TWO OCEANS GRADUATE INSTITUTE

RESEARCH AND REFERENCING GUIDE

INITIAL TEACHER EDUCATION

QUALITY HIGHER EDUCATION FOR ALL

 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

TOGI RESEARCH REFERENCING GUIDE

RESEARCH GUIDE 4
ENGAGING IN QUALITY RESEARCH 4
Journals 4
e-Books 4
Websites 4
Websites to avoid at ALL COSTS 4
SHOWING RESEARCH IN YOUR WORK 5
RESEARCH, REFERENCING AND PLAGIARISM 6
EXAMPLES OF CORRECT AND INCORRECT REFERENCING 7
TURNITIN, REFERENCING AND PLAGIARISM 8
Turnitin Essentials 8
REFERENCING GUIDE 9
INTRODUCTION 9
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF REFERENCING 10
PARAPHRASING 11
REFERENCING FORMAT 12
WEBSITES 12
Referencing from a website, if the author is not indicated 12
Referencing from a website, if the author is indicated 12
YouTube or online video 13
Images and visual material 13
NOTES AND RESOURCES COMPILED BY TOGI LECTURERS 13
JOURNALS 13
Reference from a journal article (with volume, number and page numbers) 13
E-BOOKS 14
Referencing from one e-book with a single author 14
Referencing from one e-book with editor(s) and chapters from different authors 14
BOOKS (HARD COPY) 14
Referencing from one book (one author) 14
Referencing from one book with editor(s) and chapters from different authors 15
Referencing from one book (two authors) 15
Referencing from one book (three authors) 15
Referencing from one book (various page numbers) 15
Referencing from one book (more than three authors) 15
Referencing from more than one book (different authors, different year and different books) 16
Referencing from more than one book (same author, same year and different books) 16
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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide
Referencing from more than one book (same author, different year and different books) 16
RESEARCH PAPERS 17
Unpublished Research Papers 17
Dissertations/Theses 17
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES 17
CAPS AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS 17
INTERVIEWS 18
VIDEO/FILM/AUDIOVISUAL RESOURCES 18
REFERENCE LIST 18
Example reference list 18
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 19
What Do I Do If The Author Is Not Indicated In The Source? 19
What Must I Do If The Date Is Not Indicated In The Source? 19
How Do I Indicate A Source Within Another Source? 19
CONCLUSION 20

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

RESEARCH GUIDE
ENGAGING IN QUALITY RESEARCH
When engaging in research, we know that TOGI students use many online resources such as websites and
articles. It is very important that you use the best material for what you want to achieve . As a general rule
of thumb, avoid websites that do not have a clearly stated author. Always start with the research that was
provided by the lecturer.

Journals
These are academic sources written by experts in the field. These are the most reliable sources, and should
be prioritised in your research and academic assignments.
- ERIC (available on the LMS)
- EDULIS (available on the LMS)
- Google Scholar (available at scholar.google.com)

e-Books
These are references and online books that relate specifically to education. These should be prioritised in
your research and academic assignments. e-Books are available on EBSCOHost via the LMS.
Note that some e-books might automatically generate a reference when you copy information from the
source. Make sure your referencing aligns with the convention laid out in this guide.

Websites
Due to the nature of online learning, websites form a large part of research that students resort to. Note
that websites need to be critically evaluated to ensure credibility and accuracy. Rely firstly on websites
recommended by the lecturer.

Websites to avoid at ALL COSTS

The following websites are examples of “essay mills” or wikis where random individuals with no academic
credentials upload assignments and information. These are highly unreliable and should never be used.
Make sure to consider this list carefully:
Bartleby.com UKessays.com 123helpme.com
Any website with “blogspot” Enotes.com Directessays.com
or “weebly” in the URL. Studymode.com
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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

SHOWING RESEARCH IN YOUR WORK

You are expected to show the use of research by including the words, thoughts and id eas from your reading
when responding to an activity. There are two main skills you need to master to show your engagement
with and use of research: direct quoting and paraphrasing.

See the examples of each research skill below. You will learn more about these skills in the rest of this
guide. For more assistance, you can consult the Academic Support Portal.

1. Showing research through paraphrasing.

You can include research through paraphrasing the source material in your own words. This means that
you are rephrasing the original while keeping the meaning the same.

According to Moore (1982), questions and answers about the role of education have interested both
everyday practitioners in the educational field, as well as notable theorists from history, such as Plato
and Rousseau.

2. Showing research through direct quotes:

You can include the work of another author by quoting the source directly, using double quotation
marks. Here you are using the exact words that appear in the original.

According to Moore (1982), “questions about [the role of education] and the answers to them have
interested not only the great historical theorists like Plato and Rousseau, but also many of those engaged
in everyday educational affairs”.

Note that in both ...examples, your research evidence is indicated with the use of in-text citations. Citations
are essential to indicate your acknowledgment of the author of the resource. Without that, it is plagiarism.

You will learn see examples of correct referencing in this guide.

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

RESEARCH, REFERENCING AND PLAGIARISM

What does “referencing” mean in the academic context?

Referencing means to provide an activity or assignment with citations of sources of information as

evidence of research. Referencing is essential to avoid plagiarism.

How should I reference while studying at TOGI?

Your responses in all activities need to be based on research or unit content, which you should refer to in
all your answers.

At TOGI you should always use in-text citations and a reference list, using the Harvard Anglia 2008
convention. This is compatible with MS Word and very close to most international Harvard conventions.

You can refer to the list examples of accurate referencing at the end of this document, or you can refer to
the quick referencing guide to check your work.

How does referencing relate to plagiarism?

When you do not reference correctly, you are presenting someone else’s words or ideas as your own
which is the definition of plagiarism. Even unintentional errors in referencing may qualify as plagiarism.
Hence, it is essential for you to master your research and referencing skills.

The consequences for plagiarism are severe, as you are presenting someone else’s work as your own.
Plagiarism will result in an invalid submission, with the potential for exclusion from a module or the
institution.

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

EXAMPLES OF CORRECT AND INCORRECT

REFERENCING

Example of correct referencing Examples of incorrect referencing (resulting in

plagiarism)

According to Hayes (2017), “the Danish social services Example 1:

and education systems are imbued with social According to Hayes, the Danish social services and
pedagogy”. Rather than the qualification being based education systems are imbued with social pedagogy.
solely on theory, the social pedagogue applies these Rather than the qualification being based solely on
various theories studied by being placed in practi cal theory, the social pedagogue applies these various
settings to better understand and engage in their theories studied by being placed in practical setti ngs
work. The social pedagogues study the arts which help to better understand and engage in their work.
them gain skills allowing them to form relationships
with the children and families. (Hayes, 2017).
Example 2:
In Denmark they believed that children's views must
Reference list
be taken into consideration. They believe that
Hayes, D. 2017. International Focus: Social pedagogy children's health and education needs are taken care
in Denmark. [Online] Available at : of, but when taking care of them you need to be
https://www.cypnow.co.uk/best- aware of false interpretations. In this case, social
practice/article/international-focus-social-pedagogy- pedagogy is about giving comfort and putting feelings
in-denmark [Accessed on 7 March 2021] into words in an emphatic way.

Note that in this example, research has been used and These examples do not include correct referencing.
referenced accordingly, using in-text referencing for This is plagiarism as you are not showing that you
both paraphrasing and includes a complete reference have used other people’s ideas.
list entry in the reference list.
Note that there are many other examples of
plagiarism. Please see the list below of what
constitutes as plagiarism at TOGI

What constitutes plagiarism?

copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
turning in someone else's work as your own
use (another's production) without crediting the source
commit literary theft
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work,
whether you give credit or not
(What is plagiarism, 2017)

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

TURNITIN, REFERENCING AND PLAGIARISM

At TOGI, we use Turnitin to help students and lecturers reference their work correctly and to evaluate the
originality of work submitted.
Turnitin compares your work to a collection of articles, websites and work produced in academic
institutions, and identifies similarities between the sources. When you submit an assignment, you will
receive a similarity report which you can use to make sure you have referenced correctly. Work that
contains significant similarity to a source without correct referencing will result in a case of plagiarism.
In order to learn how to read and understand your similarity reports, you will need to access the Academic
Support Portal Here you will find a section dedicated to explaining the report to you.

Turnitin Essentials

Turnitin will ignore any sections of your work that have been sufficiently paraphrased, placed in double
quotation marks, or appears under your Reference list.

Paraphrase with correct in-text referencing.

Make sure that you use double quotation marks when quoting a source.
Always give your reference list the correct title (no spelling mistakes as this will confuse Turnitin)

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

REFERENCING GUIDE
INTRODUCTION
At the Two Oceans Graduate Institute, we use the Harvard Convention when doing tasks and
assignments. Note that there are many different types of Harvard conventions - you need to use the TOGI
Harvard convention as set out in this document. All staff and students should use the same referencing
style for assessments and tasks. This will also allow your work to be accepted by Turnitin.

The purpose of referencing is to acknowledge the author, editor or creator and to prove to the assessor
of your work that you used valid and reliable resources. Every bit of information that you use which has
been written or produced by another person, needs to be referenced. Take care to reference all authors
the same way throughout, whether it is for a book, journal, articl e or web page.

Remember that without referencing, your work is not valid as it has been plagiarised. Kindly refer to
the rest of this document, make sure you understand the consequences of plagiarism at TOGI.

Your referencing must always include both of the following elements:

- in-text references: these are citations used at the beginning, inside or at the end of sentences. This
provides a shortened version of the source you are referencing. These must be used both when
paraphrasing and when quoting a direct source. In-text referencing only shows the author’s surname,
year of publication, and the page number(s).

-a reference list: this is a reference list that needs to be included at the end of your responses in
alphabetical order. This includes the full details of the source, including the author’s surname, initials,
year and place of publication, relevant title(s), and page numbers. Include all resources indicated by in-
text referencing in your reference list (and vice versa).

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF REFERENCING

When referencing, you need to include specific elements in your in-text citations and reference list. Below
you will find explanations and examples of the most important elements. Note that you still have to consult
the full referencing guide in this document to make sure you have all the required elements for the source
you are using.

In-text reference/citation

An in-text reference contains the surname of the author, the year of the publication and ideally the
page number. Note that you must use in-text reference when paraphrasing and when quoting.
Reference inside sentence example: According to Baron (2007:14) human personalities
can be broken down into a number of domains.
Reference at the end of a sentence example: Human personalities can be broken down into a
number of domains (Baron, 2007:14).
Reference list entry

A reference list entry contains the author surname, initial, date of publication, title, publisher
location, and publisher name. Reference list entries are presented in an alphabetically arranged list.
Reference list entry example: Baron, H. 2007. Perfect personality profiles. London:
Random House Books.

Referencing elements: Book with editor(s)

Chapter Author, Initial. Date of Bhushan, S. 2020. Teaching and

publication. Chapter title. In: Book Learning Centres in India. In:
Editors (eds.) Book title. Location of Arvanitakis, J., Bhushan, S., Pothen,
publisher: Name of publisher. N. & Srivastava, A. (eds.) Teaching
and Learning in Higher Education in
India and Australia. New York:
Routledge.

Referencing elements: Website

Author, Initial. Date of publication. Massey, A. 2021. The digital divide:

Page title. [online] Available at: URL Overcoming barriers to digital
[Accessed Date Accessed] learning in post-Covid-19 South
Africa. [online] Available at:
https://www.bizcommunity.com/Arti
cle/196/499/217529.html [Accessed
10 July 2021]

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing is the skill of restating someone else’s words in your own words, while keeping the meaning
the same or sufficiently similar to the original.
Paraphrasing does not mean changing a small number of words by replacing them with synonyms.
Paraphrasing means to substantively change the sentence structure and phrasing of the original, without
changing the meaning.

See the following example of what counts as accurate paraphrasing:

Original Quote Paraphrasing attempt Correct or incorrect?

“Teachers can improve the Teachers can improve the Incorrect. Only single words
reliability and validity of trustworthiness and validity of have been changed.
formative and summative formative and summative
assessments by discussing the assessments by debating the No referencing has been
results with other educators results with other educators provided.
and monitoring outcomes.” and monitoring outcomes.
(Sharma 2017)

“ The reliability and validity of both Incorrect. While the words have
formative and summative been paraphrased sufficiently,
assessments can be improved by there is no referencing.
teachers, through the discussion
of results and the monitoring of
outcomes with their colleagues.

“ The reliability and validity of both Correct. The sentence structure

formative and summative has been substantively changed,
assessments can be improved by and correct in-text referencing
teachers, through the discussion has been provided.
of results and the monitoring of
outcomes with their colleagues.
(Sharma 2017)

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

REFERENCING FORMAT
The following pages will provide you with examples of how to reference, depending on the source you are
using.

Note that each type of source has a specific structure and requires specific information. Generally, you
should always have the following information ready for your referencing:

- Who wrote the source: the author name, corporate author or website name
- What the source is called: the title of the article or text
- Where the source can be found: the title of the book, website, or journal where the source appears
- When the source was published: the year or date of publication
- Who is the publisher and where are they located?
- When you accessed the source: the date accessed (only relevant for websites)

Note: it is always advisable to reference as you are working, not to wait until the end.

WEBSITES
Referencing from a website, if the author is not indicated

Citation inside sentence (In-text Following History.com (2018) the Sphinx is “one of the world’s
referencing) largest monuments” and is recognised by many.
Citation at the end of a sentence. The Sphinx is one of the largest and most recognised
monuments in the world (History.com, 2018).
Reference list entry History.com. 2018. The Sphinx. [online] Available at:
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt/the-sphinx
[Accessed 4 March 2021].

Referencing from a website, if the author is indicated

Citation inside sentence (In-text According to Massey (2021), the digital divide is highly evident
referencing) in the field of education.
Citation at the end of a sentence As is evident in South Africa, “Education is the area in which
the digital divide is most pronounced” (Massey, 2021)
Reference list entry Massey, A. 2021. The digital divide: Overcoming barriers to
digital learning in post-Covid-19 South Africa. [online] Available
at:
https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/499/217529.html
[Accessed 10 July 2021].

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

YouTube or online video

Citation inside sentence According to Rasmussen (2012) there will be purposeful
responses from babies one month old.
Citation at the end of a sentence There will be purposeful responses from babies the age of one
month (Rasmussen, 2012).
Reference list entry Rasmussen, E. 2012. Stages of music development. [Online]
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eb2DtjbsUew
[Accessed 29 November 2019].

Images and visual material

Citation of an image in the
assignment

Barn owl in the Kruger Park. Photographer: Micheli (2010).

Reference list entry Micheli, R. 2010. SAKP6 Owls at night, Kruger Park. [Online]
Available at:
www.robertodemicheli.com/album_test/slidenav.php?folder=S
outh%20Africa/Kruger%20Park/&file=slides/IMG_0284.jpg
[Accessed 19 April 2018].

NOTES AND RESOURCES COMPILED BY TOGI LECTURERS

Citation inside sentence Van As (2018:4) suggests that the essence of what teaching is,
does not receive sufficient consideration.
Citation at the end of a sentence The essence of what teaching is, does not receive sufficient
consideration (Van As, 2018:4).
Reference list entry Van As, A. 2018. Teaching and learning unit 2. Cape Town: Two
Oceans Graduate Institute.

JOURNALS
Reference from a journal article (with volume, number and page numbers)
Citation inside sentence Jaiswal (2019:10-23) demonstrated how aligning course
learning outcomes, teaching learning activities, and assessment
tasks could be used to boost students' accomplishments.
Citation at the end of a sentence Aligning course intended learning outcomes, teaching learning
activities, and assessment tasks could be used to boost
students' accomplishments (Jaiswal, 2019:10-23).
Reference list entry Jaiswal, P. 2019. Using constructive alignment to foster teaching
learning processes. English Language Teaching, 12(6), 10-23.

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E-BOOKS
Referencing from one e-book with a single author
Citation inside sentence According to Killen (2019:49), “discussions promote learning
by helping learners to explore a diversity of opinions”.
Citation at the end of a sentence As argued in Teaching Strategies for Quality Teaching and
Learning [sic], “discussions promote learning by helping
learners to explore a diversity of opinions”. (Killen, 2019:49).
Reference list entry Killen, R. 2019, Teaching Strategies for Quality Teaching and
Learning: Concise version. South Africa: Juta [online] available
at
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nleb
k&AN=2291917&site=ehost-live. [Accessed on 10 July 2021]
(Note that in the above example, an error in the original source has been indicated by the use of “[sic]”. This
is only used when referring to another author’s words.)

Referencing from one e-book with editor(s) and chapters from different authors
Citation inside sentence According to Gasa and Du Plessis (2015), “all educational
processes and the social development of all individuals are
affected by social institutions and the experiences of
individuals within these institutions”.

Citation at the end of a sentence The authors state that “all educational processes and the social
development of all individuals are affected by social
institutions and the experiences of individuals within these
institutions”. (Gasa and Du Plessis 2015).
Reference list entry Gasa, V. & Du Plessis, S. 2015. Theories in Sociology of
education. In Horsthemke, K., Siyakwazi, P., Walton, E., &
Wolhuter, C. (eds.) 2016. Education Studies. 2nd Ed. Southern
Africa: Oxford University Press. [online] Available at:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxl
YmtfXzE0NjE0NDFfX0FO0?sid=8efca3ec-f640-44bc-9119-
7d2245d350ea@sessionmgr102&vid=2&format=EK&lpid=navP
oint-51&rid=0. [Accessed 8 July 2021]

BOOKS (HARD COPY)

Referencing from one book (one author)
Citation inside sentence According to Baron (2007:14) human personalities can be
broken down into a number of domains.
Citation at the end of a sentence Human personalities can be broken down into a number of
domains (Baron, 2007:14).
Reference list entry Baron, H. 2007. Perfect personality profiles. London: Random
House Books.

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

Referencing from one book with editor(s) and chapters from different authors
Citation inside sentence According to Bhushan (2019), “The initial university paradigm
was that an educator should create a synthesis of teaching and
research in order to progress knowledge and scholarship”.
Citation at the end of a sentence The author states that, “The initial university paradigm was
that an educator should create a synthesis of teaching and
research in order to progress knowledge and scholarship”.
(Bhushan, 2019).
Reference list entry Bhushan, S. 2020. Teaching and Learning Centres in India. In:
Arvanitakis, J., Bhushan, S., Pothen, N. & Srivastava, A. (eds.)
Teaching and Learning in Higher Education in India and
Australia. New York: Routledge.

Referencing from one book (two authors)

Citation inside sentence According to Kiyosaki and Lechter (2003:15) most people have
a misperception of money.
Citation at the end of a sentence Most people have a misperception about money (Kiyosaki &
Lechter, 2003:15).
Reference list entry Kiyosaki, R. & Lechter, S. 2003. The cash flow quadrant. New
York: Grand Central Publishing.

Referencing from one book (three authors)

Citation inside sentence first time According to Hamel, Stiglingh and Venter (2006:3) value added
used tax forms part of indirect taxation.
Citation at the end of a sentence value added tax forms part of indirect taxation (Hamel,
first time used Stiglingh & Venter, 2006:3).
Citation at the end of a sentence Value added tax forms part of indirect taxation (Hamel, et al.,
when using the same resource 2006:6).
second and every following time
Reference list entry Hamel, E., Stiglingh, M. & Venter, J. 2006. ’n
Studentebenadering tot inkomstebelasting. Durban:
Lexisnexis Butterworths.

Referencing from one book (various page numbers)

Citation inside sentence According to Maxwell (2008:2-4) a person’s attitude and inner
feelings that are projected outwards can be either positive or
negative.
Citation at the end of a sentence Any person’s attitude, positive or negative, can be described as
inner feelings that are being projected outwards (Maxwell,
2008:2-4).
Reference list entry Maxwell, J. 2008. The difference maker. Nashville:
Thomas Nelson.

Referencing from one book (more than three authors)

Citation inside sentence first time According to Flynn, Koornhoff, Kleynhans, Meyer and
used Posthumus (2005:2), accounting is the ‘language’ of the
business world.
Citation inside sentence first time According to Flynn, et al. (2005:16) accountants should be
when using the same resource proficient in this ‘language’.
second and every following time
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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide
Citation at the end of a sentence Accounting is the ‘language’ of the business world (Flynn,
used first time Koornhoff, Kleynhans, Meyer & Posthumus, 2005:2).
Citation at the end of a sentence Accountants should be proficient in the ‘language’ of
when using the same resource accounting (Flynn, et al., 2005:2).
second and every following time
Reference list entry Flynn, D., Koornhoff, C., Kleynhans, K., Meyer L. & Posthumus,
L. 2005. Fundamental accounting. Cape Town: Juta.

Referencing from more than one book (different authors, different year and different books)
Citations inside sentence According to Gerber (1995:5) a business is a vivid reflection of
its owner’s personality while Baron (2007:18) reasons every
person can be classified into one of 16 personality types.
Citations at the end of a sentence A business is a clear reflection of its owner’s personality which
fall within one of 16 possible personality types (Gerber, 1995:5;
Baron, 2007:18).
Reference list entry Baron, H. 2007. Perfect personality profiles. London: Random
House Books.
Gerber, M. 1995. The e-myth revisited. New York: Harper
Business.

Referencing from more than one book (same author, same year and different books)
Citation inside sentence According to Maxwell (2008a:8) success is all about having the
correct mindset. According to Maxwell (2008b:1), one must first
know oneself before one can change their mindset.
Citation at the end of a sentence Success is all about having the correct mindset (Maxwell,
2008a:8) … can only be achieved by knowing your inner-self first
(Maxwell, 2008b:1).
Reference list entry Maxwell, J. 2008a. Success 101. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Maxwell, J. 2008b. Mentoring 101. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

Referencing from more than one book (same author, different year and different books)
Citation inside sentence According to Kiyosaki and Lechter (2001:145; 2003:121) people
can be categorised in one of seven investor-groups which can
improve by means of financial education.
Citation at the end of a sentence All people can be classified as a ‘type’ of investor which can
improve accordingly by means of financial education (Kiyosaki
and Lechter, 2001:145; 2003:121).
Reference list entry Kiyosaki, R. & Lechter, S. 2001. Rich dad poor dad.
New York: Warner Books.
Kiyosaki, R. & Lechter, S. 2003. The cashflow quadrant. New
York: Grand Central Publishing.

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RESEARCH PAPERS
Unpublished Research Papers
Citation inside sentence According to Bruwer, Saaiman, Soeker and Reagan (2008:11)
the lack of accounting knowledge and financial difficulties are
mainly responsible for SMME failures.
Citation at the end of a sentence The lack of accounting knowledge and financial difficulties are
to blame for SMME failures (Bruwer, Saaiman, Soeker &
Reagan, 2008:11).
Reference list entry Bruwer, J., Saaiman, S., Soeker, A. & Reagan, K. 2008. SMME
sustainability mini thesis (Unpublished research material cited
in terms of the written approval of Bruwer, Saaiman, Soeker &
Reagan). Faculty of Business, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, South Africa.

Dissertations/Theses
Citation inside sentence According to Bruwer (2010:69) small businesses have difficulty
in analysing financial information.
Citation at the end of a sentence Small businesses have difficulty analysing financial information
(Bruwer, 2010:69).
Reference list entry Bruwer, J. 2010. Sustainability of South African FMGC retail
businesses in the Cape Peninsula. A dissertation submitted in
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister
Technologiae: Internal Auditing in the Faculty of Business at the
Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Citation inside sentence According to Slabbert (2008:5) more than half of all small
businesses were not well prepared for the Soccer World Cup.
Citation at the end of a sentence More than 50% of all small businesses were not ready for the
Soccer World Cup (Slabbert, 2008:5).
Reference list entry Slabbert, A. 2008. KMMO’s verg baie werk, hulp voor 2010. Die
Burger, 10:5, November.

CAPS AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Citation inside sentence According to the CAPS document (South Africa. Department of
Basic Education, 2011:10) there are specific aims for Life Skills.
Citation at the end of a sentence Life Skills have specific aims as indicated in the CAPS document
(South Africa. Department of Basic Education, 2011:10).
Reference list entry South Africa. Department of Basic Education, 2011. Curriculum
and policy statement: Life skills: Grades 4-6. [Online] Available
at: https://www.education.gov.za.

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INTERVIEWS
Citation inside sentence According to Shuttleworth (2004), it was wonderful to go into
space.
Citation at the end of a sentence Apparently, it is wonderful to go into space (Shuttleworth,
2004).
Reference list entry Shuttleworth, M. 2004. Interview on 4 August 2004, Cape Town.

VIDEO/FILM/AUDIOVISUAL RESOURCES
Citation inside sentence In ‘Interview Game’ (1985), it became clear what to do.

Citation at the end of a sentence It became clear what to do (Interview Game, 1985).

Reference list entry Interview game. 1985. London: BBC. [DVD].

REFERENCE LIST
The reference list is presented at the end of your activity or assignment, in an alphabetical list containing all
your sources and a single space between each entry. Every resource cited in the text, has to be listed at the
end in a reference list. The reference list should not contain any references that are not indicated as cited
in the text.

NB

- References have to be arranged in alphabetical order according to the surnames of the authors.
- Do not bullet, arrow or number the references in the reference list.
- Use single spacing and do not block the right-hand margin.

Example reference list

Atkinson, R. G. 1998. The life story interview. New York: Sage.

Department of Higher Education and Training. 2014. Government gazette. Policy for the provision of
distance education in South African universities in the context of an integrated post school system . No.
535. July. [Online] Available at: www.gpwonline.co.za [Accessed 15/05/2016].

Rose, M. 2018. What are some key attributes of effective online teachers? Journal of Open, Flexible and
Distance Learning. 22(2), 32–48.

Note: the word “bibliography” is mostly used for academic theses that include a wide reading list. At TOGI,
every source you use must appear both as an in-text citation and as a full reference in a list at the end.
Thus, the appropriate heading to use is Reference list throughout.

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What Do I Do If The Author Is Not Indicated In The Source?

- If you are using a website that does not show a person’s name as the author, use the name of the
website. This is known as the corporate author. For example, an article on the website of The
Economist without an individual name attached, would have The Economist as the corporate
author in the citation and reference list.

- If the author or editor of the work is not clearly indicated, and there is no credible corporate
author, it is usually not reliable academic work. Do not use Anon.

What Must I Do If The Date Is Not Indicated In The Source?

This is very unlikely for a reliable resource.

You have to look carefully to find the accurate date. See the tips below for finding the date of a source.

Websites Website dates are sometimes found on the side or at the bottom of
the page. Use the last year that the website has been updated or
copyrighted. Always use the latest modified or updated date.

Journals article or book chapter Use the date when the journal or book was published. Look for the
date on the cover page or the imprint page.

Books The publishing date will be found on the imprint page between the
cover page and the title page. Use the date of the latest edition on the
imprint page.

If you absolutely cannot find the date, and you are sure it is a reliable source, use (n.d.) as the date. This
stands for “no date”.

How Do I Indicate A Source Within Another Source?

When you are using a quote or idea from a source that is being referenced in another source, you need to
clearly and accurately indicate where the information is from. You need to show both source in your in -text
citations and in your reference list.

This also applies when you are quoting an author who has wri tten a chapter in a book.

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 TOGI Research and Referencing Guide

For example, in this book chapter, the author - Friesen - quotes from John Dewey:

If you are using the above Dewey quote in your work, you need to reference it as follows:

In-text referencing:
According to Dewey (1897 in Friesen, 2017), “The significance attaching to reading and writing, as primary
and fundamental instruments of culture, has shrunk proportionately.”

Reference list

Dewey, 1897. The primary education fetich [sic]. The Forum, XXV, 315–328. in Friesen, 2017. The History of
Education as the History of Writing. In: K. a. P. Siljander, ed. Schools in Transition. Finland: Sense Publishers,
pp. 273-287.

CONCLUSION
This document is a guide to correct referencing of different sources based on the TOGI Harvard
Referencing method. There are more types of sources, which one can reference, but for initial
research in educational work, these examples should be sufficient.

The key word is practice: Practice makes perfect, and eventually the Harvard Referencing method will
become second nature. For more support, make use of the academic support portal on the LMS.

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