2/7/2021 Hydraulic Turbines and Hydro Machines Study Notes for Mechanical Engineering : ESE & GATE ME
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Hydraulic Turbines and Hydro Machines Study Notes for
Mechanical Engineering
Akhil Gupta
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Hydraulic Turbines and Hydro Machines is the section of Fluid Mechanics which deals with
topics such as Turbines, pumps and their working. This section includes all the aspects
regarding application of uid mechanics in the real world.
Hydraulic Machines
The device which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or vice versa is
known as Hydraulic Machines.
The hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are
known as Turbines and that convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy is known
as Pumps.
In a Hydroelectric plant as shown above:
A Dam constructed across a river or a channel to store water. The reservoir is also
known as Head race.
Pipes of large diameter called Penstock which carry water under pressure from the
storage reservoir to the turbines. These pipes are usually made of steel or reinforced
concrete.
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2/7/2021 Hydraulic Turbines and Hydro Machines Study Notes for Mechanical Engineering : ESE & GATE ME
Turbines having different types of vanes or buckets or blades mounted on a wheel
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called a runner.
Tail-race which is a channel carrying water away from the turbine after the water has
worked on the turbines. The water surface in the tail-race is also referred to as tail-
race.
Important Terms
Gross Head (Hg ): It is the vertical difference between headrace and tailrace.
Net Head (Hnet): Net head or effective head is the actual head available at the inlet of
the to work on the turbine.
Hnet = Hg - hL
Where hL is the total head loss during the transit of water from the headrace to tailrace
which is mainly head loss due to friction and is given by:
Where f' is the coef cient of friction of penstock depending on the type of material of
penstock L is the total length of penstock V is the mean ow velocity of water through
the penstock D is the diameter of penstock and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Thus:
Types of Ef ciencies:
Depending on the considerations of input and output, the ef ciencies can be classi ed as:
Hydraulic Ef ciency(ηh)
It is the ratio of the power developed by the runner of a turbine to the power
supplied at the inlet Inlet of the turbine of a turbine.
Since the power supplied is hydraulic, and the probable loss is between the
striking jet and vane it is rightly called hydraulic ef ciency.
If R.P. is the Runner Power and W.P. is the Water Power:
Mechanical Ef ciency(ηm)
It is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power developed by the
runner of a turbine.
This depends on the slips and other mechanical problems that will create a loss
of energy between the runner in the annular area between the nozzle and spear
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The amount of water reduces as the spear is pushed forward and vice -versa and
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shaft which is purely mechanical and hence mechanical ef ciency.
If S.P . is the Shaft Power:
Overall Ef ciency(ηo):
It is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power supplied to the inlet
of a turbine.
As this covers overall problems of losses in energy, it is known as overall
ef ciency.
This depends on both the hydraulic losses and the slips and other mechanical
problems that will create a loss of energy between the jet power supplied and the
power generated at the shaft available for coupling of the generator.
Volumetric Ef ciency
Classi cation of Turbines
The hydraulic turbines can be classi ed based on the type of energy at the inlet, the
direction of ow through the vanes, head available at the inlet, discharge through the
vanes and speci c speed.
They are classi ed as:
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Pelton Turbine:
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Pelton wheel turbine is an example of impulse turbine. In this type of turbine
nozzle is connected at the exit of penstock which converts the available energy
head into velocity head.
Where:
u= wheel velocity
V= Jet velocity
Vr= relative velocity
Vw=whirl velocity
φ=Angle by relative velocity at outlet and β= Guide blade angle at outlet
u1=u2=u=2πN/60 where N= no. of rotation of wheel
Tangential ow impulse turbine:Basic components:
(1). Nozzle (2). Runner and buckets (3). Casing (4). Breaking Jet
Hydraulic ef ciency is given by:
ηh
Point to Remember:-
The velocity of jet: V1=CV×√(2gH) where CV=0.98 to 0.99 and called coef cient of
velocity.
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The velocity of wheel: u=φ √(2gH) where φ = Speed ratio (u/V1) (0.43 to 0.48)
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The velocity of wheel u= πDN (rps)
Jet ratio: m=D/d (ratio of pitch diameter to jet diameter and usually 12 in most cases).
Number of bucket Z= 15+(D/2d) = 15+0.5 m
Number of jets = total ow rate/ Rate of ow by single jet.
Radial Flow Reaction Turbine:
In this type of turbine the water strikes the runner, it has both kinetic energy head and
pressure energy head. Due to KE head, impulse will generate, which is similar as in
case of impulse turbine.
Impulse: kinetic head
Reaction: Pressure head
Let B1, B2 = width of runner at inlet and outlet
Area of ow at inlet: A1 = πD1B1
Area of ow at inlet: A2 = πD2B2
If vane thickness is taken into consideration:
Net Area of ow = [πD1 – nt] · B1 = kπD1B1
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K is factor for net area and n is the number of vanes.
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Francis turbine:
Francis turbine is an inward ow reaction turbine.
To maximize runner power, V2 should be minimum. It can be done by converting
absolute velocity direction into radial direction to the runner at exit.
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Degree of Reaction (R):
............ (1)
Thus, degree of reaction for the Pelton turbine is zero.
(ii). For Francis turbine:
Axial ow Reaction turbine:
Kaplan and propeller turbines are the example of axial ow reaction turbine.
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Draft Tube:
A draft tube is a pipe of a gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the
runner to the tailrace and is used to discharge water from the turbine exit to the tail-
race.
One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner while the other end is
submerged below the level of water in the tail-race.
Functions:
It permits a negative head to be established to be established at the outlet of the
runner and thereby increasing the NET HEAD on the turbine.
It converts a large proportion of kinetic energy which was being rejected at the outlet if
the turbine into useful pressure energy.
Draft tube ef ciency is given by:
Speci c Speed:
The speci c speed value for a turbine is the speed of a geometrically
similar turbine which would produce unit power (one kilowatt) under unit head (one
meter).
The speci c speed of a turbine is given by the manufacturer (along with other ratings)
and will always refer to the point of maximum ef ciency.
Speci c Speed is not a dimensionless number. It dimension [M1/2L-1/4T-5/2].
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Centrifugal Pumps
A pump is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy or pressure energy.
A centrifugal pump is also known as a Rotodynamic pump or dynamic pressure pump.
It works on the principle of centrifugal force.
In this type of pump, the liquid is subjected to whirling motion by the rotating impeller
which is made of a number of backwards curved vanes.
Classi cation of Centrifugal Pumps:
S.No. Classi cation Criteria Types of Pumps
Volute pump
1 Casing design
Diffuser or turbine pump
Single stage pump
2 Number of impellers
Multistage or Multi impeller pump
Number of entrances Single suction pump
3
to the Impeller Double suction pump
Vertical shaft pump
4 Disposition of shaft
Horizontal shaft pump
5 Liquid handled
Semi open impeller
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Open impeller pump
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Low speci c speed or radial ow impeller
pump Shrouded impeller
Medium speci c speed or mixed ow
6 Speci c speed
impeller pump
High speci c speed or axial ow type or
propeller pump
Low head: H< 40 m
7 Head (H) Medium head: 15<H<40 m
High head: H>40 m
Heads on a centrifugal pump:
Suction head (hs)
It is the vertical distance between the liquid level in the sump and the centre line
of the pump.
It is expressed as meters.
Delivery head (hd)
It is the vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the liquid level
in the overhead tank or the supply point.
It is expressed in meters.
Static head (Hs)
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It is the vertical difference between the liquid levels In the overhead tank and the
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sump when the pump is not working.
It is expressed as meters.
Therefore: Hs= (hs+ hd)
Friction head (hf)
It is the sum of the head loss due to the friction in the suction and delivery pipes.
The friction loss in both the pipes is calculated using the Darcy‟s equation.
Total head (H)
It is the sum of the static head Hs, friction head (hf) and the velocity head in the
delivery pipe (V2d /2g). Where, Vd=velocity in the delivery pipe.
Manometric head(Hm)
It is the total head developed by the pump.
This head is slightly less than the head generated by the impeller due to some
losses in the pump.
Power of pump:
(i). Power requirement of pump = shaft power (SP)
(ii). Impeller power (IP) = SP – (mechanical frictional losses)
(iii). Manometric power or output power (MP)= ρQgHm
Ef ciencies:
(i). Manometric ef ciency (ηm):
(ii). Mechanical Ef ciency:
(iii). Overall ef ciency: It is de ned as ratio of power output of the pump to the power
input to the pump. The power output of the pump in kW:
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(iv). Volumetric Ef ciency:
Speci c speed of pump:
Non-dimensional form of speci c speed ⇒ It is called the Shape number of pump.
Model Testing of pumps:
Priming of centrifugal Pump:
Priming of a centrifugal pump is de ned as the operation in which the suction pipe,
casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe up to the delivery valve is
completely lled up from outside source with the liquid to be raised by the pump
before starting the pump.Thus, the air from these parts of the pump is removed and
these parts are lled with the liquid to be pumped.
Minimum starting speed of pump:
Cavitation:
(i). Cavitation is de ned as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a
owing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour
pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher
pressure.
(ii). Cavitation results in decrease in turbine ef ciency, pitting action, noise and
vibration.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH):
(i). The net head developed at the suction port of the pump, in excess of the head due
to the vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature in the pump.
(ii). NPSH must be positive for preventing the liquid from boiling. Boiling or cavitation
may damage the pump.
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where, Pv is the vapor–pressure of the liquid. If the pump is placed at a height 'z' above
the free surface of a liquid where the atmosphere pressure is P.
Multistaging of Pumps:
(i). Pumps in series:The series connection of the pumps is used to increase the total
head delivered by the pump.
Q = constant
(ii). Pumps in Parallel:The parallel connection of the pumps is used to increase the
total head delivered by the pump.
Hm = constant
Reciprocating pumps:
In the reciprocating pumps the mechanical energy is converted to hydraulic energy (or
pressure energy) by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is reciprocating
(moving backwards and forward) which exerts the thrust on the uid and increases
the pressure energy.
Discharge (Q) is given by:
(i).For Single acting pumps:
(ii). For double acting pumps:
Slip in Reciprocating pumps:
Power in reciprocating pumps:
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Chirag Shah Aug 16, 2019
If any student wants study material to crack exams like SSC JE, RRB JE, GATE, PSU EXAMS...Read
LIKE More
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Sachin gupta Sep 26, 2019
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2/7/2021 Hydraulic Turbines and Hydro Machines Study Notes for Mechanical Engineering : ESE & GATE ME
Velocity diagram is wrong....Plzz given the right solution.
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Abhimanyu Varpe Nov 28, 2019
Sri please provide this pdf.... please sir...
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Suman Dey Jan 20, 2020
Too much zoom.
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Chandan Singh May 16, 2020
thank you very muvh sir for providing notes
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Govinda Saini Jun 26, 2020
Good topic and easy language
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Vijay Chollangi Aug 4, 2020
Thank you sir🧑🙂
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Sateesh Kumar Aug 29, 2020
Sir Please send me entire gate material to my mail [email protected]
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Madhav Yadav Oct 6, 2020
Pls send me pdf sir
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Farheen Qureshi Dec 8, 2020
your notes not rotate in landscape mode and it doesn't see properly.
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