QUARTER 4 SCIENCE 10 ACTIVITIES Excess glucose gets stored into the liver as glycogen

Biomolecules and with the help of “insulin” it will be converted into fatty
acids, which will be circulated to other parts of the body and
Name: ________________________ Score:___________ stored as fat in adipose tissue. When there is an
Section: ______________________ Date: ___________ overabundance of fatty acids, fat also builds up in the liver
also known as “fatty liver” which is bad for our health.
Let Us Study (news.berkeley.edu, 2012)
The following discussions will give you a clearer avenue to Fructose, or “fruit sugar” is present in fruits like
understand the major categories of bio molecules. grapes, apple or atis, fruit juices, certain vegetables, and
CARBOHYDRATES honey. It is considered as the sweetest naturally occurring
Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for sugar, due to its sweetness, fructose is sometimes used as a
the body. These are simple sugar, starch, and cellulose. All low-calorie sweetener. (www.medicalnewstoday.com)
carbohydrates are made only of 3 Elements: carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. It is typical of a carbohydrate that it
contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.
Disaccharides
They may be classified into the following: Also called as “double sugar”, any substance that is
Monosaccharides composed of two molecules of simple sugars
The word monosaccharide is derived from the (monosaccharides) linked to each other is a disaccharide.
prefix “mono” which means one, and saccharide meaning Disaccharide is a crystalline water-soluble compound. The
“sugar”. Monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and the basic monosaccharides within them are linked by a glycosidic
subunit of a carbohydrate. These compounds are white solids linkage. (Britannica.com/science). Example of a
at room temperature. Because they have polar, hydroxyl (- disaccharide is the sugar we use to sweeten our coffee. It is
OH) groups in their molecular structures, they are very also called “sucrose” with the molecular formula
soluble in water. Each simple sugar has a cyclic structure and C12H22O11.
is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The most The formation and breakdown of sucrose to glucose
common monosaccharides are glucose (also called involves two reactions. Condensation reaction occurs when
dextrose), galactose and fructose. two molecules join-together to form a larger molecule and
release a smaller molecule(s) in the process. During the
Carbohydrates Structures: Common Monosaccharides condensation of monosaccharides to form disaccharides the
in food smaller molecules is lost in the reaction and it is often water.
(biologydictionary.net, 2017).
Example: When two glucose molecules are
combined, maltose is formed, and water is lost during the
process. “Maltose” also known as malto biose or malt sugar,
is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules are
joined with an ɑ bond examples are wheat, cornmeal, and
barley.
A Hydrolysis reaction is a reaction that uses water
or with the addition of water molecule to break the bond
between monosaccharides or polymers into monomers.
As figure 1 shows, glucose in water solution forms
Sometimes when we go to sleep after drinking milk,
a ring made up of five-carbon atoms and one-oxygen atom,
we had this bloated feeling along with a buildup of intestinal
and fructose in a water solution forms a ring made up of four-
gas. This is because of another important disaccharide-
carbon atoms and one-oxygen atom. Both compounds have
five-OH groups in their structures. Glucose and fructose
have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), Fructose is
known as the fruit sugar as its make source in the diet is fruits
and vegetables. Galactose is nearly identical to glucose in
structure except for one hydroxyl group on carbon atom
number four of the six-sided sugar.
Glucose is the main sugar metabolized by the body
for energy. Galactose is not normally found in nature in large
quantities; however, it combines with glucose to form
lactose in milk. After being absorbed by the body, galactose Lactose or milk sugar. Lactose is a sugar composed of
is converted into glucose by the liver so that it can be used “galactose” and “glucose”. Enzyme “lactase” helps to digest
to provide energy for the body. Both galactose and glucose the lactose needed to break the bond between two
are very stable in solution because they can adopt chair and monosaccharides. “Lactose intolerant” occurto some people
boat conformations. when sugar (lactose) in milk and dairy products was not
Compounds with the same molecular formulas are being fully digested. People who are lactose intolerant
called isomers. Glucose and fructose are isomers. Though cannot digest milk products because they do not produce the
they have the same molecular formula, these sugars cannot enzyme “lactase” needed to break the bond between glucose
be used in the same way by cells in the body because they and galactose. Lactose molecules are known to be too large
have different structure thus, they have different function in to be absorbed by the circulatory system and thus, it
our cell. The arrangement of the C, H, and O atoms continues through the digestive system and are eventually
determines the shape and properties of each sugar. broken down in the large intestines by bacteria. These
Carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are broken bacteria will digest the monosaccharide and, in the process,
down into monosaccharide glucose which is used to supply produce a carbon dioxide gas. As a result, they may have
energy for the cells to perform various activities, the extra bloated stomach, gas and worst diarrhea after consuming
glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen for later these products.
use.(Healthwise Staff, 2020). Polysaccharides
 Polysaccharides (the prefix poly means many) or elsewhere in the body. However, we still need fats in our
complex carbohydrates. They are large molecules that are body, as a backup energy when carbohydrates are not
made up of many smaller units that are joined. These foods available.
turn blue-black in feces is because they contain starchy Another type of lipids composed of molecules
components. There are three common types of which are fused rings of atom is “steroids”. The most
polysaccharides namely- starch, glycogen, and cellulose, important steroid is “cholesterol”. Cholesterol is a waxy
with the help of salivary enzyme amylase begins the substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol
breakdown of food starches in the digestive system into to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can
maltose- a disaccharide. Glucose molecules separate from increase your risk of heart disease because, high cholesterol
each other and from the rest of the starch polymer. It can can develop fatty deposits in your blood.
then, be absorbed and used as a fuel by the cells in our body. (www.mayoclinic.org)
Usually, it takes time for glucose to separate from
polysaccharides, the released is gradual to the cells, because
of this glucose from starch reaches muscle cells over a period
which provides energy when needed to perform work. This
is also the reason why athletes usually eat food rich in
carbohydrates along with their meals before an athletic
event.
The major storage form of carbohydrates in plants
are the “starch” examples of food that contain starch are
potatoes, noodles, rice, and pasta. A starch molecule is a
polysaccharide from the simple sugar glucose. In humans
and other animals, starch from plants is broken down into its Figure 4 shows the unique structure of cholesterol
constituent sugar molecules, which then supply energy to the which consists of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the
tissues. Glycogen is another polysaccharide, a stored form bulky steroid structure. There is a hydrocarbon tail linked to
of glucose, made up of many connected glucose molecules. one end of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the
It is the readily available energy, easily metabolized and are other end.
used during prolonged exercise or activity. Cellulose is a
polysaccharide, its basic structural component are found in
PROTEINS
plant cell walls, like apple skin, wood, paper, cotton,
Proteins is from the Greek word “proteios” which
legumes, peas and cabbage.
means primary. No living cell is without protein, proteins
perform most of the tasks the body needs to function such
as, structural proteins (Keratin for the hair and nail), storage
proteins, contractile proteins (actin & myosin), transport
proteins (Hemoglobin in the blood) and defensive proteins
(antibodies). Human bodies have thousands of different
protein structures w/ unique 3-dimensional shapes. Proteins
are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur. Examples of food rich in protein are egg
white, fish, meat, and cheese. Proteins are found in all living
cells. “Amino acids” are the building blocks of proteins.
There are 20 amino acids found in human protein,
11 can be synthesized, 9 must be supplied by the foods we
eat. These 9 amino acids are called essential amino acids
such as valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
LIPIDS phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and last histidine - is
Lipids is another biomolecule that have a “job” of only essential for infants. Non-essential amino acids are
storing energy for later use. They are also found in hormones alanine, asparagine, and aspartate. Conditional amino acids
and cell membrane components. They have different are also non-essential including arginine, glutamine,
structural types such as carboxylic acids or fatty acids, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, and ornithine.
triglycerides or neutral fats, steroids, and waxes, to name a
few.
When oil and water are mixed observed that they do
not mix. Oil and water do not mix because they do not have
the same polarity. Also, oils are composed primarily of long
hydrocarbon chains. They are formed reaction between an
alcohol and one or more long–chain carboxylic acids. The
most abundant of the lipids are the fats and oils, also called
triglycerides.
Fats are either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Figure 5 shows the structure of amino acids. Amino
Saturated fats (no double bonds) are solids at room acids are organic molecules that contain two functional
temperature examples are lard, cheese, butter, cream, and groups: a basic NH2 amino group and an acidic- COOH
cocoa butter. Unsaturated fats (at least one double bond) are carboxylic acid group.
unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or more double Proteins perform varied functions in the body. How
bonds. Oils are liquids at room temperature and contain they perform their functions depend on their composition
unsaturated fatty acids. Most oils, such as vegetable oil, corn and structures. The form and shape each protein molecule
oil, and olive oil are produced by plants. Fats has the highest take determines or dictates its function within the organism.
concentration of calories in our body. A diet rich with too Proteins is the one which is responsible for observable traits
much saturated fats is not good for the heart because, it can humans possess just like having a curly hair, blue eyes, dark
lead to harmful lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL) Cholesterol skin, etc.
which cause blockages to form in arteries in the heart and
 “Enzymes” is another type of protein; it acts as a Let Us Practice!
catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
Enzymes create chemical reactions in the body. They speed Activity 1: “The Big Four”
up the rate of a chemical reaction to help support life. A. Direction: Fill in the House of Biomolecules with the
(www.healthline.com). An example of enzyme is enzyme correct information.
“lactase”, this enzyme helps to digest lactose, a sugar found
in glucose and galactose such as milk and other dairy
products. Lactase is produced by cells in the body that line
up the walls of the small intestines. The enzymes in our body
help to perform very important tasks including muscle build-
up, destroying of toxins, and breaking down food particles
during digestion.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids store and codes the expression of
genetic information and hereditary traits by controlling the
production of protein in the human body. Nucleic acids like
proteins are long chain of polymers consisting of simpler
units or monomers. There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid; and RNA, or ribonucleic
acid. DNA contains genetic information which codes the
sequences of amino acids in proteins while RNA carries out
the synthesis of proteins.
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
Nucleotides is made up of three parts: a five-carbon sugar B. Choose from the words inside the box the best term that
(pentose), a phosphate group, and a ring-shaped base will complete each sentence below.
containing nitrogen.
In this model, the sphere represents a phosphate
group, the pentagon represents a five–carbon sugar (pentose)
and the rectangle represents a nitrogen-containing base.
1. ____________contains the genetic instruction used in
the development and functioning of all living organisms.
2. Glycogen and starch are examples of
________________________.
3. A monosaccharide, a single sugar known also as
dextrose__________.
4. _________ is the main structural constituent of plants
that gives them shape and rigidity.
5. __________are oily, greasy materials which has the
Structure of a Double Helix DNA ability of storing materials for later use.
6. The most common sterol in the body is ________.
7. _________ is the biological catalyst that accelerates of
chemical reaction.
8. _________is an organic compound considered as the
building blocks of protein.
9. ________are the molecules that code for hereditary traits
by controlling the production of protein.
10. ____________ is responsible for the template in the
The double-helix DNA is made up of two linear
synthesis of protein which in turn control the operation and
strands of polymerized nucleotides which are bound about
function of the cell.
by each other. The two strands are held together by hydrogen
bonds that form between pairs of nucleotides. Adenine (A)
forms hydrogen bonds with a thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)
forms hydrogen bonds with a guanine (G).
Below is a summary of the differences between the
two kinds of nucleic acids: