ELECTROMAGNETISM

“You mind is the most powerful magnet, what you visualize your mind attracts it and materialize it in your real-life.
What you think, you become. So, think wisely.”
― Lord Robin

4.1 Force on a Current-carrying

Conductor in a Magnetic Field
4.2 Electromagnetic Induction
4.3 Transformer

DREAM BIG
AIM HIGH
NEVER GIVE UP
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts //

MAGNETIC FIELD A region where magnetic material experience force

Electric
...creates a
current
magnetic field
through

.
around the wire
a wire
x

Direction of magnetic
field by A DOT in the wire shows current A cross in the wire shows
Right-hand flowing OUT of the paper current flowing in of the paper
Grip rule

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts //

MAGNETIC FIELD A region where magnetic material experience force

combination of coils of wire wounded

around on same surface or wounded

solenoid
around an iron core

*minimum line for magnetic field line: 5 lines

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts //

MAGNETIC FIELD A region where magnetic material experience force

Unlike poles ATTRACT

Like poles REPEL

*minimum line for magnetic field line: 5 lines

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts //

MAGNETIC FIELD A region where magnetic material experience force

• Radial magnetic field

• Magnetic field is focused
• Increase the concentrated magnetic field
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ELECTROMAGNET A temporary magnet when current flow through a conductor

Factor affect the STRENGTH

of ELECTROMAGNET
• Current
(increase the number of dry cell)
• Number of turns of coil
• Core (soft iron core)

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ELECTROMAGNET A temporary magnet when current flow through a conductor

when current flow

Soft iron core magnetized
when no current flow
Soft iron core demagnetized

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ELECTROMAGNET A temporary magnet when current flow through a conductor

Direction of current flow
How to increase the strength of
(in solenoid) Soft iron core
ELECTROMAGNET?
(a) Increase the number of dry cell

Pole for end of

S N
= increase the current flow
(b) Increase the number of turns of coils
the solenoid using = increase the current flow
Right-hand grip = stronger electromagnet
rule
(c) Soft iron core
= easy to magnetized and demagnetized
when current flow (d) Thicker wire of coil
= become electromagnet = less resistance
= more current flow
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ELECTROMAGNET A temporary magnet when current flow through a conductor

3. Direction of current flow (in solenoid)

2. Direction of current flow

(in solenoid) N S
4. Determine
the pole for

S N 1. Terminal of dry
cell is reversed
end of the
solenoid
3. Determine the pole for Using Right
end of the solenoid hand grip
2. Direction of current
Using Right-hand rule
flow (from dry cell)
grip rule
1. Direction of current flow
(from dry cell)

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Combination of force on current-carrying wire and magnetic field of

CATAPUL FIELD permanent magnet

N S +
Magnetic field in permanent magnet Magnetic field in current-carrying wire

F
N S
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Combination of force on current-carrying wire and magnetic field of

CATAPUL FIELD permanent magnet

F
N . x S

F
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Combination of force on current-carrying wire and magnetic field of

CATAPUL FIELD permanent magnet

Catapult Field = Magnetic Force = Resultant Force = Force

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Combination of force on current-carrying wire and magnetic field of

CATAPUL FIELD permanent magnet

FORCE

Physics rule:
Fleming’s Left-hand rule
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD. Experiment: 1
mv: current
rv: distance of conductor moves (magnetic force)
cv: number of magnet bar (strength of magnetic field) //
distance between magnet bar

Experiment: 2
mv: number of magnet bar
rv: distance of conductor moves (magnetic force)
cv: current // distance between magnet bar

Experiment: 3
mv: distance between magnet bar
rv: distance of conductor moves (magnetic force)
cv: current // number of magnet bar

Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy Experiment: 4

Physics rule: Fleming’s Left-hand rule mv: length of conductor
rv: distance of conductor moves (magnetic force)
cv: current // number of magnet bar //
distance between magnet bar 14
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.

1. MAGNETIC FIELD:
A region round a current – carrying conductor in
2. Current flows in the copper rod: label !
which a magnetic force acts //
A region where magnetic material experience force.
3. Direction of force: Fleming’s Left-hand rule: label !
DC power supply

current flow _
direction √ in copper rod
+
√ of Force
Magnet
Copper rod
F

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.

DC power supply

Method to increase the forces:

current flow _
• Increase the strength of magnetic direction √ in copper rod
+
field √ of Force
Magnet
Copper rod
• Use stronger magnet bar
• increase current
F
• Increase the number of magnet bar
• Decrease the distance between
magnet bar

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.
The magnitude of the magnetic force also depends on the length of the wire in the magnetic field.
Length of wire increase, force on the wire (magnetic force) increase.

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.
1. The current can be increased by:
• Increasing the e.m.f. of the power supply
• Using a thicker wire of the same length
• Using a shorter wire

2. The magnitude of the force on a current

carrying conductor increases when the
strength of the magnetic held is increased

3. A stronger magnetic field can be produced by:

• Using more powerful magnets
• Using two pairs of magnets with like poles
side by side
• Placing the magnets closer to each
other (narrow the gap between the poles of the
magnet)
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
CURRENT CARRYING ROD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.
1. Variable:
mv: current
rv: angle of oscillation // magnetic force
cv: number of magnet bar
(strength of magnetic field) //
distance between magnet bar

2. Angle of oscillation = Magnetic force

Magnetic force increase,
Angle of oscillation increase

3. Current
Current increase,
Magnetic force increase
Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy Current increase,
Physics rule: Fleming’s Left-hand rule Angle of oscillation increase
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
TURNING EFFECT OF A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

Explain how the motor able to rotate.

• When the current flow into the coil, magnetic field is
produced, and forces are produced
• Catapult field is produced
• The forces are in the opposite direction
• These pair of forces produce the turning effect on the
coil.

Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy

Physics rule: Fleming’s Left-hand rule
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
TURNING EFFECT OF A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

Factor effect the speed of rotation of a dc motor.

• use stronger magnet bar
• use curve magnet bar
• increase the number of magnet bar
• increase the current (increase the number of dry cell)
• increase the number of turns of a coil
• use thicker wire of coil

Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy

Physics rule: Fleming’s Left-hand rule
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
TURNING EFFECT OF A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

Commutator:
changes the direction
of the current flows
every half-cycle.

Carbon brush:
touch onto the coil, to
let the current flow into
and out of the coil

Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy

Physics rule: Fleming’s Left-hand rule
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
TURNING EFFECT OF A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

0o No current flow 90o current flow 180o NO current flow 270o current flow

Current (I/A)

Time (t/s)
0o 90o 180o 270o
Transformation of energy: Electrical energy → Kinetic energy
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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

BRUSHED DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor) BRUSHLESS DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

BRUSHED DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor) BRUSHLESS DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR (dc Motor)

SIMILARITIES
Has a magnet and coil
Uses magnetic force: to rotation
(Fleming’s Left-hand rule)

DIFFERENCES

• Magnet stationary, Coils rotates • Coil stationary, magnet rotates

• Friction between the carbon brush and the • No carbon brushes, therefore no
commutator causes the carbon brush to wear out friction between the brushes and the commutator
• sparking at the commutator • No sparking at the commutator
• louder operational noise • Soft operational sound

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
EFFECT OF TWO PARALLEL CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

1. Direction of current flow (in conductor): OPPOSITE direction

A C
2. Direction of magnetic field: SAME direction

AB CD
.
Copper rod

3. Strong
B D R
magnetic field
between copper
rod

4. Copper rod: REPEL

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 4.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
EFFECT OF TWO PARALLEL CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

1. Direction of current flow (in conductor): SAME direction

2. Direction of magnetic field: OPPOSITE direction
A C
Region that
Copper rod has strong
magnetic field
AB CD
x x
B D Region that 3. Weak magnetic
has strong field between
magnetic field
copper rod

4. Copper rod: ATTRACTED

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change or
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

To study the direction of the induced current in a straight wire

SITUATION: 1
Current flow: Rotation of moving coil: ANTI-CLOCK WISE
X = Positive
Y = Negative

(X = Positive)

+ -

When switch is ON
(Y = Negative)
Deflection of galvanometer pointer: to the LEFT
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 Producing of induced current when there is a change or
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

To study the direction of the induced current in a straight wire

SITUATION: 2
Current flow: Rotation of moving coil: CLOCK WISE
X = Negative
Y = Positive

(X = Negative)

- +

When switch is ON
(Y = Positive)
Deflection of galvanometer pointer: to the RIGHT
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 4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Producing of induced current when there is a change or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

SITUATION 1: Conductor moves UPWARDS SITUATION 2: Magnet moves UPWARDS

INDUCED
INDUCED

Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy

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 4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Producing of induced current when there is a change or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

Physics rule: Fleming’s Right-hand rule

Used: to determine the
direction of the
induction current

Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy 31

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 4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Producing of induced current when there is a change or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

OBSERAVTION
ACTION (deflection of pointer of INFERENCE
galvanometer)
The wire is moved
left Current flows in wire
INDUCED upwards
The wire is moved Current flows is
right
downwards reversed
The wire is move
NO deflection NO current flows
horizontally
Magnet is moved Current flows is
right
• Galvanometer is used to detect the current flow. upwards reversed
(this situation: induced current)
• Deflection of the pointer of galvanometer means, there is a
current flow (induced current)
• Bigger deflection, larger current (induced current) produced
Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy
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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
the direction of the induced e.m.f is such that its magnetic effects always oppose the change
LENZ’S LAW producing it.
to determine the pole of solenoid

X Y Direction of movement X Y Direction of movement

S N S N
Bar magnet Bar magnet

Galvanometer Galvanometer

Pole at Y = SOUTH Pole at Y = NORTH

Pole at X = NORTH Pole at X = SOUTH
Deflection of pointer of the galvanometer: to the LEFT Deflection of pointer of the galvanometer: to the RIGHT

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

FARADAY’S LAW the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux experienced by the conductor

How to increase the induced current?

X Y Direction of movement
• increase the number of turns of coil wire
• increase the relative motion between magnet and
S N
solenoid
• use thicker coil wire Bar magnet
• increase the number of magnet bar
• use stronger permanent magnet

Relationship:
relative motion (speed) increase, induced current increase Galvanometer

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

FARADAY’S LAW the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux experienced by the conductor

The magnitude of the e.m.f in a wire

increases when: X Y Direction of movement
• The wire is moved faster
• A stronger magnet is used
• The length of wire in e.m.f field is increased S N
Bar magnet

The magnitude of the e.m.f in a coil

increases when:
• The relative motion between magnet and coil is increased
• The number of turns on coil is increased Galvanometer
• The cross-sectional area of the coil is increased

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)

FARADAY’S LAW the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux experienced by the conductor

N Transformation of energy:
Gravitational Potential energy → Kinetic energy → Electrical energy
Bar magnet "
S mgh = mv2
#
Meter h v = 2𝑔ℎ ⟹ speed of magnet
rule Y : South pole ⟹ kinetic energy // speed of rotation //
height of magnet bar released (h)
⟹ h increase, induced current increase

How to increase the induced current?

• Increase h (height of magnet bar released)
• Increase number of turns of the coil
• Increase number of bar magnet
X
Galvanometer
: North pole • Use thicker wire (less resistance)
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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR (dc Generator)

Explain how the generator can

be used to produce electricity.
• When the coil is rotated by external force
apply on it
• Change of magnetic field flux is produced
• The change of magnetic field flux produces
an induced current
• The direction of the induced current is
reverse every half turn by commutator
Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy
Physics rule: Fleming’s Right-hand rule

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR (Dc Generator)

The magnitude of the output

voltage (generator) increases
when:
• Number of turns of the coil is
increased
• The strength of the permanent
magnet is increased
• The speed of rotation is
increased
position at (a), (c) and (e): No current flow (no change in magnetic flux) X no current
position at (b)and (d): Current flow (change in magnetic flux)
√current 38
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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR (ac Generator)

Explain how the generator works

to produce alternating current
• When the coil rotates the coil cut across the
magnetic field lines
• Induced current flow in the coil
• The current maximum when the coil cut the
magnetic field at right angle
• current decreased (become zero) when the
coil move in parallel with magnetic field
lines
• The direction of current flow determine by
using Fleming’s right hand rule Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy
• After 90º the direction of current in the Physics rule: Fleming’s Right-hand rule
external circuit reversed

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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR (ac Generator)

The magnitude of the output

voltage (generator) increases
when:
• Number of turns of the coil is
increased
• The strength of the permanent
magnet is increased
• The speed of rotation is
increased
position at (a), (c) and (e): No current flow (no change in magnetic flux) X no current
position at (b)and (d): Current flow (change in magnetic flux)
√current 40
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 Producing of induced current when there is a change
4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION or cutting of magnetic flux by the conductor (relative motion)
DC & AC Generator)

Direct current Generator Alternating current Generator

SIMILARITIES
Applies electromagnetic induction
Coil is rotated by an external force
Coil cuts magnetic flux
Rule: Fleming’s Right-hand rule

• Ends of the coil are connected to a split ring DIFFERENCES • Ends of the coil are connected to
commutator two slip rings
• The two sections of the commutator • Slip rings are connected to the same
exchange contact with carbon brush
the carbon brush every • Output: alternating
half rotation current
• Output: direct current
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 ALTERNATING (ac) & DIRECT CURRENT (dc)
ALTERNATING CURRENT DIRECT CURRENT
Direction: Variable Direction: Constant
Current flow: TWO direction Current flow: ONE direction

The bulb lights up The bulb lights up

Alternating current gives the Direct current gives the same
same heating effect on bulb heating effect on bulb as
as direct current alternating current

The bulb NO lights up

The bulb lights up
Capacitor will NOT
Capacitor works
work on direct current
on alternating current

EXAMPLE: ac generator, EXAMPLE: dc generator,

dynamo, home plugs dry cells, electrolyte cells
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 4.3 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage based on
the principle of electromagnetic induction.
1. A current is induced in the
secondary coil only when
there is a changing magnetic
flux due to a changing
primary current.
(changes direction and
magnitude)

2. A d.c. power supply gives a

constant current in the primary
circuit.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: 3. A constant direct current

• Microwave oven • Notebook (magnitude and
• Defibrillator • Computer charger direction) is constant does
• X-ray machine • Photocopy machine not create a changing
• Welding machine magnetic flux in the
secondary coil.
Therefore electromagnetic
induction does not take
place.
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 A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage
4.3 TRANSFORMER based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Working principle of the transformer:

3. Soft iron core

1. Alternating
linked the change
of magnetic flux
current flows in from the primary
the primary coil coil to the
secondary coil

2. Change in
magnetic field
occur (magnitude
and direction)

4. Induced current produced in the secondary coil

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 A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage
4.3 TRANSFORMER based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Ideal transformer: transformer that does not experience any loss of energy (efficiency: 100%)

Input & output of a transformer:

Vs N s
=
Vp N p
Power in a transformer:

VpIp = Vs I s
Power in a transformer:
Power transmission: *non-ideal transformer (heat loss)
Two steps to find the energy / power loss in cable Vs I s
• Find the current in the cable by the equation P = IV
Efficiency = x100%
VpIp
• Find the power lost in the cable by the equation P = I2R

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 A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage
4.3 TRANSFORMER based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Ways to reduce energy loss in a transformer:

TYPE OF LOSSES CAUSES WAY TO REDUCE
• Changing of magnetic field induced current in
EDDY CURRENT soft iron core • Use laminated soft iron core
• Eddy current produced and generate heat
• As the number of turn increases, the resistance of
• Use low resistance copper wires
conductor also increases.
HEAT LOSS (thick copper wire)
• Heat produced by electrical energy to oppose the
resistance
• The core is magnetized and demagnetized • Use soft-iron core
HYSTERESIS alternately due to a.c current in primary coil • It is able to be magnetized and
• Energy loss as heat demagnetized easily
• Proper core design
• Leakage of magnetic flux in the primary coil
FLUX LEAKAGE • Secondary coil overlaps and wounds
close to primary coil

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 A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage
4.3 TRANSFORMER based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Electrical
Energy
Transmission
& Distribution
System

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 A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage
4.3 TRANSFORMER based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Electrical Energy Transmission & Distribution System

q An alternating current is used in the transmission of electrical energy at a high voltage because its voltage
Alternating current, a.c can be easily increased or decreased with transformers.
q A transformer cannot function with a direct current.
q Electrical power is transmitted at a high voltage so that the current in the cables is smaller
High voltage or low voltage?
q The loss of power due to heating of the cables is minimized.
q High voltage cables are the cheapest way of sending power over long distances.
Overhead or underground? q However, to prevent sparking, the only effective way of insulating the cables is to keep huge air spaces
around them, the cable have to be suspended from pylons.
q Copper cables have low resistance but are of high cost
Cost of cables
q Aluminium cables are usually used as they are light, have low resistance and cost less.
q To prevent charge leakage, the aluminium cables are supported by high metal pylons.
Charge leakage between
q The metal support of the pylon is earthed so that it is safe to workers and the public who come into contact
the cables and the earth
with them.
Danger of being struck q The pylons carry lightning conductors that are properly fixed into the ground
by lightning q The cables are properly fixed with porcelain support so that the cables do not touch the pylons.
Danger of being struck q Lights and special markers must be attached to the pylons.
by light aircraft
Theft q Stricter laws should be enforced to deter thieves from stealing the aluminium cables.
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram4 shows a cross section of a bicycle dynamo which has a rotating magnet and a stationary coil of an insulated copper wire.
The output of the dynamo is connected to a bicycle lamp.

Explain the working principle of the bicycle dynamo in

producing alternating current to light up the lamp.
[3 marks]

• The magnet rotates across the coil

• The magnetic field lines // magnetic
flux is cut // produce change of
magnetic flux
• Induced current flow in the coil

Diagram 4

Transformation of energy: Kinetic energy → Electrical energy

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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 shows a stiff copper rod is placed in Diagram 4.2 shows a moving coil
between the opposite poles of a permanent magnet. ammeter to measure direct current.
The ammeter in Diagram 4.2
needs some modifications to be
more efficient.
Suggest two modifications to be
done based on the following
aspects:
Diagram 4.2

(i) the shape of the permanent magnet: concave // curve

Diagram 4.1 Reason: to produced radial magnetic field //
increase the concentration of magnetic field //
(a)(i) What will happen to the copper rod when the switch is on? stronger magnetic field // magnetic field will be focused
Swing to the right
(ii) the number of turns of the coil: more // increase // higher
(ii) Explain your answer. Reason: more current flow // stronger magnetic field
Interaction between two magnetic field produced force //
Catapult force produced (iii) the material of the core used: soft iron core
Reason: easy to magnetised and demagnetised

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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4 shows a cross section of a moving coil microphone.

When the diaphragm moves in response to sound, the

attached coil moves in the magnetic field and generate a very
small current in the wire of the coil.

Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain Diagram 4

suitable modifications or ways to enable the microphone to
detect sound more effectively and generate a bigger current CHARACTERISTICS REASON
based on the following aspects: Thickness of diaphragm: Small // weak sound wave will cause it vibrate
Decrease
(i) Thickness of diaphragm Strength of the material for Not broken even when detect strong sound
(ii) Strength of the material for diaphragm diaphragm: Increase and vibrate stronger
(iii) Number of turns of coil Number of turns of coil: Increase the rate of cutting within the
(iv) Diameter of the wire of coil Increase magnetic field, produce stronger induce
(v) Strength of magnet current
Diameter of the wire of Resistance decrease, induce current increase
coil: Increase
Strength of magnet: Increase Produce stronger magnetic field, greater
change of magnetic field flux and hence
produce greater current
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4 shows an alternating current (a.c.) dynamo contains
Based on Table 4, state the suitable characteristics of the dynamo to
a rotating permanent magnet and a fix coil. As the magnet
enable the bulb producing a continuous and brighter light.
rotates, induced current produced.
Give reason for the suitability of the characteristics

Number of turns
Dynamo Type of core used Type of dynamo
of the coil
P 100 Soft iron Alternating current dynamo
Q 500 Iron Alternating current dynamo
R 200 Iron Direct current dynamo
S 1 000 Soft iron Direct current dynamo
Table 4
(i) Number of turns of the coil: more // increase // higher
Diagram 4 Reason: more current flow // stronger magnetic field

The bulb that is connected to the a.c. dynamo in (ii) Type of core used: soft iron
Diagram 4 glows dimly and produce flashing light. Reason: easy to magnetised and demagnetised
Table 4 shows characteristic of dynamo P, Q, R and S.
(iii) Type of dynamo: Direct current dynamo (dc generator)
Reason: to produced steady current // current flow in one direction
(iv) the most suitable dynamo: S
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4 shows a of the National Grid Network System. Type of Material of Transmission Rate of expansion
System
Transformer P the cable Voltage of the cable
J Step up Aluminium Low Low
K Step down Nichrome High High
L Step up Copper High Low
M Step down Tungsten Low High
Table 4
CHARACTERISTIC REASON
Transformer P: increase the voltage
Step-up
Material of the cable: low resistance
Copper // Aluminium
Diagram 4 Transmission Voltage: low current
High reduce heat loss
Using your knowledge about electrical and Diagram4, Rate of expansion of the cable: constant length
you are asked to determine the suitable Low the cable does not loosen easily

L
characteristics used in the system J, K, L and M for a Transformer P: Step-up
National Grid Network System in Table 4. Material of the cable: Copper
Transmission Voltage: High
Rate of expansion of the cable: Low
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amazing Physics with Tcer Alinaimanarif
 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show wire coils connected to Using Diagram 4. 1 and Diagram 4.2, compare the number of turn of
the ammeters, switches and d.c. power supply. the coils, the pattern of the iron filings and angle of deflection of the
ammeter indicator.

Characteristics Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

number of turns of the solenoid low high
pattern of the iron filings apart closer
angle of deflection (ammeter) low high

State the relationship between the strength of the magnetic field with
the pattern of iron filings and the number of turn of the coils.

Strength of magnetic field increase,

pattern of iron filings closer
Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
When the switch is on, and iron filings of the same amount is Number of turn of the coils increase,
spread on each of the cardboard surface, the pattern of the Strength of magnetic field closer
iron filings is formed as shown in the diagrams.
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show how induced current are Using Diagram 4.1 and 4.2, compare the number of turns of the solenoid,
produced in solenoids. the deflection of the galvanometer pointer, the rate of cutting of the
magnetic flux and the magnitude of induced current produced.
Characteristics Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
number of turns of the solenoid low high
deflection of the galvanometer pointer low high
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux low high
Diagram 4.1 magnitude of induced current low high

Relate the number of turns of the solenoid and the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.
Relate the rate of cutting of magnetic flux and the magnitude of the induced current
produced and hence name the physics law involved.

number of turns of the solenoid increase, Faraday’s

rate of cutting of the magnetic flux increase
Law
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux increase,
Diagram 4.2
Induced current increase
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show the deflection of the
galvanometer when a bar magnets are pushed into two identical
solenoids

Using Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2;

State the magnetic pole at the end P when the bar Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
magnets are pushed into the solenoids.

North (N)
State the relationship between;
the number of bar magnets and the strength of the magnetic field.
the strength of the magnetic field and the deflection of the galvanometer.
State the physical concept / law that involved. number of bars magnet increase,
strength of magnetic field increase
Lenz’s Law strength of magnetic field increase,
Compare the number of bars the magnets and the deflection of the galvanometer increase
deflection of the galvanometer.
Number of bar the magnets in Diagram 4.2 > in Diagram 4.1
Deflection of the galvanometer in Diagram 4.2 > in Diagram 4.1
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 shows a magnet being dropped from a certain Based on Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, compare;
height into a solenoid which is connected to a galvanometer. The diameters of the solenoid.
Diagram 4.2 shows the same magnet being dropped from The deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
the same height into a solenoid of a different diameter. The rate of cutting of the magnetic field.
Relate the induced current to the rate of cutting of the magnetic field.
State the law involved.

Characteristics Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

Diameter the solenoid small big
deflection of the galvanometer pointer low high
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux low high

Rate of cutting of magnetic field increase,

induced current increase
Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

Faraday’s Law
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 EXTRA!!
Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show the number of iron nails What is the meaning of electromagnet?
attached to an electromagnet. The electromagnet is connected to Temporary magnet when current
a d.c. power supply. flow through the conductor
Using Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, compare the number of turns of the coil, the
reading of the ammeter and the number of iron nails attached to the electromagnet.
Relate the reading of the ammeter with the number of iron nails attached to the
electromagnet to make a deduction regarding the relationship between the electric
current and the strength of electromagnet
Characteristics Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2
Diagram 4.1
number of turns of the coil same same
reading of the ammeter lower higher
number of iron nails attached to the electromagnet lower higher

Reading of the ammeter increase,

Number of iron nail attached to the electromagnet increase
Current increase,
Diagram 4.2 Strength of the electromagnet increase
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 EXPERIMENT: ELECTROMAGNET à PAPER CLIPS

No. of dry cell increase à current increase

Louder à strength of electromagnet

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

Diagram 5.1 and 5.2 show the electric circuits which connects an electric bell to an ammeter and a power supply.
When the switch is closed, it is observed that the bell in Diagram 5.1 rings louder than the bell in Diagram 5.2.

MV current
No. of
paper clips RV
attracted

amazing Physics with Tcer Alinaimanarif CV: No. of turns of coil 59

 EXPERIMENT: ELECTROMAGNET à PAPER CLIPS

Louder à strength of electromagnet

Diagram 6.1 Diagram 6.2

Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show the electric bell with different number of coils which are connected to the similar batteries.
When the switch is on, the bell in Diagram 6.2 ring loudly than the bell in Diagram 6.1.

No. of No. of
MV turns of paper clips RV
attracted
coil

amazing Physics with Tcer Alinaimanarif CV: current 60

 DYNAMO à electromagnetic induction EXPERIMENT: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Brighter:
INDUCED current

Diagram 7.1 and 7.2 show two different dynamos connected to the
same type of bicycle lamp but both tyres are rotating with same speed.

Diagram 7.1 Diagram 7.2

No. of
MV turns of
Induced
current
RV
coil

CV: Height of magnet bar released

same speed = same speed of rotation
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 EXPERIMENT: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Diagram 8.1 and 8.2 shows two anemometers which are
Diagram 8.1
exposed to the same speed of wind.
Diagram 8.2 shows the higher reading of ammeter as it uses
more turns of coils of wires.

MV
No. of
turns of
Induced RV
current
coil
Diagram 8.2
CV:Height of magnet bar released
same speed = same speed of rotation

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 SPINNING à MOTOR à MAGNETIC FORCE EXPERIMENT: MAGNETIC FORCE

Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show a mixer.

In Diagram 9.1, the dial is set at minimum current and the
beaters are spinning.
In Diagram 9.2, the dial is set at maximum current and the
beaters spin faster.
Diagram 9.1 When the beaters spin faster, the force exerted on the mixture is
greater.

Magnetic force = distance of

copper rod move

MV Distance
RV
Diagram 9.2
current of copper
rod move

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CV: Distance between two magnet bar
No. of magnet bar 63
 EXPERIMENT: MAGNETIC FORCE
SPINNING à MOTOR à MAGNETIC FORCE
Diagram 10.1 shows a table fan blades are spinning when speed
adjusting buttons is set at low current.

Diagram 10.2 shows the table blades are spinning faster when
Diagram 10.1 the speed adjusting button is set at a high current. The blades
spin faster represents the greater force produced by the motor of
the fan.

Magnetic force = distance of

copper rod move

MV Distance
RV
current
of copper
Diagram 10.2 rod move

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CV: Distance between two magnet bar
No. of magnet bar 64
You are never too old to set another goal
or to dream a new dream.
Les Brown

amazing Physics with Tcer Alinaimanarif