GEO ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS & SERVICES

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company)

# 12B, 2ndFloor, Anbu Nagar, 3rd Street,
Alwarthirunagar, Chennai-600 087.
Ph.No. 9841226220/9444901825/9094853994.
Email: [email protected]/[email protected]
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PROJECT NAME
THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
(STILT+3 UPPER FLOORS) AT NO-36,SASTHA NAGAR, 1ST STREET,
VALASARAVAKKAM, CHENNAI-600 087.
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
(GROUND+1 UPPER FLOORS FLOORS) AT PLOT NO-111, KINGS
STREET, VGN MONTE CARLO, NOLAMBUR, CHENNAI.

CLIENT NAME
MR. BALAS HABITATS
NO.36, SASTHA NAGAR 1ST STREET,
VALASARAVAKKAM,
CHENNAI-600 087.

TITLE

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

PROJECT NO: GECS-JC-GT-1012-2021-2022

REPORT SUBMISSION DATE:17/10/2022

CONTENTS
 SEC. CONTENTS PAGE
NO. NO.
i-ii
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Project Information Matrix 1
1.1 Scope of Work 1
1.1.1 Field Work 1
1.1.2 Laboratory Work 1
1.2 Structure of the Report 1

CHAPTER-2 INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY & TEST RESULTS

2.0 Preamble 2
2.1 Methodology of Field Work 2
2.1.1 Equipment Used and Method of Drilling 2
2.1.2 Standard Penetration Test 2
2.1.3 Collection of Soil Samples 2
2.1.4 Collection of Ground Water Samples 2-3
2.2 Laboratory Testing 3
2.2.1 On Coarse Grained Soil 3
2.2.2 On Fine Grained Soil 3
2.2.3 Chemical Analysis Tests 3
2.3 Summary 3

FIGURES 2.0 Site Plan showing the Location of Field Investigation Points 4
2.1 to Soil Profile 5-6
2.2
2.3to Graphical Representation of Grain Size Distribution 7-8
2.4
2.5 to Graphical Representation of Hydrometer Analyses 9-10
2.6

TABLES 2.1 to Laboratory Test Result 11-12

2.2
2.3 Results of Chemical Analysis 13

CHAPTER-3 GEOLOGY & SUB-SURFACE STRATIFICATION

3.0 Preamble 14
3.1 Geology of Study area (Regional Geology) 14
3.2 Design sub soil Profile 14-15

CHAPTER-4 FOUNDATION SYSTEM

4.0 Preamble 16
4.1 Proposed Structures 16

i
 4.2 Sub Soil Stratification 16
4.3 Foundation System 16

FIGURE 4.1 Schematic Arrangement of Foundations 17

CHAPTER-5 RECOMMENDATION 18

ANNEXURE
Typical bearing capacity computations for shallow foundations 19-20
A1 Relationship Between Angle of Internal Friction & N-Value 21
A2 Relationship Between UCC & SPT -Value (N) of Saturated Clay 21

ii
REPORT TEXT
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Project Information Matrix
Nature of project : Proposed Construction of Residential building
Type of Structures :Stilt+3 Upper Floors
Project Client Name : MR. BALAS HABITATS
Project Location : Plot No-36, Sastha Nagar,1st Cross Street, Valasaravakkam, Chennai.
Job Code : GECS-JC-GT-1012
1.1 Scope of Work

1.1.1 Field Work

❖ Conducting two soil investigation bore holes of 150 mm& NX diameter up to 10.0m depth or
up to the refusal strata with SPT>100
❖ Conducting Standard Penetration Test (SPT) within the borehole at every 1.0m depth interval
up to 4.0m and thereafter at every 1.5m up to the termination depth
❖ Collection of soil samples and undisturbed samples from the clayey strata with SPT-value
greater than 2 to less than 15 if met within the investigation depth
❖ Collection of water samples if groundwater table met within the investigation depth

1.1.2 Laboratory Work

❖ Natural Moisture Content
❖ Atterberg’s limits
❖ Grain Size Analysis
❖ Chemical Analysis test on soil and water samples to give pH, Chlorides and Sulphates

1.2 Structure of the Report

❖ Contents
❖ Introduction
❖ Investigation Methodology & Test Results
❖ Geology &Sub-Surface Stratification
❖ Foundation System
❖ Recommendation
❖ Annexure

1
 CHAPTER-2
INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY &
TEST RESULTS
2.0 Preamble:
two soil investigation boreholes were put as per the planning of the engineer in-charge and
these locations are shown in Fig.2.0. The equipment used and the methodology adopted to
carry out the fieldwork is described below.
2.1 Methodology of Field Work:
2.1.1 Equipment Used and Method of Drilling:
All the boreholes were sunk by conventional rotary drilling rigs. For borehole Methodology
followed for boring conformed to IS: 1892 -2000. Boring was progressed by the cutting action
of rotating bit with water circulation and stabilizing the side of the boreholes by using casing
pipes/bentonite slurry up to required depth to prevent collapse of sidewall. Boring was
continued by normal boring process using MS soil cutter in soil. However, Tungsten Carbide
(TC) bit drilling was resorted to drill in highly weathered rock stratum where the normal boring
process became slow. Diamond Core (DC) bit drilling was adopted in moderately weathered
rock formations where penetration using TC bit was became slow.

2.1.2 Standard Penetration Tests:

This is a field test to determine “Penetration Resistance of Stratum at the Test Depth”. This
has been conducted in the boreholes generally up to refusal depth using procedures
described in IS: 2131- 2002. In this test, split spoon sampler (50.8 mm OD and 35 mm ID) has
replaced driving bit. Sampler is then driven by dropping 63.5 kg hammer on top of driving
collar with free fall of 75 cm. The length of sampler is 60 cm.
The tests were conducted at the depth intervals indicated in Chapter-1 (Sec.1.1.1).

2.1.3 Collection of Soil Samples:

2.1.3.1 Disturbed Samples:
The SPT-samples collected were used as disturbed soil samples. These samples were used
for visual and physical identification and for conducting laboratory classification tests as per
I.S.1498-1970.

2.1.4 Collection of Ground Water Samples:

One representative water sample from each borehole was collected after 24 hours of
completing the borehole if water table met within the investigated depth.
Note on Groundwater Table Record:
❖ Groundwater table observation in geotechnical report is predominantly to arrive at
foundation design criteria and shall not be construed as design guidelines for the
design of dewatering systems
❖ The groundwater level indicated in the bore logs is specific to the duration of
investigation and intensity of the monsoon rains during the time of investigation.

2
 Hence, the level shall be taken as guidelines only to plan the investigation for the
dewatering system
❖ No foundation excavation or basement excavations if anticipated within the
groundwater table zone shall be carried out without implementing groundwater
lowering schemes
2.2 Laboratory testing:
2.2.1 On Coarse Grained Soil
On the representative samples, sieve analysis tests were conducted to arrive at grain size
distribution. These tests were conducted as per I.S.2720 (part 4)-1985 and the results are
presented in Tables-2.1 to 2.2. The graphical representation of grain size distribution curve for
the representative samples in each bore is presented in Fig. 2.3 to 2.4.

2.2.2 On Fine Grained Soil

On the SPT sample index property tests were conducted to estimate consistency. These test
results are presented in Tables-2.1 to 2.2. The graphical representation of hydrometer
analyses curve for the representative samples in each bore is presented in Fig.2.5 to 2.6.
2.2.3 Chemical Analysis Tests
On representative soil and water samples chemical analysis tests were conducted to estimate
pH, Chloride and Sulphates and these results are presented in Table -2.3.

2.3 Summary:
The locations of the field investigation boreholes are shown in site plan given in Fig.2.0. The
average sub soil profiles encountered at each location along with their classification and
engineering properties are presented in Figs.2.1 to 2.2.

3
SITE PLAN
Geo Engineering Consultants & Services., Chennai.
Geotech Division.

GROUND
FOOR GROUND
FOOR

EXISTING OLD
BUILDING
G+1 FLOORS

BH-02 BH-01

ENTRANCE GATE ENTRANCE GATE

ROAD
SASTHA NAGAR, 1ST STREET, STATE BANK STAFF COLONY

FIG-2.0 THE SITE PLAN SHOWING FIELD INVESTIGATION POINT AT NO-36,SASTHA NAGAR, 1ST STREET, VALASARAVAKKAM,
CHENNAI-600 087.
SOIL PROFILES
 BORE HOLE No. BH-01
SITE INVESTIGATION RECORD SHEET 1 OF 1

150mm
PROJECT NAME PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DIA OF BORE HOLE
100mm
No.36, Sastha Nagar, 1st
LOCATION MACHINE No. CR-01 CHAINAGE (m) - BORE START DATE 11/10/2022
street, Valasaravakkam

STRUCTURE Stilt+3 Upper Floors DRILLING METHOD Rotary N - BORE END DATE 11/10/2022
CO-ORDINATES
JOB CODE GECS-JC-GT-1012 FLUSHING MEDIUM Bentonite E - TOTAL DRILL DAYS 1
Drilling progress
Depth below E.G.L.

(SC / TCB / DB) Core Details SPT Details Sample Details Layer Data
Type of Drill Bit

per metre
Time Blows/cm.
Recovery %
Total Core
(m)

SPT 'N'
R.Q.D %

Legend
Value

Depth

Depth
Date

Geotechnical Description

No
No. Type RL (m)

15-30

30-45
0-15
Hr. Min.

11 42
To
11 45

1 SC - - 2 3 4 7 1.00 1 SS -1.0

12 03 1.45 Brown,Medium Stiff,Sandy Silty CLAY

To (CI) Lean Clay of Medium plasticity
12 06
2 SC - - 2 2 4 6 2.00 2 SS -2.0

2.45
12 20
To
12 24 L1 3.0
3 SC - - 3 3 4 7 3.00 3 SS -3.0

3.45 Grey,Moist,Medium Stifft,SILTY

12 40
CLAY(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
To
12 43 L2 4.0
4 SC - - 1 2 2 4 4.00 4 SS -4.0

4.45
13 02
To Dark Greyish Black,Moist,Soft,Sandy Silty
13 05 Clay(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
11/10/2022

L3 5.5
SC - - 2 3 3 6 5.50 5 SS -5.5

13 21 5.95
6
To Grey,Moist,Loose,Poorly Graded,
13 24 Silty Sand(SM) with Clay Binder
Sand-Silt mixtures

L4 7.0
7 SC - - 2 4 4 8 7.00 6 SS -7.0

7.45
13 42
To Dark Greyish Black,Moist,Stiff,Sandy Silty
13 45 Clay(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
8

L5 8.5
SC - - 2 3 4 7 8.50 7 SS -8.5

8.95
9 14 10
Grey,Moist,Loose,Poorly Graded,
To Silty Sand(SM) with Clay Binder
14 13 Sand-Silt mixtures

L6 10.0
10 SC - - 5 4 4 8 10.00 8 SS -10.0
Dark Greyish Black,Moist,Stiff,Sandy Silty
10.45 Clay(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
L7 10.5
CS - Core Sample DS - Disturbed Sample LOGGED K.RAMALINGAM PROJECT SITE DETAILS REMARKS

SS - Split Spoon Sample SC - Soil Cutter DATE 11/10/2022 GROUND LEVEL (m) 0.00
ground water table observed
UDS- Undisturbed Sample TCB - Tungsten Carbide Bit CHECKED R.Bhuvana WATER TABLE (m) 1.90
open dug well
WS - Wash Sample DB - Diamond Bit DATE 15/10/2022 CASING DEPTH (m) 0.00

Borehole terminated at 10 m depth below E.G.L

FIG.2.1 Sub Soil Profile at BH-01 Location

5
 BORE HOLE No. BH-02
SITE INVESTIGATION RECORD SHEET 1 OF 1

150mm
PROJECT NAME PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DIA OF BORE HOLE
100mm
No.36, Sastha Nagar, 1st
LOCATION MACHINE No. CR-01 CHAINAGE (m) - BORE START DATE 12/10/2022
street, Valasaravakkam

STRUCTURE Stilt+3 Upper Floors DRILLING METHOD Rotary N - BORE END DATE 12/10/2022
CO-ORDINATES
JOB CODE GECS-JC-GT-1012 FLUSHING MEDIUM Bentonite E - TOTAL DRILL DAYS 1
Drilling progress
Depth below E.G.L.

(SC / TCB / DB) Core Details SPT Details Sample Details Layer Data
Type of Drill Bit

per metre
Time Blows/cm.
Recovery %
Total Core
(m)

SPT 'N'
R.Q.D %

Legend
Value

Depth

Depth
Date

Geotechnical Description

No
No. Type RL (m)

15-30

30-45
0-15
Hr. Min.

07 42
To
07 45

1 SC - - 1 2 3 5 1.00 1 SS -1.0

08 12 1.45 Brown,Medium Stiff,Sandy Silty CLAY

To (CI) Lean Clay of Medium plasticity
08 15
2 SC - - 3 3 4 7 2.00 2 SS -2.0

2.45
08 30
To
08 34 L1 3.0
3 SC - - 2 3 3 6 3.00 3 SS -3.0

3.45 Grey,Moist,Medium Stifft,SILTY

08 52
CLAY(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
To
08 55 L2 4.0
4 SC - - 1 1 2 3 4.00 4 SS -4.0

4.45
09 17
To Dark Greyish Black,Moist,Soft,Sandy Silty
09 20 Clay(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
12/10/2022

L3 5.5
SC - - 2 2 4 6 5.50 5 SS -5.5

09 41 5.95
6
To Grey,Moist,Loose,Poorly Graded,
09 45 Silty Sand(SM) with Clay Binder
Sand-Silt mixtures

L4 7.0
7 SC - - 4 3 5 8 7.00 6 SS -7.0

7.45
10 12
To
10 15
8

SC - - 5 4 6 10 8.50 7 SS -8.5
Dark Greyish Black,Moist,Stiff,Sandy Silty
8.95 Clay(CH) Silty Clays of High plasticity
9 10 42
To
10 45

10 SC - - 5 3 4 7 10.00 8 SS -10.0

10.45
L5 10.5
CS - Core Sample DS - Disturbed Sample LOGGED K.RAMALINGAM PROJECT SITE DETAILS REMARKS

SS - Split Spoon Sample SC - Soil Cutter DATE 12/10/2022 GROUND LEVEL (m) 0.00
ground water table observed
UDS- Undisturbed Sample TCB - Tungsten Carbide Bit CHECKED R.Bhuvana WATER TABLE (m) 1.90
open dug well
WS - Wash Sample DB - Diamond Bit DATE 15/10/2022 CASING DEPTH (m) 0.00

Borehole terminated at 10 m depth below E.G.L

FIG.2.2 Sub Soil Profile at BH-02 Location

6
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
 FINES SAND GRAVEL
100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

5.5 m
60.00
% OF FINES

50.00

40.00

8.5 m
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE (mm)

Fig. 2.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE - BH-01

7
 FINES SAND GRAVEL
100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00
% OF FINES

50.00
5.5 m

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
GRAIN SIZE (mm)

Fig. 2.5 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE - BH-02

8
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS CURVE
 Bore Hole No: 1 Depth: 3.0m

(FINES) Silt and Clay Sand

100.0

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0
% of Fines

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000

Particle Size Diameter (mm)

Fig 2.5 Hydrometer Analysis Master Curve

9
 Bore Hole No: 2 Depth: 5.50m

(FINES) Silt and Clay Sand

100.0

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0
% of Fines

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000

Particle Size Diameter (mm)

Fig 2.6 Hydrometer Analysis Master Curve

10
LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
 Table-2.1 Laboratory Classification of Soil Samples from BH-01
Sub Soil Classification
Depth of Sample below E.G.L.

Fine Grained (FG)

Position With Respect

Cc=D302/(D10xD60)
IS-Notation
(m)

to A-Aline

Relative Density
Type of Sample

CU=D60/D10
Consistancy

Medium (%)
IS:Notation

D60 (mm)
Coarse (%)
SPT-Value

Gravel (%)

D30(mm)
D10 (mm)
Clay (%)
Fine (%)
NMC(%)

Silt (%)
PL (%)

SL (%)

FS (%)
LL (%)

Gravel

Sand
Ic
IP
1.0 7 SS 27 42 21 21 0.71 13 38 M.Stiff Above CI 0 0 2 9 67 22 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

2.0 6 SS 32 46 21 25 0.56 13 45 M.Stiff Above CI 0 0 7 21 54 18 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

3.0 7 SS 35 58 23 35 0.66 11 72 M.Stiff Above CH - - - - 67 33 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

4.0 4 SS 38 51 24 27 0.48 13 65 Soft Above CH - - - - 68 32 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

5.5 6 SS Clay Binder CG>50% Above - 0 0 21 55 24 0 - - - - - Loose <50% SC

7.0 8 SS 29 57 24 33 0.85 12 60 Stiff Above CH - - - - 65 35 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

8.5 7 SS Clay Binder CG>50% Above - 0 1 5 67 27 0 - - - - - Loose <50% SC

10.0 8 SS 32 62 24 38 0.79 12 71 Stiff Above CH - - - - 60 40 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% SM

FG = Fine Grained PL = Plastic Limit FS = Differential Frees Well Index
LAB IN-CHARGE R.BHUVANA
CG = Coarse Grained Ip = Plasticity Index CU = Uniformity Coefficient
NMC= Nature Moisture Content Ic = (LL-NMC)/Ip CC = Coefficient of Curvature
REVIEWED BY GEOTECH TEAM
LL = Liquid Limit SL = Shrinkage Limit IP=LL-PL

11
 Table-2.2 Laboratory Classification of Soil Samples from BH-02
Sub Soil Classification
Depth of Sample below E.G.L.

Fine Grained (FG)

Position With Respect

Cc=D302/(D10xD60)
IS-Notation
(m)

to A-Aline

Relative Density
Type of Sample

CU=D60/D10
Consistancy

Medium (%)
IS:Notation

D60 (mm)
Coarse (%)
SPT-Value

Gravel (%)

D30(mm)
D10 (mm)
Clay (%)
Fine (%)
NMC(%)

Silt (%)
PL (%)

SL (%)

FS (%)
LL (%)

Gravel

Sand
Ic
IP
1.0 5 SS 31 45 23 22 0.64 14 46 M.Stiff Above CI 0 0 6 9 61 24 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

2.0 7 SS 31 47 21 26 0.62 13 55 M.Stiff Above CI 0 1 11 18 51 19 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

3.0 6 SS 32 56 23 33 0.73 13 51 M.Stiff Above CH - - - - 64 36 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

4.0 3 SS 45 59 26 33 0.42 12 69 Soft Above CH - - - - 66 34 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

5.5 6 SS Clay Binder CG>50% Above - 0 1 21 55 23 0 - - - - - Loose <50% SC

7.0 8 SS 32 61 23 38 0.76 12 60 Stiff Above CH - - - - 65 35 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

8.5 10 SS 24 59 21 38 0.92 11 55 Stiff Above CH - - - - 64 36 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% FG>50%

10.0 7 SS 35 65 22 43 0.70 12 74 M.Stiff Above CH - - - - 61 39 - - - - - FG>50% FG>50% SM

FG = Fine Grained PL = Plastic Limit FS = Differential Frees Well Index
LAB IN-CHARGE R.BHUVANA
CG = Coarse Grained Ip = Plasticity Index CU = Uniformity Coefficient
NMC= Nature Moisture Content Ic = (LL-NMC)/Ip CC = Coefficient of Curvature
REVIEWED BY GEOTECH TEAM
LL = Liquid Limit SL = Shrinkage Limit IP=LL-PL

12
 Table-2.3 Results of Chemical Analysis
Water Soil (2:1)
Depth of Depth of
SL Bore Sample Chlorides Sulphates Sample Chlorides Sulphates
No. HoleNo. (m) pH (mg/l) (mg/l) (m) pH (mg/l) (mg/l)

1 BH-01 1.90 7.21 262 312 2.0 7.14 231 285

13
 CHAPTER-3
GEOLOGY & SUB-SURFACE STRATIFICATION
3.0 Preamble:
Geotechnical investigation carried out at a specific site provides location specific sub surface
characteristics based on which the design of sub structures/foundations is generally carried
out. However, the macro-level understanding of the sub surface is also needed for a
comprehensive understanding of the sub structure/foundation response to naturally super
imposed loads like earthquake forces etc., The macro level understanding of the sub surface
is better provided through the knowledge of the Geology of the region. Since, it is beyond the
scope of the present study to carry out geological investigation to establish the geology of the
study region; published data are presented below along with the sub surface stratification
observed through the direct borehole investigation carried out at the specified locations.

3.1 Geology of Study Area (based on the published data)

Geologically, the present site is located in a coastal region with sub surface consisting of
sedimentary deposits. The top sedimentary deposit is under laid by upper Gondwana system,
particularly lower stage of Sriperumbudur (shale/ Sandstone/ Siltstone formation).
The formation mechanism of the sediments is chiefly due to transportation of surface water
and marine deposition. The above geological characteristics are also observed in the direct
bore hole investigation, which confirms that the present site does not depict any surprising
geological features that are different from that of the region.
3.2 DESIGN SUB SOIL PROFILE:(WRT Foundation Engineering Application)
The sub soil characteristics obtained at the test location are further processed to arrive at
the design soil parameters required for the design of sub structure using the following shear
strength correlations with respect to the Standard Penetration Test Values of different layers.

❖ For Coarse Grained Material, Ref. IS: 6403 to estimate Angle of Shearing Resistance
(Reproduced and shown in Fig.A1)

❖ For Fine Grained Material, Ref. Terzaghi& Peck, 1948, to estimate Unconfined
Compressive Strength (Reproduced and shown in Fig.A2)

Based on the above, the average design soil characteristics are given below:

14
 REFERENCE BORE HOLE-BH: 1.0 Ref R.L. of G.L. (m): 0.00
Shear

Ave. Design SPT

Relative Density
Layer Thk. (m)

Consistency
Parameters

* () kN/m3
Layer No.

Thickness
Top. R.L.

* (Cu) kPa

* () Deg.
Bot. R.L.
Type of Strata Colour

Medium
1 0.00 3.00 3.00 Sandy Silty Clay Brown 6 - 15.5 40 -
Stiff
Medium
2 3.00 4.00 1.00 Silty Clay Grey 7 - 16 47 -
Stiff
Dark
3 4.00 5.50 1.50 Silty Clay Greyish 4 - Soft 14.5 27 -
Black
Silty Sand with
4 5.50 7.00 1.50 Grey 6 Loose - 14.5 - 29.2
Clay Binder
Dark
Medium
5 7.00 8.50 1.50 Silty Clay Greyish 8 - 16.5 53 -
Stiff
Black
Silty Sand with
6 8.50 10.00 1.50 Grey 7 Loose - 14.5 - 29.4
Clay Binder
Dark
Medium
7 10.00 10.50 0.50 Silty Clay Greyish 8 - 16.5 53 -
Stiff
Black

❖ Note: -Bulk density, & “C”, “ “values are given in SPT correlation

REFERENCE BORE HOLE-BH: 2.0 Ref R.L. of G.L. (m): 0.00

Shear
Ave. Design SPT

Relative Density

Layer Thk. (m)

Consistency

* () kN/m3 Parameters

Layer No.

Thickness
Top. R.L.

* (Cu) kPa

* () Deg.
Bot. R.L.

Type of Strata Colour

Medium
1 0.00 3.00 3.00 Sandy Silty Clay Brown 6 - 15.5 40 -
Stiff
Medium
2 3.00 4.00 1.00 Silty Clay Grey 6 - 15.5 40 -
Stiff
Dark
3 4.00 5.50 1.50 Silty Clay Greyish 3 - Soft 14 20 -
Black
Silty Sand with
4 5.50 7.00 1.50 Grey 6 Loose - 14.5 - 29.2
Clay Binder
Dark
5 7.00 10.50 3.50 Silty Clay Greyish 8 - Stiff 17 60 -
Black

❖ Note: -Bulk density, & “C”, “ “values are given in SPT correlation

15
FOUNDATION SYSTEM
 CHAPTER-4
FOUNDATION SYSTEM
4.0 Preamble:
In the design of foundation system, the stress-strain compatibility of the super structure, sub
structure and the bearing strata should be satisfied both individually and as a combined
system. In view of this, the following data are needed for the design of foundation system,
defined in terms of the type of sub structure and the bearing strata characteristics.
• The super structure characteristics along with the loading pattern on the sub structure
• The sub soil characteristics that define the required substructure configuration for a
safe transfer of super-structural loads to the bearing strata
Considering the above aspects of the foundation design, the suitable type of foundation
system is presented below.
4.1 Proposed Structures
An understanding of the proposed construction and the order of loads on the foundations is
needed for choosing the appropriate foundation system. In the present case, the proposed
structure is configured with stilt+3 upper floors, and is meant for residential use. For this kind
of structure, the column loads could vary between 900kN to 1200kN. The above-mentioned
loads have no bearing on the design of either sub or super structures and are mentioned just
to provide an insight to choose an appropriate foundation system with respect to subsoil
conditions.
4.2 Sub Surface Stratification:
0.0m to 4.0m : Medium Stiff Sandy Silty Clay
4.0m to 5.50m : Soft Sandy Silty Clay
5.50m to 7.0m : Loose Silty Sand with Clay Binder
7.0m to 10.50m : Stiff Sandy Silty Clay
During the time of investigation (2nd Week of Oct-2022) the ground water table observed at
1.9m below existing ground level. Ground water table observed open dug well.

4.3 Foundation System-R.C.C Strip Raft

For the kind of proposed structure and sub soil conditions, shallow foundation system coupled
with soil replacement within the foundation trench can be adopted. The R.C.C Strip Raft shall
be located at a depth of 1.2 over a well compacted sand-gravel (1:1) mix or quarry dust of
500mm thickness laid in non-compacted layers of 150mm at optimum moisture content and
compacted using a plate compactor or hand ramming technique. Thus, the overall depth of
foundation excavation will be 1.8m below the existing ground level. The strip raft can be
designed for an allowable safe bearing pressure of 80kPa. The maximum width of strip shall
be restricted to 1.3m due to settlement consideration. The schematic arrangement of
foundation system is presented in Fig.4.1.
Typical computations are presented in Annexure

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 E.G.L

1.2m R.C.C STRIP RAFT

Concrete Material
1.8m

M10 Leveling Coarse Bed 100mm

Sand Gravel Mix(1:1) or

500mm
Quarry Dust

The maximum width of strip

shall be restricted to 1.3m

FIG.4.1 : THE SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS

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RECOMMENDATIONS
 CHAPTER-5
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Recommendation for R.C.C Strip Raft:
❖ For the kind of sub soil conditions shallow foundation system coupled with soil
replacement type of ground improvement technique within the foundation pit can
be adopted.

❖ The depth of foundation excavation will be 1.8m below the existing ground level and shall
be back filled with either sand-gravel (1:1) mix or quarry dust of 500mm thickness laid in
non-compacted layers of thickness not more than 150mm and compacted at optimum
moisture content using a plate vibrator or hand rammer

❖ The R.C.C Strip Raft can be located at a depth of 1.2m over the prepared bed and can be
designed for an allowable safe bearing pressure of 80kPa.

❖ The maximum width of strip shall be restricted to 1.3m due to settlement consideration.

❖ The back filling of foundation trenches shall be carried out using either sand/gravel or
quarry dust/ moorrum/hill earth soil.

❖ The back filling of foundation trenches for a non-swelling-non-shrinking type of soil shall
be use.

❖ All columns shall be connected with grade beams in both the directions irrespective of
wall layout.
❖ The ground floor shall be minimum 1.0m above the natural ground and the plinth shall be
filled with sand gravel mixed/hill earth/moorrum soil/quarry dust/ any kind of soil non-
swelling-non-shrinking type of soil shall be use. This height is recommended to contain
the influence of soil volume change on the flooring. In case, floor is not raised, the ground
floor shall be constructed as a suspended R.C.C. slab.

FOR GEO ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS & SERVICES., CHENNAI.

K. RAMALINGAM (M.Ss., M. Phil (Geologist) BE (CIVIL)

Geotechnical Engineers

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ANNEXURE
 TYPICAL BEARING CAPACITY COMPUTATIONS FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

1.0 COMPUTATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AS PER IS:6403

Ref. : BH-01
1.1 Geometrical Data :
Shape of the Foundation strip
Depth of foundation below N.G.L"Df" (m) 1.20
Soil Replacement CNS Layer(m) 0.50
M10 Leveling Coarse Bed(m) 0.10
Though Over all foundation excavation (m) 1.80
Breadth of Footing "B" (m) 1.30
Length of Footing "L" (m) 15.00
B/L 0.09
Inclination of Vertical Load with the Vertical (a) 0.00
Thickness of Fill (m) 0.00
1.2 Soil Data :
Type of Effective Bearing Strata : Clay
Design SPT-value of the Bearing Strata : 7.00
Type of Shear Failure: General
Undrained Shear Strength (Cu) 46.67 kPa
1.3 Design Parameters:
Bulk Density of Soil above the foundation depth (gbulk) 18.00 kN/m3
Water Table Correction Factor (w') 0.50
Effective Overburden pressure at foundation level including the thickness of fill (q) 9.60 kPa
Bearing Capacity Factors:
Nc = 5.14
Nq = -
Ng = -

Shape Factors:
Sc = 1.00
Sq = -
Sg = -

Depth Factors :
Dc = 1.18
Dq = -
Dg = -

Inclination Factor:
Ic = 1.00
Iq = -
Ig = -

1.4 Ultimate Bearing Capacity (Qu) :

Qu=Cu*Nc*Sc*Dc*Ic 284.15 kPa

1.5 Safe Bearing Capacity (Qsafe) :

Factor of Safety (F.S.) : 2.50
Qsafe : 113.66 kPa
Say Qsafe 80 kPa

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 2 Computation of Settlement as per IS:8009-Part I
2.1 Compression Parameters:
Average Natural Moisture content of soft clay (NMC) 45.0
Specific gravity 2.66
Average liquid limit of soft clay 59.0
Average Compression Index (Cc)=0.009*Ave,Liquid Limit of 54) 0.441
Average Initial Void Ration (eo)=NMC*Sp.Gr. (2.66)) 1.197
Stress history factor (l) 1.0

2.2 Geometrical Data:

Depth of Top of soft clay layer from E.G.L. is (Zt) 4.00 m

Detph fo Bot. of Soft Clay layer from E.G.L. is (Zb) 5.50 "
Distacne of top of Soft Clay from Bot. of Footing (Z1) 2.80
Effective depth of Stress Bulb=3xSize of Footing (3B) 4.55
Thickness of compressible soft clay influenced by stress bulb (DH) 1.75
Depth to the Bot. of Compressible Soft Clay (Z2=Z1+DH) 4.55
Thickness of grade fill (including plingth fill) 0.00 m
2.3 Stress Computations:
3
Considered bulk density of the grde fill (g) 18.00 kN/m
Effective stress on the top of soft clay(p01) 0.00 kPa
Effective overburden pressue at the middel of the Compressible soft clay layer (P0) 39.00
B/Z1 0.46
L/Z1 5.36
B/Z2 0.29
L/Z2 3.30
Stress Reduction Factor (IB1) 0.60
Stress Reduction Factor (IB2) 0.44
Average Stess Reduction Factor at the middle of the layer (IB-ave.) 0.52
Additional stress due to the superstructure construction (Dp)=Qsafe*IB-ave) 41.60 kPa
Total stress at the middle of the soft clay (P0=p01+p02)+Dp 80.60 "
2.4 Settlement Computations:
Consolidation Settlement (Sc=Cc*l*DH*log{(P0+Dp)/P0}/(1+e0) 110.75 mm
Rigidity Factor 0.8
Depth Factor (Ref. IS:8009-Part1-1976, Fig.12) 0.90
Corrected Settlement(Sc)= 79.74 mm
2.0 Computation of Settlement for Maximum Pressure and Size of Footing: (as
per IS:8009-Part-I-Ref. Eq.11) (Elastic Analysis)

The immediate elastic settlement (Se)= qB(1-m2)*I/Es

q= bearing pressure 80.00 kPa
Poission's Ratio (m) 0.50
Modulus of Elasticity (Es)(Ref. Joseph E Bowels,1996,page316,Table5.6, Japanese
design standards)
Modulus of Elasticity (Es) 23333.33 kPa
Size of strip considered for maximum settlement(m) 1.30
Influence factor 1.00
Elastic Settlement (Se) 3.34 mm
Total Settlement (Sc+Se) 83.08 mm
<100 mm

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