TABLE OF CONTENTS (CHAPTER- 1 CONCRETE Plain and Reinforced Concrete The Principles of Concrete Mixing The Unit of Measure Concrete Proportions Concrete Slab Estimating by the Area Method Concrete Column Estimating Concrete Column by ihe Linear Meter Method Post and Footing 1-10 Rectangular Column 1-11 Rectangular Beam and Girder 41-12 Circular Column 1-13 Concrete Pipes CHAPTER- 2 MASONRY 24 22 2-3 24 Concrete Hollow Blocks Special Types of Concrete Hollow Blocks Decorative Concrete Blocks Adobe Stone CHAPTER- 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT 3-1 3-2 3-3 34 3-5 Steel Bars Identification of Steel Bars Bar Splice, Hook and Bend Reinforcement for Concrete Hollow Blocks Tie Wire for Steel Reinforcement3-6 independent Footing Reinforcement 3-7 Post and Column Reinforcement 3-8 Beams and Girders Reinforcement 3-9 Lateral Ties 3-10 Stirrups for Beam and Girder 3-11 Spiral and Coiumn Ties 3-12 One Way Reinforced Concrete Slab 3-13 Two Way Reinforced Concrete Slab 3-14 Concrete Pipe Reinforcement CHAPTER- 4 LUMBER 4-1 Wood 4-2. Definitions of Terms 4-3 Classification of Wood 4-4 Methods of Log Sawing 4-5 Defects in Wood 4-6 Seasoning of Lumber 4-7. The Unit Measure of Lumber 4-8 Wood Post 4-8 Girder 4-10 Floor Joist and T&G Flooring 4-11 Siding Wood Board 4-12 Girts, Rafters, Truss, Purlins and Fascia Board 4-13 Studs 4-14 Ceiling Joist 4-15 Ceiling Board 4-16 Door Frame 4-17 Window Frame CHAPTER - S FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 5-1 Forms 5-2 Greasing of Forms 5-3 Scaffolding and Staging 177 179 1795-4 Comparative Analysis Between the T&G and Plywood as Forms 181 5-5 Forms Using Plywood 190 5-6 Forms of Circular Column 193 5-7 Estimating the Scaffolding and Staging 200 CHAPTER - 6 ROOFING MATERIALS 6-1 Galvanized Iron Sheet 206 6-2 Gutter, Flashing, Ridge, Hipped and Valley Roll 222 6-3 Asbestos Roofing 228 6-4 Colorbond Klip-Lok 235 6-5 Banawe Horizontal Metal Tile 237 6-6 Marcelo Roofing System 238 6-7 Colorbond Custom Orb 239 6-8 Milano Long span Steel Bricks 240 6-9 Colorbond Trimdex Hi-Ten 241 6-10 Brick Tiles Roofing 242 CHAPTER -7 TILEWORK 7-1 Ceramic Tiles 243 7-2 Marble Tiles 252 7-3. Vinyl and Rubber Tiles 254 7-4 Terrazzo and Granolothic 256 7-5 Cement Tiles 260 74 Wood Tiles 263 7-7 Pebbles and Washout Finishes 265 CHAPTER - 8 HARDWARE 8-1 Bolts 2678-2 Screw 8-3 Nails CHAPTER - 9 STAIRCASE 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Stairs Layout 9-3 Stringer CHAPTER - 10 PAINTING 10-1 Paint 410-2 Ingredients of Paint 40-3 Essential and Specific Properties of a Good Quality Paint 10-4 The Elements of a Good Painting Job 10-5 Specifications for Surface Preparation 10-6 Kinds of Paint, Uses and Area Coverage 10-7 Estimating Your Paint 10-8 Paint Failure and Remedy 10-9 Wall Papering CHAPTER - 11 AUXILIARY TOPICS 14-1 Accordion Door Cover 11-2 Glass Jalousie 14-3 Water Tank 11-4 Wood Piles 11-5 Bituminous Surface Treatment 11-6 Filling Materials 11-7. Nipa Shingle Roofing 11-8 Anahaw Roofing Construction Terminologies 274 279 291 295 301 339 341 342 346 348 350 352 366 359CHAPTER 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT 3-1 STEEL BARS Steet is the most widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of concrete construction. it is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses. Comparatively, steel s ten times stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred times stronger in tensile stresses. The design of concrete assumes that concrete and steel reinforcement acts together in resisting load and likewise to be in the state of simultaneous deformation, otherwise, the steel bars might slip from the concrete in the absence of sufficient bond due to excessive load In order to provide a higher degree of sufficient bond between the two materials, steel reinforcing bars with a surface deformation in various designs are introduced. Ny iS M4 2 Types of Deformed Bars FIGURE 3-1 75| | | SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE 3-1 STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL BARS IN KILOGRAMS Diam. | 5.0m. | 60m.| 75m] 9.0m.| 105m./ 120m) 135m. 8mm | 198 | 237 | 296 | 356 | 415 | 474] 5233 10mm | 308 | 370 | 462 | 554 | 647] 739] 832 12mm | 446 | 533 | 666 | 7.99 | 9232 | 1068 | 11.99 13mm | 621 | 625 | 783 | 938 | 1094 | 1250 | 1407 16mm | 790 | 9.47 | 11.84 | 14.21 | 1658 | 18.95 | 21.32 20 mm | 1233 | 14.80 | 1850 | 22.19 | 28.89 | 2959 | 33.29 25mm | 19.27 | 23.12 | 28.90 | 34.68 | 40.46 | 46.24} 52.02 28 mm | 24.17 | 29.00 | 36.25 | 43.50 | 50.75 | 58.00 | 65.25 30 mm | 27.75 | 33.29 | 41.62 | 49.94 | 58.26 | 6659 | 74.91 32 mm | 31.57 | 37.88 | 47.35 | 56.82 | 66.29 | 75.76 | 85.23 36.mm | 39.96 | 47.95 | 59.93 | 71.92 .| 83.91 | 95.89 | 107.68 TABLE 3-2 DEFORMATION REQUIREMENTS Nominal | Max. Average Height | Tolerance Max. Value Diameter | Spacing of jugs | Minimum | Maximum ‘Summation _ __ of lugs gap os 55 08 78 1.0 94 12 10.2 14 126 20 157 24 196 28 220 30 | 236 32 254 36 275METAL REINFORCEMENT TABLE 3-2A MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Yield | Fensiie Elongation | Bending | Diameter Strength | Strength] Specimen | in 200 mim} Angle’ | of Pin Class Grade} MPa ‘MPa mm.” percent Degree | d=nominal mm | mm min, dia. at specimen Hot Rolled} 230 230 390 D<25 18 180 3d Non Wel- O>25 16 . 4d dable def-| 275 | 275 480 D<28 10 180 4d ‘Steel Bar D>25 8 5d 415 | 415 620 O<25 8 180 5d D>25 7 6d Hot Rolled] 230 | 230 390 D<25 20 180 ad Weldable D>25 18 4d Def. or 275 275 480 o<25 16 180 Ad Plain bar D<25 14 54 415 | 415 550 D<25 14 180 Sd D>25 12 6d 3-2 IDENTIFICATION OF STEEL BARS Steer reinforcing bars are provided with distinctive markings Which identify the name of the manufacturer with its initial and the bar size number including the type of steel bars such as: N = For Billet A= For Axle Rail Sign = For Rail Steel 7| SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Main Ribs — Main Ribs Initial of Manufacturer eat Sie) Bar Size ~ Steel Type Grade 40 Grade 50 TI two Line - Grade 75 ‘One Line - Grade 60 ~ Stee! Bars Marking System FIGURE 3-2 3-3 BAR SPLICE, HOOK AND BEND In estimating the quantity of the steel reinforcing bars, one has to consider the additional length for the hook, the bend and the splice whose length varies depending upon the limitation as provided for by the National Building Code. ‘Types of Reinforcement Minimum Splice length 1. Tension Bars = 25 x Bar Size + 150 mm. 2. Compression Bars _ = 20 x Bar Size + 150 mm. ILLUSTRATION 3-1 Determine the length ot the splice joint fora 16 mm. steel bars under the following conditions: 78METAL REINFORCEMENT a) Tensile reinforcement of a beam b) Compressive reinforcement of a column SOLUTION 3-1 a) Classification of the reinforcement is under tension. Thus, Multiply: 25 x 16mm-+ 150mm, = 550mm. b) For reinforcement under compression Multiply: 20 x 16mm + 150mm = 470mm “T 4d i h=od 24 2d ' WE Hook Bend Hook Length = L+h_ for hook Mild Steel Minimum Hook and Bend Allowance. tT 4d n=tid{ (Aa 6s n= ssa] | fod! i 4 3d 7 =" @ [an Pes | }-+-1 —_} Hook Bend Hook Length = L +n for Bend High Yield Bars Minimum Hook and Bend Allowance FIGURE 3-3 79SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE L = 2A+3B 4224 (] ~ L = 2(A+B)+20¢ Total Length = A+B+C+D i NK Total Length = A+B-12¢-g N A B ~ | r Length = A+2B+C+D-2r- 4 <| FIGURE 3-4 | 80METAL REINFORCEMENT niber = A =] A b--————— A+ Total Length = A Total Length = A+h Allir t a A To eel Total Length = A+2h ‘@ be: J A A | Total Length = A+h TotalLength = A+2h 7 C Total Length=A+B-1/2r-d FIGURE 3-5 81SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Comments: 1. To those who have not been exposed to detail drafting work nor actual field construction of reinforced concrete will find it difficult to make a detailed estimate of the various reinforcement required. The difficulties lies not on the ability of the estimator to compute but his inability to familiarize with the different types and parts of the reinforcement that comprises the footings, columns, beams, slab etc. N The various parts of reinforcement that an estimator should be familiar with are: Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcement is the simplest type of vertical and horizontal reinforcement in between cells and layers of the blocks respectively. Footing Reinforcements comprises the following: 1. Footing slab reinforcement for small and medium size. 2. Beam reinforcement for large foundations 3. Dowels Post and Column Reinforcement: 1. Main vertical reinforcement 2. Lateral ties a. Outer ties b. Inner ties 82METAL REINFORCEMENT c. Straight ties 3. Spiral ties Beam and Girder Reinforcement 1. Main reinforcement a. Straight bars b. Bend bars 2. Stirrups a. Open stirrups b. Closed stirrups 3. Cut Bars a. Over and across. the support b. Between supports. c. Dowels Floor Slab Reinforcement 1. Main Reinforcement a. Straight main reinforcing bars b. Main alternate reinforcing bend bars 2. Temperature Bars 3. Cut additional alternate bars over support (beam) 4. Dowels. Not until after familiarizing with these different types of reinforcement could one make a sound and reliable estimate. Estimating steel bar reinforcements could be done with the following procedures: 83SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1. The main reinforcement for post, columns, beams, girders and the like, is determined by the “Direct Counting Method" That is, by counting the number of main reinforcement in one post, column or beam as the case maybe then multiplied by the total number of the same category in the plan. The additional length for hook, bend and splices for lapping should not be overlooked as it is always the case in ordering length. 2. For other structural member such as lateral ties, stirrups, spirals, dowels, cut bars and the like should be treated Separately, one at a time. The length of their cut must. include the mandatory additional length for hook and bend. TABLE 3-3 AREAS OF GROUPS OF REINFORCING BARS Bar Dia, Number of Bars ( mm)? m4 203 4 «5 6 7 8 8 6) 28 87 85 113 141 170 198 26 254 283 8 | 80 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452503 10) 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707785 12) 113 226 339 452 565 679792 905 1017 1131 16 | 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2011 20) 314 628 942 1257 1571 i885 2199 2513 2827 3142 25 | 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3827-4418 4909 32 | 804 1608 2412 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042 40 /1256 2513 3769 5026 6283 7539 8796 1005 1131 1257 3. After knowing the length of the lateral ties, stirrups, and other smilar parts, select the steel bars to be ordered from the various commercial length of from 5.00 meters to 13.50 84METAL REINFORCEMENT meters long avoiding extra cuts which might be classified as junk unless they could be of service or used on other structural members. 4. Tie wire for reinforcement joints and intersections is a big item of large construction work considering its cost. Cutting of each tie wire should be done to the minimum required length based from the diameter of the bars to be tied with. 3-4 REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS Steel bars as reinforcement is a requirement in all types of concrete and masonry structures of which concrete hollow blocks is one. The National Building Code has promulgated guidelines on how and what kind of reinforcement is appropriate for this type of work depending upon the purpose itis to serve, The size and spacing requirements for concrete hollow block reinforcement must be indicated on the plan or specifications. The number of steel bars for concrete: hollow block work could be determined in three ways: 1, By Direct Counting Method 2. By the Unit Block Method 3. By the Area Method Under the Direct Counting Method the vertical and horizontal reinforcements are directly counted in the plan. The length is also determined from the the plan or elevation although, the hook, bend and lapping splices are imaginarily added to its 85SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE length because it is very very rare to see a plan with a large scale detailed drawing showing this particular requirements of reinforcing Steel bars. Thus, estimators must be familiar with the hook, bend and splicing requirements to be able to work on effectively even if the plan is not accompanied with such details. The Area‘and Unit Block Method Is the simplest method of Computing the steel bar reinforcement for CHB with the aid of Table 3-4. The values presented in this table includes the allowances tequired for standard bend, hook and splices. ILLUSTRATION 3-2 From Figure 3-6, determine the number of 10 m.(4") concrete hollow blocks including the 10 mm vertical and horizontal teinforcing bars required if it is spaced at 80 cm. on center and one horizontal bars at every after three layers respectively. CHB, ap CHE Vertical Rent @ 80 em. oc, Horizontal Rein, at every 3 layers 2.60m Natural Ground 40 cm = Footing 4,00 m FIGURE 3-6 86METAL REINFORCEMENT Ist SOLUTION (By the Square Meter or Area Method) 1. Solve for the area of the fence A = length x height .00 x 3.00 A = 12sq.. m. 2. For vertical reinforcement spaced at 80 cm. on center; Refer to Table 3-4, By the square meter or area method, Multiply: 12 x 1.60 = 19.2 meters e Convert this value to the commercial length of steel bars fanging from 5.00 to 13.50 meters long. Select the most economical length avoiding extra cut. Select: 4 pcs. 10 mm. x 5.00 m. long = 20 meters 4. Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers. From Table 3-4, Multiply: 12 x 2.15 = 25.80 meters. Select: 4 pes. at 5.00 m. and 1 pe. at 6.00 m. long 5. Order: 8pcs.10mm x 5.00 m. Steel bars 1 pcs. 10 mm. x 6.00 m. Steel bars 87SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE 3-4 LENGTH OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK WORK Vertical Reinforcement Horizontal Reinforcement Spacing | Length of Bars in Meter | Spacing| Length of Bars in Meter cm, | PerBlock Per Sq.M.| Layers | Per Block Per Sq. M. 40 0.235 2.93 2 0.264 3.30 ~ 60 0.171 2.13 3 0.172 2.15 - 80 0.128 1.60 4 0.138 1720. + 2nd SOLUTION (By the Unit Block Method) 1. Solve for the area of the fence A= 4x 3.00 A= 12sq.m. 2. Determine the number of CHB 12 x 12.5 = 150 pes. 3. Referring to Table 3-4 a} Vertical Reinforcement per block spaced at .80 m. o.c. Multiply: 150 x 0.128 = 19.2 meters Select: 4 pcs. 10 mm. x 5.00 m. long 88METAL REINFORCEMENT b} Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers Referring to Table 3-4, Multiply: 150 x 0.172 = 25.8m. ¢} Convert to commercial length Select: 4 pcs. 10mm x 5.00 m. long and 1pc. 10mm x 6.00 m. long 4. Order: 8 pcs. 10 mm x 5.00 m. and 1 pcs. 10mm x 6.00 m. Steel bars 3-5 TIE WIRE FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENT Tie wire refers to gauge No. 16 galvanized iron wire popularly called G.I. tie wire. Tie wire is used to secure the steel bars in its designed position before accepting fresh concrete Ordering tie wire is not by feet or meter length but in kilograms or roll. One rollis equivalent to 40 to 45 kilograms or approximately 2,285 meters or 53 meters per kilogram. The length of each tie wire depends upon the size of the bars to be tied on. However, tie wire is cut into length ranging from 20 to 40 centimeters for small and medium size steel bars. This is one item of construction materials which is always included in the bill of materials but never computed. The quantity 89SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE is determined through a more or less calculation. In short, it is a quantity with uncertainty of its accuracy. The only thing that is certain is either it is over estimated or under estimated which is as bad as the other The problem is how to determine the number of kilograms required which when cut into pieces as ties will be sufficient enough to provide adequate ties to all joints as required by the Code. Tie wire for CHB Reinforcement, The common size of steel reinforcement specified for concrete hollow block work is either 10 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm or 16 mm depending upon the plan and specifications. For these particular Size of reinforcement, a 25 cm. or 30 cm. long tie wire folded at the center will be satisfactory. TABLE 3-5 KILOGRAMS OF NO. 16 TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT. Vertical Horizontal Kilogram per 100 CHB ‘Spacing Layer Spacing [~~ 25cm ties | 30cm ties ~ { 40 2 0042 0051 40 3 0031 .0038 40 4 .0028 0033 60 2 0028 0034 60 3 0021 0025 60 4 0018 0022 80 2 0021 | 0025 80 3 0016 0019 80 4 0014 | 0017 ! 90METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-3 Continuing the solution of illustration 3-2 and from the following data obtained, determine the quantity of tie wire required in kilograms. Vertical Reinforcement spacing = 80 om. Horizontal Reinforcement spacing at every 3 layers Area of the wall = 12sq.m. SOLUTION 3-3 1. Determine the number of CHB 12 x 12.5 = 150 pes. 2. Referring to Table 3-5, using a 25 cm. long tie wire, Multiply: 150 x .0016 = .24 kg. No. 16 G.I. tie wire More of this tie wire example will be presented in the succeeding examples of steel reinforcement. 3-6 INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEME! Independent footing is an Individual or Isolated footing. The steel bar reinforcement for this type of structure is determined through the following methods 1. Know the actual dimensions of the footing as to its length and width. a1SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Remember that the minimum underground protective covering of concrete to the steel reinforcement is 7.5 cm. 3. If the plan does not call for a hook or bend of the footing reinforcement, the length of the bar is equal to the length or width of the footing minus the protective covering at both ends. Footing Slab +44—_ 2 75cm 750m 7.5m 75cm Length of Bar = L +2 (75cm) FIGURE 3-7 FIGURE3-8 4. Ifthe plan calls for a hook or bend of the reinforcement, the bar-cut should include the allowances for hook and bend as presented in Figure 3-4 and 3-5. 5. Know the spacing distance of the steel bars both ways to determine the exact number required. As much as possible, select the appropriate steel bar length which is divisible by the cut length to avoid unwanted extra cuts. Various problems in computing for the steel! bar reinforcement will be encountered because of varied measurements and designs. Problems however, usually arise on reinforcing members which requires cutting and bending. Others could be determined by the Direct Counting Method specially those which does not require hook, and bend. 92METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-4 From Figure 3-9, determine the number of 12 mm. steel bars required if there are 6 footings with a general dimensions of 1.50 x 1.50 meters. FIGURE 3-9 SCLUTION 3-4 1. The net length of one reinforcing cut bar is, 1.50- (.075 +.075) =1.35 2. Find the total number of cut bars in one footing. By direct counting 13 x 2 = 26 pcs. 93SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Get the total number of bars for the 6 footings. 26 x 6 = 156 pes. at 1.35 m. long 4. Select the steel bars whose length is economically cut into 1.35 m, long. Say 6.00 meters. 600m. = 4.44 pes. 1.35 m The fractional value of .44 is inevitable, but should not be included in the computation because it is less than one cut bar length. Use the whole value of 4.0 thus, 5. Divide the result of step 3 by 4.0 156 = 39 pes. of 12 mm. x 6.00 m. 40 The common error committed in estimating the number of steel! bars is presented below. Using the same data we have : 1. The net length of one cut reinforcing bar is 1.35 m. long, 2. Total number of bars in one footing is * 13 x 2 = 26 pes. 3. Total number of cut bars for 6 footings 26 x 6 = 156 pes. 94METAL REINFORCEMENT 4. The total length of these cut bars in meter is: 156 x 1.35 = 210.6 m. 5. Converting this length to commercial steel bar length say 6.00 m. 210.6 m. = 35 pes. steel bars 6.00 m. Analysis: Comparing the results of the two estimating procedures, the answers has-a difference of 4 pieces steel bars at 6.00 meters fong. This is the result by including the fractional amount of .44 as divisor of the reinforcing bar length. The second procedure could be correct if the quotient in dividing the length of one commercial steel bar by the length of one cut bar yields a whole value, on the contrary, if the result has a fractional amount, the second procedure will not give a correct answer. The following illustration is an example where the second procedure applies. ILLUSTRATION 3-5 From Figure 3-10, determine the number of 12 mm steel bars including the tie wire in kilograms if there are 20 pcs. independent square footing with a general dimensions of 1.15 x 1.15 meters. 95SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 12 mm Steel Bars 115m, L=1.20m. [38m FIGURE 3-10 SOLUTION 3-5 1, Determine the net length of one reinforcing cut-bar 1.00m. + 20m. = 1.20m. 2. Total cut-bars in one footing 6 x2 = 12pcs. 3. Total cut-bars for 20 footings 12 x 20 = 240 pes 4. Total length of all the bars 240 x 1.20 = 288 meters 96METAL REINFORCEMENT 5. Divide the above result by the length of one steel bar say 6.00 meters. 288 = 48 pes. 6.00 Order: 48 pes. 12mm x 6.00 m. long steel bars Solving the same problem by the Ist procedure, we have: 1. Net length of one reinforcing cut bar = 1.20m 2. Total bars in one footing 6 x 2 = 12 pes. 3. Total for 20 footings 12 x 20 = 240 pes. 4. Divide the commercial length of one steel bar by the length of one cut bar; This simply means that 5 pes. at 1.20 meter long reinforcing bar could be taken from a 6.00 meters long steel bar, thus, 5. Divide the total cut bars for 20 footings by 5 97SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 240 = 48 pieces 5 The question now is when to use the first procedure and when to adopt the second procedure. In determining alone what Procedure to adopts an additional burden, to avoid such confusion, the following rules will help in making the right choice. 1. Determine the net length of one reinforcing cut bar 2. Divide 6.00 m. or any chosen commercial length of stec! bar by the result of step 1. 3. If the result is a whole number (exact value) use the second procedure. 4. If the result has a fractional value, adopt the first procedure. Considering illustration 3-5, Tie Wire could be determined through the following steps: 1. Find the number of steel bar intersections in one footing 6 x 6 = 36ties 2. Total Ties for 20 footings 20 x 36 = 720ties 3. Using 25 em. length per tie wire Multiply: 98” METAL REINFORCEMENT 720 x .25m. = 180 meters 4. One kilo of No. 16 G.l. wire is approximately 53 meters long. Divide 180 = 3 4 kilos 53 3-7 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEME The reinforcement of posts and columns to be considered in the estimates are: 1. The Main or Vertical Reinforcement 2. The Lateral Ties or 3. The Spiral Ties for Circular Column The quantity ana length of the main reinforcement is determined by the ” Direct Counting Method ". giving ‘special attention to the additional length for: 2 . Lap joints of end splices. b. Allowance for bending and or hook. . Additional length for the beam depth and floor thickness if the height indicated in the building plan is from floor to ceiling. Distance from floor to footing. Provisions for splices of! succeeding floors 2 eo 99SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Add Length ' Lap Joint Bend FIGURE 3-11 3-8 BEAMS AND GIRDERS REINFORCEMENT The "Direct Counting Method" is the best method in determining the main teinforcement for beams and girders. Provided that, in determining the length of steel bars, the following Physical conditions of the beam in relation with their ‘support must be considered. 1. Verify from the plan if the Span of the column where the beamis resting indicates the following conditions: a) Center to Center of the column b) Outer to center of the column ©) Outer to Outer of the column 100METAL REINFORCEMENT Each physical condition of the beam must be given special attention in determining the length of steel bars 2. Verify the splicing position of the reinforcement if it is adjusted to the commercial length of steel bars. Remember that "The Lesser the splice the lesser is the cost” 3. Identify the bars with bend and hook, for adjustment of their order length. Column Center to Center ‘Center to Outer Side ~ ed : Beam ‘Beam Column -— ad Inside to Inside Outer to Outer side ‘Span of Beam FIGURE 3-12 101SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 3-9 LATERAL TIES Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement called Lateral Ties. The ACI Code so provides that: "All non-prestressed bars Sor tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No. 3. in size for longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 18 and bundled longitudinal bars." The Code provisions simply mean that; a.) If the’ main longitudinal reinforcement of a tied column is No. 10 bar or smaller in size, the Lateral Ties should not be ‘smalier than No. 3 steel bar in size. b) Ifthe main reinforcement of tied column is No. 11 to No. 18 and bundled bars, Lateral Ties should not be less than No. 4 steel bar. Steel Bars __Number Designation C©ovoOnaewN | 118 28 144 102METAL REINFORCEMENT SUInIIEEE PERI nEIORIDOInan EERE 44 138 35 12 | 1412 38 13 | t 58 41 44 | tos | 44 15 1718 47 16 | 2.0 50 17 | 218 | 53 18 | 214 | 56 nnn RR The ACI Code further provides that, spacing of the lateral ties shall not exceed the following: 1.16 x the longitudinal bar diameter 2. 48 x lateral tie bar diameter or 3. The least dimension of the column ILLUSTRATION 3-6 Determine the spacing of the lateral ties for a tied column as shown in Figure 3-13. SOLUTION 3-6 ter of the main longitudinal bars is 20 mm 403SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Diameter of the lateral ties is 10 mm. 3. Multiply: 16 x 20 = 320mm. 48 x 10 = 480 mm. Shortest side of the column = 300 mm. 4. Adopt the least value of 300 mm or 30 cm. spacing {—— 20mm 10 mm Lateral Ties + Column Reinforcement! —W FIGURE 3-13 ILLUSTRATION 3-7 A building has a series of 26 square columns having a cross sectional dimensions of 30 x 30 cm. 7.00 m. long with 8 pieces 20 mm vertical reinforcing bars for each column. Make an order of 10 mm steel bars required for making the lateral ties 104METAL REINFORCEMENT a 30cm. Column + i Reinforcement | || 7 IL 30 em ‘Col. Reint, 10mm f | Lateral Ties 10 mm Lateral Ties 30cm. L rT FIGURE 3-14 SOLUTION 3-7 1. Determine the spacing of the lateral ties. 16 x 20 mm. = 320 mm. or 32 cm, 48 x 10 mm. = 480 mm. or 48 cm. The shortest side of the column is = 30cm. 2. Adopt the 30 cm. spacing 3. Determine the number of lateral ties in one column 7.00 m. ht. = 23.3 pes. 30 105SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 4. The 23 pes. is the distance between the lateral ties, what we need is the number of ties in one column, so, we add one to be exact. 23 + 1 = 24pcs. 5. Solve for the total ties of the 26 columns. 26 x 24 = 624 pos. 6. Find the length of one lateral tie. By inspection the tie is 120 om. long or 1.20 m. 7. Determine the number of 1.20 m. cut froma 6.00 m. commercial length steel bar 6.00 = Specs. 1.20 8. Divide the result of 5 by result of 7 624 = 124.8say 125 pcs. 5 9. Order: 125 pcs. of 10 mmx 6.00 m. steel bars. ILLUSTRATION 3-8 From Figure 3-15 prepare an order of 10 mm. steel bars for making the lateral ties 106METAL REINFORCEMENT | 30m —.| Col. Reint. i 30cm Lateral Ties [tT SO Inner Ties a L FIGURE 3-15 SOLUTION 3-8 1. This problem is an improvement of illustration 3-7 Where the outer ties have been found to be 125 pcs. 10 mm. x 6.00 m. What is to be determined here is the inner ties. 2. By inspection the length of the inner tie is 83 cm. 3. Determine how many 83 cm. could be cut ina 6.00 m. steel bar. 600 = 7.23 pcs. 83 107SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE . 4. Disregard the fractional value of .23 accept 7 pes. and Divide: 624'pes. by 7 pos. (See 5 of illustration 3-7) 624 = 89 pcs. of 10mm. x 6.00 m. 7 5. Total: 125 + 89 = 214 pes. of 10 mmx 6.00 steel bars ILLUSTRATION 3-9 From Figure 3-16 prepare an order of 10 mm steel bars for making the lateral ties including the tie wire required. er u | Outer Ties 40m {— Straight Ties ~ | Inner Ties 7 fe 25cm 2; 25cm | 4 LL ob FIGURE 3-16 108METAL REINFORCEMENT Given Data: Number of Columns = 16 pes. Size 25 x 40cm Clear Height 4.60 m. Ties Spacing = 25 cm. SOLUTION 3-9 1. By inspection, there are 3 types of ties: a) Outer ties b) Inner ties ©) Straight Ties = 120 cm. long 85 cm. long 50 om. long 2. Determine how many 120 cm., 85 cm. and 50 cm. long could be made out Outer ties: Inner ties: Straight ties: from one 6.00 m. steel bar. 600 = Specs. 720 600 = 7 pcs. “BS 600 = 12 pcs. 50 3. Determine the number of ties in one column 4.60 m: ht. = 1 8.4 say 19 pes -25 m. spacing 109SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 4, Total ties for 16 columns 19 x 16 = 304 pcs. 5. Divide 304 by each type of tie (in step 2) 304 = 60.8 say 61 pcs. 5 304 = 43.4 say 44 pos. 7 304 = 25.3 say 26 pes 12 : 6. Order: 131 pes. of 10 mm x 6.00 m. steel bars. The values found in step 5 was rounded to the next whole number having the sum of 131 pes. steel bars. 7. Solving for the tie wire: a) Number of Joints per lateral tie by direct counting = 12. b) Number of ties in a column 12 x 19 = 228 pos. ©) Total tie wire for the 16 columns 228 x 16 = 3,648 pcs. d) Multiply by the length of each tie wire,say 30 cm. 110METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘TABLE - 3-6 NUMBER OF LATERAL TIES IN ONE STEEL BAR AND. QUANTITY PER METER LENGTH OF COLUMN Spacing of] Number of | Length of NUMBER OF CUT IN ONE Lateral | Lateral Ties| Ties with STEEL BAR LENGTH Tiescm. | PerM.Ht.| Hook & Bend | 50m] 60m. 75m] 90m] 120m. 15 6.70 60 x | 10 | x | 15 | 20 | 70 7) x [x |x | 17 20 5.15 80 6} x |x | 11] 15 85 x | 7] x | x | 14 25 4.13 90 x | x | 8 | 10 | 13 95 5] x [x] x x 30 3.43 100 5] 6] x | 9 | 12 105 x} x | 7] x x 35 3.00 110 x} x |x |} 8 x 115 x 5 x x x 40 2.64 120 4 5 x x 10 | 126 4] x | 6] x x 45 236 | 130 x} x |x] x 9 | 136 x} xix |x | x 50 2.14 140 x} 4[x«]x x 145 x] 4]5] 6 x 55 1.96 150 x 4 5 6 8 160 3 x x x x 60 1.81 170 x x x | 5 7 180 x} x | 4] 5 x 190 x 3 x x 6 200 x 3 x x 6 X - Not advisable length for economical reasons. 111SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3,648 x 30m. = 1,094.4m €). Divide by 53 m. length of tie wire per kilogram 1,094.4 = 20.6 53 say 21 kilograms of No. 16 G.I wire Table 3-6 was prepared to simplify further the estimate for column fateral ties and stirrups for beams and girders. It will be noted that there are x- entry in the Table which simply mean that such length of steel bars is not recommended for economical reasons. The main objective of this Table is to guide the estimator in selecting reinforcing bar whose commercial length when divided by the length of each lateral tie will avoid extra cut of unwanted size. To use the table, consider the following example ILLUSTRATION 3-10 A building has 12 columns with a cross sectional dimensions of 30 cm. x 40 cm. each with a clear height of 7.00 meters. Prepare an order of 10 mm steel bars for the lateral ties spaced at 20 cm. SOLUTION 3-10 1. By inspection there are two types of lateral ties a) outer ties = 125 cm. long with hook b) inside ties = 80 cm. long with hook 112METAL REINFORCEMENT Col. Reinf, 10 mm Lateral Ties 20cm A 20 mm col. Reinf. FIGURE 3-17 2. Find the total length of the 12 columns 12 x 7.00 m. = 84.00 meters 3. Referring to Table 3-6 under spacing at 20 cm. Multiply: 84 x 5.15 = 432 pes. 4. Referring to Table 3-6, fer a 125 cm. outer ties Divide: 113SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE = 72pes. 10mm x 7.50 m. bars 432 = 108 pcs. 10mm x 5.00 m. bars 4 5. From Table 3-6 for the 80 cm. Inside ties Divide: 432 = 72 pcs. 10mm. x 5.00 m. bars 6 6. Order: 72 pes. 10mm. x 7.50 m. steel bars 72 pcs. 10mm x 5.00 m. steel bars Solving for the Tie Wire, we have; 1. Total number of lateral ties 2. Total number of vertical reinforcement 3. Multiply: 432 x 8 = 3,456 4. If the length of each tie is 40 cm. Multiply: 3,456 x 40m. = 1,382.4 meters 114METAL REINFORCEMENT 5. Divide by 53 meters ( the length of tie wire in one kilo) 1,382.4 = 26 kilograms 53 3-10 STIRRUPS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER Svtirrup is the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position, The two types of stirrups commonly used are: 1. Open Stirrups 2. Closed stirrups Open Stirrups Closed Stirrups FIGURE 3-18 115SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE The methods in estimating the number of stirrups required is the same as that of the lateral ties as explained in Article 3-9 with the aid of Table 3-6. However, the spacing of the stirrups could not be determined by the linear meter method because the spacing of stirrups become closer as it approaches the beam support. The number of stirrups is best determined by direct counting per span by categories according to the design as indicated in the detailed drawings. ILLUSTRATION 3-11 A concrete beam with a cross-sectional dimension of 25 x 40 cm. requires 10 mm. open stirrups spaced as shown in Figure 3-19. Prepare an order of 10 mm. steel bars forstirrups of 8 beams with the same category. Beam aI t i | Bend Bars Main Reinforcement i | ! I Column H 4 10 mm stirrups FIGURE 3-19 116METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION 3-11 1. By direct counting, there are 24 stirrups at 98 cm, say 1.00 m. long 2. Total number of stirrups 24 x 8 beams = 192 pes. 3. Referring to Table 3-6 for a 1.00 m. long stirrups using a 5.00 m. fong steel bars. Divide: 492 = 38.4 pes. 10mm. x 5.00 m. 5 or using a 6.00 m. long steel bars. Divide: 192 = 32.0 pcs. 10 mm x 6.00 m. 6 4. Order: 32 pcs. of 10mm x 6.00 m. steel bars Comment: . 15.00 m. steel bar is chosen, the order will be 39 pes. not 38.4 because we cannot order .4 steel bar. After cutting the stirrups there will be an excess of .6 of 5.00 meter steel bar which is equivalent to 3.00 meters long. Thus, in order to be exact, a 6.00 meter steel bar should be chosen. 117SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 3-11 SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES The spiral reinforcement consist of evenly spaced continuous spirals held firmly in place by at least three vertical bar spacers under the following considerations: 1. That, the center to center spacing of this spiral. should not exceed 6th part of the diameter core. 2. That, the clear spacing between the spirals should not exceed 7.5 om. nor less than 5.0 cm. or, 3. The clear spacing between the spirals be less than one and one half (1 12) times the biggest size of the coarse aggregate (gravel). ILLUSTRATION 3-12 A spiral column with a cross sectional diameter of 50 cm. requires 10 mm spiral reinforcement as shown in Figure 3-20. If there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high. find the number of 10 mm steel bars needed for a 5.00 cm. pitch spirals. SOLUTION 3-12 A. Spiral Reinforcement 1. Find the total length of the 14 columns 7 x 14 = 98 meters 118METAL REINFORCEMENT 2. From Table 3-7 for a 50 cm. col pitch. Multiply: lumn diameter 5.00 cm. 98 x 3.223 = 315.8 say 316 pcs. 3. Order: 316 pcs. 10 mm x 9.00 m. steel bars | Som Pitch h Spiral Column FIGURE 3-20 1. Find the number of vertical bars per column = 12 2. Refer to Table 3-7. Alon, 5 cm. pitch, the number Multiply: 1g 50 cm column diameter, of turn per meter height is 21 12 x 21 = 252 ties per meter height, 119SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3. Total tie wire for 14 column bar intersections at 7.00 m. ht. 252 x 7.00m. x 14 = 24,696 pcs 4. Total length of the wire at .30 m. long Per tie wire 24,696 x 30 = 7,409 m. 5. Convert to kilogram at 53 m. long per kg. Divide: 7409 = 139.8say 140 kgs. 53 6. Order: 140 kilograms of No. 16 G.I. wire TABLE 3-7 NUMBER OF SPIRAL REINFORCING BARS PER METER HEIGHT* Col. Dia.| Pitch No. or Turn Number of Steel Bars froma em, cm. | per Meter Ht. 6.00m. | 9.00m. | 12.00m. 5.00 21.0 2.604 1.706 1.269 30.0 | 6.25 17.0 2.108 1.381 1.027 7.50 14.3 1.778 1.165 0.866 5.00 21.0 2.894 1.896 1.410 325 | 6.25 17.0 2.342 1.535 1.141 7.50 14.3 1.975 1.294 0.962 5.00 21.0 | 3.183 2.085 | 1.550 36.0 | 6.25 17.0 2577 1.688 1.255 7.50 14.3 2.172 1.423 1.058 120METAL REINFORCEMENT | 5.00 210 3472 | 2275 | 1.692 37.5 | 6.25 17.0 2811 1.842 | 1.393 7.50 143 | 2.370 1524 | 4.154 - 7 | | 5.00 21.0 | 3762 | 2465 | 1.833 40.0 | 6.25 17.0 3.045 | 1995 | 1.484 7.50 143 2.567 1682 | 1.251 5.00 21.0 4.051 2654 | 1.974 425 | 6.25 17.0 3.281 2149 | 1,598 7.50 143 2.765 vez | 1.347 - _ - —_ — 5.00 | 21.0 4.340 2844 | 2.115 45.0 | 625 | 170 3.513 2302 | 1712 750 | 143 2.962 | 1940 | 1.443 5.00 | 21.0 4.630 3033 | 2.256 475 | 6.25 17.0 3.748 2455 | 1.826 7.50 143 3.159 | 2070 | 1.539 | 5.00 21.0 4919 3.223 | 2.397 50.0 | 6.25 17.0 3.982 7.50 143 3.367 5.00 21.0 5.498 3602 | 2678 55.0 | 6.25 17.0 4.451 2916 | 2168 7.50 14.3 3752 | 2458 | 1.828 5.00 21.0 6.077 | 3.981 2.960 60.0 | 6.25 17.0 4919 7.50 143 | 4sge | 5.00 21.6 7.234 4.740 | 3.524 70.0 | 6.25 17.0 5.856 3.837 | 2853 7.60 143 4936 | 3.234 | 2405SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 5.00 21.0 "8391 | 6.498 80.0 | 6.25 170 6793 | 44st | 143 5.726 | 3752 | 2790 50 | ato 9542 | 6256 | 4652 900 | 625 | 170 | 7.730 5.064 | 3.766 17.50 | 143 | 6366 | 4171 | ator 5.00 | 21.0 10.706 7014 | 5.216 100 | 6.25 17.0 | 8007 8678 | 4.222 7.50 143 | 7197 | ae7e | 3.477 oe a ee es ae * Values given includes the end-| ap or splice allowance. 3-12 ONE WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB The one way reinforcement of cencrete slab is adopted when the concrete beams or girders that supports the floor slab is almost or rectangular in shape. Solution can either be by direct counting or by the area method. ILLUSTRATION 3-13 From Figure 3-21, determine the number of steel bars for a one way reinforcement slab including the tie wires required SOLUTION 3-13 1. Given Data: Spacing of Main Reinforcement = 150mm. (15.cm,) 122METAL REINFORCEMENT Temperature Bars Spacing = 250mm. (25 cm.) Size of the Reinforcement = 12 mm. diameter Type of reinforcement = One way i tt ‘Straight far i — } One Way Slab Reinforcement FIGURE 3-21 2. Determine the number of Main Reinforcements. 4.70 + 1 = 32.33 pes. at 5.00 m long steel bars 15 Note: In dividing the span by the bar spacing, what is found is the number of spacing. Add one (1) to get the number of steel bars. 3. Determine the length of the alternate cut bars to be installed in between the main reinforcement. 123SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1.075 + 175 (hook) = 1.25 meters 4. Using a 5.00 m. steel bars,divide: 5.00 = 4 pes. (number of cut bars taken from one 1.25 steel bar) 5. Divide: Step 2 by step 4 32.33 = 8 pcs, at 5.00 m. steel bar 4 6. Total Main Reinforcing Bars 32.33 + 8 = 40.33 pes. 7. Solve for the Temperature bars at 2.15 m. span 215 +1=96 say10pcs, ~ 5 8. Temperature bars at 1.075 span 1.075 +1= 5.3 pos. ~ 25 9. Multiply by 2 layers at 2 sides 5.3.x 4 = 21.2 pcs. 10. Add result of 6 hnd 9 96 + 21.2 = 308po.% 12411. Summary total of 6 and 10 40.33 + 30.8 METAL REINFORCEMENT = 71.1 pes. 12mm. x 5.00 m. steel bars. Order: 72 pes. 12 mm x 5.00 m. steel bars. TABLE 3-8 QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS AND TIE WIRES IN A ONE-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB Bar Number of Steel Bars per Square Meter | Length of Tie Spacing Wire / sq. m. om. | 5.0m. 6.0m 750m. 9.0m. 120m. 25m. 30cm. 10.0 | 4.493 3667 2856 2.320 1.834 | 242 201 125 | 3911 3.186 2483 2015 1593 | 197 236 15.0 | 3524 2866 2234 1,812 1.433 | 163 195 ] 175 | 3247 2637 2056 1.667 1.319 | 141 169 20.0 | 3.030, 2465 1192 1558 1.233 | 126 .152 225 | 2878 2332 1.819 1.473 1.166 | 111 133 25.0 | 2749 2225 1.737 1.405 1.113 | 101.121 27.5 | 2643 2138 1.669 1.350 1.069 | .091 109 30.0 | 2554 2065 1.612 1.304 1.033 | 086 103 2nd SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 1. Solve for the area of the floor 4.70 x 4.30 = 20.21 sq. m. 125SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Referring to Table 3-8 using a 5.00 m. bars at 18 cm. - spacing. Multiply: 20.21 x 3.24 = 71.2 pes 3. Order: 72 pes. 12 mm deformed steel bars. Solving for the tie wires at 25 cm. o.c. 1, Referring to Table 3-8 Multiply: 20.21 x 163 = 3.29 kgs. 2. Order: 4 kgs. No. 16 G.I. wire 3-13. TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB A two way reinforced concrete slab is adopted when the beam or girder that supports the concrete floor slab is almost or square in shape or position. ILLUSTRATION 3-14 From Figure 3-22, determine the number of 13 mm steel bars and tie wire required. 126METAL REINFORCEMENT Bend Bars 720m ‘Straight Bars —_[Bend Bars | Coo ‘Temp. Bars +—————7:20 n. - ' Two Way Slab Reinforcement FIGURE 3-22 SOLUTION 3-14 1. Solve for the main reinforcement 3.60 + 1 = 37 pes. “10 2. There are.two way - run of reinforcement 37 x 2 = 74 pes. steel bars 127SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3. For cut bars at 1.87 m. tong, 4 pcs. can be obtained in a 7.50 m. commercial steel bar Divide: 74 = 185 pes. steel bars 4 4. Temperature bars at 1.80 m. span ‘ 1.80 + 1 = B.2 pcs. 25 5. Multiply by 4 sides at 2 layers 8.2 x 8 = 65.66 pcs. 6. Summary total of step 2,3 and 5 74 + 18.5 + 65.6 = 158 Pcs. 2nd SOLUTION ( By the area Method ) 1. Area of the floor slab: 7.20 x 7.20 = 51.84 sq.m. 2. Referring to Table 3-9, for a 7.50 m. steel bars at 10cm spacing; Multiply: 51.84 x 3.050 = 158 Pcs. 126METAL REINFORCEMENT 3. Order: 158 pcs. 13mm x 7.50 m. steel bars Solve for No. 16 G.. tie wire cut at 30 cm. 1. Referring to Table 3-9; Multiply: 51.84 x .437 = 22.65 say 23 kilos. TABLE 3-9 QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS AND TIE WIRES ON A TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB Bar Number of Steel Bars per Squaré Meter | Length of Tie Spacing = — Wire / sq.m om, 50m 60m 75m 90m 120m) 25em-30em 10.0 4.953 3995 3.050 3.047 2000 | 364 437 12.5 4.409 3549 2703 2.734 1.775 | 279 .335 15.0 4.047 3.252 2471 2524 1.626 238 = .286 17.5 3.788 «693.039 2306 2.377 1.520 .208 = .250 20.0 3.594 2880 2182 2266 1440 | 185 .222 22.5 3.443 2.756 2.085 2179 1378 | 168 .202 25.0 3.322 2656 2.008 2109 1328 | 156 .187 275 3.223 2675 1945 2053 1.268-| 146 175 30.0 3.141 2507 1.892 2005 1.254 | 138 .165 3-14 CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT From Figure 3-21, determine the quantity of steel bar reinforcement using 10 mm diameter and number 16 Tie Wire. 129SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Concrete Pipe Reinf. Ring FIGURE 3-23 SOLUTION 1. Solve for the circumference of the circle’ at midpoint of the concrete thickness "t". c= C = 3.1416 x (90 + .10) 3.1416 x 1.00m. = 3.1416 m. 2. Total length of one ring plus 15 om. splice 3.1416 + 15 = 329m. 3. Find the total number of ring at .20 om. o.c. spacing. 1.00 m. ht. 20 cm. 130METAL REINFORCEMENT " 5 + 1 to get the total number of ring. 6 pcs. 4. Temp, bars at 25 m.0.¢ 3.1416 = 12.56 say 13 pcs. at 100 long 25 Tie Wire 1. The total number of ring multiplied by the number of temperature bars. 6 x 13 = 78 pes. at.30 m. long per tie wire 2. Total length: 78 x .30 = 23.40m 3. Divide by 53.00 meters to find the weight in kg. 23.40m. = .44 say 50 kg. No. 16 Tie wire 53.00 m. 134CHAPTER 8 HARDWARE 8-1 BOLTS Bott is a pin or rod with a head at one end threaded at the other end to receive a nut. ‘The different kinds of bolts used in building construction are: 1. Machine Bolt - Has a head at one end and a short thread at the other end. 2. Countersunk Bolt - Has a beveled head fitting into a countersunk hole. 3. Key Head Bolt - Has a head shaped end fitted to a groove that will not turn when the nut is screwed into the other end. 4. Stud Bolt - A headless bolt threaded at both ends. Size and Length of Bolts 267SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE The length of bot is the sum of the thickness of both pieces being connected plus 12 mm.. With respect to the size or diameter of bolt, depends upon the thickness of the object to be bolted. { a) Lumber up to 5 cm. thick, use... 6 mm (1/4") diameter. b) 7.5 cm. (3") thick lumber use . . 10 mm (3/8") diameter. ©) 10 cm. (4") thick lumber use. . 12 mm (1/2") diameter. 4) Drillhole is 1.5 mm (1/16") larger than bott diameter unless snug fit is necessary. e) Use washers under head and nut of machine bolt. _ f) For carriage bolt use washer under nut only. 9) Use toggle bolt for attaching fixture to plaster wall, hie h) Use expansion bolt for fastening to masonry. { i) For outdoor exposure, use brass or cadmium plated finish. TABLE 8-1 U.S. STANDARD THREAD OF BOLTS Length | Diameter of Bolts _ in| 12 | se | 34 | 78 1 | awe [144 mm 12 16 20 | 22 25 28 3 10.0 | 144 | 245 | 3.64 | 5.24 | 7.23 | 9.78 | 12.60 125 | 169 | 2.85 | 4.21 6.01 8.24 | 14.06 | 14.18 15.0 | 194 | 3.24 4.78 6.78 9.26 | 12.33 | 15.76 175 | 219 | 3.64 | 5.35 7.55 | 10.27 | 13.61 | 17.35 20.0 | 245 | 4.03 | 5.92 832 | 11.29 | 14.89 | 18.93 225 | 270 | 4.43 6.49 9.09 | 12.30 | 16.17 | 20.51 25.0 | 2.95 | 4.82 7.06 | 986 | 13.31 | 17.44 | 22.09 27.5 | 3.20 | 5.22 7.63 10.63 | 14.33 | 18.72 | 23.67 30.0 | 346 561 8.20 11.40 | 15.34 | 20.00 | 25.26 325 | 3.71 | 6.01 | 877 | 12.17 | 16.36 | 21.27 | 26.84 if 35.0 | 396 | 6.40 | 9.34 | 1294 | 17.37 | 22.55HARDWARE Machine Bolts FIGURE 8-1 ae arsenal Bevel Head Countersunk Head Ce) oy Turned Oval Head Bastard Head Carriage Bolts FIGURE 8-2 ty i Head Stud Bolt FIGURE 8-3 269SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Railroad Track Bott Welded Eye Bott fa Plain and Shouldered Step Bolt Forged EyeBolt Expansion Bolt Various Types of Bolt FIGURE 8-4 270HARDWARE Estimating Procedure in Determining Length of the Bolt Post WL. Post Strap —— Bolts Footing FIGURE 8-5 WOODEN POST ANCHORED BY POST STRAP The Length of the Boit is equal to the width of the post plus the two thickness of the post strap plus 20 mm allowance for the thread and nut. L=w+13mm + 20mm. POST AND SINGLE BEAM The Length of Bolt is equal to the width of the post plus the thickness of the beam. Lowest | | FIGURE 8-6 | ' | 271SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, TABLE 8-2 WEIGHT OF BOLTS WITH SQUARE HEADS AND HEXAGONAL NUTS PER 10 BOLTS. T Diameter 1/4 | 8/16) 3/8 | 7/16} 1/2) 9/16] 5/8) 3/4 718] 1 of Bolts 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16| 19 | 22 | 25 No. of Thread] 20] 18 [46 | 44 [43 ) 42 | 41] 10 , perinch _ _t Diameterof [5 | 6 [8 | 9 | 17] 12 | 13] 18 Top Dri 43} 4 | 8 | 23 | 27 | 45 }47 | 32 4 | 4 |i6 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 32 | 64 2» Bolt fp Beam 20mm dap FIGURE 8-7 POST WITH TWO BEAMS OF THE SAME THICKNESS Length of the Bolt is equal to the width of the post plus 2 thickness of the beam minus 20 mm dap.( There’ are two dap opposite the column sides but only one is subtracted because the other 20 mm dap is reserved for the thread that will receive the nut.) L=w+ 2t- 20mm 272HARDWARE Beam Bott Bolt Washers FIGURE 8-8 POST AND TWO BEAMS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS Length of bolt is equal to the width of the post plus ty + tz minus 20 mm, L—. wood Block | machine Boits FIGURE 8-9 BOLTS ON TRUSSES Length of bolt is equal tothe thickness of the membersin layer plus 20 mm 3 x 50mm + 20mm = 170mm. or 17 cm 273 | |i SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Exampie: 3 x 50mm = 150mm + 20 mm = 170 mm. TABLE 8-3 POST ROUGH HARDWARE Size of Post] W.! Post] No.] Bok WI. Splice | No. | Bolt om Strap (mm) mm | Strap (mm) mm 10 x 10 6x45x600 | 2 | 12'| 6x37x600 4] 12 13 x 13 18 x 15 18 x 18 20 x 20 6x50x600 | 2 | 16 6x 50x 600 4 16 23 x 23 25 x 25 28 x 28 6x62x600 | 2 | 20 6x 62x 900 4 20 8-2 SCREW In carpentry work, screw is sometimes used instead of nails due to the following advantages: 1. Greater holding power 2. Neat in appearance 3. Less chance of injuring the materials 4. Ease of removal in case of repair How to Chodse Screw le 1. Select one thatis tong enough wherein one halfto two thirds i 274HARDWARE of its length will enter the base in which threads are embedded. 2, The length of the screw should be 1/8" or 3mm less than the combined thickness of the boards being joined. 3. Use fine thread screw for hard wood and coarse for soft wood. How to Use the Screw Always drill lead hole for the screw 2. Hole in top board should be slightly larger than the shank, in second board slightly smaller than the threaded portion. In soft wood, bore to depth half the length of the thread. 4. In hard wood, bore nearly as deep as the length of the screw. 5. For lag screw, drill hole two-thirds its length then drive in with hammer, and finally tighten with wrench. » How to buy screw 1. Screws are classified by gauge (thickness) and length.Each gauge has a variety of different lengths which maybe obtained up to 12 cm. (5 inches) 2. When ordering screw, specify head shape (e.g., round head), finish (brass), gauge (number 5) and length (2" to 5 cm). 2 Square-headed fag screws come in diameters of 6 mm. to 25 mm (1/4 to 1inch) with its length from 4 cm. to 30 cm (1 1/2" to 12 inches.) 275SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Wood Screw - Is a screw nail with handed coarse thread to give a grip. Materials Used {fron 3.Brass_ ‘5. Bronze 2.Steel 4. Copper 6. Aluminum Shape of the Head 1. Flat 8. Headless 2. Round 9. Slotted (wood screw) 3. Fillister 10. Square (lag screw) 4. Oval 41. Hexagonal 5. Winged 12. Clove 6. Bung 13. Grooved 7. Punched Shape of the Point 1.Standard 2. Full length 3. Coarse Duty 1, Wood (light duty) 2. Lag (heavy duty) Finish 1. Bright 6. Bronzed 2. Blued 7. Coppered 3. Nickel Plated 8. Japanned 4. Silver Plated 9. Lacquered 5. Brass 10, Galvanized 276HARDWARE TABLE 8-4 STANDARD WOOD SCREW AND NUMBER PER KILOGRAMS RR 1 —— i inches [4/2 [1 |192] 2 J|212| 3 Jar 4 lara s| 5 mm {12 | 25 | 37 [50 [62 | 75 | a7 =r t Number /6.211] 3,443} 2,329 | 1,779] 1,414 |1,186| 1,126] 910] 739 [ess [aie oe | mx Ordinary Lag Screw thy Coach Lag Screw i | F—~ Effective Length of Screw ~~ Standard Wood Screw Point FIGURE 8-10 277SUV PLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Flat Head Round Head Oval Head Counter Sunk Fillister Head i ti, Felloe seas Closed Head xe] Hexagonal Round Bung Head EE J Grooved Headless i | Pinched Head Square Bung Head Winged Winged Winged Head Drive \ Various Types of Wood Screw h FIGURE 8-11 278HARDWARE The Three Shapes of Screw Point are: 1. Gimlet point —- used on wood and coach screws. 2. Diamond point - is used when more driving is done before turning as in drive and lag screw. 3. Conical point - same as diamond point. Gimlet_ Diamond Cone Types of Wood Screw as to the Point FIGURE 8-11 8-3 NAILS The first handmade nails were used in the United States which lasted up'to the end of the Colonial Period. In France, light aaits for carpenters were made by hand and hammer aut of steel wire as early as the days of Napoleon 1. In the United States, the wire nail was first introduced by William Herser of Now York in 1851 Twenty five years later in 1876, Father Goebel introduced the manufacture of wire nails and at the last part of the 18th century, twenty three patents for nail making machine were approved in the United States which was later introduced in England, Kinds of Nail as to: 279k SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1. Cross-Sectional Shape a) Cut (rectangular) b) Wire (circular) 2. Size a) Tacks c) Brads e) Spike b) Sprigs —d) Nails 3. Materials a) Steel b) Brass c) Copper 4. h a) Plain c) Galvanized b) Coated d) Blued 5. Service a)Common _) Finishing b) Flooring d) Roofing e) Boat, etc. Types of Nail Points ; U q V Round Blunt Diamond Long Diamond Needle Chisel Point Front Side ‘Cut Nail Sheared Bevel FIGURE 8-12 2802d to 60d 2d to 40d 2d to 400 2d to 204. 3/16" to 3" 2d to 204 6" to 12" HARDWARE 2d 3d 4d Sd 6d Td 8d 10d 12d 16d Length of Nails ( Actual Size ) FIGURE 8-13 For General Construction For Light Construction Household Use. For Interior Trim For Cabinetwork Furnitures For Light Work Mouldings Flooring Construction For Heavy Construction 281 Common Nail Box Casing Finishing Nail Wire Brad Cut SpikeSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. kx 2d to 60d. _——— 2d to 404. to 04 > _ 2dto204. ——— ate" to" TSE Ad to 204 Common Nail Box Casing Finishing Nail Wire Brad’ Cut ny —— rah eo 12 spike Types of Nails and: Their Uses FIGURE 8-14 Flat Large Flat. ‘Large Flat Common "98 Reinforced Round Oval Round Countersunk Countersunk Non leak Gone Cuned Cut Nail 0 Wire Spike Oval — Offset Hook Brad Diamond Barge Spike Types of Nail Heads FIGURE 8-15 282HARDWARE A) Tacks Are small, sharp pointed nails with tapering sides and a thin flat head. Tacks are nails chiefly usedin fastening carpets and flashing of any thin materials. FIGURE 3-16 TABLE 8-5 NUMBER OF WIRE TACKS PER KILOGRAM st ii son aot Inches Length (mm) | Number per Kilogram 18 3 35,200 36 5 23,465 | 114 6 17,600 56 8 14,080 ii 3/8 10 11,732 dl 76 12 8,800 one 14 5,865 | 5/8 16 4,400 ! 1116 7 10,120 i 34 19 2,930 | 13/16 20.5 i 2.514 718 22 1,200 | 1516 24 1,953 | 1 25 1,760 | 116 27 | 1,599 118 28 1,465 283SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE B) Sprigs Are small headless nails sometimes called barbed dowel pins. The regular size of sprigs ranges from 12 mm. to 5.0 cm. gauge No. 8 wire or 4 mm. diameter. C) Brads Are small slender nails with small deep heads. The common variety is made in sizes from 2.5 cm. (2d) to 15 cm. (6d) in length while the flooring brads- from 5 cm. to 10 cm. length. TABLE 8-6 FLOOR BRADS TECHNICAL DATA Size | Length | Gauge Head | Approx. | Gauge | No. of Nails mm Gauge | No/kg.| No. per kg, 6d 50 1 6 322 12 14,500 7d | 3201 44 6 277 | 12°} 12,500 ed | 37 | 10 | 5 200 | 14 9,000 9d 44 10 5 173 11 7,800 10d 75 9 4 131 10 5,900 12d 81 8 3 95 9 4,300 16d | 87 7 2 76 8 3,450 20d 100 6 1 87 7 2,600 D) Nails Is a popular name for all kinds of nail except those extreme sizes such as Tacks and Spikes. The most generally used are called Common Nails of sizes from 2.5 cm. to 15 cm, 284HARDWARE TABLE 8-7 COMMON WIRE NAILS TECHNICAL DATA Size | Gauge | __ Approximate Number No. Per Kilogram | Per Keg —— + ———— 2d) 15 1831 | @2,400 Bd 14 1,177 | 53,000 4d 125° | 666 | 30,000 Sd | 125 580 26,100 66) 115 | 382 17,200 74 15 | 344 | 15,500 ad | 10.25 208 =| 9.400 9d} 10.25 | 188 | «8,500 wd | 9 | 138 6,250 tad) 9 | 124 5,600 16d | 8 | 93 | 4,200 20d) 6 58 2,625 4od | 4 | 45 | 2,040 50d | 3 | 34 | 1,540 6od | 2 6 150 20 | 910 Flat Head Diamone Point Oval Head Chisel Point FIGURE 8-17 E) Spikes An ordinary spike is a stout piece of metal from 7.5 om. to 30 cm. in length, much thicker in proportion than a common nail. 285SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Spike is much used in attaching railroad tails, construction of docks, piers and other work that uses large timber. There are Two Kinds of Spikes, namely: a) Flat Head, diamond point b) Oval Head, chisel point F) Boat Spikes Are small kind of nail driven mostly in hard timber with a clear cut sharp chisel point. TABLE 8-8 COMMON BRADS TECHNICAL DATA. OO - Size Length Approximate Number { | Inches mm Per Kilogram Per Keg 2d + | 2 1,904 85,700 3d 14 | 34 1,206 54,300 { 4d 1412 37 662 29,800 | Sd 13/4 44 566 25,500 6d 2 50 307 17,900 7d 214 | 56 340 15,300 i 8d 22 | 6 224 10,100 i 9d 23/4 69 197 8,900 40d 3 7 146 6,600 i 12d 334 | at 137 6,200 - 16d 312 | 88 108 4,900 | 20d 4 | 100 68 3,100 i i sod | aie } 112 53 2,400 | it 40d 5 | 125 40 1,800 i 50d S12 | 137 28 1,300 { ( 286HARDWARE Size Approx. No. “Inches [| mm per Kilogram 10d 3 75 | 90 124 304 81 83 16d 302 88 66 20d 4 100 | 50 30d 412 112 37 40d 5 125 28 50d 512 137} 22 60d 6 150 19 175 mm 7 175 15 200 mm 8 200 9 225 mm 9 225 8 250 mm 10 250 7 300 mm 12 300 6 Other Important Facts and Uses of Nails 1. Use a nail that is three times as long as the thickness of the board 2. Nails with sharp point holds better than blunt ones but tend to split wood, 3. Flatten the point with hammer before driving into an easily split wood Use thinner nails for hardwood than for soft wood. For weather resistance, use copper, aluminum or galvanized nails Zinc or cement coatings increase resistance to withdrawal Barbed nails hold best in green wood Sizes of nails are indicated by "penny" abbreviated as “d" Example: 20 penny nail is known as 20 d nail @rygaen 287SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLES8-10 USES AND APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF NAILS Materials Unit Per Approx. kg. | Size Kind of j Required Nails | Floof joist and | bridging at 30.0.c. | sq.m 47 20d} CWN T&GFlooring | 1x4 | sqm 15 6d | Flooring brad 1x6 sq.m. 09 | 6d | Flooring brad Siding Wood Board | | on studs at 60 o.c. 1x6 | sqm 08 6d | Casing brads 1x8 sq.m. 06 6d | Casing brads. Studs: at 40 0.c. sq.m 08 8d cWN at 60 0.c. sq.m. 05 ad cWN - Scaffolding Meter ht 73 20d cCWN | ofpost | Plywood Wall | Per sheet and Ceiling | at.150.con .055 | 2d | Finishing nails | 40x 60 joist Rafters, Purlins = Persq. m. 20 | 200 cw and Cleats | purlins at 70 0.c Base Board | Meterlength 03 6d | cWN Fascia Board Meterlength 048 | 8d cWN fen] Ceiling Joist | | i: at 40 x 60 0.c, Sq.m 05 8d | CW 288 eeeHARDWARE ILLUSTRATION 8-1 A wall partition 16.00 meters long by 3.00 meters high specify the use 1" x 8" stone cut wood board on studs spaced at .60 m. 0.¢. Determine the nails Fequired for the studs and the wood board. SOLUTION A) Nails for studs 1. Find the area of the wall A= 20.00 x 3.00 m. = 60sqa.m. 2. Referting to Table 8-11 along stud at .60 m. 0.c. Multiply: 60 x .05 = 3.0 kilos 8d CW Nail B) Nails for 1" x 8" Wood Board 1. Area = 20.00 x 3.00 m. A= 60sq.m. 2. Referring to Table 8-11 along 1" x 8" board Multiply: 60 x .06= 3. 6 say 4 kilos 6d CW Nail 289 | i i|SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Cement Coated Nails Measured Here Bright Flat Headed Nails Measured Here. Concrete Nails FIGURE 8-18 TABLE 8-11 QUANTITY OF CEMENT COATED NAILS PER KILOGRAM Length Penny Gauge No. of Nails/ Kg. " 2d 15 1863 144" 3d 14 1195 142" 4d 12472 651 13/4" Sd 12112 559 2 6d 1112 367 214" 7d 11142 330 21/2" ed 10414 222 23/4" od 1014 202 3 10d 9 145 314" 12d 9 149 312" 16d 8 103 a 20d 6 64 412" 30d 5 48 s 40d 4 37 512" 50d 3 31 e 60d 2 24 te 290