METHODS OF INTEGRATION

 1.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

 1.2 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 1.3 INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

 1.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 1
 ANTIDERIVATIVES
• Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
Anti-Derivative
dy
=
dx ∫
( x ) ⇔ f ( x ) dx
f= y

Integrand
Differentiation Integral sign

d  x3 
 + 2 
y dy dx  3 
DE
dx x3
+2 x2
3

∫ dx
2
x
Integration
 Basic Definitions
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1. By Parts – formula/tabular Multiplication of two functions

2. Substitution ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx
3. Long Division
power of ≥ power of
Division of two functions
numerator denominator
f ( x)
4. Partial Fraction
power of < power of
∫ g ( x)
dx

numerator denominator
OUTCOME: At the end of this module, students should be able to

1) Identify the method of integration by parts and the purpose of

using it.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 3

 The most important integrals
• These formula will be used to develop some more general formula to solve more difficult
integration problems.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 5

Derivative Rules

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 6

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
What is integration by parts ?
The integration by parts calls for splitting up the
integral into two pieces. One of these pieces,
• A process that finds the integral of a product of corresponding to u, will be differentiated and the
functions in terms of their derivative and
other piece, corresponding to dv, will be
antiderivative .
integrated. In view of the fact that you can
• The integration rule that corresponds to the differentiate every function you run across, you
Product Rule for differentiation. should choose a dv for which you know an
antiderivative and make a choice of both that will
• An integration technique for integrating a product result in an easier integral.
of two functions of the same variable

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 8

 Indefinite Integrals Where does the
(Integration/ antiderivative) integration by parts
formula come from?

 The integration by parts formula come from the

process of finding the indefinite integral.  We can rearrange this equation as

 The Product Rule states that if f and g are

differentiable functions, then � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅
𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝒖𝒖𝒗𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗
Formula 1 is called the formula for integration by parts.
 In the notation for indefinite integrals this
equation becomes  To ensure the notation is easy to remember. Let 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 . The differentials are 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. By substitution Rule, the
or formula for integration by parts becomes

� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

By Formula: � 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 9

 Tabular Method
2𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 By Formula:
Example: ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 dx, ∫ 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 dx
∫ udv= uv − ∫ vdu
𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒖𝒖 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒗𝒗 = � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

This procedure can be Sign Differentiate (𝒖𝒖) Integrate (𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)

used if repeated
differentiation of a + STOP differentiate and
polynomial eventually
- integrate until we get product
result in 0.
of 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 and sin 𝑥𝑥
+
⋮

Differentiate until
obtaining zero DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
How to solve by using integration by parts?

1. Identify 𝒖𝒖 and 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 based on LIATE / LOPET

2. Differentiate 𝒖𝒖 and integrate 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

3. Apply the formula: ∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Technique for Integration by Parts: LIATE OR LOPET (choose either one)
or
Apply Tabular method

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 10

A technique for Integration
by Parts 3. ALGEBRAIC

2. INVERSE
• HERBERT KASUBE suggested to TRIGONOMETRI 4.
use acronym ‘LIATE’ C TRIGONOMETRIC
• According to this method, when
the integration consists of the
products of two different types of
functions, we should let u be the
function that appears first in
LIATE and let dv denotes the rest
of the function.
1.
LOGARITHMIC LIATE 5.
EXPONENTIAL

LOPET
LO : Logarithm Another option,
P : Polynomial we can use
E : Exponential LOPET
T: Trigonometric

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 12

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS
Which one comes first ?
Algebra or Trigonometric
in LIATE LIATE
Example 1: L: LOGARITHMIC
I : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
Find ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A: ALGEBRA
T : TRIGONOMETRIC
E :EXPONENTIAL
Algebra = −𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 + � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Trigonometric

= −𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

Answer Example 1:
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = − cos 𝑥𝑥
� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Note: Aim in using integral
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 by parts is to obtain a
�⏞
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⏞ �
𝑥𝑥 (− cos 𝑥𝑥 ) − �(− cos 𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 simpler integral than the
one we started with.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 13

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Example 2: Evaluate ∫ xe dx
3x

∫ dx= uv − ∫ vdu
3x
S3 xe
Solution:
 x2  x2
3x = e   − ∫ ( 3e3 x ) dx
3x
S1 let u e=
= , dv x dx  2 2
x 2 e3 x 3e3 x x 2
= −∫ dx
∫ x dx
3x
=
S2 u e= dv 2 2
2
x
= e3 x dx
du 3= v
2
This integral is complicated to solve as the
choices for 𝑢𝑢 is not correct. Therefore, the
function choice should be interchanged.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 12

 Example 2: Evaluate xe3x dx
∫
Solution:
TIPS:
3x Since polynomial function
S1 let u x=
= , dv e dx comes first in LO-P-E-T, then
The selection of 𝒖𝒖 and
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅;
we choose 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒙𝒙 Choose 𝑢𝑢 to be the
function that comes first
in the list
∫ dx
3x
S2 u x=
= dv e LOPET
∫ dx= uv − ∫ vdu
3x
S3 xe LO : Logarithm
3x
e P : Polynomial
=du dx
= v  e3 x   e3 x  E : Exponential
3 = x − ∫  dx T: Trigonometric
 3   3 
xe3 x  1   e3 x 
=−    +C
3  3  3 
xe3 x e3 x
= − +C
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 3 9 13
 Example 2: Evaluate xe3x dx
∫
Solution:
Alternatively, by tabular method
Sign Differentiate (𝒖𝒖) Integrate (𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
+ 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

- 1 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
3 𝑥𝑥 ×
3 Adding the product of
these entries to
+ 0 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
−1 × obtain the solution
9 9

3x 3x
STOP differentiate when we getting xe e
zero ∴ ∫ xe3 x dx = − +C
3 9
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 14
1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Which one comes first ?

Algebra or Exponential in
Example 3: LIATE

Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 1 Use
= − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − � − 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 substitution
Algebra Exponential
2 2
𝒖𝒖 = −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐,
1 1
= − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
2 2 − 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝟏𝟏
1 = − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + ∫ − 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = − 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 2 2 𝟐𝟐
2 1 1
� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 4 Substitute 𝒖𝒖
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 1 1 with −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑐𝑐
�⏞ 𝑥𝑥 (− 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − �(− 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 ) �
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⏞ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 4
2 2 1 −2𝑥𝑥 1 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
= − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑐𝑐
2 4

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 17

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS
Inverse
Example 5: Trigonometric

Evaluate ∫ tan−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 In front of dx is

Example 4: Logarithmic Which one [1] Algebra
comes first ? 𝑢𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Algebra or 1
In front of Logarithmic 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥
dx is [1] in LIATE 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Algebra � 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 1
𝑥𝑥
� tan−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) − � 𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) Use u
1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
substitution
� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
1+𝑥𝑥 2
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 = 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 −∫ 𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
� ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) − � 𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 2 𝑢𝑢 𝟐𝟐
𝑥𝑥 1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢
2 𝑢𝑢
= ln 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 − ln 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑐𝑐 Substitute 𝒖𝒖
2
= ln 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 1
with 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
= 𝑥𝑥 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 − ln |1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 | + 𝑐𝑐
2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 18

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Which one

Example 6:
comes first ?
Algebra or
Trigonometric

Evaluate ∫ sin−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

in LIATE 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ −
2 12
𝑢𝑢
In front of
𝑢𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 dx is [1] 1 −
1
1 Algebra = 𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + � 𝑢𝑢 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 2 Substitute 𝒖𝒖
1− 𝑥𝑥 2 with 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐

1
1 𝑢𝑢2
� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Use u = 𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + + 𝑐𝑐
substitution 2 1
1 2
� sin−1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) − � 𝑥𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟏𝟏

𝑥𝑥
− 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐
= 𝑥𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1−𝑥𝑥 2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 19

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS (Tabular Integration by Parts)
Example 7: 1 2𝑥𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 +2 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑐𝑐
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 4 8

1 1 1
Differentiate Integrate = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
2 2 4

𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 sign
This procedure
can be used if 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 +
repeated 1 2𝑥𝑥 Remark:
2𝑥𝑥 -
differentiation 𝑒𝑒 it always start with a “+” and the alternates sign as
of a 2 shown along with the arrow.
polynomial 2 1 2𝑥𝑥 +
eventually 𝑒𝑒
4 Multiply along the diagonals shown in the table. In front
result in 0.
0 1 2𝑥𝑥 of each product put the sign in the third column which
𝑒𝑒 corresponds to the “u” term for the product.
8

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 20

 1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Example 8: Evaluate ∫ cos xdx

2
x NOTE:
we are require to apply integration by parts
more than once in the same question

Solution: Since polynomial function uv − ∫ vdu

∫ cos xdx
2
2 comes first in LO-P-E-T, x
let u x= , dv cos x dx
then we choose 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
= x 2 sin x − 2 ∫ x sin x dx
∫ cos x dx
2
u x= dv
= x 2 sin x − 2  x ( − cos x ) − ∫ ( − cos x ) dx 
du 2=
x dx v sin x
= x 2 sin x − 2  − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx 
∫x = uv − ∫ vdu
2
cos xdx  
= x sin x − ∫ sin x ( 2 x ) dx
2 = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 ∫ cos x dx

= x sin x − 2 ∫ x sin x dx
2 = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2sin x + C

Remark:
In the second integration by parts, if you
=u x=dv ∫ sin x dx choose 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 and 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅, then the
integration by parts will fail.
( why ? Try this as an exercise)
du = dx v = − cos x
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
 1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Example 8: Evaluate ∫ x 2 cos xdx

Solution:
Alternatively, by tabular method
Sign Differentiate (𝒖𝒖) Integrate (𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
+ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
- 2𝑥𝑥 S3
−2𝑥𝑥 × −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Adding the product of
+ 2 −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
these entries to
−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 × −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 obtain the solution
- 0

STOP differentiate when we getting

∴ ∫ x 2 cos xdx = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2sin x + C
zero

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 20

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS (Repeated Integration by Parts)
Example 9:
Which one
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 comes first ? 1 1 2𝑥𝑥 1
Exponential or = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 4 4
Trigonometric
𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 in LIATE
1 1 1 2𝑥𝑥 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 4 4

Bring to the left side and add them

� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − � 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 1 1 2𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥
1 1 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥
� 𝑒𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 −sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 2 4
2 2
Use u substitution
1 2𝑥𝑥 1 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙, 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 2 4 4 2𝑥𝑥
= 𝑒𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅, 𝒗𝒗 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 10 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥
2 2 𝟐𝟐
20

1 2𝑥𝑥 1 1 1 2 2𝑥𝑥 1
= 𝑒𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑥 + [ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑] � 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
2 2 2 2 5 5

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 23

1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS

Example 9: Evaluate ∫ cos xdx

2x
e

Solution:
Alternatively, by tabular method
∫ ∫ cos x dx
2x 2x 2x 2x
e cos xdx =e sin x + 2e cos x − 4 e
Sign Differentiate Integrate
(𝒖𝒖) (𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
+ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ⇒ ∫ e 2 x cos xdx + 4 ∫ e 2 x cos x dx =
e 2 x sin x + 2e 2 x cos x
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
- 2𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
5∫ e 2 x cos xdx =e 2 x sin x + 2e 2 x cos x + C
−2𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 × −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
+ 4𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 2x
∫ e2x
cos xdx =
5
( e sin x + 2 e 2x
cos x + C )

STOP differentiate and integrate until

we get product of 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 and 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 23
1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS (Definite Integral)
𝑏𝑏
 A definite integral is an integral ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 with upper Example 10:
(b) and lower (a) limits. 1
Solve ∫0 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If 𝑥𝑥 is restricted to lie on the real line, the definite
integral is known as a Reimann integral.
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The definite integral for integration by parts is simply 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

1 1

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 |10 − � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢|𝑎𝑎 − ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 0

= [𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ]10 −[𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ]10

= [ 1 𝑒𝑒 1 − (0)𝑒𝑒 0 ] − [𝑒𝑒 1 − 𝑒𝑒 0 ]

= 1

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 25

 1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS (Definite Integral)
π
2
Example 11: Evaluate ∫ x 2 sin x dx π
0 2

∫ sin x dx
2
Solution: x
Since polynomial function
0
let u 2
, dv sin x dx
x= comes first in LO-P-E-T,
then we choose 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 π
π 2
∫ sin x dx
2
u x= dv
1
− x cos x| 2 + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
= 2
0
du = 2 x dx v = − cos x 0
π
π
2
π
 2

π
∫ sin x dx= uv − ∫ vdu  
2
x
0 − x 2 cos x| 2 + 2  x sin x 02 − ∫ sin x dx 
=
0
π
π
2  0

=− x cos x| − ∫ ( − cos x )( 2 x ) dx
2 2
π
0 π π
 − x cos x  2 + 2 [ x sin x ]02 + 2 [ cos x ]02
2
0
π =
0
π 2
− x cos x| 2 + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
= 2
0
0 NOTE:

2
=u x=dv ∫ cos x dx we are require to apply integration by parts
=du dx
= v sin x more than once in the same question
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
1.1 INTEGRATIONS BY PARTS (Definite Integral)
π
2
Example 11: Evaluate
∫ sin x dx
2
x
0
Solution:
π
2 π π π

∫x
2
 − x cos x  2 + 2 [ x sin x ]02 + 2 [ cos x ]02
sin x dx = 2
0
0

 π  2 π    π   π    π  
=  −  cos   − 0  + 2   sin   − 0  + 2 cos   − cos ( 0 ) 
 2   2    2   2    2 
π 
= 0 + 2  − 2
2
= π −2

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 27

 TUTORIAL 1.1

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 28

References:
1. James stewart, Daniel K.Clegg, Saleem Watson. Calculus, Metric Edition, 9th
edition. Cengage Learning Australia. (2021).
2. Aishah Ismail, Nor Azmi Mohd Nor. Calculus 2 for Engineer (MAT 235). FSKM Uitm
Terengganu.
3. Hasfazilah Ahmad, Peridah Bahar, Noor Aina Abd. Razak, Rafizah Kechil, Siti Balqis
Mahlan.Calculus 2 for Engineer (MAT 235). FSKM Uitm Pulau Pinang. 2015.

DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 29