ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
Unit 2: ENERGY CONCEPTS
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
- Relates mass and energy
- Mass may be converted into energy and energy into mass.
where:
m = mass
E = energy
c = speed of light
= 2.9979 108 m/s ≈ 3.0 108 m/s
Mass increases with speed:
* ( ) +
where: mo = rest mass or mass at velocity vo
m = instantaneous mass or mass at velocity
v = speed of mass m
c = speed of light
Forms of Energy that can cross the boundary of a system:
1. Mass
2. Work
3. Heat
MASS
Gravitational Potential Energy : EP (energy at rest)
where;
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
z = elevation
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
Kinetic Energy : EK (energy in motion)
[ ]
where;
m = mass
vf = final velocity
vo = initial velocity
Internal Energy : u (Stored energy)
- sum of the energies of all the molecules in a system, energies that appear in several
complex forms.
ΔU = U2 – U1 = m (u2-u1)
where;
= specific internal energy
Examples:
1. An electron has arrest mass of 9.11 10-28gm. What is its mass when moving with a speed
of 90% of the speed of light?
Sol’n: v = 0.90c ; mo = 9.11 10-28gm
=
m = 2.09x10-27gm Answer
2. A 600kg hammer of a pile driver is lifted 2m above a piling head. What is the change in
gravitational potential energy? If the hammer is released, what will be its velocity at the
instant it strikes the piling? g = 9.65 m/s2
Sol’n:
ΔEp = mgΔz
= 600kg 9.65 m/s2 2m
ΔEp = 11580 N m = 11580 J
ΔEk = ΔEp = 11580 N m ; vo = 0
ΔEk = [ ]=
Answer
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
3. It is estimated that the US consumes annually about 1.75 1015W Hr of electrical energy.
In accordance with E.T., how many kg of matter would have to be destroyed to yield this
energy?
Sol’n: E = 1.75 1015 W Hr 3600s/Hr = 6.3 1018W s
m=
* +
m = 70 kg Answer
WORK
Work is energy in transition, that is, it exists only when a force is overcoming a resistance
which maybe inertia, and only when a force is moving through a distance.
a. Mechanical Forms of Work – derived from force distance
b. Non-Mechanical Forms of Work
1. Boundary Work (closed system)
P1
P2
dW = FdL ; P = F/A ; F = PA
dW = PAdL Expansion if positive; work is done by the system.
∫ ∫ Compression if negative; work is done by the system.
∫ ∫
=∫
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
2. Gravitational Work : Wg
dW = Fdz ; W = mg
∫ ∫
Wg = mg (z2 – z1) = mgΔz
3. Work of Acceleration : Wa
dW = Fds ; F = ma = m
dW = m =m
∫ ∫
Wa =
4. Flow Work : (Open System)
①
P1 P2
T1 T2
M1 M2
V1 V2
dP = = dPa; dF = AdP
dW = xdF ; x = L ; V= LA
dW = LAdP
dW = VdP
W=∫
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
5. Electrical Work
Atomic charge (e) = 1.60210 10-19 coulomb
1 coulomb = 6.242 1018e
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/sec
Electric Current = rate of flow charge per unit time
dI = -> ampere or coulomb/sec
I=∫
6. Potential Difference : ΔE
ΔE = from; I = ; but dQ = dW/ ΔE
dW = ΔEdQ ; P = ΔEI I= ;
W = ΔEIt = ΔE W = I ΔE = I2R where; E = potential difference
W= ∫ I = current (amperes)
W = power (watts)
R = resistance (ohms)
7. Surface Tension :
; dx = dL ; F = ; dA = Ldx
dW = Fdx
dW =
dW =
∫ ∫
W=
Note: Area used is the surface area of the object.
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
8. Elastic Work
Hooke’s Law
where; F = restoring force
k = spring constant
y = deflection
Fx = kx
dW = Fxdx
dW = kxdx + = work is done by system
W = k∫ = work is done on the system
W=
Examples:
1. If 6 of a gas at a pressure of 100 kPa are compressed reversibly according to pv2 = c until
the volume decreases to 2 , find the final pressure and work.
Given: V1 = 6 V2 = 2 P1 = 100 kPa process: PV2 = c
P2 = ? W=?
PV2 = c
P1V12 = P2V22
P2 = P1(v1/v2)2 = 100kPa(6 /2 )2
P2 = 900kPa
Wb = ∫ ; pv2 = c ; p =
Wb = c(∫ = c* + = c* +
Wb = PV2 * +
= * +
Wb = 1.2 kJ Answer
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ME 02: Basic Thermodynamics
2. The force in Newton required to stretch a spring beyond its free length is given by
F = 200x where x is in meters. Find the force and work required to stretch the spring from
0.1m to 0.5m.
F=? ;W=?
F = 200x dW = Fdx
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
F = 200(x2 – x1) W= (x22 – x12)
F = 200(0.5 – 0.1) W = 100(0.52 – 0.12)
F = 80 N Answer W = 24 J Answer
3. A spherical soap bubble of radius r is formed by blowing through a small soapy
blowpipe. If r = 6 in and the surface tension is = 15dyne/cm, find the work input
overcoming the surface tension of the bubble.
Sol’n:
W=
W=
W = 43.85 dyne/cm Answer
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