propose practical

solutions to improve the drainage infrastructure. Thus, it will be beneficial to the

local community of Sitio San Juan and residents of Barangay Lapasan.

Therefore, in conclusion, the study strives to assess the defective drainage in

Sitio San Juan 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The goal of the study is; to

determine the root causes of the defective drainage, provide possible solution to

the defective drainage in order to have its capability to mitigate stormwater runoff

and to make it more environmentally friendly in terms of wastewater discharge.

As a result, the risk of flooding, environmental damage, and health vulnerability

will be mitigated.

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The rapid urbanization in Cagayan de Oro City has led to frequent instances

of flooding. Sitio San Juan in Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro CityThe study

intends to assess the current state of Drainage System specifically in Barangay San

Juan 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. This study deals with the following

questions:

1. What is the current state of Drainage system at Barangay San Juan 1,

Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City in terms of its;

A. Capacity

B. Functionality

C. Overall efficiency

2. What are the root causes or factors contributing to the inefficiency of

drainage system?

A. Structural Damage

B. Road Elevation

3. Propose practical innovations to:

A. Mitigate flood

B. Ensure proper water management

3
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive

assessment of the drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan

de Oro City since the defective drainage system causes inconvenience to the people

as it leads to flooding due to stagnation of waters with rubbish causing unpleasant

odors which is a potential hazard for residents’ health. The study aimed to develop

recommendations for enhancements that mitigates the risk resulting from flooding

and structural damage. The following research objective would facilitate the

achievement of the following:

1. Assess the existing condition of Drainage System at Sitio San Juan

including its physical infrastructure, capacity and functionality.

2. Propose practical and modern approach to mitigate the flooding and to

reduce water run-off to aquatic environment.

3. To propose immediate mandatory repair in any damage drainage we spot

on and modern solution for road elevation.

4
1.4 Significance of the Study

By carefully evaluating drainage systems and allowing target improvements

to drainage infrastructure, these assessments will help communities minimize

drainage issues and maintain the resilience of their water management systems.

The outcome of this study was expected to provide the following benefits:

Residents: The result of this study gave people of Sitio San Jaun a deeper

understanding that poor drainage systems can cause water to build up around

houses and other structures causing damage and affected people and families to

suffer as it might be essential to relocate, which would interrupt daily routines and

require temporary relocations, adding to the suffering already experienced by

individuals affected. Thus, the involvement of residents regarding the maintenance

of drainage is beneficial to all.

Local community: By identifying locations that are vulnerable to flooding due

to defective drainage after heavy rains, drainage system assessments enable

targeted measures to lower flood risks and protect the community. Improving

drainage help Sitio San Juan 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro and the neighbor’s

communities remains resilient and stable by protecting economic activity and

livelihoods from ineffective drainage system.

Future Researchers: The result of this study gives idea and additional

information to future researchers regarding the topic under consideration. Thus,

the acquired information may be used as a reference data for their future studies.

5
Resolving Drainage Issues: We identify places that are vulnerable to drainage

problems during periods of high rainfall by carefully evaluating drainage systems.

By allowing for targeted improvements to drainage infrastructure, these

assessments help communities minimize drainage issues and maintain the

resilience of their water management systems.

Reducing Flood Risks: By identifying locations that are vulnerable to flooding

due to defective drainage after heavy rains, drainage system assessments enable

targeted measures to lower flood risks and protect the community.

Public Services: The provision of government offices, hospitals, and other

essential services might be impacted, which would have an effect on public

administration, healthcare, and education.

Businesses: Local businesses may have infrastructure, inventory, and equipment

damage that costs money. An ineffective drainage system may result in financial

losses for business owners and employees due to operational disruptions.

Small Businesses: the presence and success of small businesses and business

activities in the community.

Infrastructure: Roads, bridges, and other essential infrastructure might be

damaged or destroyed by a poor drainage system, which would hinder local

connectivity and transit.

Agricultural Practices: the raising of livestock growing crops, and other

agricultural pursuits that support the regional economy.

6
 1.5 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 Represents the Conceptual Framework of the study, illustrating

the IPO Model or the Input, Process and Output Model in assesing the Drainage

System in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The process

Input Process Output

1. Topographic Map 1. Actual Field 1. Draiange Lay-out

Survey Plan
2. Actual dimensions

of the Drainage System 2. Calculations using 2. Actual Drainage

Manning’s Equation Capacity

Figure 1.1 The Input-Process-Output of the study

1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study

This study will focus on the assessment of drainage system located in Sitio

San Juan 1 of Baragay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental,

Philippines. Researchers will analyze solution to the main problem that causes

overflow of storm water during rainy seasons. The study aimed to assess the

condition of the drainage system, determine its run-off discharge, evaluate its

flow capacity, and provide recommendations for improvement. The study

utilized data on precipitation, wastewater discharge, tidal height, topography.

Researchers gathers data on the said location regarding with the pertaining

7
issue. Collection of past data and present data of the street will be significant in

conducting this study in order to generate solution to the main problem.

This study was limited to the assessment of drainage system in the specified

area of Barangay Lapasan, the drainage of Sitio San Juan 1, where stormwater

stagnancy manifest during rainy seasons. The study did not involve actual field

construction and design of the drainage system; however, the study provides

data collection, calculation, and graphical solution in order to mitigate the

defective drainage of Sitio San Juan Purok 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City.

1.7 Definition of Term

In this investigation, certain terms are operationally defined to

establish a framework and enhance comprehension of the subject matter. The

terminologies employed in the study are defined as follows:

Drainage System. A system of pipelines, channels, and buildings controls the flow

of wastewater and stormwater in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de

Oro City, to avoid flooding and water damage.

Water Subsystem. The quantity of water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City, to be delivered varies depending on the way, and a water

supply path is made up of a collection of pipes that are different in length and

diameter.

8
IPO Model. A widely used approach in systems analysis for describing the

structure of an information processing program or other process.

Google Earth. A geospatial mapping software that enables users to examine and

assess the surface of the Earth, display geographical information, and produce

intricate maps and three-dimensional models of diverse global locations.

Flood Mitigation. The methods and techniques used to lessen or prevent flooding,

such as enhancing the current drainage system, building flood control structures,

and implementing stormwater management techniques, were intended to lower the

risk of flooding in the research area.

Conduits. The pipes or channels in the drainage system that transport wastewater

and stormwater in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City.

Flow Capacity. The maximum amount of wastewater and stormwater that

Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City’s current drainage system, which runs

from Purok Piaping Puti to Purok Punta, can manage without overflowing or

flooding, guaranteeing the system's correct operation.

Flow Routing. The process of modeling water flow in a drainage system in order

to determine its capacity, possible flow patterns, and flow constraints.

Inflows. The total flow rate that comes into a junction from all outside sources,

including pipelines from adjacent drainage areas, stormwater inlets, and flows

during dry weather. Usually, it is expressed in cubic meters per second.

9
Initial Depth. The level of water at a particular junction or node when the

simulation or modeling scenario first starts. Usually, it is stated in either feet or

meters.

Initial Flow. The amount of water flowing into a conduit at the start of a

simulation or modeling scenario, such as a pipe or channel. Usually, it is expressed

in cubic meters per second.

Ocular Survey. A visual inspection-based observational technique used without

the use of specialist tools or equipment. It entails visually inspecting a space or

object in order to collect data, identify particular traits, qualities, or problems, and

make initial observations.

Run-off Discharge. The drainage system's ability to manage these flows and avert

floods is determined by the amount of water that exits it in response to rainwater

events, wastewater discharge, and tidal backflow.

Status Report. A thorough paper outlining the conclusions, analysis, and

outcomes of a simulation study. It offers a thorough description of a simulation

experiment meant to imitate or replicate a system, procedure, or occurrence found

in the actual world.

Stationing. The process of measuring and marking specific points along the

drainage network for reference and documentation.

Stormwater. The rainwater that flows over the ground surface during or after

storms, which needs to be effectively managed by the drainage system to avoid

flood hazards and reduce environmental impacts.

10
Sub-catchments. The portions of the research area that are divided or subdivided

and that affect the drainage system's overall runoff and water flow are important

for understanding how stormwater is distributed and managed across the study

area.

Sustainable Drainage System. A comprehensive, eco-friendly strategy that aims

to reduce the risk of flooding and environmental harm by incorporating natural

processes, encouraging source control, and strengthening the ability to handle

stormwater runoff, high tide backflow, and wastewater discharge in an

environmentally sound way.

Topographic Map. A thorough depiction of the study area's terrain's shape and

height. Understanding the impact of the landscape's elevation gradients and

drainage patterns on stormwater flow inside the drainage system is made easier by

analyzing the topographic map.

Wastewater Discharge. The release or disposal of wastewater that comes from

both business and residential sources combined. This wastewater is made up of

several pollutants and toxins as well as a combination of organic and inorganic

materials.

11
12
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Purpose and Importance of a Sustainable Urban Drainage System

Major challenges in Water Management are occurring over the coming decades

together with the existing social, ecological and technical water subsystems are subjected to the

upheaval global threats like climate change, rapid urbanization and attenuation of all valuable

resources. These threats can be dealt with current methods individually, however, results and

experiences recently disclose serious complications, and, with the absence of new methods,

ideas, techniques and approaches, the ability of all service will face difficulties by future

change. (Butler et al., 2016). Threats are already making appearances and affecting urban areas

now and in the future. It may have significant contribution to the disintegration of the level of

services delivered by critical infrastructure, such as the Urban Drainage Systems or Urban

Wastewater Systems. As expected, the climate change, drastic population growth, urbanization

and other constantly changing factors could be the source of greater risk when any of these are

simultaneously causing damage to any of the Urban Drainage Systems, posing a big threat to

the future sustainability of the structure. (Zimmerman et al., 2008).

Urban drainage management is critically important in a sustainable urban settlement

and the only way in managing extreme rainfall and the key tool are the Sustainable Urban

Drainage Systems (SuDS). Wide range of technologies and techniques are applied to drain

stormwater, excess surface water and waste water that is more sustainable than traditional

solutions. These are based on a philosophy of replicating “as closely as possible the natural pre-

development drainage from a site with installations based on natural hydrological processes

which utilize vegetated land surfraces”. (Bracken & Coterril, 2020). Urbanized areas are need

of stormwater drainage system because of its essentiality but because of its high investment

requirements, during the time of planning design and construction, attention must to it must be

13
the priority. Failure of constructing an Urban Drainage Systems will result to a wide range of

damaged properties, and also a failure Urban Drainage Systems will put the public health at

greater risks. Disregarding uncertainties during the designing, constructing and even in the

rehabilitation stage of the system will cause a great failure to the Urban Drainage Systems. (S.

Kebede, 2014).

2.2 Advantages of having Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)

A study claimed that, Catch-all term is the title given for the Sustainable Drainage

Sytems (SuDS) because of its various diverse frameworks, which is moderate and sometimes

bears spillovers to reduce surface waste that could result into environmental risks.

(Charlesworth et al., 2003).

The Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have three major advantages in the

perspective of drainage. First, it reduces the overall load on the standard drains, it can withstand

peak flows to prevent overloading and overflowing, and it can also remove source of pollution

to clean up the discharges. Second, Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are commonly used

to lessen the risk of urban runoff to the aquatic sources providing new water-based habitats for

organisms. Third, there are benefits from Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) especially

when ponds and wetlands are utilized. (Jones & Macdonald, 2007). To support that, a study

claims that, Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have the ability to greatly reduce pollution,

during rain and storms Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) can decrease the probability of

flooding, and also it supports low flows in streams and rivers. (Graham, 2012). Conveyance

systems such as pipes, channels, regulators, and pumps can only manage the stormwater

through collecting and conveying the stormwater as fast as it could out of the catchment in order

to prevent overflow and this is a Mono-functional system which is a result by past engineered

solutions. On the contrary, Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are a multifunctional

14
structure that utilizes the processes from the natural ecosystems, its role is to manage

stormwater runoff through collecting and maintaining it within the catchment as long as

possible. (La Rosa & Pappalardo, 2019).

15
16