Machine Translated by Google
Complex for monitoring UAVs of the
Russian Federation, independent preparation and operati
OBJECTION OF ROZPOVYUDZHENNYA:
there is no boundary for ROZPOVYUDZHENNYA.
Author Sergey Beskrestnov (Flash)
Kiev, 2024
Machine Translated by Google
At this time, the ZSU and NSU are monitoring enemy UAVs with the help of
regular REB and RER squadrons. The control is carried out by deflection
systems, of which there are very few and which are installed as far as possible
from the front line in order to minimize the risks of their fire intensity. Also, in
many villages on the front, information about enemy UAVs is transmitted
from behind the scenes or
not exactly.
The Danish complex will help you stay behind the enemy’s UAV and will form
the main knowledge for your future development of direct RER from the UAV.
Assignment to the complex:
- control the flow of the main UAVs of the Russian Federation by minimizing the risks
They are stagnated by the enemy.
Repeatability:
-this device (below the text is the acceptance point, the monitoring point,
the primary device, the receiving point) is simple from the one prepared and
especially verified by me along the lines of fate on different parts of the fronts
Zastosuvannya:
- fixing UAV types, moving to them, moving them. Fixation of viliots and movement of
attack UAVs in the Lancet format. Monitoring the fields of reconnaissance UAVs in
the Ukrainian military (such activity may also be a “harbinger” of an attack on
military targets). Analysis of UAV activity (which in the future will be a factor in the
activity of the Russian Federation military)
Implementation:
-monitoring point on the local computer at the receiving point
-deleting the monitoring point (receiver in one place, operator in another)
Optional packaging:
-monitoring the activity of REB functions, monitoring FPV drones
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Implementation option
Before purchasing components and assemblies, you need to select an option
Option 1 (simple, I recommend that beginners start with something new)
You buy an SDR receiver and connect it to your computer at the service station. Install
the SDR# program on your computer. Before receiving, connect the LNA signal booster.
As a booster, “pull” a 5-15 meter cable across the cable and place the antenna.
Option 2
You need to “watch” the signals from the “receiver” moving in another place. For this you
do everything the same way as in option 1, except install a remote browser
program on your computer (for example, TimViewer). Install everything at a
remote location, and you will “receive” it from your computer.
Of course, in order to take the data “to zero”, you need a computer of the smallest
size, which requires that you work hard on the SDR# program under Windows. A
stable communication channel (Stralink, LTE modem) is also required. The computer is
not to blame for getting stuck, but we will prepare it before connecting.
Who cares, I was able to successfully obtain remote applications based on a computer of
this type.
When selecting a further point for entry into the housing, remember the need for
ventilation in the housing. When the sinter is closed, the computer case and SDR
device become very hot.
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Components and warehouses
The main system is SDR receiver.
We will sell SDR HackRF, which can be bought in Ukraine (more expensive) or
on Ali (cheaper for 80 dollars)
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32972753170.html
Software security
Cost-free SDR# program, which can be downloaded on the AirSpy company website
or found elsewhere https://airspy.com/download
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Low noise booster
For better sensitivity of the receiver, I recommend setting the low-noise
booster to 20dB (12 dollars).
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005006431241921.html Don't buy 40-
50 dB, above world strength, has a negative impact on the operation of the entire system.
Frame
It would be extremely aesthetic to collect all the elements in a case (and not on a
table), which can be bought on the Internet for 400-500 hryvnia. For example on Rosetsi
Dribnytsia
To connect the power supply before accepting the required cable (SMA male-SMA
male), do not connect all of the cables themselves. You can buy it here for a
couple of dollars https://www.aliexpress.com/item/2033874631
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Adapter for a dollar to switch from SMA to a “commodity cable” with an N-type connector
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/4001293689143.html
Please remember that you need to connect it before using the TypeC-USB cable
Cable
Frequencies above 800 MHz are strongly attenuated by the cable, so the
cable from the receiver to the antenna may be short and thin.
I recommend using RG8 or LMR 400 cable for no more than 10-20 meters. If the
cable you need is longer, you will have to move it to the antenna and connect it
through the cable using BIAS TEE technology. You can buy a cable on OLX or,
for example, here https://selteq.com.ua
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Select location
Since you are watching out for the UAV in the “sky,” there is no need to raise the
antenna very high. However, if you place the antenna high (for example, on a grain elevator),
it will be worse. You will receive all the traffic from the surrounding area and any REB for
tens of kilometers to you
respectful.
When choosing a place to install the smut:
1. Choose a place in which the horizon is open to the enemy. And if I don’t close it, for
example, I’ll become concrete.
2. If you want to range the UAV at 40-50 kilometers, you need to select the highest
possible location according to the elevation map (for example, near Kropyva)
When the antenna is installed, remember that it is small and does not attract the respect of
the enemy from the wind. This type of antenna is used for “supporting” mobile
communications. The antenna can be painted with a spray can of green or black paint.
Remember that the receiving antenna and the receiving device itself are
responsible for the installations that were found in the mobile communications
antenna (especially in the 900 MHz range). Also, the receiver cannot be brought close to
the electronic devices and antennas of WIFI transmission systems. It is not possible
to accept instructions from the mobile phone.
At the hour of the robot reception, for example, at a private booth, the fighter, who at
this moment is using the phone in the yard under the antenna, will prevent you from
crossing.
Respect! The SDR receiving antenna does not compromise anything and cannot
direction-finding.
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Antenna
To work at the receiving point, you can vibrate the antenna directly or circularly. I immediately choose
the option of a straight antenna, which is oriented towards the enemy’s direct line. For broadcast
monitoring, a cheap log-periodic antenna like a
Chinese mobile phone carrier is ideal.
You can get this antenna on “ali” or on olx. This antenna has less power, the lower antenna has a “wine
channel”, but it operates in a wide range of 700-3000 MHz and its directness diagram is not so
narrow. To monitor a UAV, the track antenna is placed vertically.
13 dollars at https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005006055030100.html
It is also possible to install another type of direct antenna of the sector type with the same wide dark,
more open diagram along the horizon, but at lower strengths.
9 dollars https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005003270061203.html
Machine Translated by Google
In certain situations (for example, if you are right on the front line)
The straightened antenna of the vikoristovat has no sense. You may need an antenna
with a circular straightness diagram. This antenna receives the signal from both sides,
but has a low strength. A circular antenna with great strength is also the
same, but the cost is much more expensive.
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32837606167.html 10 dollars
If you want to not only receive UAV signals, but also apply direct coverage, wrapping
the antenna with the horizon, then you
A HV channel antenna is required. For example, an axle costs 15 dollars.
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32270674704.html
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SDR# program
The program has a lot of possibilities, and more than a dozen pages can be dedicated to it. I will literally
write the absolute worst for you.
1. Select left-handed from the Source field of the HackRF device
2. Press the left hand on the gear sign. There will be a strengthening of the SDR primemach.
- if you want external boost, uncheck Amp
- Select Sample rate 20 MSPS, so that the maximum speed is 20 MHz.
- VGA gain is easier to install a little more for a minimum
- LNA gain can be set from medium to maximum. This enhances the signal at the input stage of
the receiver.
3. The right-handed Zoom regulator regulates the volume of the device. Start by trimming it in the lower
position to see the maximum speed of 20 MHz.
4. Use the Range knob to adjust the visibility of the level of noise at the bottom of the screen
5. Use the Contrast knob to adjust the visibility of signals on contrasting backgrounds.
As a result, you have to watch out for clear signals in the lower background.
6. You can adjust the speed of the blue screen here: left side of the screen, FFT display item, Speed
adjustment. To begin with, place it as right-handed as possible, so that the blue screen collapses
smoothly.
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UAV signals
Any UAV can transmit telemetry signals and video transmission signals. The video
signal is always wide and has a width of 4-
10 MHz.
All Russian reconnaissance and attack UAVs transmit telemetry in the available
ranges.
860-870MHz
902-928 MHz
960-1020 MHz
Video signals from the UAV are transmitted to the adjacent plots
2.2-2.6 GHz
1.3 GHz
90% of Russian UAVs in all directions fall on Orlan, Supercam, Zala,
Lancet
First, what do you need to know, at frequencies of 930-960 MHz in Ukraine there are
mobile communication base stations. The signals coming from them are
intense and they are careful through them. And of course, all the newcomers wander
from the UAV. Before speaking, this range is closed for mobile communications in the
Russian Federation, so neither our nor Russian UAVs (including FPV) do not “fly” at frequencies 92
960 MHz.
This is what mobile phone signals look like. Wide signal for LTE.
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Zala, Lancet
Both UAVs are produced at the same factory and have new radio modules, so
it is impossible to detect them using a signal.
The signal from Zala, Lancet is unique and easy to recognize. Two vertical blurred dots on
a blue spectrum background (waterfall). The specks move even closer, between them 150-200 kHz. On
the spectrogram of the screen it looks like two splashes of the hand.
The signal is monitored at frequencies 868 MHz, 870 MHz, 915 MHz. Very rarely in my
experience have I had episodes of being wary of signals of other frequencies.
in the range 902-920 MHz.
My caution:
The Lancet is most often on 868 MHz
The lancet does not fly more than 40 miles (if it is more, then it is exactly Zala)
To ensure a stable signal, the Zala “circles” on one
positions. The lancet will fly straight towards you, or the signal from the new one will
linearly increase or decrease.
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Supercam
The signal looks like 10 vertical blurs from the patterns with a 5 MHz width. The
skin blur has a width of 150 kHz. The signal can be detected in the range
856-1020 MHz.
Orlan
Old versions “fly” in the range of 902-928 MHz, new ones can be tuned in the range of 960-1020 MHz.
Orlan transmits a frequency frequency signal with a width of 2 and 4 MHz. The ORLAN PPRCH signal
looks like a chaotic collection of horizontal marks.
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Since the UAV performs REB at frequencies, it looks like this on the spectrogram
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Video signals
Any reconnaissance UAV can broadcast a picture in real time for reconnaissance
or fire control.
Any video signal has a characteristic appearance. There is a wide glaze on the spectrogram
and a white smuga on the waterfall. The line width can be from 3 to 10 MHz.
Since the video signal from the FPV is analog and closed, the UAV encrypts the video
transmission channel.
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UAV designers can change video transmission modules and frequencies can also
be changed, and for the “base” I will provide information on video channels
Zala 2.2-2.6 GHz
Supercam 1.3GHz
Aileron 1.2GHz
Orlan 2.2-2.5 GHz
FPV
Even though all FPV drone flights include telemetry, the drone flies without compromising
anything other than video. Ale for a hidden meaning, the signal looks like this.
PPRCHs are stretched much wider behind the UAV wings at 30-40 MHz and can be
narrowed down to 700-1020 MHz
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The axis looks like this from the FPV signal at 720-760 MHz (preferably Hermes module)
4. Direction finding of signals
The direction finding has been changed and the signal can be modified using
the classic triangulation method. For this you need to adjust the SDR to the required
range and wrap the direct antenna around the stake, select directly from the
strongest signal. Indicate the bearing (azimuth) on the map or near Kropyva.
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Repeat the same process at another point, having traveled a few kilometers. Changing two bearings
will give you a place to move the object. It’s also better to take not two, but three bearings for
greater accuracy.
For accurate direction finding, you need an antenna with a narrow straightness pattern. What
is the best antenna for?
(Yagi). Insanely, the accuracy of direction finding will be low (combined with Plastun or TCI
direction finders) but will not be sufficient to determine
I’ll bring the dzherel zone closer to the signal. Direction finding must be carried out at a distance of
several meters from large metal or concrete objects.
5. Significantly stand up to the target Signal stand
up to the signal can be equal to the signal. There will be no closer understanding.
Depending on the signal, we consider the type of antenna, the visibility of the cable between the antenna and the device,
the amplification factor of the low-noise booster, the location and strength of transmission. Therefore, in fact, you can,
with your own knowledge, after any hour understand the distance, or only approximately.
-If the signal at the waterfall is dark, then the stream is even weaker and the river is far away. -If the signal becomes clear,
then get up
to the object that has changed. -If the signal at the waterfall is yellow or red, then the rhubarb is
even stronger. At this point the peaks of splashes will go off scale across the entire screen. This means that the area
is literally within a kilometer of you.
There is a combination of equal signals and different signals for different purposes. For Maviks one thing, for Orlans
another. Therefore, only special evidence will help you here.
