Chapter 9: Heat

Important Terms:

Heat = Describes a type of net energy transferred.

Kilocalorie (kcal) = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram
mass of water of a certain temperature in Celsius.

Calorie (cal) = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a pound of water of
a certain temperature in Celsius.

British thermal unit (Btu) = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a
kilogram mass of water of a certain temperature in Fahrenheit.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat = For every 4186J of work done, the temperature of the
water rose 1oC per kilogram, or 4186J is equivalent to 1kcal.

Specific Heat = the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a 1kg of a
substance by 1oC.

Calorimetry = the quantitative measure of heat exchange, which allows us to determine

the specific heats of substances.

Solid Phase = the molecules are held together by attractive forces or bonds.

Melting Point = the temperature at which solid becomes liquid

Freezing Point = the temperature at which liquid becomes solid

Liquid Phase = molecules of a substance are relatively free to move and a liquid
assumes the shape of its container

Gaseous Phase = molecules interact weakly and are separated by relatively large
distances; thus has no definite shape or volume.

Boiling Point = the temperature at which liquid becomes vapor/gas

Condensation Point = the temperature at which gas condenses and becomes a liquid.

Sublimation = the change of solids to gaseous phase directly.

Deposition = A phase change from gas to a solid.

Latent Heat = the heat energy involved in a phase change

Latent Heat of Fusion = the latent heat for a solid – liquid phase change
Latent Heat of Vaporization = the latent heat for a liquid – solid phase change

Latent Heat of Sublimation = the latent heat for the less common solid-gas phase
change

Evaporation = A cooling process for the object from which the molecules escape

Conduction = energy is conductively transferred from a higher temperature region to a

lower temperature region – transfer as a result of a temperature difference.

Thermal Conductor = conductors of heat

Thermal Insulator = poor heat conductor

Thermal Conductivity = characterizes the heat-conducting ability of a material.

Convection = heat transfer as a result of mass transfer, which can be natural or forced

Radiation = heat transferred which does not require a medium but by electromagnetic
waves

Stefan’s Law = the rate at which an object radiates energy has been found to be
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature

Emissivity = a unitless number between number 0 and 1 that is characteristics of the

material.

Blackbody = a body that is a good absorber of a certain wavelength of radiation is a good

emitter of those same wavelengths.
Important Equations
Specific Heat
Q=mcΔT

Where: Q = heat
c = specific heat
m = mass
T = temperature

Latent Heat
Q=mL

Where: Q = heat
m = mass
L = latent heat
Thermal Conduction
ΔQ kAΔT
=
Δt d

Where: Q = heat
t = time
k = thermal conductivity
T = temperature
d = thickness

Stefan’s Law
ΔQ 4
P= =σAe T
Δt

Where: P = power
Q = heat
t = time
A = area
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
e = emissivity
T = temperature

Net Radiant Power

4 4
Pnet =σAe (T s – T )

Where: Ts = surrounding temperature

Example 1: How much mechanical work in joules would have to be done in Joule’s
apparatus to raise the temperature of a liter of water from room temperature to 25oC?

Given:
T I =20℃
T F =25 ℃
Vol=1 L
∴ mH O=1 kg
2

Required:
W k =?

Solution:
Q=mc ∆ T

(
Q= (1 kg ) 4.186
kJ
kg ∙ ℃ )
( 25 ℃−20 ℃ )
Q=20.93 kJ =20.93 W
Example 2: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.20kg of water from
15oC to 45oC?

Given: Q=?
T I =15℃
T F =45 ℃ Solution:
m H O =0.20 kg Q=mc ∆ T

( )
2
J
Q= ( 0.20 kg ) 4186 ( 45 ℃−15 ℃ )
Required: kg ∙℃
Q=25116.0J

Example 3: A half-liter of water at 30oC is cooled, with the removal of 63KJ of heat.
What is the final temperature of the water?

Given: Q=−63 kJ =−63000 J

T I =30℃
m H O =0.50 kg
2
Required:
T F =?
c H O 4186
2 ( J
kg ∙ ℃ )
Solution:
Q=mc ∆ T
−63000 J= ( 0.50 kg ) 4186( J
kg ∙℃ )
( T F −30 ℃ )
−63000 J
T F= +30
(
( 0.50 kg ) 4186
J
kg ∙ ℃ )
T F =−0.1003 ℃ ≈ 0 ℃

Example 4: Equal masses of aluminum and copper are at the same temperature. Which
will require the greater heat to raise its temperature by a given amount, and how many
times greater is this than the heat that would have to be added to the other metal?

Given:
J Solution:
c Cu =390
kg ∙℃ Q Al m Al c Al ∆ T Al
J =
c Al =920 QCu mCu cCu ∆ T Cu
kg ∙ ℃
mCu =m Al Since mCu =m Al∧∆ T Cu =∆ T Al
∆ T Cu =∆ T Al J
920
Q c kg ∙ ℃
∴ Al = Al =
Required: QCu c Cu J
390
Q Al kg ∙℃
=?
QCu
Q Al
=2.36 :Q Al =2.36 QCu
QCu
Q Al >QCu
Example 5: Students in a physics lab are to determine the specific heat of copper
experimentally. They heat 0.150kg of copper shot to 100oC and then carefully pour the
hot shot into a calorimeter cup containing 0.200kg of water at 20 oC. The final
temperature of the mixture in the cup is measured to be 25 oC. If the aluminum cup has a
mass of 0.045kg, what is the specific heat of copper? (Assume that there is no heat loss to
the surroundings.)

Given: mCu =0.15 kg

T I for Cu=100 ℃ m Al =0.045 kg
T I for Al∧H 2 O=20 ℃ m H O =0.20 kg
2

T F =25 ℃
J Required:
c Al =920
kg ∙ ℃ c Cu =?
J
c H O =4186
2
kg ∙ ℃

Solution:
ΣQ=0
Q Al +QCu +Q H O=0
2

m Al c Al ∆ T Al + mCu cCu ∆ T Cu + mH O c H O ∆ T H O=0

2 2 2

[ 0.045 ( 920 ) (25−20)] + [ 0.15 ( cCu ) (25−100) ]+ [ 0.20 ( 25−20 )(4186)]=0

207−11.25c Cu + 4186=0
−207−4186 J
c Cu = =390.49
−11.25 kg ∙℃

Example 6: Heat is added to 0.500kg of water at room temperature. How much heat in
joules is required to change the water to steam at 110oC?

Given:
m=0.50 kg
T I =20℃
T F =100 ℃
1

T F =110 ℃
2

J
c H O =4186 @ room T
2
kg ∙ ℃
J
c H O =2010 for steam
2
kg ∙℃
5 J
Lv =22.6 × 10
kg

Required:
Σ QH O=?
2
Solution:
Q 1=mc ∆ T =( 0.500 kg ) 4186
J
kg ∙ ℃ (
( 100 ℃−20℃ )=167440 J )
Q Lv=m Lv =( 0.500 kg ) 22.6 ×10 5
J
kg (
=1130000 J )
Q 3=mc ∆ T =( 0.500 kg ) 2010
J
kg ∙℃ (
(110 ℃−100 ℃ )=10050 J )
Σ QH O=Q1 +Q Lv +Q3=167440+1130000+10050
2

Σ QH O=1307490 J =1.31× 106 J

2

Example 7: A 0.30kg piece of ice at 0 oC is placed in a liter of water at room temperature in an

insulated container. Assume that no heat is lost to the container, what is the final temperature of
the water?

Given:
mice =0.30 kg
vol=1 L: ∴ mH O=1 kg 2

5 J
LF =3.33 ×10
kg
J
c H O =4186
2
kg ∙ ℃

Required:
T F =?

Solution:
Q ice =m L F =( 0.30 kg ) 3.33× 105 ( J
kg)=99900 J

Qice =Q H O 2

Q H O =mc ∆ T
2

−99900 J =( 1 kg ) 4186 ( J
kg ∙℃ )
( T F−20℃ )

−99900 J
+20 ℃=T F
( 1 kg ) 4186 ( J
kg ∙℃ )
T F =−3.87 ℃

Q H O =( 1 kg ) 4186
2 ( J
kg ∙℃ )
( 0 ℃−20℃ )=−83720 J
 QH O 83720 J
m ice = 2
= =0.25 kg
LF J 5
3.33 × 10
kg
Example 8: A room with a pine ceiling that measures 3.0m x 5.0m x 2.0cm thick has a layer of
glass wool insulation above it that is 6.0cm thick. On a cold day, the temperature inside the
room is 20oC and the temperature in the attic above the room is 8 oC. Assuming that the
temperatures remain constant with a steady heat flow, how much energy does the layer of
insulation save in 1.0hr? Assume losses are due to the conduction only.

Given:
2
A=3 m×5 m=15 m
d 1=2 cm=0.02m
d 2=6 cm=0.06 m
T 1=20 ℃
T 2=8 ℃
∆ t=1 hr =3600 s
J
k glass wool=0.042
ms ∙℃
J
k wood pine =0.12
ms∙ ℃

Solution:
∆ T =T 1−T 2=20−8=12 ℃

J
k wood pine A ∆ T ∆t
0.12 ( 15 m2 ) ( 12℃ ) (3600 s)
ms ∙℃
∆ Q= = =3888000 J
d1 0.02 m

∆ Q1 ∆ Q2
=
∆t ∆t
k glass wool A ∆ T k wood pine A ∆ T
=
d1 d2
k glass wool ( T −T 1 ) k wood pine ( T 2−T )
=
d1 d2

k glass wool d 2 T 1 +k wood pine d 1 T 2

T=
k glass wool d 2 +k wood pine d 1
∆ Q1 A ( T 2−T 1 )
=
∆t k glass wool k wood pine
+
d1 d2
 2
15 m ( 12℃ )( 3600 s )
∆ Q2 = =406208.96 J
0.06 0.02
+
J J
0.042 0.12
ms ∙ ℃ ms ∙ ℃

∆ Q1 =∆ Q−∆ Q2
∆ Q1 =3888000 J −406208.96 J =3481791.04 J
∆ Q1 3481791.04 J
%= × 100= × 100=89.55 %
∆Q 3888000 J

Example 9: Suppose that your skin has an emissivity of 0.70 and that its exposed area is 0.27m 2.
How much net energy will be radiated per second from this area if the air temperature is 20 oC?
Assume your skin temperature to be the same as normal body temperature, 37oC.

Given:
T s=20 ℃+ 273.15=293.15 K
T body =37 ℃+ 273.15=310.15 K
2
A=0.27 m
e=0.7
−8 w
δ=5.67 ×10 2 4
m K

Required:
E=?

Solution:
4 4
Pnet =δAe (T s −T body )

(
Pnet = 5.67 ×10
−8 w
2 4
m K )
( 0.27 m2) ( 0.7 ) (293.15 K 4 −310.15 K 4 )
Pnet =−20.02 w