Well Posed Learning Problem – A computer program is said to learn from
experience E in context to some task T and some performance measure P, if its
performance on T, as was measured by P, upgrades with experience E.
Any problem can be segregated as well-posed learning problem if it has three traits
–
Task
Performance Measure
Experience
Certain examples that efficiently defines the well-posed learning problem are –
1. To better filter emails as spam or not
Task – Classifying emails as spam or not
Performance Measure – The fraction of emails accurately classified as
spam or not spam
Experience – Observing you label emails as spam or not spam
2. A checkers learning problem
Task – Playing checkers game
Performance Measure – percent of games won against opposer
Experience – playing implementation games against itself
3. Handwriting Recognition Problem
Task – Acknowledging handwritten words within portrayal
Performance Measure – percent of words accurately classified
Experience – a directory of handwritten words with given classifications
4. A Robot Driving Problem
Task – driving on public four-lane highways using sight scanners
Performance Measure – average distance progressed before a fallacy
Experience – order of images and steering instructions noted down while
observing a human driver
5. Fruit Prediction Problem
Task – forecasting different fruits for recognition
Performance Measure – able to predict maximum variety of fruits
Experience – training machine with the largest datasets of fruits images
6. Face Recognition Problem
Task – predicting different types of faces
Performance Measure – able to predict maximum types of faces
Experience – training machine with maximum amount of datasets of
different face images
7. Automatic Translation of documents
Task – translating one type of language used in a document to other
language
Performance Measure – able to convert one language to other efficiently
Experience – training machine with a large dataset of different types of
languages
Data Normalization in Python: Simplified Explanation
Normalization is a data preprocessing technique that helps prepare your data for machine learning
algorithms. It involves scaling the values of your features (numerical attributes) to a common range,
usually between 0 and 1 or -1 and 1. This ensures that features with larger absolute values don't
dominate those with smaller values, leading to fairer competition and potentially better model
performance.
Why Normalize?
Equalizes Feature Importance: Normalization prevents features with larger magnitudes from
unfairly influencing the learning process.
Improves Numerical Stability: Some learning algorithms are sensitive to the scale of
inputs, and normalization can help prevent numerical issues.
Improves Performance: In many cases, normalization can lead to faster convergence and
better accuracy for your machine learning models.
Common Normalization Techniques in Python:
1. Min-Max Scaling: Scales values to the range [0, 1] using the minimum and maximum values
across all features.
Python
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
scaler = MinMaxScaler()
X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)
2. Standard Scaling (Z-score): Subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation of each
feature.
Python
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)
3. Decimal Scaling: Scales values by dividing by a power of 10 based on the maximum absolute
value across all features.
Python
def decimal_scaling(X):
max_abs = np.max(np.abs(X))
divisor = 10**np.ceil(np.log10(max_abs))
return X / divisor
Use code with caution. Learn more
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How to Choose a Normalization Technique:
If your data contains outliers, Min-Max Scaling may be preferable as it's less sensitive to
them.
If your features have different units or meanings, Standard Scaling can be helpful as it
normalizes based on relative magnitudes.
Decimal Scaling can be useful if you're concerned about preserving integer values or using a
specific scaling factor.
Important Considerations:
Choose the normalization technique that best suits your dataset and machine learning
algorithm.
Normalize your training and testing datasets separately to avoid information leakage.
Normalize only numerical features; leave categorical features intact.
If you have missing values, handle them before normalization (e.g., imputation).
Remember: Data normalization is just one step in the data preprocessing pipeline. Consider
visualizing your data and exploring other preprocessing techniques like encoding categorical features
for optimal machine learning results.
