FALGUNI MISS

STD – X, MATHS (127) FORMULAE 2022 – 2023.

01. GST (GOODS AND SERVICE TAX).

𝑟
1. GST = S.P. ( )
100

2. CGST + SGST = GST

3. Input tax credit (ITC) = GST paid on purchase
4. Output tax credit (OTC) = GST collected on sales
5. GST deposited with govt./ Net GST = GST collected (OTC) - GST paid (ITC)
= GST on profit (value created)

02 – BANKING (RECURRING DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS).

𝑛𝑥
6. Total principal for 1 month (T.P.) = (𝑛 + 1)
2
𝑟
7. Total interest = T.P. × 𝑛 ×
100
𝑛𝑥 1 𝑟
=[ (𝑛 + 1)] x x
2 12 100
𝑛𝑥𝑟 (𝑛 + 1)
=
2400
8. Total amount on maturity value:
M.V. = (nx) + total interest
𝑛𝑥𝑟(𝑛 + 1)
MV = (nx) + [ ]
2400
Where,
n = number of months
x = monthly deposit,
r = rate % p.a.
T.P. = Total Principal for 1 month

03. SHARES AND DIVIDENDS.

9. Investment(I) = FV.n or MV.n
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
10.Number of shares(n) =
𝐹𝑉 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑉 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
=
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒

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 FALGUNI MISS
𝐹.𝑉 × 𝑛 × 𝑟
11.Annual dividend (D)/ Income/Profit =
100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 (𝐷)
12.R% on the investment (yield) = ×100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼)
FV × r
=
MV

04. LINEAR INEQUATIONS (IN ONE VARIABLE).

13.Represent natural numbers, whole numbers, &integers by a shaded
circle with vertical line, a little above the number line on each of the
numbers of the solution set.
14.Represent real numbers, rational numbers and irrational numbers, with
a line joining the 2 circles (empty or shaded) on vertical lines marked as
limits on the number line. Shade the area enclosed between the number
line and the line joining the set boundaries.
15.Linear inequations:
a. P – Q = Elements of P which are not in Q.
b. Q – P = Elements of Q which are not in P
c. P∩Q = Elements that are common in both P&Q.
d. P U Q = Elements of both P&Q.
e. Q’ = All other elements in the universal set but not in Q.

05. and 06. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND PROBLEM

SOLVING.
16.If a, b, and c are real no and a ≠ 0; Its discriminant (D) will be used to
identify the nature of the roots.
17.𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
a. If b2 – 4ac > 0; roots are real and unequal.
b. If b2 – 4ac = 0; roots are real and equal.
c. If b2 – 4ac < 0; roots are imaginary.
− 𝐛 ± √𝐛 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
18.For ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; where a ≠ 0; x =
𝟐𝐚
19.Note:
a. 2 significant figures mean 2 digits only – 0.23, 1.3, 0.012, etc.
b. 2 decimal figures mean – 0.23, 1.22, 0.66, etc.

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 FALGUNI MISS
c. For quadratic equations always solve for 3 decimal places and
then round it off to 2 decimal places; if nothing is specified in the
question.
d. Use one variable only.
e. You can use 2 variables x, y only if the question is based on digits
or fractions but solve the 2 equations by substitution method
only.
f. For Upstream subtract the speeds of boat and water
g. For Downstream add the speeds of boat and water.

07. RATIO AND PROPORTION.

20.RATIO:
a. If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a: b, the new
𝑏
quantity = times of the original quantity.
𝑎
b. For any two more equal ratios, each ratio is equal to the ratio
between sum of their antecedents and sum of their consequent.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒
= = → = = = .
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏 + 𝑑 +𝑓
c. Compound Ratio of a: b and c: d; is (a × c): (b × d).
d. Duplicate Ratio of a: b = a2: b2.
e. Triplicate Ratio of a: b = a3: b3.
f. Sub – duplicate Ratio of a: b = √𝒂 ∶ √𝒃.
𝟑 𝟑
g. Sub – triplicate Ratio of a: b = √𝒂 ∶ √𝒃.
h. Reciprocal Ratio of a: b = b: a.

21.PROPORTION:
a. Third proportion of a & b is a: b: : b: c, or If a, b & c are in
𝑎 𝑏
continued proportion, then = i.e. b2 = ac or b = √𝑎𝑐.
𝑏 𝑐
b. Fourth proportion of a, b, and c is a: b:: c : d, or If a, b, c & d are in
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
continued proportion, then = =
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
c. Invertendo: a: b = c: d, then b: a = d: c
d. Alternendo: a: b = c: d, then a: c = b: d
e. Componendo: a: b = c: d, then a + b: b = c + d: d
f. Dividendo: a: b = c: d, then a – b: b = c – d: d

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 FALGUNI MISS
g. Componendo and Dividendo: a: b = c: d,
then a + b: a – b = c + d: c – d
𝑎 𝑐
h. If = = 𝑘, then a = bk & c = dk
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
i. If = = = 𝑘, then a = dk3, b = dk2, c = dk
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
j. If = = 𝑘, then a = ck2, b = ck.
𝑏 𝑐

08. REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS.

22.If (x – a) is a factor of polynomial f (x), then f (a) = 0
23.Remainder Theorem:
If f (x), a polynomial in x, is divided by (x – a); the remainder = f (x)
24.Example:
a. If f (x) is divided by (x – 3), the remainder is f (3).
b. Here, f (x) = x2 – 8x + 4;
c. By Remainder Theorem, if f (x) is divided by (x – 1), the remainder
is f (1):
d. ∴ f (x) = x2 – 8x + 4; f (1) = 12 – 8 × 1 + 4. (Replacing x by 1);
Remainder = – 3
25.Factor Theorem:
a. If a polynomial f (x) is divided by x – a, the remainder = f (a).
b. If remainder f (a) = 0; x – a is a factor of the polynomial f (x).

09 – MATRICES.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑐
26.Addition: [ ]+ [ ] = [ ],
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 + 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑐
Subtraction: [ ] − [ ] = [ ]
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 − 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
27.Multiplication by a scalar number: 𝑘 [ ]=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑
28.Multiplication of two matrices:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 𝑞 𝑎𝑝 + 𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑐𝑠
[ ][ ]=[ ]
𝑏 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 𝑏𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠
29.In matrices algebra rules do not apply, i.e.
[A + B]2 not equal to A2 + 2AB + B2

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 FALGUNI MISS
30.Matrices additions are commutative and associative.
1 0 0
1 0
31.Unit matrix: [ ] , [0 1 0] , etc.
0 1
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0
32.Zero or null matrix:[ ] [0 0 0] , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
0 0
0 0 0
33.The order or type of a matrix: If a matrix has m rows and n columns then
its order is m x n (to be read as m by n or m cross n) or [m, n]
𝑎 𝑏 1 2
34.Equality of matrices: if [ ]=[ ] then a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4
𝑐 𝑑 3 4
35.Compatibility for addition of Matrices: Two matrices can be added
together, if they are of the same order.
36.Compatibility for multiplication of Matrices: Two Matrices A & B can be
multiplied together the matrix AB if, and only if, the number of columns
in A (first matrix) is equal to the numbers of rows in B (second matrix).
37.Additive identity: Any matrix can be added or subtracted with a null
matrix, and the answer remains the same as the original matrix.
38.Cancellation law is not applicable to matrices.
39.Matrices are distributive over addition. A (B + C) = AB + AC
40.A × I = A = I × A. (where I is identity matrix and A is any other matrix.)
41.Types of matrices:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
a. Square matrix: [ ] 𝑂𝑅 [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓]
𝑐 𝑑
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
b. Rectangular matrix: [ ] 𝑂𝑅 [ 𝑐 𝑑 ]
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑒 𝑓
5 0 0
2 0
c. Diagonal matrix: [ ] 𝑂𝑅 [0 −2 0]
0 3
0 0 3
2 0
2 3 7 ′
d. Transpose of matrix: If A = [ ] , 𝐴 = [3 4]
0 4 7
7 7
4 −2 −4 2
e. Additive inverse: If A = [ ] , 𝐴′ = [ ]
−3 7 3 −7
1 0
f. Identity matrix: I=[ ]
0 1

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 FALGUNI MISS
10 – SIMILARITY (WITH APPLICATION TO MAPS AND

MODELS).
42.If triangles are non - overlapping or vertically opp.
𝐴∆𝑃𝑂𝐵 𝑃𝑂2 𝑃𝐵2 𝐵𝑂2
to each other then, = = =
𝐴∆𝑄𝑂𝐴 𝑄𝑂2 𝐴𝑄2 𝐴𝑂2

43.If triangles are overlapping or having the base line

parallel and share a vertex, then (the area of two
similar triangles is proportional to the square of
𝐴∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐷2 𝐷𝐸 2
their corresponding sides), = =
𝐴∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵2 𝐵𝐶 2

44.If many triangles have a common vertex and their

bases are along the same straight line, the ratio
between their areas is equal to the ratio between
the lengths of their bases.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐸 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐷
= ; = ……..
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶

45.Median divides the triangle into two equal areas.

46.Area of trapezium will be area of bigger triangle less the area of smaller
triangle.
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑝
47.Scale factor k = ; where size refers to length / breath /
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

width
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑝
48.Scale factor k2 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑝
49.Scale factor k3 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

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 FALGUNI MISS
11. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION.
50.First term = a, common difference = d.
51.nth term (tn) or Last term (𝑙) = a + (n – 1) d.
52.rth term from the end = (n – r + 1)th term from beginning.
53.tr = l – (n – 1) d or
= l – (r – 1) d
𝑛
54.Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] or
2
𝑛
= (a + 𝑙)
2
𝑎+𝑏
55.Arithmetic mean between a and b = .
2

56.If m times of mth term = n times of nth term

Then its (m + n)th term =0

57.Unknown consecutive terms to be assumed if sum is given:

Number of consecutive terms Terms to be assumed as
3 a – d, a, a + d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d

58.Unknown consecutive terms to be assumed if sum is NOT given:

Number of consecutive terms Terms to be assumed as
3 a, a + d, a + 2d
4 a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d
5 a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d

12. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION. (not in portion)

59.First term = a, common ratio = r
60.nth term = Last term = (𝑙) = a rn – 1
𝑙
61.nth term from the end =
𝑟𝑛 − 1
62.If r = 1, Sn = na
𝑎 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎 (𝑙 − 𝑟)
63.If r < 1, Sn = =
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
64.If r > 1, Sn = =
𝑟−1 𝑟−1

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 FALGUNI MISS
65.G2 = ab or G = √𝑎𝑏
66.Unknown consecutive terms to be assumed if product is given:
Number of consecutive terms Terms to be assumed as
𝑎
3 , a, ar.
𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
4 , , ar, ar3.
𝑟3 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
5 , , a, ar, ar2.
𝑟2 𝑟

67.Unknown consecutive terms to be assumed if product is NOT given:

Number of consecutive terms Terms to be assumed as
3 a, ar, ar2.
4 a, ar, ar2, ar3.
5 a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4.
68.Properties of geometric progression:
a. The ratio between the consecutive terms of a G.P. is always the
same.
𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡4
i.e. If t1, t2, t3, t4, ……forms a G.P, then = = = …………
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3
b. In a G.P., the product of the two terms equidistant from its
beginning and from its end is always constant and equal to the
product of its first term and its last term.
𝑏 𝑐
c. If a, b and c are in G.P.; then = i.e. b2 = ac
𝑎 𝑏
d. In a G.P., if the terms at equal distances are taken, these terms are
also in G.P.
e. If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-
zero number, the resulting series is also a G.P.
f. The series obtained by taking the reciprocals of the terms of a
G.P., is also a G.P.
g. If each term of a G.P. is raised to the same non – zero number, the
resulting series is also a G.P.
h. If the corresponding terms of two different G.P.s are multiplied
together; the resulting series, so obtained is also a G.P.
i. If the same way, if the terms of a G.P. be divided by corresponding
terms of some other G.P., the resulting series, so obtained is also a
G.P.

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 FALGUNI MISS
13 – SECTION AND MIDPOINT FORMULA.
69.The distance formula:
a. AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
70.The section formula:
𝐦𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐱 𝟏 𝐦𝟏 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐲𝟏
a. 𝛼 = , β =
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐

71.Ratio:
𝑚1 𝑥1 − 𝛼 𝑦1 − 𝛼
a. = =
𝑚2 𝛽 − 𝑥2 𝛽 − 𝑦2
𝑚 𝑥1 − 𝑥 𝑦1 − 𝑦
b. = =
𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2
Note: you can either use m and n OR m1 and m2, for ratio.
72.The midpoint formula:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
a. 𝛼 = , β =
2 2

73.CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
a. Centroid: , centroid divides each median in
3 3
the ratio of 2:1.

b. Circumcenter: OB = OC, and OD, OE and OF are perpendicular

bisectors which intersects at O.

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 FALGUNI MISS
c. Incircle (incentre): Incentre (I) can be found by using section
formula, the ratio of CI:CF = 2:1, if it is a straight line like CF. OR
Use FIDB as a quadrilateral where FB and DB are equal (tangents
from a point outside the circle are equal) and FI and DI are equal
radii of the same circle. OR slope of ID and IF are perpendicular to
BD and BF.

d. Orthocenter: ⊥ from each vertex but they are not ⊥ bisector

a. Find slope AC (m).
b. Then find m’.
c. Use points B and m’ to get equation of BE.
d. Same way finds equation of AD & CF.
e. Solve the equation simultaneously of BE & AD or AD & CF (Any
two) & answer is orthocenter.

Note:
a. Collinear points: All points in the same straight line. Prove by finding
the slopes of all parts of the line, all parts of the line will have equal
slopes.
b. Concurrent points: All lines pass through a single point. Equations of
all the lines will be satisfied by the coordinates of the concurrent
points.

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 FALGUNI MISS
c. To Prove by distance or section formula that the given figure is a
quadrilateral:
i. Parallelogram but not rectangle: Opposite sides are equal but
diagonals are unequal.
ii. Rectangle: Opposite sides are equal and its diagonals are
equal.
iii. Rhombus but not square: All sides are equal but diagonals are
not equal.
iv. Square: All sides and its diagonals are equal.
v. Equilateral ∆: All sides equal.
vi. Isosceles ∆: Any 2 sides are equal.
vii. Isosceles right angled ∆: 2 sides equal & Pythagoras theorem
exists between the sides or the two equal sides are
perpendicular by finding slope.
viii. Scalene ∆: All sides unequal.
ix. Isosceles Trapezium: 2 non-parallel side’s equal and 2 parallel
sides unequal.

14 – EQUATION OF LINE.
74.Abscissa – x axis; ordinate – y axis. (Remember it as AX and OY).
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
75.The slope of a line: m (slope) = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑒
76.Equation of the x – axis: y = 0, Equation of the y – axis: x = 0
77.Equation of a line parallel to y – axis and passing through P (a, b) is x = a
78.Equation of a line parallel to x – axis and passing through P (a, b) is y = b
79.y = mx + c …… (slope – intercept form) where m = slope, c = y – intercept
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏
80. = m ……. (point – slope form), where (x1, y1) is given point 7 m = slope
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏
81. = ..(two-point form), where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are given point.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
82.For the straight line:
−𝑎 −𝑐 −𝑐
by + ax + c = 0, slope = , y – intercept = , x – intercept =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
83.m1.m2= – 1; if lines are perpendicular.
84. m1. = m2; if lines are parallel.

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15 & 16 – CIRCLES, TANGENTS AND INTERSECTING

CHORDS.

85.Length of direct common tangent = √𝑑 2 − (𝑅 − 𝑟)2

86.Length of transverse common tangent = √𝑑 2 − (𝑅 + 𝑟)2
87.If r1 and r2 are radii of two circles touching each other at a point and d is
the distance between their centres then:
a. d = r1 + r2 when circles touch each other externally,
b. d = r1 – r2 when circles touch each other internally, and r1 is
greater
c. d = r2 – r1 when circles touch each other internally, and r2 is
greater.
88.Theorems:
a. A straight line drawn from the center of a circle to bisect a chord,
which is not a diameter, is at right angles to the chord.
b. The perpendicular to a chord, from the center of the circle, bisects
the chord.
c. There is one circle, and only one, which passes through three given
points not in a straight line.
d. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.
e. Chords of a circle, equidistant from the center of the circle, are
equal.
f. The angle subtended at the center of the circle, is double that
which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the
circumference.
g. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
h. The angle in a semi – circle is a right angle.
i. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
j. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
k. In equal circles (or in same circle), if two arcs subtend equal angles at the
center, they are equal.
l. In equal circles (or in same circle), if two arcs are equal, they subtend equal
angles at the center.

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 FALGUNI MISS
m. In equal circles (or, in the same circle), if two chords are equal,
they cut off equal arcs.
n. In equal circles (or, in the same circle), if two arcs are equal the chords of the
arcs are also equal.
o. The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through this
point are | to each other.
p. If two circles touch each other, the point of contact lies on the straight line
through the centers.
i. Case I: When the given two circles touch each other
externally.
ii. Case II: When the given two circles touch each other
internally.
q. If two chords of a circle intersect internally or externally then the
product of the lengths of their segments is equal.
r. The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of
contact is equal to an angle in the alternate segment.
s. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of
the lengths of the segments of the chord is equal to the square of
the length of the tangent from the point of contact to the point of
intersection.
t. Equal chord subtends equal angle at center.
u. Exterior angle of a triangle = Sum of remote interior angles.
v. Points, which lie on the circumference, are called concyclic points.

17 – CYLINDER, CONE AND SPHERE (SURFACE AREA AND

VOLUME).
89.Right Circular Cylinder:

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 FALGUNI MISS
a. Curved surface area = 2 πrh
b. Total surface area = 2πr (r + h)
c. Volume = πr2h

90.Hollow cylinder: (pipe)

a. Thickness of wall =R–r

b. Area of cross section = π (R2 – r2)
c. External CSA = 2 πR h
d. Internal CSA = 2 πr h
e. TSA = 2 πRh + 2 πr h + 2π (R2 – r2)
f. Vol of material = π (R2 – r2) x h
g. Volume of water flowing in unit time = area of cross-section ×
speed of flow of water.

91.Right Circular Cone:

a. l = Slant height
= √ℎ2 + (𝑟)2
b. C.S.A = 𝜋𝑟𝑙

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 FALGUNI MISS
c. T.S.A = C.S.A + base area
= 𝜋rl + 𝜋r2
= 𝜋r (l + r)
1
d. Volume = 𝜋r2h
3

92.Sphere:

a. Surface = 4 πr2 (TSA = CSA)

4
b. Volume = πr3
3

93.Spherical shell:

a. Surface of spherical shell = 4 πR2

4
b. Volume of spherical shell = π (R3 – r3)
3

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 FALGUNI MISS
94.Hemisphere:

a. CSA = 2πr2
b. TSA = 3πr2
2
c. Volume = πr3
3

95.Hemispherical shell:

a. CSA of hemispherical shell = 2 π (R2 + r2)

b. TSA of hemispherical shell = 2𝜋R2 + 2𝜋r2 + 𝜋 (R2 – r2)
2
c. Volume of hemispherical shell = 𝜋 (𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )
3

18 – TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES (INCLUDING

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY

ANGLES AND USE OF FOUR FIGURE TRIGONOMETRICAL

TABLES).
96.Trigonometrical ratios:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
a. sin θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
b. cos θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
c. tan θ = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

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 FALGUNI MISS
97.Reciprocal Ratios:
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
a. cosec θ = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
b. sec θ = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
c. cot θ = = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

98. Trigo ratio of Standard angles:

Trigo–ratio 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1
sin θ 0 √3 1
2 √2 2
1 1
cos θ 1 √3 0
2 √2 2
1
tan θ 0 1 √3 ∞
√3

99. Angles of elevation and depression are equal as they form pair of interior
alternate angles.
100. When the altitude falls outside, or the point of observations are on the
same side:
𝑎
h= or CD = h [tan(90 − 𝛼) − tan(90 − 𝛽)]
cot 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽

101. When the altitude falls inside or the point of observations are on the
opposite sides:
𝑎
h= or CD = h [tan(90 − 𝛼) + tan(90 − 𝛽)]
cot 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽

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 FALGUNI MISS
102. Complimentary angles:
a. sin (90 – θ) = cos θ; cos (90 – θ) = sin θ
b. tan (90 – θ) = cot θ; cot (90 – θ) = tan θ
c. sec (90 – θ) = cosec θ; cosec (90 – θ) = sec θ
103. Identities:
a. Sin2θ + cos2θ =1
b. 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
c. 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
104. Rules for finding sin, cos and tan values from the log tables:
a. For sin and tan: lower value + (addition of mean difference).
b. For cos: higher value + (subtraction of mean difference).

19 – HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.

105. Complimentary angles:
a. sin (90 – θ) = cos θ ; cos (90 – θ) = sin θ
b. tan (90 – θ) = cot θ ; cot (90 – θ) = tan θ
c. sec (90 – θ) = cosec θ ; cosec (90 – θ) = sec θ

20 – PROBABILITY.
106. Ace is not a number card. (Except: Taken as a number card for odd
numbers calculation).
107. Jack, king, queen is face cards or picture card.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
108. Probability P(E) = OR
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑚
= OR
𝑛
𝑛 (𝐸)
=
𝑛 (𝑆)
109. At least: Means minimum value.
110. At most: Means maximum value.
111. Always put the final answer and all outcomes in a curly bracket.

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 FALGUNI MISS
21 – MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY. (MEAN,
MEDIAN, QUARTILES AND MODE).
112. Mean:
MEAN
INDIVIDUAL 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝑋̅ =
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
DISCRETE ∑𝑓𝑥
𝑋̅ = , direct method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = A + , short cut method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑡
𝑋̅ = A + × 𝑖, step deviation method
∑𝑓
CL. INTERVAL ∑𝑓𝑚
𝑋̅ = , direct method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = A + , short cut method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑡
𝑋̅ = A + × 𝑖, step deviation method.
∑𝑓
𝑑
where, t =
𝑖
113. Median:
MEDIAN LOWER QUARTILE Q1 UPPER QUARTILE Q3
INDIVIDUAL Arrange in descending or ascending Arrange in descending or Arrange in descending or
order; ascending order; ascending order;
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = 2
(n + 1)th term Q1 = 4 (n + 1)th term Q3 = 4
(n + 1)th term
If n is even: If n is even: If n is even:
1 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = [( ) term
2 2
+ (2 + 1) term] Q1 = (4 ) term Q3 = ( 4 ) term
DISCRETE Find cumulative frequency; Find cumulative frequency; Find cumulative frequency;
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = x value of 2
(n + 1)th term Q1 = x value of 4
(n + 1)th term Q3 = x value of 4
(n + 1)th term
If n is even: If n is even: If n is even:
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = x value of (2 ) term Q1 = x value of (4 ) term Q3 = x value of ( 4 ) term
CLASS By graph By graph By graph
INTERVAL Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF) Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF) Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF)
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = x value of 2
(n + 1)th term Q1 = x value of 4
(n + 1)th term Q3 = x value of 4
(n + 1)th term
If n is even: If n is even: If n is even:
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = x value of (2 ) term Q1 = x value of (4 ) term Q3 = x value of ( 4 ) term
114. Inter quartile range = Q3 – Q1

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 FALGUNI MISS
115. Mode:
MODE
INDIVIDUAL Mo = the no. which repeats highest no. of times
DISCRETE Mo = x value of highest frequency
CL. INTERVAL By graph – Draw histogram (Cl. Int. Vs F)
116. Quartile Deviation = (Q3 – Q1) ÷ 2
117. NOTE:
a. # In graph draw arrow on the median line.
b. # In graph draw arrow on the mode line.
c. # Always box the median and mode answers on the axis.

22 – REFLECTION.
Mx
118. Mx (x, y) = (x, – y) OR (x, y) → (x, – y)
My
119. My (x, y) = (– x, y) OR (x, y) → (– x, y)
Mo
120. Mo (x, y) = (– x, – y) OR (x, y) → (– x, – y)
121. Invariant points are points on the mirror line and they do not get altered.
122. Reflection from a line x = m; Mx P (a, b) = P’ (2m – a, b).
123. Reflection from a line y = n; My P (a, b) = P’ (a, 2n – b).

23 – CONSTRUCTIONS (CIRCLES). – No formulae

24 – LOCI (LOCUS AND ITS CONSTRUCTIONS). – No formulae

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 FALGUNI MISS
IMPORTANT POINTS:
124. Some Algebraic Identities: squares:
i. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 OR
= (a – b)2 + 4ab.
ii. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 OR
= (a + b)2 – 4ab.
iii. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2.
iv. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab OR
= (a – b)2 + 2ab
v. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 4ab
1 2 1
vi. (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 2 +
𝑎2

1 2 1
vii. (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎2 − 2 +
𝑎2
1 1 1
viii. (𝑎 + 𝑎) (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎2 −
𝑎2

1 2 1 2
ix. (𝑎 + 𝑎) − (𝑎 − 𝑎) =4

x. (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎 OR

= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)

xi. (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎 OR

= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)

xii. (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐 OR

= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(−𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐)

xiii. (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎

1 1
xiv. (a2 + )2 = a4 + +2
𝑎2 𝑎4
1 1
xv. (a2 – 2
)2 = a4 + –2
𝑎 𝑎4

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 FALGUNI MISS
1 1
xvi. a4 + = (a2 + )2 – 2
𝑎4 𝑎2
1 1 1
xvii. a4 – = (a2 + ) (a2 – )
𝑎4 𝑎2 𝑎2

125. Some Algebraic Identities: cubes:

i. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑏 3

ii. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3

= 𝑎3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑏 3

iii. 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)

= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

iv. 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)

= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

1 3 3 1
v. (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎 + +
𝑎 𝑎3
1 1
= 𝑎3 + 3 (𝑎 + ) + 3
𝑎 𝑎

1 3 3 1
vi. (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎 + −
𝑎 𝑎3
1 1
= 𝑎3 − 3 (𝑎 − ) − 3
𝑎 𝑎

1 1 3 1
vii. 𝑎3 + = (𝑎 + ) − 3 (𝑎 + )
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎
1 1
= (𝑎 + ) (𝑎2 − 1 + 2)
𝑎 𝑎

1 1 3 1
viii. 𝑎3 − = (𝑎 − ) + 3 (𝑎 − )
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎
1 1
= (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + 1 + 2 )
𝑎 𝑎

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 FALGUNI MISS
126. SOME VALUE OF ROOTS:
i. √2 = 1.414
ii. √3 = 1.732
iii. √5 = 2.236
iv. √6 = 2.500
v. √7 = 2.645
vi. √11 = 3.316
vii. √13 = 3.610
viii. √17 = 4.123
ix. √19 = 4.360

127. SOME CUBE VALUES:

i. 23 = 8
ii. 33 = 27
iii. 43 = 64
iv. 53 = 125
v. 63 = 216
vi. 73 = 343
vii. 83 = 512
viii. 93 = 729
ix. 103 = 1000

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