Experiment No.

1
First Order Circuits

1. Objectives

Putting hand-on the lab equipments and discrete electronic components and using Matlab
simulink software is the main objective sought in this experiment. In particular, the following
characteristics are investigated:

1. Finding the time-varying waveform of the voltage across and the current through a
capacitor when the latter is subjected to charge and discharge conditions.
2. Finding the time-varying waveform of voltage across and current through an inductor
when subjected to energizing and de-energizing conditions.
3. Determining the time constant during the charge and the discharge conditions for RC
circuit as well as for RL circuits.
4. Investigating the effect of the parameters (R, C, and L) values on the time constant in
RC circuit as well as in RL circuits.

Learning Outcome:

This lab assignment satisfies the Course Learning Outcome #1, which is, “Solve first order circuits and
determine their responses following a free or forced disturbance ”.

Theory and Background

First-order circuits are characterized by first-order differential equations. Such circuits can be
either RC circuits or RL circuits. Referring to your class notes or chapter 7 of your course
textbook (i.e. “Fundamentals of Electric circuits” by C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku,
International Edition , McGraw Hill Company, 2004 ), the voltage across the capacitor in
function of time (t) in an RC circuit that is working freely or subjected to a step DC voltage
source is :

−t
v(t ) = V + (Vo − V)e 

Where:

V is the steady state Thevenin voltage expected across the capacitor terminals

Vo: is the initial voltage across the capacitor terminals

: is the time constant of the RC circuit. It is simply  = RC.

The capacitor requires a time nearly equal to 5 times the time constant () to charge or
discharge. The voltage across the capacitor should be always continuous. That is, it can not
change abruptly or instantly between charge and discharge actions.

In the contrary, the current though the capacitor can change instantly. The current through
the capacitor can be calculated as:

dv (t )
i (t ) = C
dt
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 1 of
23
 Similarly in RL circuit, the current through the inductor, in function of time (t), is :

−t
i (t ) = I + ( Io − I)e 

Where: I is the steady state Thevenin current expected to circulate through the inductor.

Io: is the initial current in the inductor.

: is the time constant of the RL circuit. It is simply  = L/R.

The inductor requires a time nearly equal to 5 times the time constant () to energize or de-
energize. The current through the inductor should be always continuous. That is, it can not
change abruptly or instantly between any energizing and de-energizing actions .

In the contrary, the voltage across the inductor terminals can change instantly. The voltage
across the inductor can be calculated from the following expression:

di (t )
V (t ) = L
dt
2- Apparatus
The following material is needed to conduct the experiment:

• One dual trace scope

• One function generator
• One multimeter
• Capacitor: 0.1 F
• Inductor 100 mH
• Resistors: 1 K and 2 K .

3- Procedure:
a) RC circuits:

a-1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure a-1.

1 kohm
Scope
FCN
CH1 CH2
Gen
- +
0.1 uF

Figure a.1

a-2. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a frequency of 500
Hz. When the generator’s output is 5V, the capacitor is charging. When it switches to 0 V (i.e., short to
GND), the capacitor is discharging. Connect the scope across ab terminals and across the input voltage
(in a dual trace mode so that you view simultaneously the input voltage and the voltage across the
capacitor). Record both plots: Vab . and supply voltage.
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 2 of
23
 a-3. From the previous plots, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach full
voltage during the charging conditions.
Charging time= second

a-4. From the previous plots, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach nearly
zero voltage in the discharging conditions.
Discharging time= second

a-5. Connect the circuit shown in Figure. a-2.

0.1 uF
Scope
FCN
CH1 CH2
Gen
- +
1 kohm

Figure a-2

a-6. Set the function generator as in step (a-1). Connect the scope across ab and across the input
voltage (in a dual trace mode so that you view simultaneously the input voltage and the voltage
across resistor which represents the capacitor current). Record the plot of Vab. Note on the plot of the
parts corresponding to the charging of capacitor and those to the discharging of the capacitor.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 3 of

23
 a-7. Change the value of the resistance to 2 Kohms and reconnect the figure as in figure a-1.
Record the plots of the voltage across the capacitor and the supply voltage.

a-8. From the previous plot, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach full
voltage during the charging conditions.
Charging time= second

b) RL circuits:

b-1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure b-1.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 4 of

23
 a
100 mH
Scope
FCN
CH1 CH2
Gen 1 kohm
- +

Figure b-1

b-2. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a
frequency of 500 Hz. Connect the scope across ab and across the input voltage (in a
dual trace mode to simultaneously view the input voltage and the voltage across R which
is proportional to the inductor current) and plot Vab .

b-3. From the previous plots, what the value of the time required for the inductor to reach steady
state during the energizing period.
energizing time= second

b-4. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a
frequency of 500 Hz. Connect the scope across ab and across the input voltage (in a
dual trace mode to simultaneously view the input voltage and the voltage across L ) and
plot Vab .

1 kohm
Scope
FCN
CH1 CH2
Gen 100 mH
- +

Figure b-2
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 5 of
23
 b-5. Change the value of resistance of figure b-1 to 2 Kohm and perform step (b-2) again.

b-6 From the previous plot, what the value of the time required for the inductor
to reach steady state during the energizing conditions.

Energizing time= second

4- Results and Discussion

a) RC circuit:

a-1. Based on the plot of figure step a-3 of the procedure, what is the voltage across the capacitor
when it is fully charged ?
Vab= ….. volts

How does it compare with the supply (5 V) ?

What is the voltage across the capacitor when it is fully discharged?

Vab= ….. volts

Is it what you expect ?

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 6 of
23
 a-2. Based on the value of R and C in Figure 1-1, calculate the expected time constant for the RC
circuit.
 calculated= second

a-3. From the measurement of step a-4 of the procedure, deduce the value of the time constant of
the RC circuit and compare it with one valued in step a- 2.
 measured= second

a-4. What can you conclude about the behavior of the capacitor current when transiting from
charging to discharging conditions (at time t=0) (i.e: is it continuous or discontinuous).

a-5. Based on the plots of step a-6 of the procedure, calculate the value of the capacitor current
when charging begins and when discharging begins.
Ic(0)charging = ………mA and Ic(0)discharging= …………..mA

What is the capacitor current when the capacitor is fully charged?

Ic()charging = ………mA

What is the capacitor current when the capacitor is fully discharged?

Ic()discharging= …………..mA

a-6. Calculate the new value for the time constant  when the resistance of figure a-1 has been
changed to 2 kohm .
calculated = second

a-7. From the measurement of step a-9 of the procedure, deduce the value of the time constant of
the RC circuit and compare it with one valued in step a- 6.
 measured= second

b) RL circuit:

b-1. Based on the value of R of figure b-1 and the curve plots in step b-2 of the
procedure, calculate the final steady-state inductor current during the energizing and
de-energizing conditions.
Il()energizing= …………..mA and Il()de-energizing= …………..mA

b-2. Calculate the final steady-state inductor current during the energizing and de-energizing
conditions.
Il()energizing= …………..mA and Il()de-energizing= …………..mA

Compare the results of step b-1 and step b-2.

b-2. Based on step b-3 of the procedure section, calculate the value of the RL circuit time constant:
 measured= second

b-3. Calculate the value of the RL circuit time constant of figure b-2.
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 7 of
23
 calculated = second

Compare the results of step b-3 and step b-4.

b-4 What is the maximum inductor voltage when the inductor starts energizing ?

Vl(0)energizing= …………..mA

What is the minimum inductor voltage when the inductor starts de-energizing ?

Vl(0)de-energizing= …………..mA

b-5 Calculate the new value for the time constant  when the resistance of figure b-1 has been changed
to 2 kohm .

calculated = second

b-6 From the measurement of step b-6 of the procedure, deduce the value of the time constant of
the RL

 measured= second

What effect did changing the value of R have on the time constant ?

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 8 of

23
 Experiment No. 2
Second Order Circuits

1. Objectives

A series RLC circuit subjected to a step input voltage is investigated in this experiment. In
particular, the following characteristics are looked for:

1.Finding the time-varying waveform of the voltage across a capacitor in the circuit under
overdamped as well as under underdamped conditions.
2.Calculating the damping factor, the resonant frequency, and the frequency of oscillations in
a series RLC circuit.
3.Investigating the effect of the value of the resistance on the damping factor.
4.Investigating the effect of the value of the capacitor on the frequency of oscillations.
5.Measuring the frequency of oscillations, the damping factor in an underdamped RLC circuit.

Learning Outcome:

This lab assignment satisfies the Course Learning Outcome #3, which is, “Solve second order circuits
and determine their responses following a free or forced disturbance ”.

2. Background
Second-order circuits are characterized by second-order differential equations. Such circuits
are made of a combination of resistance, inductor, and capacitor. Previous elements can be
connected in series to make what is called series RLC circuit or in parallel and it will be
therefore called shunt or parallel RLC circuit. In this experiment, only the series RLC circuit is
investigated.

t=0
R L
+
v C
Vs
-

Figure 1: Series RLC circuit

Referring to your class notes or chapter 8 of your course textbook (i.e. “Fundamentals of
Electric circuits” by C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku, International Edition , McGraw Hill
Company, 2004 ), the series RLC circuit, as shown in figure 1, can be described by the
following second-order differential equation:

d 2 v R dv v Vs
+ + =
dt 2 L dt LC LC
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 9 of
23
 The previous equation can be also rewritten in the following standard format:

d 2v dv
2
+ 2 + 0 v =  0 Vs
2 2

dt dt
Where:

R
=
2 L is known by the term damping factor

1
o =
LC is known by the resonant frequency (o)

The solution of the previous differential equation is of the form:

 Vs + A1e S1t + A2 e S2t for   0 (overdamped )


v(t ) =  Vs + ( A1 + A2t )e −t for  = 0 (critically..damped )
V + ( A cos  t + A sin  t )e −t for   0 (underdamped )
 s 1 d 2 d

Where

S1 = − +  2 − 0 S 2 = − −  2 − 0  d = 0 2 −  2
2 2
, and

d represents the angular velocity of the oscillations of the underdamped solution.

A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions: v(0) and dv(0)/dt.

The damping factor () determines approximately how long it takes for the current to damp out when
we have an underdamped RLC circuit. The current will damp out in approximately five time constants.
One time constant can be found from

1
 =


The frequency (fd ) of the damped oscillation can also be determined by measuring the time period
(Td) for one cycle. The frequency (fd ) in Hz can be calculated from

1
fd =
Td

The frequency calculated from the expression of d = 2fd

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 10 of

23
 3. Apparatus
The following material is needed to conduct the experiment:
• One dual trace scope
• One function generator
• Capacitors: 1 F and 0.1 F
• Inductor 100 mH
• Resistors: 1 K, 100 , and 50 ,
• Multimeter
.

4. Procedure:

a-1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.

c d a
1 kohm 100 mH
Scope
FCN
GEN
1 uF
CH1 CH2

Figure 1

a-2. Based on the RLC circuit component values, calculate the damping factor () and the resonant
frequency (o).
= , o =

a-3. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a frequency of 50
Hz. Connect the scope across ab terminals and across the input voltage (in a dual trace mode so that
you view simultaneously the input voltage and the voltage across the capacitor). Record both plots:
Vab . and supply voltage.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 11 of

23
 a-4. From the previous plots, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach steady
state voltage when the supply voltage is 5 V.
Charging time= second

a-5. Interchange the capacitor with the resistor. Record both plots: Vab (voltage across the resistance
terminals) and supply voltage.

a-6. From the previous plots, what the value of the time required for the resistance to reach nearly
zero voltage when the supply voltage is zero.
Discharging time= second

a-7. Change the value of R to 100 in figure 1. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL
pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a frequency of 50 Hz. Record both plots: Vab . and supply voltage.

a-9. Based on the new value of R, calculate the new damping factor () and the angular
velocity (d) of oscillations. Calculate also the period (Td) of the oscillations

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 12 of

23
 1 2
 = ………………. d = 0 2 −  2 =……………… Td = = =……..
fd  d

a-10. From the plots of step a-8, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach steady
state voltage when the supply voltage is 5 V.
Charging time= second

a-11. From the plots of step a-8, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to make one
oscillation when the supply voltage is 5 V.
Period of one cycle = second

a-12. Change the value of R to 10 in figure 1. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide TTL
pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a frequency of 50 Hz. Record both plots: Vab . and supply voltage.

a-13. From the plots of step a-12, what the value of the time required for the capacitor to reach steady
state voltage when the supply voltage is 5 V.

Charging time= second

Comment on the effect of R on the capacitor voltage waveform.

a-14. Set R=10 , L=100mh, and C=0.1F in figure 1. Set the function generator (FCN Gen) to provide
TTL pulses (0V ; 5 V) with a frequency of 50 Hz. Record both plots: Vab . and supply voltage.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 13 of

23
 5- Results and Discussion

a-1. Based on the plot of figure step a-4 of the procedure, what type of solution we have obtained? ( i.e
overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped)?

b-2. From the measurement of step a-5 of the procedure, deduce the value of  and compare it with
one valued in step a- 3 of the procedure.
measured=(Charging time of step a-5 of the procedure )

b-3. From the measurement of step a-10 of the procedure, deduce the value of  and compare it
with one valued in step a-9 of the procedure.
measured=(Charging time of step a-10 of the procedure )

b-4. From the measurement of step a-11 of the procedure, calculate the angular velocity of the
oscillations as:
d, measured= 2*/( Period of one cycle of step a-11 of the procedure)

Compare the previous result with step a-9 of the procedure.

b-5. Compare the plots of step a-14 and step a-12 of the procedure. Comment on the effect of the
capacitor C on the frequency of oscillations.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 14 of

23
 Experiment No. 3
Series Resonant Circuit

Objectives

1. Determine the resonant frequency of a series resonant circuit and compare the measured value
with the calculated value.
2. Determine the bandwidth of a series resonant circuit and compare the measured value with the
calculated value.
3. Determine the quality factor of a series resonant circuit.
4. Determine the effect of the circuit resistance on the resonant frequency and the quality factor.

Learning Outcome:

This lab assignment satisfies the Course Learning Outcome #5 , which is, “Determine the frequency
response of a circuit”.

Theory and Background

In a series RLC circuit and at the resonant frequency (fr), the inductive reactance (XL) is equal to the capacitive
reactance (XC). Therefore, the total reactance is zero and the impedance is at its lowest value and equal to the circuit
resistance (R). The circuit current (I) is at its maximum at the resonant frequency (fr). Therefore, at resonance

XL = XC

2(fr)L = 1/[2(fr)C]

Solving for fr produces the equation

1
fr =
2 LC

The bandwidth (BW) can be measured from the frequency curve plot by determining the low frequency (fl) and the
high frequency (fh) at which the current (I) drops to 0.707 (-3dB) of the peak value. The bandwidth can be calculated
from the equation

BW = fh - fl

The bandwidth can be calculated from the circuit component values using the equation

R
BW =
2L

The quality factor (Q) measures how narrow the resonant circuit bandwidth (BW) is in relation to the resonant
frequency (fr). The higher the quality factor, the more narrow the bandwidth in relation to the resonant frequency.
The quality factor (Q) can be calculated from

fr
Q=
BW
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 15 of
23
Note that at resonance conditions, the voltage and current are in-phase the total impedance is purely resistive.

Procedure and Observation

Apparatus:
One function generator
One dual trace oscilloscope
One 100mH inductor
One 0.25F capacitor
1k and 100 ohm resistors
Oscilloscope

Practical Part:
Function
Generator
Oscilloscope
Generator

C
L
RL
100mH 0.25F
b
a
1k

1. Construct the circuit shown above. Insert the measured resistance of the inductor.
2. Based on the circuit component values, calculate the expected resonant frequency (fr).
fr =
3. Energize the circuit and set the function generator to the frequencies indicated in the following table.
At each frequency, reset the input to 10Vpeak and using the oscilloscope measure the peak voltage at
node a (Va) and node b (Vb) and record the values in the appropriate columns of Table 1 below. Adjust
the oscilloscope as needed. If necessary, take a few extra readings near the resonant frequency to
improve your data
Table 1: Measurements when resistance R= 1 kohm
f(Hz) Va(V) Vb(V) I (mA) Z (k)
100
300
700
900
950
1000
1050
1100
2000
3000
4000
5000
Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 16 of
23
 7000
9000
10000

4. Change the frequency of the function generator to the resonant frequency (fr) and record the phase
difference () between the voltage and the current. Change the oscilloscope settings as needed.
=
5. Change the 1k resistor to 100 and repeat steps 2-4. Record the measurements and the calculations in
Table 2.

Table 2: Measurements when resistance R= 100 ohm

f(Hz) Va(V) Vb(V) I (mA) Z (k)
100
300
700
900
950
1000
1050
1100
2000
3000
4000
5000
7000
9000
10000

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 17 of

23
Discussion and Calculations
1. Based on each value of Vb in Table 1 and the 1k resistor, calculate the peak current (I) at each frequency
and record your answers in the appropriate column of the table.

2. Plot the values of current (I) at each frequency and draw the graph of current (I) as a function of frequency
(f) on a semi-log paper. Use Matlab to draw such plot.

3. Based on the curve plot in the previous step (step 2), determine the resonant frequency (fr)
fr =
4. Based on the curve plot in previous step (step 2), determine the bandwidth (BW).
BW =

5. Based on the circuit component values, calculate the expected theoretical bandwidth (BW).
BW =

6. Based on the bandwidth measured in step 4 and the resonant frequency (fr) measured in step 3, calculate
the quality factor.
Q=

7. Based on each value of Va and I in table 1, calculate the impedance (Z) at each frequency and record your
answers in the appropriate column of the table (Table 1).

8. Plot the values of the impedances (Z) at each frequency in the table and draw the graph of impedance (Z) as
a function of frequency (f) on a semi-log paper. Use Matlab to draw such plot.

9. Based on the circuit component values, calculate the impedance at the resonant
frequency.
Z=

14. When the resistor has been changed to 100 and repeat steps 1-6 of the Discussion and Calculation
section. .

Conclusions
1. Compare the calculated resonant frequency with the measured resonant frequency and with the
simulated one.
2. Compare the calculated bandwidth with the measured the bandwidth.
3. Based on the graph in step 7 of the Discussion and calculation what conclusion can you draw
about the impedance of the series resonant circuit as the frequency varies?
4. How did your calculated impedance at the resonant frequency compare with the impedance at
the resonant frequency recorded in table 1?
5. What conclusion can you draw about the phase difference between the voltage and the current at
resonance?
6. What conclusion can you draw about the effect of the resistance value on the resonant frequency
and the bandwidth?

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 18 of

23
 Experiment No. 4
Passive Filters

Objectives

1. Plot the gain and phase response for R-C low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters.
2. Determine the cutoff frequency of R-C low-pass and high-pass filters.
3. Determine the center frequency and bandwidth of an R-C band-pass filter.
4. Determine how the value of R and C affects the cutoff frequency of R-C low-pass and high-
pass filters.

Learning Outcome:

This lab assignment satisfies the Course Learning Outcome #6, which is, ““Identify and design first
and second order passive filters and evaluate their characteristics”.

Theory and Background

A filter network voltage gain in dB is calculated from the actual voltage gain (A) using the equation

A(dB) = 20 log(A) in which A = Vo/Vi

The cutoff frequency (fc) on the gain-frequency plot is the frequency where the voltage gain has dropped 3dB
(0.707) from the dB gain on the flat part of the curve.

The expected cutoff frequency based on the circuit component values for the R-C low-pass and high-pass
filters can be calculated from
1
fc =
2 RC
A low-pass and a high-pass filter can be cascaded to form a band-pass filter. The center frequency (fo) and
the bandwidth (BW) are determined by the cutoff frequencies of the low and high-pass filters. The low cutoff
frequency (fc1) and the high cutoff frequency (fc2) on the gain-frequency plot are the frequencies where the
voltage gain has dropped 3 dB (0.707) from the dB gain at the center frequency (fo). The filter bandwidth
(BW) is calculated from

BW = fc2 – fc1

The expected cutoff frequency for a band-pass R-C filter based on the circuit component values can be
1
calculated from f c =
2RC
where R = R1 or R2 and C = C1 or C2

The center frequency (fo) of a band-pass filter is the geometric mean of fc1 and fc2. Therefore,

f o = (f c1 )(f c 2 )
fo
The quality factor (Q) of a band-pass filter can calculated from Q =
BW

A higher value of Q means a narrower bandwidth and a more selective filter. Filters with a Q less than 10 are
considered wide-band filters.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 19 of

23
Apparatus:
One function generator

One dual trace oscilloscope

Capacitors: 0.02F

Resistors: 1k

Procedure:

(a)Low-Pass Filter

1) Connect the circuit as shown below in figure 1.

Signal
generator

Generator
Vi Vo
R C
1KΩ 0.02F

1k
0.02F

Figure 1: Low Pass Filter

2) Set accurately the amplitude of the signal generator to 1 Vp-p.

3) Vary the frequency of the signal generator between 100Hz and 1MHz. Take a sufficient number of
data points. At each selected frequency, record the frequency (f), the peak-peak value of the input
voltage (Vi), the peak-peak value of the output voltage (Vo), and the phase angle () of the output
voltage with respect to the input voltage.

Table 1: Low Pass Filter Practical Measurements

f(Hz) Vi(p-p) Vo(p-p)  (deg.) 20log(Vo/Vi) dB
100

106

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 20 of

23
(b) High-Pass Filter

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.

Oscilloscope
Signal
generator
Vi
Generator Vo
C R
0.02F 1KΩ

1k

Figure 2: High Pass Filter

2) Repeat steps 2 through 3. Record your results in the following table (Table 2)

Table 2: High Pass Filter Practical Measurements

f(Hz) Vi(p-p) Vo(p-p)  (deg.) 20log(Vo/Vi) dB
100

106

( c) Band-Pass Filter

1) Connect the circuit as shown below (Figure 3).

Oscilloscope

Signal

Generator
C1
C1 R2
0.02F R2
1KΩ
Vi Vi 0.02F Vo
1k Vo
1k
R1 R1 C2 C2
1KΩ 0.002F
1k 0.002F

1k
Figure 3: Band Pass Filter

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 21 of

23
 2) Repeat steps 2 to 3 for a frequency range of 100Hz to 5MHz. Record your results in the following
table (Table 3)

Table 3: Band Pass Filter Practical Measurements

f(Hz) Vi(p-p) Vo(p-p)  (deg.) 20log(Vo/Vi) dB
100

5106

Results Discussion and Conclusion:

(a) Low-Pass Filter

1. For each frequency in Table 1, calculate the voltage gain of the circuit in dB and the record in the fifth
column of the table.
2. Plot the voltage gain in dB and the phase angle (θ) versus the frequency. Use semi-log scale for the
frequency axis. Note the cutoff frequency. I suggest to use MATLAB workspace to make such plot.
3. Draw the asymptotic Bode plots made the previous step (step 2).
4. Calculate the expected cutoff frequency based on the circuit component values.
5. How did the calculated cutoff frequency compare with the measured value recorded on the curve plot?
6. Was the phase angle at the cutoff frequency (fc) what you expected for a single R-C low-pass filter?

(b) High-Pass Filter

1. For each frequency in Table 2, calculate the voltage gain of the circuit in dB and the record in the fifth
column of the table.
2. Plot the voltage gain in dB and the phase angle (θ) versus the frequency. Use semi-log scale for the
frequency axis. Note the cutoff frequency. I suggest to use MATLAB workspace to make such plot.
3. Draw the asymptotic Bode plots made the previous step (step 2).
4. Calculate the expected cutoff frequency based on the circuit component values.
5. How did the calculated cutoff frequency compare with the measured value recorded on the curve plot?
6. Was the phase angle at the cutoff frequency (fc) what you expected for a single R-C high-pass filter?

(c) Band-Pass Filter

1. For each frequency in Table 3, calculate the voltage gain of the circuit in dB and the record in the fifth
column of the table.
2. Plot the voltage gain in dB and the phase angle (θ) versus the frequency. Use semi-log scale for the
frequency axis. Note the cutoff frequency. I suggest to use MATLAB workspace to make such plot.
3. Draw the asymptotic Bode plots made the previous step (step 2).
4. From the gain-frequency plot, record the center frequency (fo) and the cutoff frequencies (fc1 and fc2).
5. Based on the values of fc1 and fc2 measured in step 4, calculate the bandwidth (BW) of the band-pass
filter.

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 22 of

23
6. Calculate the expected cutoff frequencies (fc1 and fc2) based on the circuit component values.
7. Based on the values calculated for (fc1 and fc2) in step 6, calculate the expected center frequency (fo).
8. Based on the measured center frequency (fo) and the measured bandwidth (BW), calculate the quality
factor (Q) for the band-pass filter.
9. How did the calculated cutoff frequencies (fc1 and fc2) compare with the measured value recorded on the
curve plot for the band-pass filter?
10.How did the calculated for the center frequency (fo) compare with the measured value for the band-pass
filter?
11. Based on the quality factor (Q) for the band-pass filter, would you consider this to be a wide-band or a
narrow-band filter?
12. Was the phase angle at the center frequency (fo) what you expected for a single R-C band-pass filter?

Prepared by: EENG200: Circuit Theory II Page 23 of

23