part of Aker

Thomas Førde, October 21, 2010

Troll A

© 2008 Aker Solutions

1. Introduction/motivation
2. Industrial examples
3. Theory drying
• Dehydration
4. Summary

Slide 2 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Introduction Background
Explanations

■ Raw natural gas; gas produced

from the well
■ Sour natural gas; contains
hydrogen sulfide H2S or carbon
dioxide CO2
■ Sweet natural gas; contains little
sulfur and carbon dioxide
■ Rich natural gas; contains larger
quantities of higher hydrocarbons
■ Wet natural gas; is saturated with
water vapor under natural
conditions

Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas

Kårstø Statoilhydro photo
Slide 3 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Introduction
Introduction
Gas specifications
Gas and liquid contracts usually contain the following basic considerations:
■ Gas
1. Minimum, maximum and nominal delivery pressure
2. Maximum water content (expressed as a dewpoint at a given pressure or
concentration)
3. Maximum condensable hydrocarbon content (expressed as a
hydrocarbon dewpoint )
4. Allowable concentration of contaminants (H2S, carbon disulfide…)
5. Minimum and maximum heating value
6. Cleanliness (allowable solids concentration)
■ Liquid
1. Quality of product (expressed as vapor pressure, relative or absolute
density)
2. Specification (color, concentration of contaminants)
3. Maximum water content

Slide 4 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Introduction Motivation
Treating

■ Water must be removed

● Solid hydrates with hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide
● Slugs in pipeline
● Corrosive H2S and CO2

■ Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) must be

removed
● Toxic and corrosive
● Often done centralized treatment
plants
■ Nitrogen
● No heating value
Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas, Natural gas production processing transport A.Rojey et.al

Slide 5 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Introduction Motivation
Flow configurations
• Well-stream from sub-sea/platform to shore (LNG; Snøhvit, gas export; Troll and Ormen Lange)
• Platform with full gas processing gas export (Sleipner) Pipe line to europe
Off shore platform
Troll, ormen lange
processing
LNG

snøhvit
Refinery and
petrochemicals

Pipe line
Sleipner Troll
1: Off shore to land, pipe line demands 3: LNG composition demands
2: Export pipe line, demands 4: Condensate composition
demands

Principal sketch natural gas, well to consumer

Slide 6 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Introduction
Motivation
Typical north sea natural gas composition
Major components (mol percentage dry gas) in some north sea gas reservoirs
H20 N2 H2S CO2 He Methane Ethane Propane Other*

TrollAA Saturated 1.74 - 0.22 - 92.69 3.53 1.51 0.31

KristinA Saturated 0.32 3.36 71.08 8.70 4.13 12.4

South-east Saturated 0.38 0.49 65.8 24.8 0.47 0.15 7.9

asian field

SleipnerB Saturated 1.6 3.42 83 8.6 3 0.38

Typical [1] Saturated 0-15 0-3 0-30 0-5 75-99 1-15 1-10 0-1

A Well stream, B Pipeline stream

It can be seen from the table, that Troll produced very lean gas.
Other fields contains more CO2 and heavy components.

Slide 7
1 Petroleum technology chapter 13 * hydrocarbons © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Slide 8 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Industrial Natural gas processing

Principal sketch natural gas processing route

Slide 9 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Industrial
Industrial examples
Troll, Kolsnes onshore plant

Simplified flow sheet Troll onshore gas treatment plant Kolsnes

Slide 10 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Industrial
Industrial examples
Principal sketch Troll, MEG* System

Background:
•Troll is located in the north part of the North Sea, about 65 km west of Kolsnes
• Ocean depth is above 300 meter
• The field is divided into Troll east and Troll west
• 2/3 of the recoverable gas reserve is located in the east
* Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also called ethylene glycol (EG)
Slide 11 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
 Troll
Dehydration system
MEG

(Pressure, BARG)
<Temperature, Celcius>
Lean gas to pipeline
(68.5) compressors
Turboexpander
Inlet gas <-11.7>
Suction drum (78.4) <-0.7>
separator
Feed gas from
slug catchers (90) (89.5) Dewpoint
<5> <-5.1> separator

(69.4)<-20.2> (67)
<-21>

(69)<-20.2>

Condensate
and Glycol

Slide 12 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Industrial
Principal sketch Kristin
All processing offshore

Q Q

Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar)
Ocean depth is about 350 meters
Gas is transported to Kårstø
Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase
pipe-line to Kårstø
Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure
211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius
Gas is delivered at Kårstø at 100 bar
Slide 13 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
 Kristin
Liquid separation system
To Dehydration system

Pres
<26> 3st stage s
incre ure
(25) recompressor asing
<30>
(7)
Inlet wet 2st stage <30>
gas Inlet <112> recompressor (1.7)
separator (87)
1st stage
<120> recompressor
(26)
2nd stage
<Temperature, Celcius>
separator
(Pressure, BarA) <74>
pre (2.15)
red ssu
uc re
tio 3rd stage
n separator To condensate
storage

Sketch of Kristin’s liquid separation system

Slide 14 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Kristin
Separation re-compressor package

Compressor Out of recompressor

From separator
separator

To separator

Sketch of Kristin’s separator recompression system

Slide 15 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Industrial
Principal sketch Kristin
All processing offshore

Q Q

Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar)
Ocean depth is about 350 meters
Gas is transported to Kårstø
Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase
pipe-line to Kårstø
Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure
211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius
Gas is delivered at Kårstø at 100 bar
Slide 16 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
 Kristin
De-hydration (TEG) system

Sketch of Kristin’s dehydration system

Slide 17 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
TEG: Triethylene glycol
Industrial
Snøhvit
Principal sketch
CO2

Feed from
pipeline Slug Inlet CO2 De- Mercury
catcher separation Removal hydration Removal

To
pipeline MEG Condensate Natural gas LNG
Recovery treatment liquefaction storage

Condensate LPG
Fractionation
storage storage

First developed field in the Barents sea

Ocean depth of 300-350 meters
A gas field with condensate and an underlying thin oil zone
Choice of technology: Make LNG, no existing gas lines to Europe

Slide 18 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Snøhvit dehydration system
Molecular sieve
Regeneration gas (63.0)<230>
Dry gas
(64.0)
<27.6 >

Example of
Molecular sieves (pressure, barA)
<Temp, Celsius >

Hot Oil

(64.9) <26.6 >

Regeneration
Wet gas
gas
(63.7) (63.2) <233.0 >
<27.5 >
Snøhvit’s molecular sieve

Slide 19 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Summary
Introduction, industrial examples and pipeline

These points have been discussed/explained:

■ General facts about natural gas
■ The dehydration system at:
● Troll (onshore), MEG injection and dehydration by cooling
(turboexpanders)
● Kristin (offshore), dehydration by absorption (TEG system)
● Snøhvit (onshore), dehydration by adsorption (molsieve)
■ Some of the issues related to transport of natural gas in pipelines

Slide 20 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 21 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration Natural gas processing

Principal sketch of a natural gas processing plant

Slide 22 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Dehydration Dehydration
Dehydration is the process of removing water from a gas and/or liquid

Natural gas is commercially Four glycols are used for dehydration

dehydrated in one of three ways and/or inhibition

1. Absorption (Glycol dehydration) 1. Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also

called ethylene glycol (EG)
2. Adsorption (Mol sieve, silica gel, or activated
alumina)
2. Diethylene glycol (DEG)
3. Condensation (cooling) (Refrigeration
with glycol or methanol injection) 3. Triethylene glycol (TEG)
4. Tetraetylhene glycol (T4EG)

• Absorption and refrigeration with hydrate inhibition is the most common dehydration
process used to meet pipeline sales specifications
• Adsorption processes are used to obtain very low water contents required in low
temperature processes, for example LNG
• TEG is most common in absorption systems
• MEG is most common in glycol injection systems

Slide 23 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 24 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption
Dehydration Absorption
Dehydration
Natural gas is dried by absorption,
often in a countercurrent scrubbing
unit Increasing values
A liquid having a strong affinity for
water is used as an absorbent Molecular MEG DEG TEG T4EG 62 – 194
weight
A good absorbent should have:
Viscosity (25 C) MEG DEG TEG T4EG 17- 49
1. Strong affinity for water Freezing point MEG T4EG DEG TEG -13 - -7
2. Low cost C

3. Non corrosive
Vapor pressure MEG DEG TEG T4EG
4. Low affinity for hydrocarbons and 25 C
acid gases
5. Thermal stability
Basic glycol properties
6. Easy regeneration
7. Low viscosity
8. Low vapor pressure at the contact
temperature
9. Low tendency to foam
Slide 25 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption Basic glycol dehydration unit
Dehydration

Simplified flow diagram for a glycol dehydration unit. from the GPSA Engineering Data Book, 11th
ed.

Slide 26 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Absorption
Dehydration The glycol dehydration unit
Wet gas (no liquid water) enter bottom
of absorber and flows
countercurrent to the glycol. Lean
glycol enters at the top

■ Absorber internal
One, two pass trays Maximize
Reactor ● Tray
■ Bubble cap Contact area
■ Valve and time
■ Sieve Gas/glycol
● Packing
■ Berl Saddle, Raschig Ring……

Valve tray Bubble Cap

Bearl Saddle

Sieve tray
Bubble Cap tray
Slide 27 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption
Dehydration Absorber design
Design parameters
Yb
flow
■ Purity demand s
Ga
■ Working temperatures Top of tower Y mol frac. Water
■ Working pressure
Bottom of gas phase
line tower

in gas
■  Choice of absorbent Yt O P Yb *
li n e
EQ Y* EQ mol frac.
Design procedure f lo w

Mol fraction water

o l Water gas phase
Yt* Glyc
■ Mass balance circulate enough glycol to Mol fraction water
absorb the water in the gas
in glycol
■ Gas rate tank diameter (flooding)
Principal sketch assuming:
■ Equilibrium analysis number of equilibrium
stages • Mass transfer are controlled by
■ Real analysis, have to take into account the resistance on the gas side
reaction kinetic and contact time between
glycol and gas. Gives number of actual trays • Straight operation and equilibrium
■ Dryer glycol higher concentration lines of mol fraction water in the gas
differences  higher reaction kinetic phase
higher efficiency  more expensive and
heavier glycol regeneration system No. of EQ stages
■ Higher glycol circulation rate higher

concentration differences higher reaction No. of actual stages
kinetic higher efficiency higher pressure
drop  more expensive and heavier pumps
Slide 28 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption
Dehydration Glycol dehydration unit
Working principle

Typical profiles of the mol fraction of

Typical profiles of the mol fraction of
water in gas as a function of tower
water in glycol as a function of tower
height. For tray and structural
height. For tray and structural
packing
packing

• Minimum tray spacing 610 mm • Discrete and continues concentration profile

• Flooding, foaming • Equilibrium assumption

Slide 29 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Absorption
Dehydration Glycol regeneration
Cool
Alternatives

A; Wet stripping Increased

gas temperature
B; stripping
gas still
column Rich TEG

Heat
Water Re boiler
Exchanger
TEG unit
Heat

A; Stripping gas

A) Open stripping loop C) Cold finger

B) Closed stripping loop
A) Any inert gas is suitable. Theoretically best to insert
stripping gas between re boiler and surge tank C) A cold finger is inserted into a bucket in the
surge drum vapor space. A TEG mixture rich in
B) A closed stripping loop, isooctane can be used. water condenses out. This mixture is taped off.
Vaporizes at re-boiler temperature and condenses and H2O partial pressure is lowered and lean glycol
can be separated from water in a three phase separator. concentration is increased. 99.5-99.9 % (w/w)
High stripping gas rates with little venting of glycol has been achieved.
hydrocarbons. Glycol cons> 99.99% (w/w) has been
achieved.
Slide 30 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption
Dehydration Glycol regeneration
Component
Reboiler:
Temperature should not exceed 204 C (TEG) due to
degradation.
Some degradation of glycol in contact with heat
transfer surface  maximum heat flux rates.
Heat provided with direct fired fire tubes immersed in
the bath, hot oil, steam or electric resistance heating.
Stripping Colum:
Can be trayed or structural packed. Stripping gas
Flash tank: lowers the partial pressure of H2O in the gas phase,
and more water can be absorbed by the gas (Raoults
Used to remove light hydrocarbons, law).
CO2, H2S. Operation pressure 15% of
the contactor operating pressure. Surge drum:

Filters: Retention time >20 min

Be able to hold all the re-boiler glycol, to allow repair
Captures chemical impurities and solid or inspection of the re-boiler heating coil.
particles. Pressure drop is measured
and used as a replacing criteria.
Slide 31 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Absorption Glycol absorption
Dehydration Pros and cons
Pros Cons
■ Low initial cost ■ Suspended matter, such as dirt, scale, and iron
■ Low pressure drop across absorption towers oxide may contaminate glycol solutions
■ Overheating of solutions may produce both low
■ Recharging of towers present no problems and high boiling decomposition products
■ Materials that would cause fouling of some ■ The resultant sludge may collect on heating
solid adsorbents can be tolerated in the surfaces, causing some loss in efficiency, or, in
contactor severe cases, complete flow stoppage
■ When both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide is
present, corrosion may become a problem
because of the formation of acid material in the
glycol solution
■ Liquids such as water, light hydrocarbons or
lubrication oils in inlet gas may require
installation of an efficient separator ahead of
the absorber. Highly mineralized water entering
the system with inlet gas may, over long
periods crystallize and fill the re-boiler with solid
salts
■ Foaming of solution may occur with a resultant
carry-over of liquid. The addition of a small
quantity of antifoam compound usually
remedies this problem

Slide 32 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 33 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration by
cooling NGL Refrigeration system
recovery
A refrigeration system lowers the
temperature of a fluid or gas below that
possible when using air or water at
ambient conditions.
■ Refrigeration systems are used for
● Removing of water
● Chilling natural gas for NGL
extraction
● Chilling natural gas for
hydrocarbon dew-point control
● LPG product storage
● Natural gas liquefaction (LNG)
■ Refrigeration processes:
● Mechanical refrigeration
■ Compression (uses energy in form of work
to pump heat)
■ Absorption (use energy in form of heat to
pump heat, ammonia systems)
● Expansion refrigeration
■ Valve expansion (Joule Thompson) Natural gas liquid fractions as a function of
■ Turbine expansion (Turbo expander) temperature at atmospheric pressure

Slide 34 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Dehydration by
cooling NGL Refrigeration cycle
recovery Principal thermodynamic path

Liquid recovery by refrigeration

Thermodynamic path
A-B,E cooled by heat exchange with the process gas.
B-C Natural gas is cooled by heat exchange with the refrigeration cycle. The gas temperature is lowered at
constant pressure.
E-F’ Natural gas is cooled by isentropic (constant entropy S) expansion through a turbine (turbo expander), EF
actual path.
B-D Natural gas is cooled by isenthalpic (constant enthalpy) expansion through a valve (Joule Thompson).

Slide 35 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Dehydration by Principal sketch of a
cooling NGL
recovery
refrigeration cycle

Natural
gas

Refrigeration is achieved by vaporization at relatively low refrigerant pressure.

The refrigerant can be a propane or sometimes a halogen of the Freon type.

Slide 36 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Dehydration by
cooling NGL
recovery Turbo expander cycle
1 Feed gas
(Troll gas)
110
Path turbo expander
1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger
Feed gas phase envelope
2-3 Suction drum Path joule thompson
90
3-4 Turbine expander
70
4-5 Dewpoint separator
5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger 50
Pressure [Bar]

6-7 Compression
30

A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is

often injected upstream of the 10
heat exchanger, if the gas is un-
hydrated -170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20 10 40
-10
Temperature [C]
Lean gas to pipeline
Turboexpander
compressors
Suction drum
6 Phase envelope based Troll, dehydrated gas
Dehydrated 7
3
gas
Dewpoint
1 2 separator
4
5
Turbo expander process for
NGL extraction

Condensate
and Glycol
Slide 37 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration by
cooling NGL
Joule Thompson cycle
recovery (Troll gas)
110
1 Feed gas Path turbo expander
Feed gas phase envelope
1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger Path joule thompson 90
2-3 Suction drum
3-4 Valve expander 70

4-5 Dewpoint separator

50
Pressure [Bar]

5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger

30
A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is
often injected upstream of the
10
heat exchanger, if the gas is un-
hydrated.
-170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20 10 40
-10
Temperature [C]

Turboexpander Lean gas to pipeline

Suction drum compressors Phase envelope based on Troll, dehydrated
6 3
gas
Inlet gas Dewpoint
1 2 4 separator
5
Joule Thompson process
for NGL extraction
(69)<-20.2>

Condensate
and Glycol
Slide 38 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Slide 39 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration
by sorption Dehydration by adsorption

Adsorption describes any process where gas molecules are held on

the surface of a solid by surface forces. Adsorbents may be
divided into two classes.
● Species is adsorbed due to physisorption and capillary
condensation
● Species is adsorbed due to chemisorption (not much used in
natural gas processing)

A sorbent must have the following properties:

1. High adsorption capacity at equilibrium
2. Large surface area
3. Easily and economically regenerated
4. Fast adsorption kinetics
5. Low pressure drop
6. High cyclic stability (kinetic and capacity)
7. No significant volume change (swelling shrinking)

Slide 40 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Dehydration Dehydration by adsorption
by sorption
The commercial available sorbents can be divided into three broad categories:
1. Gel
A granular amorphous solid (silica gel (SiO2), alumina gel Al2O3)
2. Alumina
Hydrated form of aluminum oxide Al2O3, activated by drying off part of the hydrated water
adsorbed on the surface
3. Molecular sieves
Alkali metal crystalline aluminosilicates, very similar to natural clays

Example of sorbents:
■ Silica gel (Gel type)
Outlet gas water content down to 10 ppm (v/v) and dew point -60 C can be achieved
Regenerated between 120 and 200 C
It adsorbs hydrocarbons, which are desorbed during regeneration
Silica gel is destroyed by free water which causes the granules to burst, and react with bases
■ Activated alumina Al2O3
Outlet gas water content <1 ppm (v/v), outlet dew point -73 C can be achieved
Heavy hydrocarbons are adsobed but can not be desorbed during regeneration
■ Molecular sieves (zeolites)
Outlet gas water content down to 0.03 ppm (v/v) , outlet dew point -100 C
Water is adsorbed in a micro porous structure
The presence of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) should be avoided
The adsorbent must be replaced frequently (about every three year)
The water content in the feed must be low
Slide 41 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration
By sorption Principal sketch
Adsorbent system

Process gas Regeneration gas

Operation

Regeneration
Molecular sieves
Regeneration gas

Process gas

Flow sheet of a basic two tower adsorption system with regeneration

http://www.uop.com/objects/96%20MolecularSieves.pdf
Slide 42 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration
by sorption Adsorption Dry gas
Concentration profiles

Active
Zone

Mass transfer
Zone

Equilibrium
Zone

Wet gas

Variation of adsorption zones with time and height Schematic view of reactor bed with adsorption zones

• Equilibrium zone: Sorbent is saturated with water.

• Mass transfer zone: All the mass transfer takes place in this zone.
• Active zone: The sorbent has its full capacity for water, contains only residual
water left from regeneration cycle.
Slide 43 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Dehydration
by sorption Adsorption
General point and re-generation
Design parameters
■ Number of adsorption units
regeneration time
■ Gas velocity and allowable
pressure drop  diameter
■ Good internal flow distribution avoid
channeling
■ Proper pre-treating of the gas
● Degradation due to loss of
effective surface area
Principal sketch of reactor temperature during
● Degradation due to blockage of regeneration
small capillary or lattice
openings T0-TA heating of the reactor
■ Proper heat loss management TA-TB evaporation and breaking of surface
(insulation internal/external) forces
optimize regeneration
■ Proper heat recovery TB-TC removing of heavy contaminants
and residual water
■ Possible to replace adsorbent
TC Cooling, heat recovery phase

Slide 44 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Summary dehydration

Different dehydration technologies have been discussed

● Absorption
■ Glycol system
» Trayed towers
» Structural packing
● Concentration profiles
● Design guide lines
● System components
● Cooling
■ System
● Compressor cooling
● Turbo expander
● Joule Thompson
● Adsorption
■ Concentration profiles
■ Design guide lines
■ System component/operation

Slide 45 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 2

Slide 46 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

CO2 capture from energy related sources

Fossil fuel
CO2
Combustion Flue gas N2 ,O2
Air separation

Energy CO2

Air

Fossil fuel
Gasification/ CO2
H2, CO2 H2 Combustion N2 ,O2 , H2O
Air/O2 Steam reforming separation

Energy CO2 Energy

CO2 capture from large scale power plants is yet

to be implemented
Slide 47 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Overview CO2 capture technologies*
Process Streams Postcombustion capture Oxyfuel Combustion capture Pre-Combustion Capture
Separation
task
CO2/CH4 CO2/N2 N2/O2 CO2/H2

Capture
Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging
technologies

Improved Improved Improved chemical

solvents solvents solvents
Physical
Novel Novel Biomimetic Physical
solvents
Solvents contacting Chemical contacting solvents, e.g. solvent Novel contacting
n. a.
(Absorption) equipment solvents equipment hemoglobine- Chemical equipment
Chemical
Improved Improved derivatives solvents
Solvents
design of design of Improved design of
processes processes processes
Ceramic Ceramic Ion transport
Facilitated Facilitated membranes Ceramic
Membranes Polymeric transport Polymeric transport Polymeric Polymeric Palladium Reactors
Carbon Carbon Facilitated Contactors
Contactors Contactors transport
Adsorbents for
Zeolites
O2/N2 Carbonates
Zeolites Zeolites Carbonates Zeolites
separation
Solid Activated
Perovskites Hydrotalcites
sorbents Activated Activated Carbon based Activated carbon
Oxygen
carbon carbon sorbents carbon
chemical Silicates
Alumina
looping
Ryan-
Hybrid Improved
Cryogenic Holmes Liquefaction Liquefaction Hybrid processes
processes Distillation distillation
process

* From IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005
Slide 48 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Selcetion of CO2 capture technology

http://www.uop.com/gasprocessing/6010.html

Slide 49 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Typical CO2 absorption loop

Product Product gas

Gas
KO Drum

Acid gas
Water
Make Up

Water Wash
Pumps
Regen. Acid Gas
Reflux Condenser
Feedgas Drum (CW)
Amine
Feed
Absorber Carbon
Gas
Filter
KO Drum (Lean Sol)
HP Lean
Pump
Lean Sol. Reflux
Cooler Pump
(CW) Flash gas
Amine
Regen-
erator

Rich Solvent Lean-Rich

Flash Drum Exchanger

LP Lean
Pump Regen.
Reboiler
(LPS)

Slide 50 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

 Summary of presentation

These points have been discussed/explained:

■ General facts about natural gas

■ Industrial dehydration examples
■ The different mechanism in gas/liquid separation
■ Different dehydration technologies
● Absorption
● Cooling
● Adorption
■ Sour gas removal

Slide 51 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 52 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Copyright

Copyright of all published material including photographs, drawings and images in this document
remains vested in Aker Solutions and third party contributors as appropriate. Accordingly, neither the
whole nor any part of this document shall be reproduced in any form nor used in any manner without
express prior permission and applicable acknowledgements. No trademark, copyright or other notice
shall be altered or removed from any reproduction.

Slide 53 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Disclaimer

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are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ. These statements and
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Slide 54 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker