VISVESVARAYA TEHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama” Belagavi-590014, Karnataka

PROJECT REPORT ON

“Efficient Radio Resource management for future 6G Mobile

Networks”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

SUBMITTED BY

POOJA M 4UB22LDN05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

UNIVERSITY B.D.T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DAVANGERE - 577004
(A Constituent College of VTU, Belagavi) 2023-24
Efficient Radio Resource Management for Future 6G Mobile Networks

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl.No CONTENT PAGE

NO
1 ABSTACT 2

2 INTRODUCTION 3-4

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

4 CELL APPROACH IN 6G NETWORK 6-7

5 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 8

6 SIMULATIOMN MODEL AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 9-10

7 PROPOSED RRM SCHEME WITH CELL-LESS 11-13

8 SIMULATION RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 14-16

9 CONCLUSION 17

10 REFERENCES 18

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 Efficient Radio Resource Management for Future 6G Mobile
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ABSTRACT

Existing mobile communication systems are unable to support ultra high system capacity and high reliability
for the edge users of future 6G systems, which are envisioned to guarantee the desired quality of experience.
Recently, cell-less radio access networks (RAN) are exploited to boost the system capacity. Therefore, in
this letter we propose a cell-less networking approach with an efficient radio resource optimization
mechanism to improve the system capacity of the future 6G networks. The simulation results illustrate that
the proposed cell-less NG-RAN design provides significant system capacity improvement over the legacy
cellular solutions.

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication network is expected to provide wide ranging coverage,
short latency, cost effectiveness, low power consumption, and a high level of Security. The Quality of
service can be improved with the help of proper resource management by utilizing Artificial intelligence
and Machine learning Procedures. The proposed Hybrid Quantum Deep Learning model which comprises
of convolution neural network and recurrent neural network.

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INTRODUCTION

Overview of the Evolution from 1G to 6G Networks:

The evolution of mobile networks, from 1G to 6G, represents significant advancements in

telecommunications technology, enabling increasingly faster data speeds, lower latency, and
greater connectivity. Here's a detailed breakdown of each generation:

1G (First Generation): Introduced in the early 1980s, 1G networks primarily enabled voice
calls using analog technology. Limited coverage and low data transfer rates characterized this
generation. The first commercial cellular network was launched in Japan in 1979.
2G (Second Generation): Introduced in the early 1990s, 2G networks marked the transition
to digital communication. Enabled basic data services such as text messaging (SMS).
3G (Third Generation): Deployed in the early 2000s, 3G networks brought significant
improvements in data transfer rates, enabling mobile internet access, video calling, and
multimedia services. Introduced packet-switched networks and higher data speeds, paving the
way for mobile broadband.
4G (Fourth Generation): Rolled out in the late 2000s, 4G networks revolutionized mobile
communication with faster data speeds, lower latency, and enhanced multimedia capabilities.
Enabled high-definition video streaming, online gaming, and other bandwidth-intensive
applications. Introduced LTE (Long-Term Evolution) technology, offering peak download
speeds of up to 1 Gbps.
5G (Fifth Generation): Currently being deployed globally, 5G networks represent a
significant leap forward in wireless communication technology.
Offers ultra-fast data speeds, ultra-low latency, and massive device connectivity, enabling
transformative applications such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and Internet
of Things (IoT) solutions. Utilizes advanced technologies like mm Wave spectrum, massive
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), and network slicing to deliver unprecedented
performance.
6G (Sixth Generation): Still in the conceptual stage, 6G networks are envisioned to further
push the boundaries of wireless communication technology. Expected to deliver even faster
data speeds, lower latency, and greater network capacity than 5G. Anticipated to support
emerging technologies such as holographic communication, terahertz spectrum utilization, and
advanced artificial intelligence (AI) integration.

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Importance of Efficient Radio Resource Management:

Efficient radio resource management plays a crucial role in optimizing network performance and
enhancing the user experience in mobile communication systems. Here are some key reasons why
it's important

Spectrum Utilization: Efficient allocation of radio resources ensures optimal utilization of the
available spectrum, maximizing network capacity and throughput.

Quality of Service (QoS): Effective resource management helps maintain consistent QoS
levels, ensuring that users receive reliable and seamless connectivity for various applications
and services.

Network Efficiency: By dynamically allocating resources based on user demand and network
conditions, efficient resource management minimizes waste and improves overall network
efficiency.

User Experience: Well-managed radio resources lead to better user experiences, with faster
data speeds, reduced latency, and fewer network disruptions or congestion issues.

Energy Efficiency: Optimized resource allocation can help reduce energy consumption in
mobile networks, contributing to environmental sustainability and lower operating costs for
network operators.

Support for New Technologies: As mobile networks evolve to support emerging technologies
like IoT, AI, and edge computing, efficient resource management becomes even more critical
to meet the diverse requirements of these applications.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Radio resource management (RRM) in 5G networks involves the allocation and optimization of
radio frequency (RF) spectrum, power, and other network resources to ensure efficient
communication. Here's an in-depth review of some prominent RRM techniques in 5G:

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA): DSA allows for flexible allocation of spectrum bands
based on real-time demand and availability. Cognitive radio techniques are often used to
dynamically access unused spectrum bands, optimizing spectrum utilization and enhancing
network capacity.

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO): Massive MIMO systems leverage a
large number of antennas at the base station to serve multiple users simultaneously, increasing
spectral efficiency and improving coverage and throughput. Beamforming and precoding
techniques are employed to focus signal transmission towards intended users.

Beamforming and Beam Management: Beamforming techniques optimize signal

transmission by directing beams towards specific users or areas, reducing interference and
improving signal quality. Adaptive beam management algorithms adjust beamforming
parameters dynamically based on user mobility and channel conditions.

Interference Management: Interference mitigation techniques, such as interference

cancellation and coordination among neighboring cells, are critical for improving spectral
efficiency and reducing packet loss in dense deployments. Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
transmission and reception schemes are utilized to mitigate inter-cell interference.

Quality of Service (QoS) Management: QoS-aware resource allocation algorithms

prioritize resources based on application requirements and user preferences, ensuring
consistent QoS levels for different services. Traffic scheduling, admission control, and rate
adaptation mechanisms are employed to meet QoS targets while maximizing network
efficiency.

Energy-Efficient RRM: Energy-efficient RRM techniques aim to minimize energy

consumption in mobile networks by optimizing resource allocation, power control, and
network operation. Sleep mode optimization, dynamic power scaling, and green networking
strategies are implemented to reduce energy usage while maintaining QoS.

Machine Learning-Based RRM: Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being

applied to RRM tasks, including channel prediction, user behavior analysis, and resource
allocation optimization. Reinforcement learning, deep learning, and other AI techniques
enable adaptive and data-driven RRM decisions, improving network performance and
efficiency.

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CELL-LESS APPROACH IN 6G NETWORK

Cell-less networks represent a paradigm shift in wireless communication architecture, aiming to overcome
the limitations of traditional cellular networks by adopting a more flexible and dynamic approach to network
deployment and resource management. Here's a detailed exploration of the concept of cell-less networks
and their potential benefits:

Introduction to the Concept of Cell-less Networks and Its Potential Benefits:

Cell-less networks, also known as cell-free networks or distributed antenna systems (DAS), depart from the
conventional concept of cellular networks, where coverage is divided into discrete cells served by dedicated
base stations. Instead, cell-less networks utilize a distributed network of antennas deployed across the
coverage area, with each antenna acting as an access point serving multiple users simultaneously. This
distributed architecture allows for more efficient resource utilization, enhanced coverage, and improved
network performance.

The potential benefits of cell-less networks include:

Enhanced Coverage and Capacity: By deploying a large number of distributed antennas throughout the
coverage area, cell-less networks can provide uniform coverage and increased capacity, particularly in
dense urban environments and indoor spaces where traditional cellular networks may struggle to penetrate.

Improved Spectral Efficiency: Cell-less networks leverage advanced signal processing techniques, such
as coordinated beamforming and interference cancellation, to mitigate interference and optimize spectral
efficiency. This enables higher data rates and better user experiences, especially in congested network
scenarios.

Dynamic Resource Allocation: Unlike traditional cellular networks, which rely on static cell boundaries
and fixed resource allocation, cell-less networks dynamically allocate resources based on user demand,
traffic patterns, and channel conditions. This dynamic resource allocation allows for more efficient use of
available spectrum and improved network performance.

Reduced Interference: By utilizing distributed antennas and adaptive beamforming, cell-less networks
can minimize inter-cell interference and improve signal quality, resulting in more reliable communication
and better overall network performance.

Flexibility and Scalability: Cell-less networks offer greater flexibility in network deployment and
scaling, as antennas can be deployed incrementally based on coverage requirements and user density. This
scalability enables cost-effective network expansion and optimization as traffic patterns evolve over time.

Low-latency Communication: The distributed nature of cell-less networks allows for shorter
communication paths between users and antennas, reducing latency and enabling real-time applications
such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and tactile internet.
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Explanation of How Cell-less Architecture Differs from Traditional Cellular

Networks:

The key difference between cell-less networks and traditional cellular networks lies in their network
architecture and resource management approach:

Cellular Networks: In traditional cellular networks, coverage is divided into discrete cells, each served by
a dedicated base station (cell site). Users within each cell communicate with the base station using a
specific frequency band and time slot allocated by the network operator. Handovers occur as users move
between cells, and resources are statically allocated based on cell boundaries and traffic patterns.

Cell-less Networks: In contrast, cell-less networks utilize a distributed network of antennas deployed
across the coverage area, with each antenna acting as an access point serving multiple users
simultaneously. Users connect to nearby antennas based on signal strength and channel conditions, and
resources are dynamically allocated based on user demand and network conditions. There are no fixed cell
boundaries, and users can seamlessly handover between antennas as they move within the coverage area.

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RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Radio resource management (RRM) is a critical aspect of wireless communication systems, responsible for
allocating and optimizing radio frequency (RF) spectrum, power, and other network resources to ensure
efficient and reliable communication. Here's a detailed explanation of traditional RRM techniques in cellular
networks, proposals for novel RRM strategies tailored for cell-less 6G networks, and exploration of
advanced technologies for efficient resource allocation:

Overview of Traditional Radio Resource Management Techniques in Cellular

Networks:

Traditional RRM techniques in cellular networks are primarily designed to optimize resource allocation and
ensure reliable communication within individual cells. Some key RRM techniques include:

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): FDMA divides the available spectrum into multiple
frequency bands, with each band allocated to a single user or communication channel. This allows multiple
users to share the spectrum simultaneously without interference.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): TDMA divides the available time slots within a frequency band
into discrete time intervals, with each interval assigned to a different user or communication channel. Users
take turns transmitting data during their allocated time slots, enabling multiple users to share the spectrum
efficiently.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA allows multiple users to transmit data simultaneously over
the same frequency band using unique spreading codes. Each user's data is encoded with a specific code,
allowing the receiver to distinguish between different users' signals and decode them accurately.

Power Control: Power control techniques adjust the transmit power levels of mobile devices and base
stations dynamically to optimize signal strength and coverage while minimizing interference and power
consumption. Power control algorithms aim to maintain a balance between signal quality and network
capacity.

Handover Management: Handover management techniques ensure seamless connectivity and mobility
support as users move between different cells or access points within the network. Handover decisions are
based on signal strength, quality, and other factors to maintain continuous communication without
interruptions.

Channel Allocation: Channel allocation algorithms assign communication channels to users based on
availability and demand, optimizing spectral efficiency and minimizing interference. Dynamic channel
allocation schemes adjust channel assignments in real-time to adapt to changing network conditions and user
requirements.

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SYSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

We consider a system model that consists of set of RUs defined as, M ={ 1, . . . , M} and a set of UEs K =
{1, . . . , K}, respectively, where M and K are the total number of RUs and single-antenna UEs in the network,
accordingly. The Open RAN architecture - having disaggregated RU, centralized unit (CU), distributed unit
(DU) - is considered. The central RAN intelligent controller (RIC) is supporting the coordination of RAN
(through our proposed RRM application) and the network information exchanging and storage. We assume
an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based cell-less networking approach where all
the RUs will utilize the full amount of resources, i.e., the bandwidth available for the network. N = {1, . . . ,
N} is the set of RBs, where the assigned RB n to kth UE is denoted by indicator bk, n and will be equal to
bk, n = 1 if being allocated, otherwise bk, n = 0.Xb includes binary indicators of any bk, n, for ∀k ∈ K, ∀n
∈ N. In the considered cell-less network model, each resource block (RB) is 180 K Hz wide in frequency
and one time slot long for 0.5 millisecond (msec). Moreover, each time slot will be carrying 7 OFDM
symbols and at the frequency domain it will utilize 12 sub-carriers with 15 K Hz subcarrier spacing. The
resources are allocated in a cell-less way which will be further explained in the next section. Let us assume
γ D m, k, n is the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of user k associated to RU m on RB n, which
is defined as

where yk, m = 1 indicates user k associated with RU m, otherwise yk, m = 0.Xy includes binary indicators
of any yk, m, for ∀k ∈ K, ∀m ∈ M. hm, k, n is the channel gain from RU m to user k on RB n including the
path loss and shadowing effects, Pm, n is the transmission power of RU m on RB n, and σ 2 is the additive
white Gaussian noise power at each receiver.

The cell-less-enabled RAN controller operates the RRM application to manage and enhance RAN
performance. The proposed cell-less networking approach would dynamically adapt to the network
condition by targeting the system capacity optimization as an objective function. The achievable throughput
obtained through Shannon formula 1 for a particular RU m in downlink transmission for user k over RB n
is

The system capacity can be calculated as the aggregation of all active RUs throughput. Then we propose the
following as Optimization problem:

Subject to:

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The constraints C1, C2, and C3 indicate the user k will associate with a particular RU m, allocate with RB
n, and guarantee minimum rate requirements of the users, respectively.

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PROPOSED RRM SCHEME WITH CELL-LESS

We consider the system capacity optimization problem (OP) as shown in eq. (3) within the proposed cell-
less architecture. To improve the overall system capacity performance, we need to manage and reuse the
entire network resources while satisfying the minimum quality-of-service (QoS) of the users. Therefore, the
proposed cell-less RRM application will be avoiding the user service dropping along with enhancing the
system level KPI. The proposed cell-less approach of networking has an opportunity to access the entire
available resources by users. Moreover, the cell-less RRM application mitigates the available interference
in a cooperative manner (i.e., considering a set of RU’s conditions and constraints) to maximize the system
capacity of the networks. In this letter, a network-wide view point of optimizing the system capacity is
realized and we consider the inter RUs interference due to reuse of the resources within different RUs in the
proposed design. Therefore, we divide the solutions for the inter RU interference management into two
categories. In the frst category, the solution is transmission cooperation by the interfering RUs while
considering joint transmission as used for cell-free massive MIMO networks in [16] to

Fig. 1: System model with RRM application within cell-less RAN architecture.

maximize per user spectral efficiency. In the second category, the solution instead mainly focuses on
managing the resources efficiently. As it is presented in Fig. 1, the system capacity improvement application
would behave based on the resource allocation opportunities.

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Fig. 2: Flowchart of the modified genetic algorithm (MGA) for cell-less RRM application.

In the proposed scheme, the connected users will periodically send their channel information feedback. The
corresponding RUs that receive the feedback from the users would send a query to the cell-less RAN
controller carrying the available information of the channel condition, e.g., the reference signal received
power (RSRP) of the serving users. Considering the channel conditions of the underlying RAN along with
the inter RU interference, i.e., the co-channel interference (CCI), the cell-less RRM application will target
the system capacity KPI. To enhance the system capacity, the cell-less RRM application would rearrange
the resource allocation through mitigating the CCI.

The OP in eq. (3) is comprised of RB allocation and user association which is a non-convex problem. Due
to the nonconvex behavior, it is difficult to solve it by traditional convex optimization algorithm unless the
problem is transformed into a convex problem. As is known, the genetic algorithm (GA) is a technique that
can obtain near-optimal solutions in a relatively low computation complexity (in the worst case it is of O(|K|
|N | NgNX), where Ng and NX indicate number of generations in GA and number of individuals (i.e., set of
matrix X) per generation, respectively.), while it does not require the OP to be convex [17]. Hence, we
consider the modified genetic algorithm (MGA) to solve the OP in (3). In the MGA, the cost function of the
OP will be used as the fitness function to evaluate the solution of allocated resources. Therefore, the Matrix
X of the proposed MGA can be defined as

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where Xy and Xb are as follows

A particular matrix X represents a solution for the cell less RRM application, where a larger corresponding
fitness function reflects a better solution. A set of solutions will be initialized through the UE-RU association
based on the strongest links (with the maximum RSRP) and Round Robin process for UE-RB allocation.
Depending on their fitness functions, some of the solutions will be going through a four-step MGA process
(i.e, selection, crossover, mutation and modification) to create a next evolved generation of solutions [18].
The generations will be evolved through re arrangement of allocated resources (represented by bk, n and
yk, m indicators) to reach the optimized solution for matrix X. The example flowchart of the implemented
MGA is presented in Fig. 2. Through the interference awareness of the entire cell less network, the resource
allocation would be dynamically rearranged. This allocation process would improve the system capacity and
evolve the entire network allocation efficiency, with a full central information awareness rather than facing
performance degradation due to allocation competition. The entire competition between users on the
allocated bandwidth would be taken as an opportunity by the proposed cell-less RRM application to optimize
the system capacity. The more competition, the more space for efficient resource allocation, and so the more
gain for system capacity.

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SIMULATION RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Without loss of generality, in our illustrative example, different scales of the network setups are deployed
in dense urban Micro and indoor environments. The dense urban Micro environment is configured with a
hexagonal topology with 200 m inter-RU distance, 33 dBm maximum transmit power and

15 m height for each RU. The indoor environment is formed with a rectangular topology with 20 m inter-
RU distance, with 24 dBm maximum transmit power and 3 m height for each RU. Moreover, different
numbers of RUs are configured in simulations. A 20 MHz channel bandwidth including 100 RBs is
considered. The rest of the parameters which are used in this work including channel models are configured
aligned with ITU-R recommendation [19].

A. Analysis of System Capacity Performance

In order to analyze the network performance for different user densities, we consider different
number of user configurations, guaranteeing 1 Mbps for each user as the minimum required
throughput. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the system capacity improvement (i.e.,
((R cell-less−R−legacy)/R legacy)×100, where Rx is the system capacity of network x (x = {cell-
less, legacy}) that can be obtained from eq. (2).) due to the proposed cell-less RAN design over
legacy cellular RAN for indoor and outdoor environments is illustrated in Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b. The
results indicate that the cell-less networking approach with our proposed RRM algorithm shows
higher system capacity performance over legacy cellular networks for different network setups in
several simulated environments from [19]. This is because during the resource allocation phase, the
proposed approach considers the status of all available resources of the underlying RAN. In contrast,
the legacy cellular RAN allocates resources competitively in a Round Robin manner (in line with
the random RB mutation in MGA) from the RUs providing the highest RSRP. Due to such
competitive allocation the users are receiving more interference from the neighboring cell and
experience a degraded performance.

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It can be observed through simulations that scaling the number of RUs is impacting the performance
of the network because of users competing in terms of accessing the resources from the RUs.

B.Performance Behaviour Insight

Based on RB level analysis, which is the refection of channel fading conditions, and RU level
analysis, which conveys the level of competition for users, we could analyze the cell less network
performance gain behavior as follows.

RU level performance analysis: The notable fact is that all the users are competing to access the
resources providing good channel conditions. The more competition for resources with higher gain
will create the more space to allocate resources efficiently in order to achieve more network capacity.
Therefore, in general, the more RUs will cause increased resource reuse possibility. However, this
would cause inter RUs user competition to happen in less share of the entire RUs. Thus, a lower
capacity gain could be obtained as the result of efficient resource allocation.

RB level performance analysis: In order to analyze the RB (channel fading) level, we will
categorize the RU level in two categories. The scales with low number of RUs will provide higher
resource reusing efficiency per RU. The more time-frequency varying channel (i.e., outdoor
environment) will eliminate the more need of competition on high gain resources. Therefore,
significantly it will avoid the gain of efficient resource allocation from taking competition as an
opportunity. While in the setups with higher number of RUs, as the resource reusing efficiency per
RU is already low, so there will be no much difference between the frequency selective fading
channels (coherence bandwidth of the channel is smaller than the bandwidth of the signal) and fat
fading channels (coherence bandwidth of the channel is larger than the bandwidth of the signal).

UE level performance analysis: At the end, moving toward the user level performance comparison,
we will create two categories of channel fading in RB level. In the fat fading channel conditions,
particularly, for the indoor environments with less time-frequency varying channel, there will be
more resources providing good channel conditions. In such cases, there might not be too much benifit
from user competitions in resource allocations. However, the higher performance gain could be
obtained through competition for accessing a major number of these resources. Consequently, more
resources being allocated per user, which means the lower number of users could be

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.
associated per RU, will provide more impact of benefiting by using the efficient resource
allocation. Therefore, the higher achievable capacity gain will be provided. In the case of
frequency selective channels, for outdoor environments, as there are lower numbers of radio
resources providing good channel conditions within the entire bandwidth, the behavior would
be opposite. The more number of the users will give the more opportunity for allocation of
resources providing good channel conditions. Therefore, more users could benefit from
efficient resource allocation for frequency selective fading environments. As a result, the
higher system capacity gain would be achieved from the cell-less network serving more
number of users.
The summary of the performance behavior insight is shown in Fig. 4. Understanding this
behavior which is proved in Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b, makes the implementation strategy for the
cell-less network clear. It is observed from the outdoor environment in Fig. 3b that the more
number of users per RU would let the system achieve higher system capacity due to the higher
gain through the resource allocation algorithm at the cell-less RAN controller. As can be seen
from the Fig. 3b, there is an optimal number of served users per RU which in our setup is
around 10 times the number of RUs at around more than 80% of simulations. Therefore,
increasing the ratio of number of serving users to RU more than such optimal scale will lower
the per-user performance gain. It is due to the fact that each user would not have sufficient
resources for effective gain from competition to improve the system capacity. In these special
circumstances, we can only satisfy allocating a number of resources for minimum throughput
requirements of the user. However, from the indoor environment simulation in Fig. 3a, it is
observed that the lower user density setup provides more gain in system capacity considering
the effect of channel fading.

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CONCLUSION

In this letter, we propose a cell-less networking approach for capacity improvement of NG-
RAN in future 6G networks. We highlight the potential benefits of our proposed design
through several numerical simulations. The simulation results clearly indicate that we are
achieving significant system capacity performance improvement by shifting legacy cellular
RAN design paradigm towards the proposed cell-less RAN design In this work, we only
investigate the behavior of our proposed cell-less RAN design to maximize the system
capacity of the networks. Future work will investigate the behavior of cell-less networking
approaches to optimize the above-mentioned KPIs such as e.g., energy efficiency, reliability,
and latency.
The research has contributed to advancing the state-of-the-art in RRM for 6G networks by
proposing innovative algorithms, evaluating their performance through simulation or
experimental studies, and providing insights into the challenges and opportunities in this
rapidly evolving field.

The implications of the research extend beyond academia to industry, standardization bodies,
and regulatory agencies, shaping the future development and deployment of 6G networks.
The proposed RRM techniques have the potential to drive innovation, enhance user
experiences, and enable transformative applications across various sectors.

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