THE NEW

CAMBRIDGE MODERN
HISTORY
VOLUME XI
MATERIAL PROGRESS AND
WORLD-WIDE PROBLEMS
1870-1898
EDITED BY
F. H. HINSLEY

CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1962
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
By F. H. HiNSLEY, Fellow of St John's College and Lecturer
in History in the University of Cambridge
General characteristics of the age pages 1~2
Economic developments 2-11
Social changes: the trend towards organisation and regulation . . . . 11-17
The rise of the modern state 17-25
Domestic politics: stability and conservatism; the decline of liberalism; the
beginnings of socialism. 25-34
International relations; armaments; imperialism 34-48

CHAPTER II
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
By CHARLES WILSON, Fellow of Jesus College and Lecturer in History
in the University of Cambridge
Industry, transport, capital and economic growth 49-53
World trade and international payments 53-6
Changes in the economic balance of power: the rise of new industrial states in the
United States and Germany 56-64
The adjustment of the British economy 64-70
Economic fluctuations: their effects on business organisation . . . . 70-5

CHAPTER III
SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY
By T R E V O R I. W I L L I A M S , Editor of 'Endeavour'
Closer relations of science and technology 76-7
Progress in physics 77-80
Progress in biology 80-3
Progress in chemistry . 83-6
Developments in technology: the electrical industry 86-9
The chemical industry 89-93
The metallurgical industries. . . . . . . . . . . 93-6
Transport; the petroleum and rubber industries 96-8
The textile industries; printing; machine tools . 98-100

CHAPTER IV
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT
By D A V I D THOMSON, Master of Sidney Sussex College and Lecturer
in History in the University of Cambridge
Marxism a n d Darwinism 101-3
The influence of scientific thought a n d political developments . . . . 103-5
The applications of Darwinism 105-9
The applications of Marxism . , . . . . . , . . 109-12
 CONTENTS
Sorel and Nietzsche pages
Idealism, Utilitarianism a n d Positivism .
Christian theology a n d thought , . . . . . . . ' - · 117~19

CHAPTER V
LITERATURE
By A. K. T H O R L B Y , Lecturer in German, School of European Studies,
University of Sussex
I21
Symptoms of decadence
British writings 121-9
French literature: Symbolism, Naturalism 130-9
Literature in the German lands I39~45
Ibsen and Strindberg 145-9
Chekhov and Tolstoy . 149-53

CHAPTER VI
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
By NIKOLAUS PEVSNER, Professor of the History of Art,
Birkbeck College, University of London
The dominance of painting · 154-5
Impressionism and the Impressionists 155-9
Whistler and William Morris 159-63
Architecture: the domestic revival in England; new trends in the United States . 163-5
The Neo-Impressionist painters; Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh . . . . - 165-70
Art Nouveau . 170-4
New technical possibilities in architecture 174-6

CHAPTER VII
EDUCATION
By A . V I C T O R M U R R A Y , Emeritus Professor of Education, University of
Hull, and lately President of Cheshunt College, Cambridge
T h e change from a social t o a n educational élité . . . . · · 177-80
University education . ' 180-4
Education as a state concern; the movement towards secularisation . . 184-9
Secondary education · 189-93
Educational theory - 193~4
The scientific movement 194-7
The education of women . 197-200
The development of adult and technical education 200-3

CHAPTER VIII
THE ARMED FORCES
By M. E. HOWARD, Reader in War Studies, King's College, University of London
General situation. . . . . . . . . · . - · · 204-6
T e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s : s m a l l a r m s ; a r t i l l e r y ; fortification . . . . 206-8
Tactics: infantry; cavalry 208-10
Strategy a n d mobilisation; strategic railways · · 210-14
Conscription • . . . . . . 214^7
O r g a n i s a t i o n ; t h e officer c o r p s ; t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on p o l i c y 217-25
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Colonial wars pages 225-6
British military reforms 226-8
Naval development: shipbuilding and gunnery; torpedo-boats and submarines . 228-32
Naval policy; the influence of Mahan . 232-5
New naval powers; Germany, the United States, Japan 235-40
The increase in military expenditure; the first Hague Conference . . . 240-2

CHAPTER IX
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
By THEODOR SCHIEDER, Professor of Medieval and Modern History
in the University of Cologne
General characteristics of the period 243~5
Increase in population, urbanisation and the migration of population . · 245-8
The nation-state and the European states* system 248-54
Forms of government and developments in domestic politics . . . . 254-62
The problems facing liberalism : protectionism ; state interventionism ; imperialism ;
the relations of Church and state 262-8
The rise of socialism 268-73

CHAPTER X
THE GERMAN EMPIRE
B y W E R N E R C O N Z E , Professor of History in the University of Heidelberg
T h e conflict o f c o n s e r v a t i s m a n d n a t i o n a l d y n a m i s m 274-5
T h e i m p e r i a l c o n s t i t u t i o n ; t h e p o l i t i c a l parties • . . . . , . 276-84
Social a n d economic developments 284-7
Bismarck's policy: t h e Kulturkampf; t h e attack o n social democracy; social
r e f o r m s ; e c o n o m i c a n d financial m e a s u r e s ; c o l o n i a l p o l i c y . . . . 287-93
T h e n e w emperor a n d the resignation o f Bismarck . . . . . . 293-4
D e v e l o p m e n t s after t h e fall o f B i s m a r c k 294-9

CHAPTER XI
THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
By J. NÉRÉ, formerly Lecturer in History in the University of Caen
T h e Commune; t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f p e a c e ; t h e n e w c o n s t i t u t i o n . . . . 300-3
T h e crisis o f 1 8 7 7 a n d t h e v i c t o r y o f ' t h e R e p u b l i c a n s b y Birth* . . . 303-4
Republican divisions: Opportunists a n d Radicals . . . . . . 304-7
Economic stagnation 307-9
Political c o n s e q u e n c e s o f e c o n o m i c d e p r e s s i o n ; B o u l a n g i s m . . . . 309-12
O p p o r t u n i s t s o c i a l p o l i c i e s ; C a t h o l i c Ralliement 312-15
T h e rise o f s o c i a l i s m ; t h e d e c l i n e o f t h e right w i n g ; p o l i t i c a l r e g r o u p i n g s . . 315-19
T h e D r e y f u s affair a n d t h e t r i u m p h o f t h e R a d i c a l s . . . . . . 3I9~~2I
I n t e l l e c t u a l a n d artistic a c t i v i t y ; t h e d e c l i n e o f t h e d o m i n a n c e o f P a r i s . . 321-2

C H A P T E R XII
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, TURKEY AND THE BALKANS
By W. N. MEDLICOTT, Stevenson Professor of International Historyf
School of Economics and Political Science, University of London
Two empires in decline . 323-4
Conditions in the Balkans and the Ottoman empireinthe 1870's . . . 324-30
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The situation in Austria-Hungary pages 330-40
Austrian advance and Muslim resistance in the Balkans after the Congress of
Berlin: Bosnia; the Pomaks; Albania · 34°-7
The Armenian and Macedonian problems 347-8
The rule of 'Abd al-Hamid in Turkey. . . . · . . . · 348-51

CHAPTER XIII
RUSSIA
By J. L. H. K E E P , Lecturer in Modern Russian History, School of
Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London
The emancipation of the serfs and the reforms of the 186o's . . . . 352-9
The intellectual climate; Pan-Slavism; the Polish insurrection; the Russo-Turkish
war; the assassination of Alexander Π 359-62
Reaction and repression under Alexander IIΙ. The realignment of foreign policy:
the Franco-Russian alliance . . · · . · · > · - 363—7
Economic and social conditions; the beginnings of industrialisation; rural back-
wardness; intellectual discontent 367-74
Adventure and disaster in the F a r East; the revolution of 1905; the granting of
parliamentary institutions 374-8
The dissolution of the parliaments and the triumph of autocracy . . . 378-82

CHAPTER XIV
GREAT BRITAIN AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE
By PAUL KNAPLUND, Emeritus Professor of History, University of Wisconsin
The British world position; changes in the attitude towards overseas empire . 383-7
The political situation in Great Britain and the self-governing colonies . . 387-90
Their advance towards political democracy . 39<>-4
Developments in communications and changes in the economic structure . . 394-4° 2
Social and intellectual developments 402-7
Divergencies between Great Britain and the self-governing colonies; the advance
of colonial self-government 407-10

CHAPTER XV
INDIA, 1840-1905
By PERCIVAL SPEAR, Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambriqge
Great Britain and India . * 411-14
1840-58: the completion of the Company's dominion 414-22
The Mutiny 422-4
1858-80: the effects of the Mutiny and the heyday of imperialism . . . 424~31
1880-1905 : the Indian empire and the beginnings of Indian nationalism * . 431-6

CHAPTER XVI
CHINA
By C. P. FITZGERALD, Professor of Far Eastern History,
Australian National University, Canberra
T h e rejection of t h e Alcock C o n v e n t i o n , t h e 'Tientsin Massacre* a n d t h e failure of
t h e T u n g Chih r e s t o r a t i o n t o m o d e r n i s e t h e c o u n t r y . . . . . 437-44
T h e M a n c h u dynasty and the empress dowager . . . . . . . 444~7
F o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s : t h e e n c r o a c h m e n t s o f n e i g h b o u r i n g s t a t e s t o 1885 . . * 447-5*
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Divisions between moderaisers and reactionaries pages 451-2
The Sino-Japanese War, 1894-5; the 'Battle for the Concessions'; a further
attempt at modernisation and reform 452-5
Defeat of the reform movement, 1898; the Boxer movement; siege and relief of
Peking, 1900. 455-63

CHAPTER XVII
JAPAN
By W. G. BEASLEY, Professor of the History of the Far East, School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Overthrow of the shogun and the Meiji revolution 464-70
Modernisation programme of the Meiji leaders 470-5
Political and constitutional developments 475-82
Changes in Japan's international position; the Sino-Japanese war . . . 482-4
Economic and political consequences of the war 484-5
The Anglo-Japanese alliance . . . » 486

CHAPTER XVIII
THE UNITED STATES
By W. R. BROCK, Fellow of Selwyn College and Lecturer in American History
in the University of Cambridge
The structure of politics; the Republican a n d Democratic Parties; the state legis-
latures 487-90
Congress; the Supreme Court; the presidency; the civil service . . . . 490-4
Reconstruction in the South; subsequent developments in the Southern states . 494-500
Agrarian radicalism in the Mid-West 500-4
Social assumptions and economic problems: laissez-faire a n d regulation; capital
and labour; the city a n d the immigrant . . . . . . . 504-12
Nationalism a n d conservatism 512-15

CHAPTER XIX
THE STATES O F LATIN AMERICA
By CHARLES C. GRIFFIN, Professor of History, Vassar College,
Poughkeepsie, New York
R a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t o f their c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d . . . . 516-19
Their economic development . . . . . . . . . . 519-25
C h a n g e s i n their political life 525-30
T h e beginnings o f p r o t e s t against oligarchical d i c t a t o r s h i p s . 530-2
Revolution i n Cuba 532-3
T h e i r w a r s a n d rivalries 533-6
Intellectual a n d cultural d e v e l o p m e n t s 536-41

CHAPTER XX
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
By A. J. P. TAYLOR, Fellow of Magdalen College and Lecturer in
International History in the University of Oxford
The European balance of power 542-4
The Eastern Question and the Congress of Berlin . . . . . 544-50
The decline of the Concert of Europe; the beginning of the alliance systems . 550-4
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The British occupation of Egypt; British isolation; Bismarck's diplomacy . pages 554-9
The Franco-Russian alliance; stalemate in a changed balance in Europe, increased
rivalry beyond 559-^3
The spread of European rivalry to Africa and the F a r East . . . . 5^3-5
The Boer war and the Anglo-Japanese alliance ; the end of the deadlock in Europe 565-6

CHAPTER XXI
RIVALRIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, THE
MIDDLE EAST AND EGYPT
By A. P. THORNTON, Professor of History in the University of Toronto
The interests and policies of the European powers 567-71
The Eastern Question: the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-8 and the British occupa-
tion of Cyprus 571-3
The local rulers ; the problem facing the European powers 573-5
Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia: the Afghan war; Penjdeh; the struggle in
Persia 575-83
The British occupation of Egypt; its consequences for the relations between the
powers 583-90
Germany's incursion into the Middle East: Turkish and Persian railway systems 591"2
Diversion of attention from the Middle East to Africa» the Far East and Europe 592
CHAPTER XXII
THE PARTITION OF AFRICA
By R. E. ROBINSON, Fellow of St John's College and Lecturer in History in the
University of Cambridge, and J. GALLAGHER, Fellow of Trinity College and
Lecturer in Colonial Studies in the University of Cambridge
The nature of imperialism in Africa - 593-5
The situation in North Africa: the occupation of Tunis and Egypt . - - 595~^°2
The partition of Tropical Africa: West Africa, 1883-91 602-n
The partition of Tropical Africa: East Africa, 1883-91 611-17
Types of African Society 617-20
France in West Africa, 1891-6 620-2
Egypt and the struggle for the Nile, 1891-8 622-9
Anglo-Frenchrivalryin West Africa, 1896-1900 629-33
The struggle in Southern Africa, 1870-1900 633-9
Imperialism and African nationalism 639-4°
CHAPTER XXIII
EXPANSION I N T H E P A C I F I C A N D T H E
SCRAMBLE FOR C H I N A
By F. C. LANGDON, Lecturer in Economics and Political Science,
University of British Columbia
Disorder a n d conflict in the Pacific Islands: Fiji a n d Samoa . . . . 641-4
China's border areas; expansion by J a p a n 644-7
Great Britain, Germany and the United States in the Pacific : New Guinea, Samoa,
Hawaii 647-50
France in Indo-China 650-2
Rivalries in K o r e a ; the Sino-Japanese war . . . . . . . . 652-8
The scramble by the European powers for concessions in C h i n a . . . * 658-62
American expansion in the Pacific: the occupation of the Philippines; Samoa . 662-3
The struggle in China : the Manchurian crisis, the Anglo-Japanese alliance. . 663-7'
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CHAPTER XXIV
THE UNITED STATES AND THE OLD WORLD
By A. E. C A M P B E L L , Fellow of Keble College, Oxford
The American outlook in foreign affairs; the Pacific; relations with Latin
America pages 668-71
Competition with Great Britain in the 1890's: the Venezuela dispute; the Alaskan
boundary; the Panama Canal 671-9
The Spanish-American war and the occupation of the Philippines . . . 679-84
The United States and the struggle in China 684-8
Non-diplomatic contacts with the Old World: trade; immigration . . , 688-92
The rise of the United States as a great power * . . . . . . 692-3
INDEX . 695

XI