Page 1 of 12 | FAR Handouts No.

03

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

Cash & Cash Equivalents Composition & Other Topics

Cash
Definition

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Cash includes money and any other negotiable instrument that is payable in money and acceptable by the bank for
deposit and immediate credit.

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Recognition
Since there is no specific standard governing cash and cash equivalents, the related standard is ". The only
guidance is found in PAS 1, paragraph 66, which provides that "an entity shall classify an asset as current when it is

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cash or a cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve
months after the end of reporting period." In conclusion, to report an item as part of cash, it should be
UNRESTRICTED IN USE.

Measurement
Item
Cash in local currency
Cash in foreign currency
R Measurement
at face value
at face value but translated to Philippine Peso
using closing rate at year-end
PA
Cash in closed bank or banks in bankruptcy estimated realizable value
Composition
To properly understand the composition of cash, we will group its parts into three (3): cash on hand, cash in bank
and cash fund.

Part of
C

Category Items Classification

cash?
Coins and
✔
currencies
Normal customer's
EO

✔
checks
Cashiers',
Managers' & ✔
Travelers' check
drawn by the entity ✔ revert to payable
Cash on Checks Undelivered &
drawn by another person
R

Hand Post-dated checks x receivable

or entity
revert to payable /
drawn by the entity ✔
other income
Stale checks
drawn by another person
x receivable
or entity
Money order ✔
Other instruments
Bank drafts ✔

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KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

(Non-interest
Demand deposit ✔
bearing)
Savings deposit (Interest bearing) ✔
Escrow deposit (Interest bearing) x long-term investment
Time deposit (Interest bearing) x cash equivalent
unrestricted/informal * if
✔
silent
restriction is more
Compensating than 12 months -

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Cash in balance long-term investments
restricted/formal x
bank restriction is 12
months or less - short-

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term investments
General rule & if
x current liability
silent

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exceptions: (a) 2 or
offset from other bank
Bank overdraft more accounts with
accounts
the same bank (✔)
offset from other cash
(b) immaterial

for asset acquisition

current asset
non-current asset
R Examples: change fund;
✔
X
accounts

long-term investment
PA
for use in payroll fund, revolving
✔
operations fund, petty cash fund;
travel fund
Cash fund
Examples: interest fund;
current liability ✔
dividend fund; tax fund
C

for settlement of Examples: pension fund;

liabilities contingent fund;
non-current liability x long-term investment
insurance fund; bond
sinking fund
EO

Accounting for Petty Cash Fund

Petty cash fund is money set aside to defray relatively small amount of cash disbursements. Petty cash fund may
be accounted for using the following methods:
(a) Imprest fund system (b) Fluctuating fund system
R

Summary of journal entries

Imprest Fund System Fluctuating Fund System
A. Establishment Petty cash fund xx Petty cash fund xx
Cash in bank xx Cash in bank xx
B. Payment of expense Memo entry only Expenses xx
Petty cash fund xx
C. Replenishment Expenses xx Petty cash fund xx
Cash in bank xx Cash in bank xx
D. A.E for unreplenished fund Expenses xx No entry

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KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Expenses xx
E. Increase in the fund Petty cash fund xx Petty cash fund xx
Cash in bank xx Cash in bank xx
F. Decrease in the fund Cash in bank xx Cash in bank xx
Petty cash fund xx Petty cash fund xx
Other Topics
Fraudulent activities in cash
(a) Lapping - consists of misappropriating a collection from one customer and concealing this defalcation when
collection is made from another customer.
(b) Window dressing - is a practice of opening the books of accounts beyond the close of the accounting period for the
purpose of showing a better financial position and performance. Window dressing is usually perpetrated as follows:

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(1) By recording as of the last day of the accounting period collections made subsequent to the close of the period.
(2) By recording as of the last day of the accounting period payments of accounts made subsequent to the close of
the period.

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(c) Kiting - is a transfer of cash from one bank to another bank. Kiting is usually employed at the end of the month.
Kiting occurs when a check is drawn against a first bank and depositing the same check in a second bank to cover
the shortage in the latter bank.

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Accounting for cash shortage and overage
Summary of journal entries
Cash Shortage Cash Overage
A. Upon discovery Cash short / over xx Cash on hand xx

B. Upon investigation
(cashier is accountable)
C. Upon investigation
(cannot trace anymore)
Cash on hand
Due from cashier R xx
Cash short / over xx
Loss from shortage xx
Cash short / over xx
xx Cash short / over
Cash short / over
Due to cashier
Cash short / over
Other income
xx

xx
xx

xx

xx
PA
Cash Equivalents
Definition
PAS 7, paragraph 6, defines cash equivalents as short-term and highly liquid investments that are readily
convertible into cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of
changes in interest rates.
C

Recognition
Only debt instruments acquired within 3 months or less before their maturity date can qualify as cash equivalents.
EO

Note: Equity securities cannot qualify as cash equivalents since they do not have maturity date, except redeemable
preference shares (with mandatory redemption) that are acquired 3 months before their redemption date can qualify
as cash equivalents.

Composition
Examples of cash equivalents are:
R

(a) Time deposit

(b) Money market instrument or commercial paper
(c) Treasury bills

NOTE:
(1) If an item cannot be included as cash equivalent because it did not qualify the cut-off time period, it will be
classified as investments, short-term or long-term, depending on the period up to maturity.
(2) If the problem is silent with regards to the above items (a-c), they are classified as cash equivalents.

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KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Bank Reconciliation
Definition
A bank reconciliation is a statement which brings into agreement the cash balance per book and cash balance per
bank. It is usually prepared monthly because the bank provides the depositor with the bank statement at the end of
every month.

The source document for bank reconciliation is the bank statement coming from the bank.

A bank statement is a monthly report of the bank to the depositor showing the cash balance per bank at the
beginning, the deposits acknowledged, the checks paid, other charges and credits and the daily cash balance per
bank during the month. Actually, the bank statement is an exact copy of the depositor's ledger in the records of the

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bank.

Forms of bank reconciliation

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1. Adjusted balance method - Under this method, the book balance and the bank balance are brought to a
correct cash balance that must appear on the balance sheet.
2. Book to bank method - Under this method, the book balance is reconciled with the bank balance or the book

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balance is adjusted to equal the bank balance.
3. Bank to book method - Under this method, the bank balance is reconciled with the book balance or the bank
balance is adjusted to equal the book balance.
NOTE: The above methods are not independent methods, they are inter-related. For a simpler computation, the
suggested solution format below is based on the adjusted balance method.

Unadjusted balance per book/ledger

Add: Credit Memos
xx
xx
R
Solution guide for bank reconciliation
Unadjusted balance per bank
Add: Deposit in transit
xx
xx
PA
Less: Debit Memos (xx) Less: Outstanding checks (xx)
+/- Errors xx +/- Errors xx
(xx) (xx)
Adjusted balance xx Adjusted balance xx
Note: Errors are to be added or deducted by the party who committed the error based on its nature. The following is
a guide on the treatment of the errors.
C

Treatment
Nature of the error Understatement Overstatement
Error on receipt (collection) Added Deducted
Error on disbursement (payment) Deducted Added
EO

Based on the guide above, we can say the receipts or collections directly affect cash while disbursements or
payments inversely affect cash.

Proof of cash
A proof of cash is an expanded reconciliation in that it includes proof of receipts and disbursements. This approach
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may be useful in discovering possible discrepancies in handling cash particularly when cash receipts have been
recorded but have not been deposited.

In answering proof of cash, always bear in mind that it is just expanded bank reconciliation. You need the concept
you absorbed from the previous topic in answering this topics questions. Follow these basis steps in answering
proof of cash questions.
Step 1: Analyze the beginning and ending column of the format as if it is bank reconciliation.
Step 2: Analyze the middle columns based on the nature of the item.

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KARIM G. ABITAGO, CPA

CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Solution guide for proof of cash

Per Book:
Current Month
Prior Month (PM) Receipts Disbursements (CM)
Unadjusted balances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Credit Memos:
PM XXX (XXX)
CM XXX XXX
Debit Memos

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PM (XXX) (XXX)
CM XXX (XXX)
Errors:
Under Receipt:

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PM XXX (XXX)
CM XXX XXX
Over Receipt:

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PM (XXX) (XXX)
CM (XXX) (XXX)
Under Disbursement:
PM (XXX) (XXX)
CM XXX (XXX)
Over Disbursement:
PM
CM
Adjusted Balances
XXX

XXX
R (XXX)

XXX
(XXX)
XXX
XXX
XXX
PA
Per Bank:
Current Month
Prior Month (PM) Receipts Disbursements (CM)
Unadjusted balances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Deposit in Transit:
C

PM XXX (XXX)
CM XXX XXX
Outstanding Checks:
PM (XXX) (XXX)
EO

CM XXX (XXX)
Errors:
Under Receipt:
PM XXX (XXX)
CM XXX XXX
Over Receipt:
PM (XXX) (XXX)
R

CM (XXX) (XXX)
Under Disbursement:
PM (XXX) (XXX)
CM XXX (XXX)
Over Disbursement:
PM XXX (XXX)
CM (XXX) XXX
Adjusted Balances XXX XXX XXX XXX

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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Solution guide to Special Cases on Proof of Cash:

(1) Errors of the PM not yet corrected in the current month (adjusted to either bank side or book side depending on
who committed the error:
Current Month
Prior Month (PM) Receipts Disbursements (CM)
Unadjusted balances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Over Receipt (XXX) (XXX)
Under Receipt XXX XXX
Over Disbursement XXX XXX
Under Disbursement (XXX) (XXX)

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(2) NSF checks returned in the current month and redeposited in the current month. This is an adjustment on the
bank side only.
NSF Checks (XXX) (XXX)

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What if the current month’s deposit in transit and outstanding checks were not given by the problem, how can we
determine them to answer a bank reconciliation question or a proof of cash question? Please follow the solution

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guide below in computing them.

Solution guide in computing deposits in transit:

Deposit in transit, beginning xx
Add: Deposit made by the company this month xx
Total deposit to be acknowledged by the bank
Less: Deposit acknowledged by the bank this month
Deposit in transit, end
R xx
xx
xx
PA
Computation of the deposits made by the company and the deposits acknowledge by the bank:
Book receipts (debits) xx Bank receipts (credits) xx
Less: Less:
Credit memos last month xx Credit memos this month xx
Book errors last month Bank errors last month
corrected this month: corrected this month:
C

Understatement of CR xx Understatement of CR xx
Overstatement of CD xx Overstatement of CD xx
Book errors this month: Book errors this month:
Overstatement of CR xx Overstatement of CR xx
Add: Understatement of CR xx Add: Understatement of CR xx
EO

Deposits made by the company xx Deposits acknowledged by the bank xx

Solution guide in computing outstanding checks:

Outstanding checks, beginning xx
Add: Checks issued by the company this month xx
Total checks to be paid by the bank xx
R

Less: Checks paid by the bank this month xx

Outstanding checks, end xx

Computation of the checks issued by the company and the checks paid by the bank:
Book disbursements (credits) xx Bank disbursements (debits) xx
Less: Less:
Debit memos last month xx Debit memos this month xx
Book errors last month Bank errors last month
corrected this month: corrected this month:

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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Overstatement of CR xx Overstatement of CR xx
Understatement of CD xx Understatement of CD xx
Book errors this month: Bank errors this month:
Overstatement of CD xx Overstatement of CD xx
Add: Understatement of CD xx Add: Understatement of CD xx
Checks issued by the company xx Checks paid by the bank xx

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R
PA
C
EO
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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

DISCUSSION EXERCISES

STRAIGHT PROBLEMS
1. At December 31, 2021, SACRED WARRIOR CORP. reported the following as composition of its Cash and Cash
Equivalents line item in its Statement of Financial Position:
Cash on hand P300,000
Cash in bank – URSA BANK 400,000
Cash in bank – MOGUL BANK (30,000)
Manager’s check 50,000
Time deposit – URSA BANK 2,000,000
Postage stamps 10,000

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Escrow deposit 100,000
Demand deposit – VOID BANK 300,000
Payroll account – VOID BANK 500,000

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Treasury note 50,000
Treasury shares 90,000
Treasury bills purchased 12/25/2021 maturing 4/1/2022 120,000

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Cash in bank – DOTA BANK 300,000
Cash in bank – MOBA BANK 150,000
Money market placement due 6/2/2022 100,000
Money market placement due 2/5/2022 80,000
Revolving fund 40,000
Contingency fund
Payroll fund
Dividend fund
Fund for acquisition of PPE
R 30,000
100,000
40,000
200,000
PA
Unused credit line 100,000
Post-dated check, customer 60,000
lOUs from employees 90,000
Foreign bank account - unrestricted (in equivalent pesos) 200,000
Petty cash fund 50,000
Traveler's check 200,000
C

Additional information:
(a) Accounts payable of P16,400 was paid in January 2022. The payments on which a P1,400 cash discount has
been taken were recorded on cash on hand in the December 31, 2021.
(b) Drawn against cash in URSA bank were check amounting to P40,000 dated December 26, 2021 still on one
of the drawer of the accountant in the treasury department.
EO

(c) Demand deposit to VOID bank is restricted for the company’s plant expansion next year.
(d) Cash in bank in DOTA BANK includes an informal compensating balance of P40,000 for long-term borrowing
arrangement.
(e) Cash in bank in MOBA BANK includes restricted compensating balance of P50,000 for short-term borrowing
arrangement.
(f) The petty cash fund included unreplenished December 2021 petty cash expense vouchers for P15,000.
R

REQUIREMENT(S): (1) Determine the amount of cash for the year ended 2021. (2) How much is to be reported as
Cash and Cash equivalents in the Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2021?

2. The following information was provided by RAIGOR INC. in preparing its current month’s bank reconciliation:
Balance per bank statement 9/30/2021 2,000,000
Outstanding checks (with certified check of P100,000) 400,000
Deposit placed in the bank's night depository on September 30 600,000
Bank service charge 10,000
Proceeds of bank loan not recorded by RAIGOR 100,000

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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

Customer’s check charged by the bank due to lack of counter signature 20,000
Amount erroneously credited by bank to RAIGOR's account 50,000
A supplier check for P10,000 was incorrectly recorded by RAIGOR as 100,000
Notes collected by the bank for RAIGOR 150,000
A customer check for P150,000 was incorrectly recorder by RAIGOR as 15,000
NSF checks not recorded on books nor redeposited 25,000
Check of RIGID CORP. charged by the bank to RAIGOR INC. 60,000
Deposit of RAIGOR INC. credited by the bank to RAIGEE INC. 100,000
Check issued by RAIGOR INC. charged by the bank to RAINOR CORP. 40,000
REQUIREMENT(S): (1) How much is the adjusted cash in bank balance for the month of September? (2) What is
the unadjusted balance per book at the end of September?

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3. MOGUL CORP. provided the following bank reconciliation on August 31:

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Balance per bank statement P1,500,000
Deposits outstanding 300,000
Checks outstanding (180,000)

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Errors 70,000
Adjusted cash balance P1,690,000
Balance per ledger P1,575,000
Credit Memos 250,000
NSF Checks not recorded nor redeposited
Bank service charge
Errors
Adjusted cash balance
Other Information pertaining to August:
R (90,000)
(5,000)
(40,000)
P1,690,000
PA
• Book errors comprised an over-recording of customer check of P100,000 and over-recording of disbursement
of P60,000.
• Bank error was actually an erroneous debit in the account of the company.
The following are data pertaining to September:
Receipts per ledger 1,600,000
Disbursements per ledger 700,000
C

Credit Memos 150,000

NSF Checks redeposited immediately 50,000
NSF Checks not recorded nor redeposited 40,000
Outstanding Checks 100,000
EO

Deposit in Transit 280,000

Bank Service Charges 10,000
Error in recording customer check amounting to P100,000 as 10,000
Deposit of MOGAL CORP. credited to company’s account 110,000
Check issued by MOGUL charged by the bank to MIGUL 60,000
Customer check amounting to 15,000 recorded by MOGUL as 150,000
Erroneous charge by the bank to MOGUL’s account amounting to 40,000
R

REQUIREMENT(S): Compute for the following:

(a) Adjusted cash in bank balance at the end of August
(b) Adjusted cash receipts of September
(c) Adjusted cash disbursements of September
(d) Adjusted cash in bank balance at the end of September
(e) Unadjusted balance per bank statement for September
(f) Unadjusted bank receipts of September
(g) Unadjusted bank disbusements of September

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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

4. The following information was available for the current month’s cash in bank balance of BALANAR CORP:
Book debits in March P550,000
Bank credits in March 600,000
Book credits in March 250,000
Bank debits in March 300,000
Interest income on deposits in February recorded on March 10,000
Collection of note receivable by the bank of February recorded on March 150,000
Interest income on deposits for March 12,000
Note receivable collected on March 100,000
Bank service charge – February 20,000
Bank service charge – March 25,000

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Deposit in transit – February 120,000
Outstanding checks – February 100,000
Summary of Errors

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Overstatement on book receipts – February 15,000
Overstatement on book receipts – March 20,000
Customer check for P50,000 recorded by BALANAR on February as 5,000

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Customer check for P100,000 recorded by BALANAR on March as 10,000
Overstatement on book disbursements – February 30,000
Overstatement on book disbursements – March 25,000
Supplier check for P150,000 recorded by BALANAR on February as 15,000
Supplier check for P90,000 recorded by BALANAR on March as 20,000
Overstatement on bank receipts – February
Overstatement on bank receipts – March
R 30,000
40,000
REQUIREMENT(S): (1) Compute the deposit in transit for the month of March. (2) Compute the outstanding checks
for the month of March.
PA
MULTIPLE CHOICE (THEORIES)
1. S1: The basic requirement for cash and cash equivalent is for it to be restricted for use.
S2: Money which is not legal tender can be part of cash.
A. True, false C. False, false
B. False, true D. True, true
C

2. At the end of the current year, an entity had various checks and papers in the safe. Which of the following should
not be included in "cash" in the current year-end statement of financial position?
A. US $20,000 cash.
B. Past due promissory note issued in favor of the entity by the President.
EO

C. The entity's undelivered check payable to a supplier dated December 31 of the current year.
D. Another entity's P150,000 check payable to the entity dated December 15 of the current year.

3. Which of the following is not a cash item?

I. Demand deposit
II. Customer post-dated checks
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III. Time deposit

A. I and II D. I, II and III
B. II and III E. Answer not given
C. I and III

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CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS

4. In relation to cash equivalents, determine whether the following statements are true or false:
S1: Redeemable preference shares can never be part of cash equivalents since they are equity instruments.
S2: If a debt instrument cannot be included as cash equivalent because it is acquired 4 months before its maturity
date, it is still part of the current assets of the company.
S3: Cash equivalents should be measured at maturity value, meaning face value plus interest.
A. True, false, false D. False, true, true
B. False, true, false E. Answer not given
C. True, true, false

5. In replenishing a petty cash fund, which one of the following entries required?

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A. Debit Petty Cash, credit Cash in bank
B. Debit individual expense accounts, credit Cash in bank
C. Debit Petty Cash, credit individual expense accounts

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D. Debit Cash in bank, credit Petty Cash

6. In relation to cash and cash equivalent, which of the following statements are true or false?

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I. Checks are always presented as part of cash.
II. Checks drawn which are post-dated should be reverted back to cash even if the checks are already delivered
to the payees.
III. An entity acquires an investment in debt securities on November 30, 20x1: The debt securities mature on
January 31, 20x2. The debt securities qualify to be presented as part of cash equivalents on the entity's 20x1

IV.
financial statements.
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A compensating balance that is legally restricted as to withdrawal cannot be included as part of cash and
cash equivalents but can be presented as current asset.
A. B. C. D.
PA
Statement I False True False False
Statement II False True True True
Statement III True True True True
Statement IV True False True False

7. Which of the following may be used to compute for the adjusted balance of cash?
C

A. Balance per bank statement + Deposits in transit – Outstanding checks - Erroneous credit to the account
made by the bank
B. Balance per bank statement + Deposits in transit – Outstanding checks + Erroneous credit to the account
made by the bank
Balance per bank statement + Deposits in transit – Outstanding checks - Erroneous debit to the account
EO

C.
made by the bank
D. Balance per bank statement + Deposits in transit – Outstanding checks, net of certified checks Erroneous
credit to the account made by the bank

8. Which of the following statements in relation to bank reconciliation is true?

A. The cash amount reported in the statement of financial position must be the balance reported in the bank
R

statement.
B. Credit memos will cause the cash balance per ledger to be higher than that reported by the bank, all other
things being equal.
C. Bank service charge will cause the cash balance per ledger to be higher than that reported by the bank, all
other things being equal.
D. Outstanding checks will cause the cash balance per ledger to be greater than the balance reported by the
bank, all other things being equal.

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9. The adjusting entries for a bank reconciliation

A. Are taken from the "balance per bank" section only.
B. May include a debit to office expense for bank service charge.
C. May include a debit to accounts payable for an NSF customer check.
D. May include a credit to accounts receivable for an NSF customer check.

10. When preparing a proof of cash, a credit memo from the previous month is
A. extended to the book receipts column as an addition
B. extended to the bank receipts column as an addition
C. extended to the book receipts column as a deduction
D. not extended in any of the book columns

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--- END OF HANDOUTS ---

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PA
C
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