Chapter 1 Outline Basics Of Networking

1. IP Addresses
2. Network connection
3. Printer connection
4. File sharing
5. Cable Types (Cats)
6. Topology
7. LAN Design (Lab 1)

Cables
Cables are different in two ways which are:
a. Thickness
b. Speed
Why do we need cables? We need cables because we need to connect:
I. Same devices and
II. Different devices.

1. Same Devices ( Cross-Cable)

No. A B
1. White orange White Green
2. Orange Green
3. White Green White Orange
4. Blue Blue
5. White Blue White Blue
6. Green Orange
7. White Brown White Brown
8. Brown Brown

Same devices use Cross Cable for connecting:

 PC – PC
 Laptop – Laptop
 Switch – Switch
 Router - Router

2. Different Devices (Straight Cable)

No. A B
1. White orange White orange
2. Orange Orange
3. White Green White Green
4. Blue Blue
 5. White Blue White Blue
6. Green Green
7. White Brown White Brown
8. Brown Brown
Cable Type Cat 3 Cat5 Cat 5e Cat6 Cat6e Cat7
Max. Data 10Mpbs 10/100/ 10/100/1000Mpbs 10/100/1000 10000 10,000 Mpbs
Transmission Mpbs Mpbs
Max. Bandwidth 16Mhz 50MHZ 100Mhz 250Mhz 500Mhz 600Mhz

Per/100Meter Older 100 Mbps /100m 1 Gbps/100m. 10Gbps 10 10Gbps/100m

/100m. Gbps (40Gbps at
/100m. 50m/100Gbps
at 15m).

Different devices use Straight Cable for connecting:

 PC – Laptop
 Laptop – P
 Switch – Router
 Router – Switch
 PC – Printer
 Server - Switch
IP Addresses

IP Version 4 IP Version 6
IP Version 4
Characteristics of IP Version 4 are:
 32 bpts (bits)
 4 octet (God)
 8 bpts.
128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1 = 255
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 = 8
For example 192.168.1.1 will be like:
 128.64.32.16.8.4.2.1 - 255
1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0 = 192
1.0.1.0.1.0.0.0 = 168
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1 = 1
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1 = 1

IP Version 4

Public IP Address Private IP Address

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Public IP addresses are unique while Private IP Addresses are common. This means, every
Public IP address is different any other Public IP address, while Private IP addresses can take
similar IP address numbers.
IP Version 4 Classes
Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
0.0.0.0 128.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0
126.255.255.255 191.255.255.255 223.255.255.255 239.255.255.25 255.255.255.255
5

The missing 127 (Test IP Address)

The IP address range 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 is reserved for loopback, i.e. a Host's self-
address, also known as localhost address.
Creating IP Address to a PC
1. Connect the straight cable to your computer.
2. Go to Network Icon
3. Right click the Network Icon and choose “Open Network and Internet Settings”.
4. Choose “Change Adapter Options”.
 5. Choose “Ethernet”. Right Click and then choose “Properties”.
6. Double click the “Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)”.
7. Choose “Use the following IP address”:
8. Type your given IP address. For Example, 192.168.5.100
9. Press “Tab”. “Subnet Mask” will add automatically.
10. Type your “Default Gateway”. For Example, 192.168.5.1
11. Then click OK and OK.

Connecting Two PCs with two different IP Addresses using Switch

PC 1 PC 2
 Connect the straight cable to your  Connect the straight cable to your
computer. computer.
 Go to Network Icon  Go to Network Icon
 Right click the Network Icon and  Right click the Network Icon and choose
choose “Open Network and Internet “Open Network and Internet Settings”.
Settings”.  Choose “Change Adapter Options”.
 Choose “Change Adapter Options”.  Choose “Ethernet”. Right Click and then
 Choose “Ethernet”. Right Click and choose “Properties”.
then choose “Properties”.  Double click the “Internet Protocol
 Double click the “Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)”.
Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)”.  Choose “Use the following IP address”:
 Choose “Use the following IP  Type your given IP address.
address”: 192.168.1.11
 Type your given IP address.  Press “Tab”. “Subnet Mask” will add
192.168.1.10 automatically which is 255.255.255.0.
 Press “Tab”. “Subnet Mask” will add  Type your “Default Gateway”.
automatically which is 255.255.255.0. 192.168.1.1
 Type your “Default Gateway”.  Then click OK and OK.
192.168.1.1
 Then click OK and OK.

Testing Testing
o Choose your PC’s Command o Choose your PC’s Command Prompt
Prompt (CMD). (CMD).
o Type you CMD “ipconfig”, then o Type you CMD “ipconfig”, then
enter. enter.
o You will get o You will get
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.10 IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.11
 Subnet Mask . . ... . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask . . ... . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway … . .. : 192.168.1.1 Default Gateway … . .. : 192.168.1.1
Ping (Testing that your PCs are Ping (Testing that your PCs are
connected) connected)
1. Choose your PC’s Command I. Choose your PC’s Command Prompt
Prompt (CMD). (CMD).
2. Type you CMD “ping II. Type you CMD “ping 192.168.1.10”,
192.168.1.11”, then enter. then enter.
3. You may get three answers which III. You may get three answers which are:
are: o Request timed out
o Request timed out o Destination unreachable
o Destination unreachable o Reply from 192.168.1.10
o Reply from 192.168.1.11

Request Timed Out

If your Command Prompt (CMD)’s answer is “Request Timed Out”, then you should
take these steps in order to fix the problem. Fixing the problem is called
“Troubleshooting”.
 Go to Network Icon
 Right click the Network Icon and choose “Open Network and Internet Settings”.
 Choose “Ethernet” on the left side of your PC (This experience is based on my PC).
 Click “Change Advanced Sharing Options”.
 Click these options:
1. Click “Turn on Network Discovery”
2. Click “Turn on File and Printer Sharing”.
3. Click “All Networks” option.
4. Click “Turn on sharing so anyone with network access can read and write files in the
public folders”.
5. Click “Turn off Password Protected Sharing”.
Destination unreachable
If the CMD responds this answer, then your friend’s PC is not properly entered the IP
address.
Reply from 192.168.1.10
If the CMD responds this answer, then you are in the right path. You are connected to the
other PC and you can start working.

Steps of sharing documents in computers

1. Create a folder.
2. Share the folder:
  Right click the folder and choose “Share with” or “Give Access to”
 Then choose “Specific People”
 Then choose “Everyone” then click “Add”
 Then choose “Read and Write” option.
 Then choose “Share”
 Then choose “Done”.
3. Take the data from the computer by:
 Clicking “Star + R”
 Then write \\192.168.5.102, the computer that you’re going to take the data.
Connecting Computers with Wireless:
Steps:
1. Cmd/ipconfig
2. Create new folder.

Connecting Printer Sharing

1. Connect the switch with the printer and the PCs.
2. Ping the Printer’s IP Address.
3. Once you found the Printer’s IP address, install the printer’s software to your PC.
4. Once the printer asks you to choose to install via USB or Network, choose via Network
Search and enter the Printer’s IP address.
5. Then finish the process and print the “Test Page”.
Changing the Printer’s IP Address
1. Go to printer’s settings.
2. Choose Network Setup
3. Choose TCP/IP Config
4. Choose “Manual”
5. Then change the Printer’s IP Address.
Star Topology
You will see the star topology often when we talk about switches, here’s an example:

It’s called a star topology because all communication has to go through the switch, it is the
central component of our network.
Full Mesh
The full mesh topology means that each device is connected to all other devices. Here’s an
example:

The advantage of a full mesh topology is that you have full redundancy. For example, in the
picture above we can see routers in different cities. We can go from Los Angeles to New
York with a direct connection. If this link fails, there are still plenty of backup links we can
choose from. The downside of a full mesh topology is that it’s expensive. For each link, you
will need to pay for the connection and you require additional interfaces on your routers.
Partial Mesh
An alternative to full mesh is the partial mesh topology. This is a trade-off between cost and
redundancy. Here’s an example:

The Los Angeles and New York sites are the most important ones, so they are connected to
all other sites. There is no direct connection between San Francisco, Detroit and Miami.
This doesn’t mean that these sites won’t be able to communicate with each other but
communication has to go through the Los Angeles or New York sites.

You might also encounter partial mesh topologies on our LANs. For example:
Above we see the switches in a single building. The access layer switches (A1 and A2) are
connected to the distribution layer switches (D1 and D2) with partial mesh. There is no link
in between the two access switches. The distribution layer switches however are connected

Four switch options to keep in mind

In addition to evaluating switch categories, you should also consider network switch
speeds, number of ports, power-over-Ethernet features, and stacking capabilities.
1. Switch speeds
Switches are available in different throughputs or speeds, the rate they transmit data in
megabits per second (Mbps). For example, fixed-configuration switches can provide Fast
Ethernet (10/100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000 Mbps), Ten Gigabit
(10/100/1000/10000 Mbps), and even 40/100 Gbps (gigabits per second) speeds. The switch
speed you choose depends on the type of throughput you need. If, for example, you need to
move large data files on a regular basis, you should consider a Gigabit Ethernet switch.
2. Number of ports
as is the case with switch speed, the number of ports available in a switch can vary. The
bigger you’re small business and the more network users you have, the more ports you'll
need. Fixed-configuration switches are usually available with five, eight, 10, 16, 24, 28, 48,
or 52 ports.
3. Power over Ethernet (PoE) vs. non-PoE
PoE lets you power a device—such as an IP phone, surveillance camera, or wireless access
point—over the cable that is used for data traffic. This allows you to place endpoints
anywhere, even in those areas that are usually difficult to reach. Switches with PoE are more
expensive, however. As you evaluate your options, think about the devices you would like to
connect to determine whether PoE is required.
Local Area Network Design