High scoring IELTS

Task One model

essays from
EXAMINERS and
IELTS EXPERTS
Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

Band 7, 8 and 9
model essays from
Examiners and IELTS
experts
For academic candidates

https://t.me/THERESOURCE
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Version1

The tables compare the sales figures for two Fairtrade products in the UK, Switzerland,
Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden in two separate years. Overall, sales of Fairtrade coffee
increased in all five countries, while there was mixed success for similarly labelled bananas,
and the leading country in each table had significantly higher sales than the rest.

Sales of Fairtrade coffee were relatively modest in 1999, and Switzerland was the
largest consumer with €3 million in sales. Despite this figure doubling in 2004, the UK
rose from third place (with €1.5 million ) to lead the table with €20 million worth of
sales in the same year. A figure that was considerably higher than in any other country.
Although the three remaining countries also saw increases, these were marginal with
gains of between 0.2 and 0.7 million euros.
With Fairtrade bananas, Switzerland was again the leader in 1999, and dominated this
table in both years with sales increasing from €15 million to a striking €47 million.
Although considerably lower, the UK and Belgium saw similar growths in this category,
increasing by just over five times their 1999 figures to reach €5.5 and €4 million
respectively. In contrast, Sweden and Denmark experienced a drop in sales, with the
2004 figures (€ 1 million and €0.9 million ) almost half of those of 5 years earlier.

Version 2
The two tables contain sales data for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004,
in five nations of Europe.
The first table shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to
widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2
million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly
larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled
from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase; from 1.5-20
million euros.
In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade
bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumped from 15-47 million
euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5
and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different
pattern, with falls in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.

Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from
0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly clustered
between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million
euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for
Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.
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From the line graph, we can see the average monthly rise or fall in how much copper, nickel
and Zinc cost throughout 2014.

Overall, nickel started with the highest percentage change of the three but ended with the
lowest. Zinc started with the smallest change and ended with the highest, and copper prices
fluctuated. Prices for all three metals dipped in June.

In January the price of nickel was up six per cent, but this dropped to negative three percent
in June, ending the year with a one percent increase in both November and December.
Copper began the year with an increase of two percent and by May, the price was dropping
(by slightly less than one per cent). It rose again, increasing by a percentage point in July,
August and September. Zinc saw its most dramatic increase in February, with three per cent
and the price fell in June (a one percent decrease). The change was negative until
October/November when it began to rise.

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The diagrams show Central Library before and after changes were made to its layout.

Clearly, the library has been updated to include dedicated spaces for events and now has an
open space in the centre.

Twenty years ago, to the left of the entrance there was a reading room with newspapers
and magazines and to the right there was an enquiry desk. Now there's a computer room
on the left and a café where the information desk once was. Adult fiction has moved to the
right-hand side of the room and all reference books are now on the left. There is a smaller
information desk with self-service machines in what once was the adult non-fiction section.

There was a room at the back left-hand corner that had computer games, CDs and videos
that has since been enlarged and houses children's fiction. It has a space with two sofas
where storytelling events are held. There is a lecture room in the back right-hand corner
where children's books used to be.

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Version 1

The pictures illustrate the ingredients that go into a factory-made fish pie, and the various steps
in its production.

The pie contains salmon, peas, sauce and potatoes, and there are ten stages in its
manufacture, from delivery to dispatch. One of the ingredients, potato, goes through its
own six-stage preparation process before it can be added to the pie.
Potatoes are the first ingredient to be prepared on the production line. They are delivered
to the factory up to a month before the process begins, and they must be cleaned, peeled
and sliced. Potato peelings are thrown away, and the sliced potatoes are boiled, then
chilled and stored.
When fresh salmon arrives at the factory, lemon juice and salt are added, and the fish is
cooked in a steam oven within 12 hours of delivery. Next, factory workers remove and
dispose of the skin and bones, and the fish is inspected. Following inspection, pre-
prepared peas, sauce and potatoes are added. The resulting fish pies are wrapped, frozen
and then stored or dispatched.

version 2

This diagram shows that there are a number of processes involved in the commercial
production of frozen fish pies. The main ingredients consist of fresh salmon, peas and sauce,
with sliced potatoes, and they are prepared separately. The potatoes, which may have been
delivered up to a month in advance, are cleaned, peeled and cut into slices. The slices are
boiled and then chilled before being stored until needed. The preparation of the fish is more
labour intensive than the preparation of the potatoes. Within twelve hours of being delivered
to the factory, the fresh fish is cooked by being steamed with lemon juice and salt. Then the
skin and bones are removed by hand and disposed of, before a visual inspection takes place.

After this, the pies are assembled in microwaveable containers. Peas and sauce, which
have also been prepared, are added to the fish and then the pie is covered with a layer
of cooked potato slices. The pies are then wrapped and frozen. At this point they are
ready for dispatch, or they may be stored at the factory before being dispatched.

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Version 1
The first diagram shows that there are four stages in the life of the silkworm. First of
all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a
silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until
the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three
weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle
begins again.

The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected,
they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage.
Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted
together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.

Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to
produce silk cloth through a very simple process.

Version 2
The diagrams illustrate the stages in the life of a silkworm and the process of
producing silk cloth. There are four main stages in the life cycle of the silkworm,
from eggs to adult moth. The process of silk cloth production involves six steps,
from silkworm cocoon to silk material.

At the first stage in the life cycle of a silkworm, the moth lays its eggs. Around ten
days later, silkworm larvae hatch from the eggs; these larvae feed on mulberry
leaves. Then, after four to six weeks, the larvae become covered in silk thread, and
it takes between three and eight days for a full cocoon to be produced.

For silk cloth production, a cocoon is first selected and then boiled in water. After
boiling, the silk thread that makes up the cocoon is unwound, and then several
strands of thread are twisted together. At the fifth and sixth stages in the process,
the thread can either be dyed and then woven into silk fabric, or it can be woven
first and then dyed subsequently.

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These charts give information about the rainfall and temperatures for the
cities of Brasilia and Recife, with additional data about hours of sunshine
and days with thunder.

Although temperatures in Brasilia can be quite extreme, from just above freezing to
37°C, the average daily temperatures in Recife are not so variable. In Brasilia the range
can be as great as 15 degrees, but in Recife average daily temperatures generally vary
from 22°C to 31°C throughout the year.

The most noticeable contrast is in the rainfall. Brasilia is wettest from September to
May, with only two or three wet days in June, July and August. During the wet months,
there is thunder on approximately half the days. By contrast, Recife has at least ten wet
days, even in its driest season, which lasts from October to January. From April to
August there is rain on over twenty days per month. However, thunder is less common
there, with a maximum of three thundery days in April.

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The graph shows the overall numbers of tourist arrivals in five parts of the world
between 1990 and 2005. In 1990 over 70 million tourists visited North America, more
than twice as many as the next most popular destination shown, Central and Eastern
Europe. However, between 2000 and 2005 there was a decrease of approximately
1,500,000 in the numbers going to North America whereas there was an increase of
nearly 20 million tourists visiting

Central and Eastern Europe. The result was that in 2005 the number of tourists arriving
in North America and Central and Eastern Europe was almost equal at around 90
million each. The number of tourists visiting South-East Asia rose steadily over the
whole period but by 2005 the total was still under 50 million. The regions with the
fewest tourist arrivals were South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The number of
tourists going there was similar between 1990 and 1995 but after that there was a
greater increase in tourists going to Sub-Saharan Africa than to South America.

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The graph compares the percentage of their income which people in the UK and USA spend
on petrol. From the data, we can see two clear differences.
Firstly, the difference between the poorest 10% and the richest 10% is greater in the
UK than in the USA. In the former, the poorest spend less than 05% of their income on
petrol, suggesting that they do not use cars very much, and the richest spend around
3%. By contrast, in the US, the poorest spend around 4—5% while the richest spend
between 2 and 3%. This suggests that virtually everyone in the USA uses a car
sometimes. Secondly, in the USA it is also noticeable that the percentage of income
spent by the poor can be twice that spent by the rich. However, in the UK, the
percentage spent rises quite steeply for the poorer members of the population but
then remains almost constant apart from the very richest, where it falls again. In both
countries people on middle incomes spend about the same percentage. Overall, the
percentage of income spent on fuel generally gets higher in the UK, the more you earn,
whereas it decreases in the US.

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This bar chart compares the growth in the percentage of the population living in
urban areas in six different regions of the world.

According to the chart, between 1950 and 2007 the percentage of the population living
in cities in Latin America and the Caribbean almost doubled, from 42% to 76%,
whereas in Europe it only increased by 21%. However, in Europe over half the people
already lived in cities in 1950.

When we compare the projected increases in Asia and Europe by 2050 we see that in
Asia the percentage will continue to grow at the same speed, with a further increase of
25%, whereas in Europe the change will be even slower than before, increasing by
only 12%. By 2050, the vast majority (around 90%) of people in Latin America, the
Caribbean and North America will live in cities. Even in Africa, more than half the
population (62%) will live in urban areas by then.

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In the table we can see information about the numbers of students enrolling at Bristol
University in the three years, 1928, 1958 and 2008. It compares the percentages of
females and males, and also students from abroad and those from within 30 miles of
the city.

The most noticeable changes concern the overall growth of student numbers, from 218
in 1928 to 6,377 in 2008, and the proportions of local students, who constituted 50%
of the total in 1928, but only 1-2% in 2008.

It is surprising to note that the percentage of female enrolments did not rise steadily, but
dropped between 1928 and 1958. However, at the same time, the percentage of the
student population who came from abroad remained almost unchanged between 1928
and 1958, being 5% and 6% respectively, but rose markedly after that, so that by 2008
foreign students represented 28% of the total.

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Version 1
The diagram compares the different quantities of goods that were transported in the United
Kingdom using four means of transportation from 1974 to 2002. Overall, the figure for road
ranked first throughout the period, while that for pipeline stood last. All modes experienced
rises, except for railways which mainly showed fluctuations.
Road transport initially stood at 70 million tonnes, rising rather steadily until 1992
when it reached about 80 million. After a sudden surge in 1999, it continued to rise
steadily for another 3 years to reach a high of just below 100 million in 2002.
The figures for water and rail transport remained stable at 40 million from 1974 to
1978, after which the former rose significantly to about 60 million before dropping
slightly in 1999, followed by another increase to 65 million in 2002. In contrast, the
latter fluctuated widely over the rest of the period, returning to its initial figure in
2002.
Goods transported via pipeline rose gradually in quantity from 5 million in 1974 to just
over 20 million in 1995, following which the figure levelled off.

Version 2
The line graph gives information about the quantities of goods which were
transported in the United Kingdom by four different types of transport between 1979
and 2002. Over this span of 28 years, the quantities of goods transported by road,
water and pipelines increased while the quantity transported by rail remained almost
constant at about 40 million tonnes.
The largest quantity of goods transported both in 1974 and 2002 was by road (70
million tonnes and 98million tonnes respectively) while the lowest both in 1974 and
2002 was by pipeline (about 5 million tonnes and 22 millions tonnes respectively).
The amount of goods transported by water was conctant from 1974 to 1978, where it
showed an exponential growth, rising to almost 60 million tonnes after which it
plateaued for about 20 years before starting to rise gradually again.
The amount of goods transported by rail was almost constant at 40 million tonnes in
1974 and 2002, with decreases in the quantity in between the years. It is also
interesting to note that almost all showed a decrease in 1994 in the amount goods
transported except for the pipeline, which actually peaked in that year.
In conclusion, the road remains the most popular method of transporting goods in
the UK while water and pipelines became increasingly used. However, rail did not
become more popular as a method of transport.

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Version 1
The line graph shows variations in the weekly consumption of fish and three types of
meat in one European country from 1979 to 2004. Although there were fluctuations,
overall, people in this country consistently ate more meat than fish, and the general
trend was to move away from beef and lamb as chicken became the dominant food in
this category.
In the first decade, beef was consumed in significantly higher quantities than the other
foods listed. Despite an initial sharp fall to approximately 175 grams, it then recovered
reaching a high of close to 240 grams per week. However, from 1989 onwards, beef
consumption fell almost continually, and by 2004 had almost halved. Lamb almost
exactly mirrored this fluctuation trend, falling from second highest initially (at 150
grams) to approximately 60 grams per week by the end of the period.
In contrast, chicken climbed from less than 150 grams in 1979 and took the lead from
around 1990 onwards. Interestingly, the increases in chicken corresponded with the
declines in beef and lamb, and by 2002 chicken consumption had exceeded all previous
rates, reaching approximately 260 grams a week, although this peal was not
maintained.
Fish was consistently eaten the least, beginning at around 60 grams per week then
dropping to bellow 50 grams. While it was the lowest, it remained relatively stable
for the majority of the period.
Version 2
The graph illustrates changes in the amount of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed
in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. Overall, the graph shows
how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these
other foods decreased over the period.
In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams
consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities
(around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).
However, during this 25- year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell
dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption
of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it
remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.
The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed and upward trend, overtaking
that for lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250
grams per person per week.

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Version 3
The line graph shows how many grams of meat and fish each person consumed every week
in one European country from 1979 to 2004. Although all figures saw fluctuations, overall,
the consumption of chicken increased while that for other foods decreased.

In 1979, the figure for red meat was the highest, with Beef and Lamb consumed
approximately 220 and 150 grams respectively. Two years later, both numbers went down
by around 50 grams. Although the former recovered and peaked at roughly 240 grams in
1984, both figures had almost halved from their initial points by the end of the period.

In contrast, the per capita consumption of chicken saw an upward trend. Initially, standing
at slightly below 150 grams, it started to rise dramatically to overtake the weekly
consumption levels of Lamb in 1979 and after a decade that for beef, and eventually
reached a bit over 250 grams.

Fish had the lowest, yet the most stable, weekly consumption levels per capita, with its
consumption falling from roughly 60 grams to about 50 grams. Although there minor
fluctuations, it stayed relatively the same.

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The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected
consumption to 2030. Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuel, with
sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificantly.
Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel source throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion
(35q) units used in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from
1995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.
Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period.
From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual
increase, with the two fuel equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated
since 1990 but both now provided 24q. coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in
2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.
In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro- and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q.
Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2q. After slight increases, hydropower has
fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030 while the
others should rise slightly after 2025.

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The line graph shows usage levels of different types of energy in one country from 2000
to 2020, and projections up to 2050. Overall, total energy use is predicted to rise, with
fossil fuels consistently far exceeding green energy, and petrol and oil remaining the
dominant source of fuel.
With non-renewable, in the first twenty years, petrol and oil consumption increased
from 35 to just 40 quadrillion units, despite several falls, and is expected to rise to just
bellow 50 quadrillion in 2050. Coal use followed a similar pattern, albeit at lower rate.
It remained relatively stable at around 23 quadrillion units from 2015 and is predicted
to increase from 2025, eventually reaching 33 quadrillion. In contrast, use of natural
gas has fluctuated continually and is expected to peak at 25 quadrillion units in 2035
before declining.
Notably, more sustainable energy sources are used far less, all remaining close to 5
quadrillion units up to 2020. Nuclear energy has led this sector since 2010 and is
expected to continue to do so with a peak of approximately 7 quadrillion units in 2025.
Despite a predicted downward trend units 2045, it should regain this level in 2050.
Solar and wind are forecast to mirror nuclear’s rising trend, increasing to around six
quadrillion units, while hydropower generally declined from 2015 and is projected to
remain the lowest at around 3 quadrillion units.
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The line graph shows changing trends in car ownership in the UK from 1951 to 2007.
Overall, car ownership increased significantly during this period and there is an
increasing trend for households to have more than one car.
At the beginning of this period, in 1951, car ownership was uncommon in the UK, with
only just over 10% of the population owning one car and approximately 2% of
households owning two cars. However, the situation changed quite rapidly over the
next 16 years and by 1967, approximately 45% of household owned a car and just
under 10% had two cars.
Over the next 40 years, from 1967 to 2007, single-car families remained relatively
stable at around 45%. In contrast, the percentage of households without a car
continued to fall, albeit slightly less sharply. This continued decline corresponded with
increases in the ownership of multiple cars, with owning two cars rising to just under
30% in 2007, while three or more cars accounted for just under 10%. Notably,
households having two cars increased to a greater degree than three or more cars
during this period, and the trend for three or more did not begin until towards the end
of the 1960s.

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Version 1
The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japan, Sweden and the LISA.
It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to
increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.

In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan,

approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the US. However, while the figures for the
Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to
only 2.5% for much of this period, before rising to almost 5% again at the present time.

In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages, the proportion of older

people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three
countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which
time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three
countries.

Version 2
The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three
countries over a period of 100 years. It is clear that the proportion of elderly people
increases in each country between 1940 and 2040. Japan is expected to see the
most dramatic changes in its elderly population.

In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of

Swedish people and 5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in
the USA and Sweden rose gradually over the next 50 years, reaching just under 15%
in 1990. By contrast, the figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early
2000s.

Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is
predicted for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040.
By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the Japanese population will be 65 years
old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be slightly lower, at
about 25% and 23% respectively.

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The diagram shows how the number of people moving to the capital of a certain
country for different reasons changed from 2000 to 2015. Overall, all figures rose, albeit
to varying degrees, and while employment remained the most significant purpose for
migration throughout the period, adventure was the least.
The figure for those moving for employment purposes was the largest throughout the
period, rising from an initial 60000 to a high of just over 90000 in 2010 before declining
gradually to just below 90000 in 2015.
Those migrating to study numbered 25000 in 2000 and rose dramatically during the
next 15 years, reaching the same level as employment in the final year (around 90000),
although the growth slowed between 2005 and 2010.
The number of people who migrated to be with friends and family was initially as high
as the figure for those who moved for adventure at just over 10000. However, while
the former saw a gradual increase until 2010 when it levelled off at about 22000, the
latter grew steadily, reaching 15000 in 2015.

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The line graph illustrates how many people lived in poverty across the United States
between 1970 and 2015 broken down into suburbs, cities, small metros and rural areas.
Overall, there was an increase in poverty levels over the period across all groups with
the exception of rural areas. Also, there was a notable increase in poverty from the
year 2000.

In 1970, just over 7 million people in cities lived in poverty, a number that rose steadily,
reaching a total of just under 13 million people by 2015. Poverty levels in 1970 for
suburban areas were similar to those of cities at just under 7 million. These areas then
saw similar steady rises in poverty to those experienced by cities. However, from the
year 2000, poverty levels in suburbs rose sharply, which resulted in suburbs having
more people in poverty than any other community type at a final figure of 16 million
people.

At the beginning of the period, the total number of people in poverty was the lowest
in small metros, at just over 5 million. As was the case for cities and suburbs, this
number rose over the period and reached almost 10 million by 2015. In contrast,
poverty in rural areas saw a slight decrease over the period, falling to slightly under its
opening level of 8 million by the end of the period.
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This graph illustrates how crime rates altered in Newport inner city during the period
2003— 2012. We can see immediately that the greatest change occurred in the number
of burglaries, while incidents of theft remained low but steady.
In 2003, we can see that burglary was the most common crime, with approximately
3,400 reported cases. The figure rose to around 3,700 in 2004, but then there was a
downward trend until 2008. At this point the figure stood at just over 1,000 incidents.
This rose slightly in 2009, then continued to fluctuate for the remaining period.
In 2003, the number of cars being stolen stood at around 2,800 and followed a similar
trend to burglary until 2006. At this point the number rose, standing at around 2,200 in
2007. There was a marginal decrease in the following year, but from then on, the trend
was generally upwards.
Finally. robbery has always been a fairly minor problem for Newport. The number of
offences committed changed little over nine years. It is interesting to note that the figure
of approximately 700 in 2003 is the same figure for 2012.

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Version 1
The diagram shows the different stages in the life cycle of a salmon. Overall, the cycle
takes almost ten years and comprises three main stages, each of which takes place in
a different aquatic environment.
The salmon begins life as an egg, in the slow-moving waters of the upper river,
sheltered by reeds and small stones. Over a period of five to six months, the eggs hatch
into very small fish known as ‘fry’, which can grow up to eight centimetres in length.
The fry then move to the faster flowing water of the lower river, where they remain for
a period of four years and continue to grow. During this phase, they can double or triple
in size, reaching 12 to 15 centimetres, and are now referred to as ‘smolt’.
At the end of this stage, the smolt leave the river for the open sea, where they will
spend the next five years of their life. It is in this salt-water environment that the fish
develops its characteristic shape and colouring and reaches its full length of 70 to 76
centimetres, almost ten times its original size. Finally, the adult salmon will return to
the slow-moving river to lay Its eggs, and the cycle will begin again.

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Version 2
Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slowmoving
upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatch into 'fry'. For
approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-
flowing waters of their river, During this time they measure between three and eight
centimetres in length.
By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed 'smolt', and
at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea
the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six
centimetres. They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay
their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.
In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to
maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is
noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish's life occur in a freshwater
environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.
Band 9

Version 3
The diagram illustrates the process by which the salmon completes its life cycle.
Overall, process has three main stages, which take about a decade for a single salmon
to complete its life cycle. Furthermore, Each stage takes place in three different
habitats.
The process begins when an adult salmon gets to the upper river, where the flow of
water is much slower, providing a safer place for the young fish. Next, the fish finds
plants called reeds, under which it lays eggs on small rocks. This is where the eggs
stay for about 5-6 months until they hatch , and fry emerge.
At the next stage the fry, which is approximately 3-8 cm long, moves to the lower
river, where it spends the better part of its life (roughly 4 years). Once it is 12-15
cm long, it is called a smolt. At this stage it starts to develop a much bigger fin and
tail. After this, the smolt leaves the lower river and moves to the open sea, where
it lives for about 4 years. Finally, the salmon reaches adulthood, usually 70-76 cm
long, at which point it lays its eggs again and the cycle repeats.
Band 7

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Version 1
The diagram shows the process used to make sugar. Overall, this is a largely mechanical
process comprising two main stages: the farming of sugar cane and the processing of
the crop, which turns it into a liquid and eventually into sugar.
The first of the process is the longest as the sugar cane takes between 12 to 18 month
to grow tall enough for harvesting. Once it is fully grown, the crop can be harvested in
two ways, either mechanically using specialist machinery or by hand, a much more
labourintensive method.
The second stage is wholly mechanically and involves five steps. First, the plants are
crushed to form juice, which is then extracted. The juice is purified by passing it
through a limestone filter before being heated. During this step, the liquid content of
the juice evaporates leaving behind a syrup. The syrup is then put in a centrifuge and
spun at a high enough speed to separate out the sugar crystals, which are
subsequently dried and cooled to produce the final product.

Version 2
The pictures show how sugar is produced. Overall, seven steps are needed to make
sugar, which can be divided into agricultural process and manufacturing process.
Moreover, it is also noteworthy that harvesting can be done in two ways.
The process begins after plant’s seeds have been sown. In general, sugar cane needs to
grow from one to one and a half years. Once the plants are mature, they are then
harvested. It is during this phase that the sugar cane can be collected either through
the use of heavy machinery, such as farming track, or by hand.
At the manufacturing stage, several pieces of specialized equipment are used. First,
harvested canes are put into a crushing machine to extract juice from the plant. Next,
the juice is purified by using a limestone filter. The filtered juice is then poured into a
cylinderlike pot in which it is boiled to evaporate excess water until it becomes syrup.
After this, a piece of equipment called a centrifuge is used to separate sugar crystals
from the syrup. Finally, the crystals are dried and cooled before turning into sugar.
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Version 1
The diagrams show how cement and concrete are produced. Overall, there are five stages
in the production of cement, namely crushing, mixing, heating, grinding, and packing,
while the procedure for producing concrete from cement and a few other simple
ingredients involves a single mixing stage.
Cement production begins when the initial raw materials, namely limestone and clay,
are crushed using two rotating drums to make a fine powder which is then mixed in a
cylindrical mixer. The next stage involves a tube-like rotating heater with a blowtorch
mounted at its bottom opening. The mixed powder is fed from the top and
simultaneously heated and blended, after which it is transferred to a grinder using a
conveyor belt. There, it is milled to yield the final cement product which is eventually
packed in bags.
This cement is used as raw material in the production of concrete in a second process.
An initial mixture comprising 15% cement, 10% water, one-quarter sand and half
gravel is fed into a rotating concrete mixer, where the ingredients are stirred until the
concrete mix is ready for construction purposes.

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Version 2
The diagrams illustrate how cement is made and used as concrete for construction. It
can be seen that there are many steps required to create concrete, beginning with the
ingredients of limestone and clay and ending in a concrete mixing device.
Cement production begins with the crushing of limestone and clay. This crushing
creates a powder which is fed into a mixer and then passes through a tube into a
rotating heater device. The mixed powder passes through this machine and is once
again rolled through a grinder, resulting in cement which is placed into bags.
Concrete production is a fairly straightforward process which simply requires the
mixing of four ingredients. This mix includes cement (15%) and water (10%), while a
quarter of this mix is sand and the remaining half is gravel. These ingredients are put
into a concrete mixer which rotates in a clockwise direction and produces the final
product ready to be used for construction.

Version 2
The first diagram illustrates the process of cement manufacture, and the second
diagram shows the materials that go into the production of concrete. It is clear
that there are five stages in the production of cement, beginning with the input
of raw materials and ending with bags of the finished product. To produce
concrete, four different materials are mixed together.
At the first stage in the production of cement, limestone and clay are crushed to
form a powder. This powder is then mixed before it passes into a rotating heater.
After heating, the resulting mixture is ground, and cement is produced. Finally,
the cement is packaged in large bags.
Cement is one of the four raw materials that are used in the production of
concrete, along with gravel, sand and water. To be exact, concrete consists of
50% gravel, 25% sand, 15% cement and 10% water. All four materials are
blended together in a rotating machine called a concrete mixer.

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Version 1
The diagram shows the main stages involved in generating electricity using geothermal
energy. This process makes use of a natural resource (geothermal energy) to heat
water, and the resulting steam is then used to power turbines and produce electricity.
It requires the drilling of deep underground wells as well as specialised equipment and
electricity generators above ground.
The first three stages of this process are largely below ground, and begin with cold
water being pumped into an injection well that runs 4.5 kilometres deep below the
earth. The water is then passed through hot rocks that lie in the geothermal zone,
which heat up the water naturally. The hot water is now pumped back to the surface
through a second well, known as the production well.
Above ground, the hot water reaches a condenser, and gives off steam. This steam is
used to power a generator turbine, which spins and, in turn, generates electricity. In
the final stage, the electricity is passed on to a pylon for distribution through power
cables.

Version 2
The diagram shows that there are five main stages in the production of electricity
through the use of geothermal energy. The main stages include passing cold water
through the geothermal zone, condensing it and using the steam to power a generator.
The process begins with cold water being pumped from the surface of the earth down
into a 4.5 kilometer-deep injection well. From there, it is transferred to the geothermal
zone, a subterranean region composed of hot rocks, before reaching the production well,
which is similar to the injection well though slightly wider.
In the stage that follows, the hot water is pumped up through the production well into a
condenser on the surface where it is converted into steam, following which it is used to
power a turbine and rotate it. This turbine is connected to an electricity generator which,
when rotated by the turbine, produces electricity. The process ends when the electricity
generated by the generator is transferred to the power grid for consumption by end users.

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Version 1
The diagram shows the different stages in the life cycle of one species of butterfly.
Overall, there are four main stages in the life of this insect, which transforms from an
egg to a caterpillar and ultimately a butterfly over a period of approximately six to ten
weeks.
The Monarch butterfly begins life as an egg, which is laid on the leaves of the
milkweed plant. After four to seven days, the egg hatches and a small caterpillar
emerges. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the plant for up to three weeks,
growing bigger in size. Once it has reached approximately two centimetres in length,
the caterpillar forms into a chrysalis and attaches itself to a branch. It remains in this
state for one to two weeks.
By the end of the chrysalis stage, the caterpillar has transformed into a butterfly. The
adult insect has a wing-span of seven to ten centimetres and is much more colourful
in appearance. It can now fly in search of food, and feeds on nectar found in
flowering plants. With a life span of only two to four weeks, it eventually seeks out a
milkweed plant to lay the eggs of the next generation, and the cycle begins again.
Band 9 - 206 words

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The diagrams show the four stages in the life cycle of a frog. Overall, the frog undergoes
several transformations that enable it to leave its original underwater environment to
live on land for most of its life.
The frog begins its life as an egg, on the surface of a pond or lake. The eggs are laid in
large quantities and protected by a jelly-like substance. Between six and twelve days
later, the eggs hatch and tadpoles emerge. These small fish-like creatures can swim and
feed on small plants and algae. This second stage lasts for up to nine weeks, during
which time the tadpole develops rear and fore legs.
In the third stage, the tadpole grows into a froglet, which has longer legs and can jump.
It now develops lungs, allowing it to breathe out of the water, where it continues to
live and feed. The froglet's long tail will disappear over the next 12 weeks as,
approximately six months after hatching, it matures into an adult frog. In this final
stage, the frog can live in and out of the water, among nearby vegetation. As well as
changing habitat, the adult frog also has a different diet, feeding on small animals and
insects. Living up to four years, the adult will return to the still waters of a pond to lay
eggs and begin the cycle again.

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The diagram shows the process used to recycle drink cartons. Overall, this is a six-step,
largely mechanical process that extracts three main raw materials from the cartons
allowing a variety of new products to be made.
Cartons such as those used for milk and juice are composed of several useful raw
materials, including aluminium, hard and soft plastics, and cardboard, which makes up
the majority of the product. Recycling these cartons begins when consumers put used
cartons in a recycling bin ready for collection. Next, the recyclables are collected and
taken to a sorting depot, where they are sorted and separated either manually or
mechanically. The drinks cartons are then compressed, forming bales, which can now
be transported to the paper mill.
At the paper mill, the cartons are turned back into pulp by adding water and spinning
at high speed. The pulp is then dried, after which it can be separated into three main
materials: paper fibres, aluminium, and plastic. The materials can now be used to
produce various new products, including garden furniture, house and car parts, and
carboard or paper products.

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Version 1
The flowchart illustrates how discarded drinks cans are recycled. Overall, this cyclical
process is composed of about eight distinct stages, which can be grouped further into
three main steps: collection, manufacturing and consumption.
At the first phase in the process, wasted cans discarded into a recycling bin are taken
out and sorted according to the material they are made of, which is either aluminum
or steel. The sorted cans are then placed into separate boxes and are transported via
trucks to a recycling factory for further processing.
In the factory, the initial stage involves compressing the delivered cans into blocks.
These blocks, in the following step, are melted down to form aluminum ingots. Next,
using these ingots, aluminum rolls are made, which serve as a raw material for new
cans of standard sizes.
Ultimately, the newly recycled cans can be filled with drinks of various types, before
being taken to stock coin-operated vending machines. Once consumers purchase
drinks from these machines, empty the cans and throw them away, the cycle continues.

Version 2
The diagram illustrates the process through which aluminum drinks cans are recycled.
Overall, the flow chart consists of three main stages, starting from collecting used
aluminum cans to delivering them back to drinks machines after being recycled.
The first stage involves the collection of discarded cans at a specialized centre, where
they are separated into two categories, namely steel and aluminum. After that, cans
made from the latter material are transported to a recycling centre.
The second stage starts at the recycling plant. Firstly, the transported cans are pressed
down to form cubeshaped blocks, which are then melted down and new aluminium is
produced. In the next step, by using new aluminum as a raw material an aluminum roll
is made.
In the last stage, the process of manufacturing new cans out of the aluminum roll
begins and these cans are then distributed to drinks machines. Finally, the used cans
are once again gathered in the collection center and the cycle starts over again.

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The diagrams show how the stone tools used by early humans for cutting purposes
developed between I .4 million and 800000 years ago. Overall, while the older tool was
rather irregular in form, the more recent one seems more refined, streamlined and
sharpedged, with more evidence of forming and manufacturing.

Tool A was used I .4 million years ago and is rather irregular in shape, resembling a small
piece of rock with a jagged form and rough surfaces. It is significantly narrower from
the side, measuring about 10cm by 4cm in the front, 10 by 3 in the back and 10 by 2
from the side. There is little evidence of forming, and it does not seem to have
undergone any significant procedures to increase sharpness or facilitate grip.

Tool B dates back to 0.8 million years ago and is tear-drop-shaped with much smoother
sides, a rounded bottom and a sharp tip. It also has much narrower and sharper sides.
Unlike the first tool, it measures almost the same in the front and back at about 10cm
tall and 5cm at its widest point. However, it measures the same as the former from the
side.

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Version 1
The diagram illustrates the procedure for producing construction bricks from clay, sand
and water through ten stages, including digging, mixing, cutting or moulding, drying,
and baking.
It commences when raw clay is dug using a digger machine, following which it is sifted
through a metal grid into finer fragments which then fall onto a conveyor belt. Water
and sand are added, and the resulting mixture is either pushed through a frame and cut
into simple bricks, or is moulded into specially-formed ones.
The bricks are placed in a drying oven for one or two days in order to minimise their
moisture content, after which they are transferred to a kiln. There, they are heated
moderately to reach a temperature of between 200 and 980 degrees centigrade before
being subjected to higher temperatures (870 to 1300 degrees). They are then allowed to
cool down for two to three days in a cooling chamber. The process ends with the bricks
being packed on pallets and delivered to end users on trucks.

Version 2
The picture illustrates how bricks are produced. Overall, the procedure for producing
bricks is comprised of ten stages which are rather simple.
The process begins when clay is dug out through the use of a digger, which is followed
by clay passing through a metal grid. Fine clay is then carried by a roller after which
sand and water are added to it. In the next stage, either this mixture is pressed through
a frame and cut into bricks using a wire cutter, or it is put into moulds and formed into
bricks. Following that, the bricks are dried in a drying oven for one to two days. The
next three stages involve two kilns connected to a cooling chamber. The dried bricks
are first heated from 200 to 980 degrees centigrade, before being exposed to high
temperature (870 to 1300 degrees). They are then cooled within 48 to 72 hours.
Eventually, they are packed and delivered to customers by trucks.

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Version 3
The diagram illustrates the way in which bricks are made for the building industry.
Overall, there are seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and
culminating in delivery.
To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger.
This clay is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller
pieces. A roller assists in this process.
Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into
bricks by either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are
placed in an oven to dry for 24 – 48 hours.
In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. A kiln heats
them at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed
by a cooling process in a chamber for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and
delivered to their destinations.

Version 4
The diagram illustrates different stages in the process of manufacturing bricks from the
digging step to delivery.
At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground. Then the clay is put through
a metal grid, and It passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and water. After that'
the clay can be shaped into bricks in two ways: either it is put in a mould, or a wire
cutter is used.
At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one to
two days. Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature (200-900
degrees Celsius) and then at a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees Celsius), before
spending two to three days in a cooling chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are
packaged and delivered to be sold in the market.

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Version 1
The diagram illustrates the process of instant noodles production. All in all, this process
is comprised of three stages from transporting flour, adding special ingredients to
sealing the ready instant noodles.
At the beginning of the process, flour is transported to the storage silos with the help
of a special transport, where it is kept for future production needs.
The second stage starts with the manufacturing process. Firstly, the flour is fed into the
mixer that blends it with two other ingredients, namely water and oil. The resulting
mixture, the ready dough, is placed on special rollers in order to stretch it into dough
sheets. The next step involves a special cutting machine producing dough strips from
the dough sheets. Following this, the dough strips are made into noodles disks, which
are cooked in oil and dried before put into special cups.
In the final part of the production process, vegetables and species are added, and the
cups with the readymade products are labeled and sealed.

Version 2
The picture illustrates the process by which instant noodles are manufactured. There
are eight distinct stages in producing instant noodles, which can further be grouped
into preparation, cooking and packaging sets. It is also evident that a number of
different raw materials as well as a range of specialized pieces of equipment are
involved in this linear process.
The preparation stage starts with special flour delivery trucks bringing flour to fill large
storage silos. This flour is then sent to the mixing stage, where along with water and
oil, it is used to make dough.
Once the dough is ready, dough sheets are prepared and expanded with the use of
special rollers. These sheets of dough, in the next stage, are cut to make dough strips
of standard sizes. Following this, the dough strips are shaped to form a disc. We can
see that, subsequently, these discs are submerged into a special pot containing oil to
cook them, before drying stage takes place.
In the final stage set, cups are prepared and aligned on the conveyor belt to be filled
with cooked and dried noodle discs and additional ingredients, such as vegetables and
spices. Lastly, a labelling and sealing machine is deployed to culminate the noodle
production process.

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The diagram shows that there are two major phases to the commercial production of
honey: by bees and by human intervention.
The process starts when nectar is gathered by forager bees from flowers. This is carried
back to the hive, where it is deposited in wax cells as honey, which at this stage is very
runny. Worker bees then fan their wings to dry it, thereby making it thicker. Each cell is
then sealed with wax to keep the substance clean; the cells form the honey combs.
At the second stage, the combs are gathered and taken to the factory. There they are
pressed to release the honey, which is poured into the top container of three, the sump
tank, where it is heated to 45-50°C. This makes it thin enough to flow by gravity to the
next tank, where it is sieved to remove impurities. It then runs down to the last
container, the settling tank, where it sits for two to four days before being drained out
into jars. The jars are then labelled and transported to the place of sale.

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Version 1
The chart illustrates the stages in the life of honey bees. Overall, this life cycle is
comprised of six stages, including eggs, nymphs, adults and fully mature bees, which
take approximately five weeks to complete.
The first stage is when the female bee lays up to 2 oval eggs once every 72 hours. These
eggs hatch between nine and ten days later, and immature bees, called nymphs, emerge,
lacking the typical bee stripes.
Over the next 3 weeks, the nymphs experience three moulting stages, that is, they shed
their skins to allow further growth to occur: The first moulting happening 5 days after
the eggs hatch, a week after which the second one takes place. Nine days later, the
nymphs moult for a third time, becoming young adult honey bees which are
characterised by their striped backs. These take four more days to mature into larger
adult bees whose backs are marked with bolder and darker stripes, and the cycle starts
over again.

Version 2
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee. We can see that
the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that there
are five main stages in the development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult
insect.
The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female
typically lays one or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg
hatches and the immature insect, or nymph, appears.
During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin
three times. This moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days
later, and again another 9 days later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of
the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges from its final moulting stage, and in
the space of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.

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The diagram shows the process through which water is used to produce electrical power.
Overall, hydroelectric power is generated using water from the sea through a relatively
sophisticated procedure which comprises over ten stages, including the rainwater
collection and electricity generation, transformation and delivery.
The process begins when seawater is heated by the sun and evaporates to form small
clouds in the sky. They merge into a storm cloud, which then rains over the mountain.
This rainwater is gathered in the reservoir behind a dam.
The following steps involve a pipe which connects the reservoir to a turbine as well as
a pump, and is controlled using a valve. Once this valve is opened, water flows into the
turbine and rotates it to produce electrical current, following which it is pumped back
into the reservoir.
The electricity produced by the turbine is transferred to the transformer station through
high voltage cables before being delivered to domestic and industrial consumers, as well
as educational and medical facilities.
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The diagram shows how milk and dairy goods are produced and processed for
commercial sale. Overall, there are eight stages, including milking, refrigeration,
pasteurizing and packaging, in the production of pasteurised milk and various dairy
products using the milk obtained from cows.
The first stage is when cows are grazed in pastures and milked twice daily by means of
milking machines at the dairy farm. The milk is stored in refrigerated silos, and is later
transferred to milk tankers, which deliver it on a daily basis to the dairy factory.
There, the milk is stored and processed in a series of containers and tanks connected to
each other via pipes. It then undergoes pasteurisation before being packaged and
delivered to grocery shops and supermarkets for consumers to buy. Alternatively, it may
be used as the basic ingredient in the production of a range of dairy products, from
cheese to cream and butter, which are then made available to consumers.

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Version 1
The diagram shows the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and
paper for printing and box production purposes. Overall, it is rather sophisticated and is
comprised of more than ten stages, including logging, digesting, washing, forming,
drying, and sometimes cutting or rolling.
The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are
chipped and combined with purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is
then washed and screened to make clean pulp.
This pulp can then be used to produce rough paper for making boxes. After being formed
in a former device, it is dried and formed into a reel, which is cut into paper bales and
packed.
Alternatively, the clean pulp may be used to make refined paper for printing purposes.
Once it is cleaned in pulp cleaners, it is dried and pressed, first in pulp presses and then
in paper presses. Ultimately, it goes through another drying stage in paper dryers before
being rolled.
Band 8.5

Version 2
The diagram shows the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and
paper for printing and box production purposes. Overall, it is rather sophisticated and is
comprised of more than ten stages.
The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are
chipped and combined with purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is
then washed and screened to make clean pulp.
What happens next depends on the type of paper that needs to be produced: if it is rough
paper for packaging purposes, the pulp is formed in a former device before it is dried
and formed into a reel, which is cut into paper bales and packed.

Alternatively, if the pulp is used to produce refined paper for printing purposes, it is
cleaned further in pulp cleaners, following which it is dried and pressed, first in pulp
presses and then in paper presses. Ultimately, it goes through another drying stage in
paper dryers before being rolled.
Band 7.5

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Version 1
The graph shows how the amount of water worldwide changed between 1900 and
2000.
Throughout the century, largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes,
and this increased dramatically from about 500 km³ to around 3000 km³ in the year
2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but
consumption was minimal until midcentury. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew
steadily to just over 1000 km³, while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km³,
both far bellow the levels of consumption by agriculture.
The table illustrates the differences in agricultural consumption in some areas of the
world by contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil (26500 km³) with the world
that in the D.R.C (100 km³). This means that a huge amount of water is used in
agriculture in Brazil per person: 359 m³ compared with only 8 m³ in the Congo. With a
population of 176 million, the figure for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water
consumption can be used in some countries.
Band 8+ (171 words)

Version 2
The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes
around the world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and
that agriculture accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see
that water consumption was considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.
In 1900, around 500km³ of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide.
The figures for industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one
fifth of that amount. By 2000, global water use for agriculture had increased to
around 3000km³, industrial water use had risen to just under half that amount, and
domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.
In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2
million respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m³, was much
higher than that in the Congo, at only 8m³, and this could be explained by the fact
that Brazil had 265 times more irrigated land.
(184 words, band 8+)

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The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded
in the world today. Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing
and tree clearance, construction 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% 0f global
degradation is due to overcultivation of crops. Other causes accounted for only 7%
collectively.
These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as
much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania
and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land effected
respectively. Europe, with the highest overall percentage of land degraded (23%), also
suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had
13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing (11.3%). North
America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main cause of
this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and, to a lesser extent, over-grazing (1.5%).
Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other
regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.

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The pie chart shows the main causes of land degradation around, while the table shows
the impact these have had in three regions. Overall, while there are three main causes
worldwide, different regions are not affected equally by these. Notably, these causes
are all linked to human activity.
According to the pie chart, although there are other factors leading to land degradation
globally, logging appeared to pose the greatest threat, at 33%. However, as the farming
of crops and animals are responsible for a further 28% and 30% respectively, it is clear
that agriculture is the main culprit, causing more than half of all such problems.
Looking at the table, region 2 has experienced the greatest problems, with 23% of its
land degraded. Notably, it is affected by all three causes, and has the highest figures of
the three regions for both logging (9.8%) and growing of crops (7.7%). In contrast,
region 3 is unaffected by crop farming and vast majority of its land degradation is due
to the farming of animals (11.3% of the total 13% degraded). Region 1 has the lowest
proportion of land affected overall (5%), and has the lowest figures in almost all
categories apart from crop farming, which causes more than half of its land issues at
3.3%. Band 9
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The data provides information on the average temperature and annual hours of
sunshine in London, New York and Sydney. Overall, London is the coldest city and has
fewest hours of sunshine. New York has the hottest summer, but Sydney enjoys the
warmest overall climate.
The temperature patterns for London and New York are similar, although New York has
warmer summers and colder winters. In both cities, peaks occur in July/August, at 23°in
London and 29°in New York. In contrast, Sydney’s hottest weather is in
December/January when temperatures average 25°. During this period, New York’s
temperatures dip to an average of around 5°, compared with 8° in London. On the other
hand, Sydney’s lowest average temperatures in July are just over 15°.
As far as hours of sunshine are concerned, New York and Sydney have similar averages
of 2,535 and 2,473 hours respectively. London, however, has a much lower average of
1,180 hours.

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The graph compered the percentage of household in England and Wales living in either
a rental property or their own home in 1918, 1939, and 1953, and at ten-year intervals
between 1961 and 2011. Overall, the two sectors followed opposite trends, with
renting generally declining as home ownership increased. However, towards the end
of the period, there is evidence of this trend reversing and home ownership did not
reach renting’s highest level.
Renting was at its peak in 1918, accounting for just under 80% of all households.
Despite declining almost continually from this point, it remained the dominant
category until 1971, when it reached parity with homeownership. Apart from 1939 and
1953, the figures dropped in almost every decade until 1991, when the decline slowed
and renting increased slightly in 2011. Nevertheless, in the final 40 years, significantly
fewer people (40% or lower) were living in rented accommodation.
This contrasts starkly with the data for home ownership, which climbed steadily
throughout, again with the exception of 1939 and 1953. Notably, the increases in
owning a home corresponded with the falls in renting, and from 1981 onwards, it was
increasingly more common than renting. However, the figure peaked at below 70% in
2001, almost 10% less than the rental peak, and by 2011 had fallen to approximately
65%.
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The bar chart shows the percentage of Australian men and women of different ages
who engaged in regular exercise in the year 2010. Overall, female participation
generally increased with age, while the reverse was true for males until middle age,
and males experienced a lower peak and trough than the corresponding figures for
female.
In the youngest age group, males outnumbered females, with 52.8% of 15- to 24-year-
olds taking part in regular activity compared to 47.7% of females. However, this was
the peak age range for men as numbers declined from this point on, reaching their
lowest point at 35 to 44 years, when just under 40% exercised regularly. Although the
figure increased again from the age of 45, male participation rates remained below 50%
for almost all age groups.
In contrast, the younger females generally exercised less than their older counterparts.
From the age of 25, female participation rates increased marginally but steadily,
peaking at 55.3% between the ages of 45 and 54, then falling to their lowest point
(47.1%) in the oldest group. Notably, more than 50% of women aged 35 to 64 exercised
on a regular basis. Only from age 65 and over were the figure for both genders near
parity at 46.7% (males) and 47.1% (females).

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Overall, although most people ate fast food, frequent consumption generally
experienced a downward trend, while there was an upward trend in less frequent
consumption, and more extreme patterns remained relatively unchanged.

At the top and bottom ends of the scale, most patterns changed slightly in 2006 then
remained stable. Over the ten-year period, the proportion of people who rarely included
fast food in their diet increased, while the two most extreme patterns decreased.
Interestingly, these had the lowest figures overall, with only slightly more people never
eating fast food in comparison to those eating it daily.

More regular consumption had higher figures, and similar trends were observed in those
who ate fast food once or multiple times a week. In contrast, the figures for once or
twice per month fell initially before rising to around 37%. Notably, this marked a peak
in the data, showing that most people ate fast food on a monthly rather than a weekly
basis by the end of the period.
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Version 1
The bar chart gives details of phone usage in the UK from 1995 to 2002 on three types
of phone line. Overall, total phone use increased and the majority of calls were made
using a fixed line. However, towards the end of the period, local fixed line calls declined
as mobile phone use increased significantly.
During the first four years, all categories increased steadily, although usage was
dominated by local fixed line calls. The data for these calls was consistently almost
double that of national and international calls, with the former rising from over 70
billion to a peak of 90 billion minutes, while the latter rose from approximately 37
billion to 48 billion. These figures contrast starkly with the data for mobile phone calls
in the same period, which began at approximately two billion minutes and saw only
gradual increases, climbing to ten billion minutes in 1998.
The picture was very different from 1999 to 2002, when, despite retaining the top
position, local fixed line calls dropped back to their initial level and ended the period
only 10 billion higher than fixed line national and international calls, which increased
consistently throughout. Notably, the drop in local calls corresponded with dramatic
increases in mobile phone use, which, by 2002, had reached almost 45 billion minutes,
considerably reducing the gap between all three categories.

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Version 2
The bar chart compares the amount of time spent by people in the UK on three
different types of phone call between 1995 and 2002.
It is clear that calls made via local, fixed lines were the most popular type, in terms
of overall usage, throughout the period shown. The lowest figures on the chart are
for mobile calls, but this category also saw the most dramatic increase in user
minutes.
In 1995, people in the UK used fixed lines for a total of just over 70 billion minutes
for local calls, and about half of that amount of time for national or international
calls. By contrast, mobile phones were only used for around 4 billion minutes. Over
the following four years, the figures for all three types of phone call increased
steadily.
By 1999, the amount of time spent on local calls using landlines had reached a peak
at 90 billion minutes. Subsequently, the figure for this category fell, but the rise in
the other two types of phone call continued. In 2002, the number of minutes of
national / international landline calls passed 60 billion, while the figure for mobiles
rose to around 45 billion minutes.

Version 3
The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls
between 1995 and 2002.
Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion
minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following
year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.
National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at
the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.
There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes. This
rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of
mobile phones tripled.
To sum up, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap
between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the
period in question.

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The table compares the cultivation rates of three species of fish in one region over a
tenyear period. Overall, while Arctic char dominated initially, salmon was cultivated in
far greater numbers towards the end of the period, and rainbow trout has consistently
been produced the least.
In 2008, 3124 million tonnes of Arctic char were produced in this region. As this figure
was more than ten times greater than the next highest, farmed salmon at 292 million
tonnes, this species clearly dominated at that time. However, Arctic char fell slightly in
2010 and rose only gradually from 2012 onwards, while salmon rose exponentially in
almost every two-year period. In fact, in 2014, salmon overtook Arctic char, and
reached a striking 13448 million in 2018, considerably more than any other species.
In contrast, rainbow trout was continually cultivated in relatively small amounts,
beginning at only six million tonnes in 2008. Although it did increase steadily, reaching
a peak of 2138 million tonnes in 2016, this level was short-lived, and by 2018 it had
fallen to 295, which was almost the same as salmon's starting point ten years earlier.

Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

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The bar chart shows the ages of people injured at work across four sectors, in one
country, in 2018. Overall, while there is no clear trend connected to age, there are some
similarities, with the injured more likely to be in the oldest category in three of the four
sectors, and 25- to 34-year-olds appearing generally less affected.
In leisure and hospitality and manufacturing, injuries generally increased with age, with
approximately 10% more in each age group. In leisure and hospitality, around 12% of
those injured were in the youngest category and 38% in the oldest. In manufacturing,
slightly more appeared in the younger groups, with 15% aged 75 to 24 and 25% in the
25 to 34 group. However, the increase peaked at 35% in workers aged 35 to 49, and as
many 50- to 60-year-olds were among the injured as those aged 25 to 34.
Mining and construction and education and health also followed similar age-related
patterns albeit in reverse. In both sectors, the youngest and oldest groups were more
affected than the middle groups, though injuries appear more common in older
workers in education and health, with 40% aged 50 to 60. In contrast, in mining and
construction, the youngest were most affected, again making up 40% of the total.
Notably, the lowest figure occurred in 25- to 34-year-olds working in education and
health, with only 5% among those injured at work.

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The bar chart shows the value of imports and exports in the US categorised by mode
of transport in 2012, 2018, and predicted figures for 2045. Overall, imports generally
exceed the value of exports, and there is continued growth in almost all areas, although
air is predicted to remain dominant, while rail carries the lowest value of goods.
In terms of imported goods, air transport had the highest values and increases, carrying
goods valued at $472 billion in 2012 and rising to $562 billion in 2018. Road transport
was the second highest, with figures climbing from $311 to $375 billion. In comparison,
the figures for rail and water were significantly lower, with rail rising only slightly from
$109 to $115 billion and water actually declining from $288 to $210 billion.
Nevertheless, by 2045, all values are predicted to have increased and air will continue
to dominate, reaching a striking $3465 billion, significantly higher than any other
sector.
With exports, similar trends and positions can be seen albeit at a lower level, and the
figures for 2012 and 2018 were generally much closer, with air rising from $461 to $482
billion, and rail from $63 to $64 billion. However, notably, water more than doubled in
value (from $73 to $154 billion) and, while exports are expected to increase across all
modes or transport in 2045, road alone will exceed the equivalent value of imports at
$1244 and $1219 billion respectively.

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The chart examines the levels of domination among people of different ages in Britain.
Overall, a greater percentage of Britain people gave money to charity in 1990 than in
2010. However, across the two years, the pattern in different before and after the age
of 50.
In 1990, 42% of the 36-50 age-group made charitable donation, and this figure is the
highest on the chart. The 18-25s contributed the least at only 17%. By 2010, these
figures had fallen significantly to 35% and 7% respectively. The level of domination from
the 26-35 age-group also experienced a decrease in 2010 from 31% to 24%.
While domination up to age of 50 declined across the two years, they rose among the
51-65 age-group from 35% to nearly 40%, which was the highest percentage for 2010.
The figure for the over 65s was lower than this, at 35%, but it was still a little higher
than the 1990 figure of 32%.

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This bar chart illustrates the performance of Southland’s primary exports in 2000 and
2013. It is also indicates future projections for 2025. According to the data, it seems
likely that international tourism will become the dominant industry, although dairy
exports will remain strong.
In 2000, we can see that tourism was the greatest exports earner of the three industries,
with revenue standing at just over £8 billion. This figure has increased slightly, so that
now, in 2013, it has reached almost £9 billion. It estimated that international tourism
will continue to grow, so that by 2025, it will be earing around £10 billion for the
country.
In 2000, dairy exports were worth around £7 billion, but since then there has been a
dramatic increase, and sales for this year are approximately £10 billion. Experts are
predicting that exports in this area may fall slightly, so a figure of £9.5 billion is expected
for 2025.
Meat products are the third key industry in Southland, but sales have dropped since 2000
and now stand at £5.5 billion. It is expected that sales will continue to decrease in the
future.

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The charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980
and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100
units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.
In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remained
was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which
produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of
electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source
supplying approximately 20%.
In contrast, France used coal as a source for 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was
matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced from oil and nuclear
power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not
used at all in Australia, had developed into main source, producing almost 75% of
electricity, 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources
were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied
on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear
power.

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Version 1
The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three
separate years 1981, 1991 and 2001.
In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other
workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers’
pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at
45% in 2001.
Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before
decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. The cost of furniture and equipment
saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but
rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the
cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.
Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending
increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops
in expenditure on things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.
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Version 2
The charts illustrate how the shares of five different items comprising the yearly
expenses of a British school changed between 1981 and 2001.
Overall, academic staff salaries contributed the largest share throughout the survey,
whereas insurance had the smallest. While they rose along with furniture and equipment,
there were significant declines in the contributions of other workers’ salaries and
resources.
Wages paid to the teaching staff accounted for the most significant proportion of
expenditure in 1981 (40%) and went up by a quarter in 1991 before declining slightly
to 45% in 2001. In comparison, the salaries of non-academic employees were
responsible for 28% of all expenses in 1981, but their share gradually dropped to 15%
over the course of these 20 years.
The share of furniture and equipment was initially as high as that of educational
resources (15%), but while the former dropped by 2/3 before rising almost fivefold to
23%, the latter experienced a marked rise, after which it halved, reaching just below
10%. The contribution of insurance remained almost stable at 2-3% during the first 10
years, but it had increased almost threefold by 2001.
Band 8+ 187 words

Version 3
The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three different
years over a 20-year period.
It is clear that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the school’s
spending in all three years (1981, 1991 and 2001). By contrast, insurance was the
smallest cost in each year.
In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This figure rose to
50% in 1991, but fell again by 5% in 2001. The proportion of spending on other
workers’ wages fell steadily over the 20-year period, from 28% of the budget in
1981 to only 15% in 2001.
Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981, but reached 8% in
2001. Finally, the percentages for resources and furniture/equipment fluctuated.
The figure for resources was highest in 1991, at 20%, and the proportion of
spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.
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Version 1
The pie charts show the percentage of the population in three age groups in Italy and
Yemen in 2000 and predictions for 2050. Overall, both countries are predicted to
experience and ageing population, although Yemen will have a far younger population
than Italy.

In 2000, the population of Yemen was relatively young, with just over half aged 14 and
under (50.1%). This followed closely by those aged 15-59 (46.4%), and only 3.6% were
aged 60 or above. Over the next 50 years, the population is expected to change
considerably, with a significant fall in the youngest category, which could drop to 37%,
and corresponding increases in the two older groups. Nevertheless, it is anticipated
that the majority of inhabitants will be aged 15 or 59 (57.3%).
In comparison, Italy had a much older population in 2000. This was dominated by the
15 to 59 age group, who made up two-thirds of the total (61.6%), while the 60 and
over group accounted for a quarter (24.1%). By 2050, both the youngest and middle
aged groups are predicted to have declined, falling to 11.5% and 46.2% respectively,
while the oldest group is expected to double in size, reaching 42.3%. this is in stark
contrast to Yemen, where less than 6% of the population will be 60 or older.
Band 9 - 216 words

Version 2
The charts illustrate the population breakdown by age group in 2000 for Yemen and
Italy and the projected changes in 2050. Overall, both Yemen and Italy's populations
are expected to be significantly older in 2050 than at the start of the period. Also, Italy's
population is and will continue to be considerably older than Yemen's.
In the year 2000, just over half of Yemen's population were infants and children
between the ages of 0 and 14 years. A little under half (46.3%) consisted of 15-59-
yearolds, while only 3.6% were over 60. Projections for 2050 indicate that the youngest
cohort percentage will decrease significantly to exactly 37%. In contrast, there will be
a moderate increase in the percentage of people between 15 and 59 and a slight rise
in the overall proportion of seniors.
In 2000, Italy had very different demographics to Yemen, with only 14.3% between
0-14 years and just over 60% being 15-59. The biggest difference to Yemen was seen
in the elderly category with almost a quarter of Italy's population being in this cohort.
By 2050, Italy's elderly population will be almost equal to 15-59-year-olds at just over
42% and 46% respectively.
Band 8.0 - 194 words

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Version 1
The two pie charts give a breakdown of energy use in Australian homes and the
greenhouse gas emissions this produces. Overall, heating and water heating are the two
biggest users of energy, while water heating and other appliances are the largest emitters
of greenhouse gases, showing that energy use does not always correlate with emissions.
In terms of energy use, Australians use far more for water heating and heating their
homes than for any other purpose (30% and 42% respectively). This is in stark contrast
to cooling and refrigeration, which together only make up 9% of the total. Other
appliances make up a significant 15%. Interestingly, lighting the home consumes twice
as much energy as cooling it does (4% as compared to 2%).
With the emissions resulting from this energy use, water heating produces the most
greenhouse gases at 32%, followed closely by other appliances, which are responsible
for 28%. Refrigeration and lighting both produce a noticeably large amount of emissions
in comparison to their low energy use, although these are still relatively low at 14% and
8%. Notably, cooling the home is the lowest in terms of both use of electricity and
emissions at 2% and 3% respectively.
Band 9 - 199 words

Version 2
The pie charts show the proportion of energy consumed for different tasks by average
households in Australia, as well as the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Overall,
heating, water heating and other appliances rank first, both in terms of energy
consumption and emissions, while cooling and lighting do not contribute much to either.
The largest proportion of energy, 42%, is used for heating purposes, followed by water
heating which accounts for 12% less. The share of other appliances is more than twice
as high as that of refrigeration (15% and 7%, respectively). The proportion of energy
used for lighting is 4%, which is twice as high as that of cooling at 2%.
On the other hand, water heating is responsible for the largest share of greenhouse gas
emissions at 32%, while that of other appliances is smaller by a narrow margin (28%).
There is no significant difference between the figures for heating and refrigeration (15%
and 14%, respectively), with lighting and cooling ranking last with just 8% and 3%,
respectively.

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The three pie charts show how a college budget was apportioned in 1990, 2000, and
2010. Overall, the largest expense is for staff, and insurance and technology spending
has consistently increased, while spending on other resources has declined or fluctuated.
In terms of human resources, paying staff takes up the majority of the college budget,
with teacher salaries dominating this category, increasing initially from 40% to 50%
before declining to 45%. However, in each decade, an increasingly smaller proportion
was allocated to other staff pay, which fell from 28% in 1990 to 15% in 2010.
With other expenses, in 1990, almost as much was spent on furniture and equipment as
on books, at 15% and 14% respectively. However, while book spending increased to
20% in 2000, furniture and equipment fell sharply to only 2% and, in 2010, remained
the lowest cost at 3%. By the same year, book spending had fallen to 9%, almost half of
its initial level. In contrast, technology and insurance were the lowest costs in 1990, at
only 1% and 2%, but rose in each decade, with the largest increases occurring in 2010,
when insurance reached 8% and technology 20%. Notably, in the final decade, a larger
proportion of the budget was spent on technology than on books.
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The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different retail sectors
in New Zealand in the years 2003 and 2013. For three of the sectors. it is evident that
over this time frame there was significant change in their proportion of online
transactions.

At 36% we can see that the travel sector accounted for the majority of online sales in
2003, but this percentage had dropped to 29% by 2013. Across the same ten-year period,
as an increasing number of people chose to purchase films and music online. we can see
that transactions went from just 21 % to 33%. making it the retail sector with the highest
overall share of the online market.

In 2003, the clothing industry boasted an impressive 24% of total online sales in New
Zealand. However. by 2013. the figure had fallen considerably to 16%. Interestingly,
online sales of books eventually overtook sales of clothes, although books still
represented only 22% of the market.

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The table compares the cultivation rates of three species of fish in one region over a
ten-year period. Overall, while Arctic char dominated initially, salmon was cultivated in
far greater numbers towards the end of the period, and rainbow trout has consistently
been produced the least.
In 2008, 3124 million tonnes of Arctic char were produced in this region. As this figure
was more than ten times greater than the next highest, farmed salmon at 292 million
tonnes, this species clearly dominated at that time. However, Arctic char fell slightly in
2010 and rose only gradually from 2012 onwards, while salmon rose exponentially in
almost every two-year period. In fact, in 2014, salmon overtook Arctic char, and
reached a striking 13448 million in 2018, considerably more than any other species.
In contrast, rainbow trout was continually cultivated in relatively small amounts,
beginning at only six million tonnes in 2008. Although it did increase steadily, reaching
a peak of 2138 million tonnes in 2016, this level was short-lived, and by 2018 it had
fallen to 295, which was almost the same as salmon's starting point ten years earlier.

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Information is provided by a table which shows the total world population and its
regional distribution in 1950, 2000 and projections for 2050. Overall, the global
population increases significantly, and Asia stands out as the region with the highest
population across the 100 year period while Oceania has the least. Also, Africa is
expected to see its population grow significantly whereas Europe will see its population
share fall.
In 1950 the world population stood at 2.5 billion inhabitants. By 2000, this figure had
more than doubled to 6 billion. This increasing trend is set to continue, and by 2050,
the global population is estimated to reach 9 billion people.
In 1950, Asia was home to more than half the global population (56%), and by the turn
of the century, its share of world population had reached 60%. This figure is set to only
drop slightly to 59% by 2050. Another noticeable feature is that Africa is set to more
than double its percentage of global population across the period, going from just 9%
in 1950 to 20% by 2050. This is largely at the expense of Europe which will fall from
22% to only 7%. North America's share of global population is expected to see a
moderate decline from 7% in 1950 to only 4% by 2050. In contrast, Latin America's
share will increase over the period going from 6% to 9%. Oceania, which will have the
lowest population, accounts for approximately 1% in all three given years.

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Grande Park was opened in 1920, a rectangular area with access from Arnold Avenue
on the north side and from Eldon Street on the south side. There was a fountain in the
canter, with a strange for musicians situated center left, a glasshouse to the right of the
Eldon Street entrance and a pond for water plants in the north east corner opposite.
Around the edges of the park there were rose gardens, with seats nearby for people to
smell the flowers and listen to music.
The park has altered considerably since then. Now there is one large-ish rose garden,
occupying the central area where the fountain stood, and with seats all around it. One
of the smaller rose gardens remains on the north side of the park. The bandstand (stage
for musicians) has also been replaced, by an amphitheater for concerts and associate
seating. The glasshouse has gone and in its places is a water feature; similarly, where
the pond for water plants stood there is now a children’s play area with a café nearby.
Access to the park is still via the two original entrances, but there is now a third
entrance near the water feature from an underground car park.
Despite the apparently significant changes, the park retains the basic elements of
flowers, water, seating and music, with the addition of a café and children’s play area.

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Version 1
The maps illustrate how a school site is planned to be developed over a 20-year period.
Overall, there will be extensive developments with regards to construction of buildings,
facilities and roads in the school site, and the number of students will also increase
significantly.
In 2004, there was only one car park to the west of the site where the main entrance to
the school was located. There were also two school buildings which accommodated 600
students altogether and were separated by a path running from the main entrance to the
sports field in the east. The school was surrounded by woodland in the north, south and
east.
There are plans to increase the number of students served by the school by 400 in 2024.
As a result, a new school building will replace the old sports field, and the two original
buildings are going to be joined together. The old path will then connect these to the
new building number 3, no longer running to the main entrance. Furthermore, a part of
the woodland in the east is planned to be deforested and replaced by a new car park as
well as a new, smaller sports field. Finally, a new road will be paved passing south of
the school building, which will connect the two car parks.
Band 8+ 218 words

Version 2
The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a
proposed site design for the year 2024.
It is clear that the main change for 2024 involves the addition of a new school
building. The school will then be able to accommodate a considerably larger
number of students.

In 2004, there were 600 pupils attending the school, and the two school buildings
were separated by a path running from the main entrance to the sports field. By
2024, it is expected that there will be 1000 pupils, and a third building will have
been constructed. Furthermore, the plan is to join the two original buildings
together, creating a shorter path that links the buildings only.
As the third building and a second car park will be built on the site of the original
sports field, a new, smaller sports field will need to be laid. A new road will also
be built from the main entrance to the second car park. Finally, no changes will be
made to the main entrance and original car park.
Band 8+ 183 words

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Version 1
The two maps show an island both before and after it was developed as a tourist
destination. Overall, most development took place on the western and central areas of
the island, where a small number of tourist amenities have been built, while the
eastern coast has been left in its natural state.
Prior to development, this relatively small island was uninhabited. In terms of its
natural features, there was a beach area on the west coast, and some vegetation ,
which was dense on the eastern part of the island. As part of the development
programme, this vegetation has largely been retained, with some buildings work fitting
around existing trees.
Following construction, although the island is now more developed, the style of the
building is generally sympathetic to the natural environment, with relatively simple,
single-storey accommodation and only two larger, two-storey buildings. The main
structures are a central reception building and a restaurant just north of this. Visitors
can stay in hut-style accommodation, which is grouped on either side of the reception.
In terms of access, while tracks have been created for vehicles, these are limited to the
main buildings. However, there are footpaths linking the accommodation to the
swimming beach and other facilities. Reaching the island has been made easier with
the addition of a pier on the south coast, which also allows for sailing. Band 9 (226 words)

Version 2
The maps illustrate how an island has changed following the development of various
facilities for visitors. Overall, there have been significant constructions in the island in
terms of accommodation and facilities for tourists. It is noteworthy that these
developments have occurred without any noticeable damage to the trees.
The length of the island is over 1200 metres while its width varies from about 200 to
500 metres in different places. The only significant features before the constructions
were a beach in the west and a few palm trees in the eastern and western halves, apart
from which the island was completely bare.
The beach has now been equipped with swimming facilities, and the western woodland
is surrounded by a series of huts which are connected to each other and to the beach
via footpaths. There is also a restaurant in the northern part which is connected to a
reception building in the middle of the island, as well as a new pier to the south, by
means of a vehicle track. Finally, a larger set of huts have been constructed between
the reception and the eastern woodland.
Band 8+ (187 words)

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Versions 3
The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed
for tourism. It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the
introduction of tourism, and six new features can be seen in the second diagram.
The main developments are that the island is accessible and visitors have
somewhere to stay.
Looking at the maps in more detail, we can see that small huts have been built to
accommodate visitors to the island. The other physical structures that have been
added are a reception building, in the middle of the island, and a restaurant to the
north of the reception. Before these developments, the island was completely bare
apart from a few trees.
As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new facilities on the island include a
pier, where boats can dock. There is also a short road linking the pier with the
reception and restaurant, and footpaths connect the huts. Finally, there is a
designated swimming area for tourists off a beach on the western tip of the island.
Band 8+ (175 words)

Version 4
The map illustrates the way in which a long narrow island was developed for
tourism purposes. Overall, it can be seen that the island went from an uninhabited
state with just a few trees to an island with facilities capable of accommodating and
entertaining a significant number of tourist.

Initially the island contained only a small group of trees and beach on the western
edge and larger group of trees in the east. By the time the island was fully
developed a pier had been added in the south. This was connected to a reception
area above it by vehicle track which continued up to a restaurant in the north. To
the west of the reception block were six huts surrounding the original group of
trees and to the east of the reception block was another accommodation area with
each hut connected by a footpath. A footpath now led the original beach which was
designated as a swimming zone for the tourists.

Band 8.0 (162 words)

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The plans show a university sports centre as it is now and the new layout following its
redevelopment. Overall, while some outdoor facilities will be lost, the new centre will
be significantly larger and will cater for wider range of sports.

The sports centre currently consists of relatively small central building with an outdoor
court on each side. The building houses a 25-matre pool, with a seating area and
changing room, and there is a gym to the rear and reception area to the front.

Following the renovations, only the central pool and its indoor facilities will remain
the same. The building will be expanded to the east and west removing the outdoor
courts and making way for more indoor facilities. These include a leisure pool on the
western side, which will be slightly larger than the existing one and will have its own
changing room, and on the eastern side, a new sports hall, and two dance studios. The
current gym will be lengthened so that it is double its current size. The reception area
will also be widened making it more spacious. On arrival, visitors to the new centre
will benefit from a third changing room, a sports shop and café, all located around the
reception area.
Band 9 (209 words)

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The two maps show changes made to an island since 1980. Overall, while the western
part of the island remains unchanged, the eastern side has undergone significant
development, with the addition of new facilities and the modernisation of existing ones.

In 1980, the island had few tourist facilities and accommodation was limited to two
groups of huts on either side of a central restaurant and reception. In terms of leisure
activities, there was a swimming beach on the west coast, and tourists could go sailing
from the pier on the southern coast. However, the east coast was undeveloped.

Today, the western half of the island remains unchanged and has the original
accommodation. The reception and pier have also not been changed. In contrast, the
untouched eastern part of the island now has a modern apartment block, which sits near
a new surf beach and diving school. A wooden boardwalk runs along the east coast,
connecting the diving school to the pier. To the right of the reception, where there was
once a group of huts, there is now a swimming pool, and the single restaurant has been
replaced with a larger block of shops and restaurants. Although the new buildings are
more modern in style, more vegetation has been added and access to and around the
island remains limited, with no extra vehicle tracks being built.

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The two plans show Southwest Airport as it is now and redevelopment plans for next
year. Overall, the number of gates will increase significantly, while the main building
will generally remain unchanged apart from the addition of more passenger facilities.

The current airport has very few facilities for departing passengers, with only a coffee
shop on the right-hand side, opposite a check-in counter. There are no facilities beyond
passport control and security, and passengers have to walk to the eight departure gates.
Arriving passengers have no amenities at all.

Following redevelopment, both arriving and departing visitors are better catered for,
beginning with double the number of entrances and exits. In the departures area, the
coffee shop will move to the opposite side, closer to the front, and the check-in desk
will take its place, making room for a new baggage drop counter. Although the security
area will not change, beyond this section, passengers will be able to shop and can use
the new sky train service to reach the expanded gate area, with ten additional gates.
Arriving passengers will also have access to a coffee shop and a currency exchange. The
only structural change to the main building is a small annexe in the front right-hand
corner, where passengers will be able to hire a car.

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The map below is of the town of Garlsdon.
A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town.
The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.

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Version 1
The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of
Garlsdon. Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in
Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more
advantages.
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main
road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the
countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would
make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car.
As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the
south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by
train.
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good
for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the
surrounding towns. including Bransdon. but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars
would be unable to park and access would be difficult.

Version 2
The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a
town called Garlsdon.
The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas
S2 is in the town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road
or rail, and their positions relative to three smaller towns.
Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the north west
of Garlsdon, but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the
housing area, which surrounds the town centre.
There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town
centre, but this is a no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By
contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach
from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that
runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon.

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Chorleywood is a village near London whose population
has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth
century. The map below shows the development of the
village.

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Version 1
The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and
1994. It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was
improved. Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the
populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.
From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main
roads. Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village
area. The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922,
and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east.
Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.
The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the
railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village,
and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around
motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.

Version 2
The map shows how a village called Chorleywood developed over a period of 126 years.
Overall, it saw considerable growth, both in the establishment of new residential areas
and transportation routes, which occurred over four phases.
From 1868 to 1883 there were only two main roads in the region with Chorleywood
covering a small area along one of them. Over the next 40 years, the village grew
southward alongside the road and a railway was built in 1909 passing through this part.
Chorleywood station is also located in this area of the village.
Over the period between 1922 and 1970, the railway was the line along which
Chorleywood expanded, both towards the east and west. However, a motorway was
constructed in 1970 parallel to one of the main roads and further development of the
village occurred around its intersections with the other main road and the railway
between 1970 and 1994. Furthermore, Chorleywood Park and Golf course is now
located in an area enclosed by the two main roads, the railway and this motorway.

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 Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have
decided to build a new shopping mall for the area, and two
sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.

The map illustrates plans for two possible sites for a shopping mall in the city of
Brandfield. It can be seen that the two sites under consideration are in the north and the
south east of the town.
The first possible site for the shopping mall, S1, is just north of the city centre, above
the railway line, which runs from the south east of the city to the north west. If it is build
here, it will be next to a large housing estate, thus providing easy access for those living
on the estate and in the city centre.
The site in the south east, S2, is again just by the railway line and fairly close to the city
centre but it is near to an industrial estate rather than housing.
There is a main road that runs through the city and is close to both sites, thus providing
good road access to either location. A large golf course and park in the west of the town
prevents this area from being available as a site.

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Version 1
The diagrams show West Park School at three different stages in its development:
1950, 1980 and 2010. Overall, During this period, the school has increased in size and
a car park has been created and enlarged. The combined recreational areas, however,
first expanded and were then reduced in size.
In 1950, the schoolm was built close to a main road and next to a number of houses.
A larger area behind the school was turned a paly ground, while the area behind the
houses was farmland.
By 1980, the houses had been demolished in order to make way for small car park
and an additional school building, which became the science block. In addition to the
existing palyground, the school also gained the farmland and canverted it into a
sports field.
In 2010, the school building remained unchanged but the car park was extended to
cover the entire sports field. As a result of this, the original playground was divided
into two so that it provided a smaller playground and a small sports field.
174 words

Version 2
The diagrams illustrate how West Park Secondary School has developed since 1950
when it was built. Overall, the school saw significant growth although its recreational
facilities did not develop as much as its buildings and parking space.
In 1950, the school was a single building located along the main road and to the right of
a series of houses. There was a large playground which was located right behind the
school building to the right of some farmland.
Thirty years later in 1980, the houses were demolished and replaced by a car park, as
well as a new science block, for the school while the old school building was changed
into its main building. The farmland was also converted to a new sports field, but the
playground remained unchanged.
In the last year, 2010, the car park was extended, as a result of which the land
previously allocated to the sports field was added to it. However, about a third of
the old playground was turned into a new, yet much smaller, sports field.
174 words

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The table shows that there are significant differences in patients' perceptions of quality
of provision at the three health centres. By far the most highly rated is the Peveril
Centre with an overall mean of 8.3 and the highest scores in all service areas. The
weakest performing centre overall was Longston at just 5.8, with Marchbank between
the two at 7.2. It is noticeable that one aspect - Doctors' service - received relatively
strong evaluations in all three centres, with scores ranging from 8 to 8.7. Pharmacy
received the poorest ratings of the services in all the centres: at 5.1, 6.3 and 5.8 at
Longston, Peveril and Marchbank respectively. Regarding the other aspects of
provision, there is considerable variation. Perhaps the most striking differential in
ratings is in Response to concerns, which for Peveril is the highest scoring of all the
aspects, at 9.6. This compares with 6.5 for this area at Marchbank and just 4.3 at
Longston. Ratings for Care of children are moderate in all three centres, though they
are significantly lower for Longston than for the other two: 6.3, compared to 7.5 at
Peveril and 7.3 at Marchbank.
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The graph shows a clear difference in the pattern of public transport use in 2016
between people living in large cities and other citizens, in the country in question. The
gap between the two is particularly noticeable for younger and middle-age groups,
with the highest difference for 31-45 year olds: 66% of city dwellers used public
transport compared with just 15% of people living outside large urban centres. For
children the difference was smaller but still significant, at 39% and 15% respectively.
However, for the older ages the trend changed: there was actually a lower percentage
of 61-75 year olds in large urban areas using public transport (9%) than others (18%),
though for those in the oldest age bracket the figures reversed (15% and 6%). It is
noteworthy that there is a more marked fluctuation across age groups for city dwellers:
starting at 39% for the youngest, the figure rises to 66% before dropping sharply to a
low of 9%. By contrast, figures for those living outside big cities hold fairly steady, with
a high of 26% for 16-30 year olds and a low of 6% for the oldest group.

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The bar chart and pie charts illustrate the percentage of people in Glasgow having three
levels of education (university, school and those with no qualifications) in 2010.
Information is divided into five age groups in the bar chart and by gender in the pie
charts.
Overall, the majority of people with university education were in the younger age
groups, while in the oldest age group most people did not have any qualifications. The
proportions of men and women were similar and showed little different between the
levels of education.
The percentage of people with university education was up to 76% in the three
youngest age groups compared to only 50% in those ages 50 to 75 and just 25% in those
over 75. This trend was reversed in those with no qualifications (9% in younger people
rising to 75% in the oldest age group). Those with school education was relative
constant at around 20% but was as low as 3% the over 75’s.
The proportion of men and women in each level of education was around one third
with only a slightly difference of 3% in university graduates as well as those who didn’t
have educational qualifications.

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Words 195

The chart shows British Emigration to selected destinations between 2004

and 2007.

The bar chart shows the number of British people who emigrated to five destinations
over the period 2004 to 2007. It is evident from the chart that throughout the period, the
most popular place to move to was Australia.
Emigration to Australia stood at just over 40,000 people in 2004, which was
approximately 6,000 higher than for Spain, and twice as high as the other three countries.
Apart from a jump to around 52,000 in 2006, it remained around this level throughout
the period.
The next most popular country for Britons to move to was Spain, though its popularity
declined over the time frame to finish at below 30,000 in 2007. Despite this, the figure
was still higher than for the remaining three countries. Approximately 20,000 people
emigrated to New Zealand each year, while the USA fluctuated between 20-25,000
people over the period.
Although the number of visitors to France spiked to nearly 35,000 in 2005, it was the
country that was the least popular to emigrate to at the end of the period, at just under
20,000 people.

(Words 179)

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The chart shows that there is considerable variation in the ways people accessed
news in the country in question between 2013 and 2017. The most noticeable trend
was the huge decline in the percentage of the population getting their news from
printed newspapers. This saw a collapse from 42% in 2013 to just 22% over five years.
By contrast, the proportion using the internet for news grew from 32% to 41% in 2015
and then saw a massive rise to 68% by 2017. Figures for radio news saw almost no
change, holding steady at approximately one third. TV news had a sizeable decline
between 2013 and 2015 (79% to 67%) but this was followed by a small rise to 71% in
2017. It is noticeable that in 2013 TV was by far the most popular medium for news
access with a 35% gap between this and the next most popular - newspapers, at 42%.
In 2017, TV was still the most used medium but a close second was the internet and
the difference had narrowed to just 3% - 71% compared to 68%.

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The charts show how one university spent its income in 2015 compared to 2005, giving
the percentages spent on six different areas of its operation. By far the most important
outlay by the university in both years was on Teaching and research, and this held
steady at approximately half the overall expenditure (53% in 2005 and 48% in 2015).
However, there were significant changes across the decade in the proportion of
spending in all other areas. The most noteworthy difference was in the portion spent
on Administration and management: this increased considerably, from 6% in 2005 to
16% in 2015. Other areas which saw a growth in percentage terms were Maintaining
campuses (from 10% to 15%) and Financial support for students, which, though it
started from the lowest base (5%) in 2005, outstripped spending on Libraries and
accounted for 8% of total expenditure in 2015. Two other areas saw a drop in spending
in percentage terms: Libraries and Accommodation, which both saw a halving of their
spending, to 5% and 8% respectively.

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The two charts show how, on average, students in one university divided their spending
across seven areas, in 2010 compared with 2000. It is noticeable that the two biggest
areas for expenditure – food and utilities – between them accounted for over half the
total outlay in both years. However, it is also worth noting that the proportion of
spending on food and drink remained the same, at 29%, while figures for utilities rose
quite significantly, from 21% to 27%. One small but significant statistic was that while
eating at home accounted for the same percentage in 2010 as in 2000, eating out made
up a higher percentage, rising from 4% to 8%. Another striking change was the
proportion of spending on clothing: this went down markedly, from 16% to just 5% in
2010. Three other areas saw no or hardly any alteration: the portion of spending on
sports and cultural activities remained at 17% in both years, spending on transport rose
by 1% to 9%, while the proportion on holidays remained exactly the same, at 5%.

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The two plans show changes to a science park since 2008. The most striking alteration
has been to the northern part of the area, where a Research and Development block
has been constructed on the grassland, though it is noticeable that the area covered
by trees has remained approximately the same. Two buildings have been expanded,
most obviously the Cyber Security unit, which has almost doubled in size. Another
important change has been to the transport arrangements. The amount of space for
cars has been significantly reduced, with car parking cut by almost half. At the same
time, public transport links have been increased: a train station has been added and
there is now a bus stop opposite the entrance; a cycling lane has also been
introduced. Two buildings have been given different names: the old Reception block is
now called the University Hub and the IT Centre has been renamed the Innovation
Centre. Taken as a whole, the Science Park has undergone a number of major
alterations since 2008.

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The two plans show that there were a number of small but important changes to the
ground floor of a museum between 1990 and 2010. The general design remained the
same, with the entrance and stairs in the same place, although the entrance was
widened and certain areas were used for different purposes. The most noticeable
alteration was the removal of the Archaeology Gallery. This was replaced with two new
areas: a poster display space and a children's interactive zone. The Natural History and
Local History rooms stayed the same size and in the same location, but one wall of the
latter was knocked down, making it more open. The museum office was unchanged but
the reception counter was enlarged and moved closer to the entrance. The original gift
shop was expanded to include a café. The statue which in 1990 was next to the staircase
was moved to the centre of the floor. A lift was added in the space between the Gift
Shop and the Natural History Room.

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Because smoked food articles have a special taste and can be stored for an extended
period of time, they are widely popular around the world.
The picture illustrates the diagram of a home smokery and how it works. The flow chart
makes it clear that the structure is built mainly under the ground. Overall, smoking
foods at home does not involve the use of sophisticated equipment, and consists of
three major steps.
The initial stages of the smoking food at home happen under the ground. Firstly, the lid
of the structure is opened to allow air to flow, which is needed for burning logs in the
second step. Once logs are completely burned, the lid of the furnace can be opened to
refill. We can see that in the last stage smoke discharged from burning logs passes
through a narrow pipe to the box, to the bottom of which there are a couple of bricks.
The food, mainly different meats, are hung over those bricks on hooks which are
cooked with the smoke. Finally, the smoked produce, which are ready for consumption,
are collected by opening the box.

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The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used
the Internet between 1999 and 2009.
It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased
in each country over the period shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of
Canadians and Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with
Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.
In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%.
The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5%
respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to
around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over
25%.
By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost
100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans
and only 40% of Mexicans.

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The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology
to forecast the weather. There are four stages in the process, beginning with the
collection of information about the weather. This information is then analysed,
prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public.
Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of
collecting weather data and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming
information can be received by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite
photo. The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a
radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected
directly by radar and analysed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally,
drifting buoys also receive data which can be shown on a synoptic chart.
At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on
computers. Finally, it is delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as
a recorded telephone announcement.

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The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration and net migration
between 1999 and 2008.
Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the
figures for immigration were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004
and 2007.
In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people
who emigrated stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was
around 160,000, and it remained at a similar level until 2003. From 1999 to 2004,
the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000 people, but there was a much
smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in
2004.
After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people
emigrating fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about
420,000 people in 2008. As a result, the net migration figure rose to around
240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around 160,000 in 2008.

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The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and
technicians, and research and development spending in developing and
developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990.
It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher
than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in
participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990.
People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years,
with only a slight increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other
hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling
in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990.
From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised
countries almost doubled to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research
and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion
in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in developing countries
remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50
billion to only $25 billion.
(187 words)
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The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different
sources of fuel in two countries over two separate years.
Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both
Australia and France. While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big
differences in the fuel sources used.
Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in
1980, rising to 130 out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became
the most important fuel source in France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the
country’s electricity.
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years,
but the amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2
units in France. Oil, on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel source in
France, but its use declined in Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for
electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000. (170 words)

Olimjon Shokirov
116
 The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six
cities.

The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities.
The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of
people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground
systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems.
The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the
largest system, with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only
about half the size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it
serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily
the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year.
Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most
extensive, with 126 kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28
kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the
newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves
only 45 million passengers per year.
(185 words)

Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

117
 The diagrams below are existing and proposed floor plans for the redevelopment
of an art gallery.

The first picture shows the layout of an art gallery, and the second shows some
proposed changes to the gallery space. It is clear that significant changes will be
made in terms of the use of floor space in the gallery. There will be a completely
new entrance and more space for exhibitions.
At present, visitors enter the gallery through doors which lead into a lobby. However,
the plan is to move the entrance to the Parkinson Court side of the building, and
visitors will walk straight into the exhibition area. In place of the lobby and office
areas, which are shown on the existing plan, the new gallery plan shows an education
area and a small storage area.
The permanent exhibition space in the redeveloped gallery will be about twice as
large as it is now because it will occupy the area that is now used for temporary
exhibitions. There will also be a new room for special exhibitions. This room is
shown in red on the existing plan and is not currently part of the gallery.

Olimjon Shokirov
118
 The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of
water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during
the natural process known as the water cycle.
Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain,
and eventually runs back into the oceans again.
Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air
comes from the oceans. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water
vapour condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on the
diagram, water falls as rain or snow.
At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall
into lakes or return to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter
through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is
shown to take place just before groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the
cycle.

119
 The diagrams below show some principles of house design for cool and
for warm climates.

The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate. The most
noticeable difference between houses designed for cool and warm climates is in the
shape of the roof. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the use of
insulation.
We can see that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight
to enter through the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a
peak in the middle and roof overhangs to shade the windows. Insulation and thermal
building materials are used in cool climates to reduce heat loss, whereas insulation
and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm climates.
Finally, the cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun,
while the warm climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the
sun. By opening the two windows at night, the house designed for warm climates can
be ventilated.

120
The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy,
France and Britain. It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than
people in the other three countries on all six goods. Of the six items, consumers
spent the most money on photographic film.
People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest
figure shown on the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders,
with roughly the same figures (just under £150,000) for each of the six products.
The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly
£160,000. However, while French people spent more than Italians on photographic
film and CDs, Italians paid out more for personal stereos, tennis racquets and
perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis racquets, around
£145,000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart.

121
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of
families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.

The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of household in
Australia in the year 1999.
It is noticeable that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples,
and people with children were more likely to be poor than those without. Poverty rates
were considerably lower among elderly people.
Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged
people were the least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single
aged people and aged couples respectively.
Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of
parents living with a partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for
people with no children: while 19% of single people in this group were living below the
poverty line, the figure for couples was much lower, at only 7%.

122
 The chart below shows information about changes in average house
prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the
average house prices in 1989.

The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in five major cities over a period
of 13 years from 1989. We can see that house prices fell overall between 1990 and
1995, but most of the cities saw rising prices between 1996 and 2002. London
experienced by far the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-year period.
Over the 5 years after 1989, the cost of average homes in Tokyo and London dropped
by around 7%, while New York house prices went down by 5%. By contrast, prices
rose by approximately 2% in both Madrid and Frankfurt.
Between 1996 and 2002, London house prices jumped to around 12% above the 1989
average. Homebuyers in New York also had to pay significantly more, with prices
rising to 5% above the 1989 average, but homes in Tokyo remained cheaper than they
were in 1989. The cost of an average home in Madrid rose by a further 2%, while
prices in Frankfurt remained stable.
123
 The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of
tonnes, from four different sectors between 1990 and 2007.

The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions
that they produced over a period of 17 years in the UK.

It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell considerably
between 1990 and 2007. The most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas
and water supply sector.

In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity,
gas and water sector. The transport and communication sector was responsible for
about 0.7 million tonnes of emissions, while the domestic sector produced around 0.6
million tonnes. Just over 2 million tonnes of acid rain gases came from other
industries.
Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million
tonnes in 2007, a drop of almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the
domestic sector and other industries fell gradually, the transport sector saw a small
increase in emissions, reaching a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005.

124
The chart below shows average hours and minutes spent by UK
males and females on different daily activities.

The table compares the average amount of time per day that men and women in the
UK spend doing different activities.
It is clear that people in the UK spend more time sleeping than doing any other daily
activity. Also, there are significant differences between the time spent by men and
women on employment/study and housework.
On average, men and women in the UK sleep for about 8 hours per day. Leisure
takes up the second largest proportion of their time. Men spend 5 hours and 25
minutes doing various leisure activities, such as watching TV or doing sport, while
women have 4 hours and 53 minutes of leisure time.
It is noticeable that men work or study for an average of 79 minutes more than
women every day. By contrast, women spend 79 minutes more than men doing
housework, and they spend over twice as much time looking after children.

125
The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three
different diets, namely an average diet, a healthy diet, and a healthy diet for sport.
It is noticeable that sportspeople require a diet comprising a significantly higher
proportion of carbohydrates than an average diet or a healthy diet. The average diet
contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates but the highest proportion of protein.
Carbohydrates make up 60% of the healthy diet for sport. This is 10% higher than the
proportion of carbohydrates in a normal healthy diet, and 20% more than the
proportion in an average diet. On the other hand, people who eat an average diet
consume a greater relative amount of protein (40%) than those who eat a healthy diet
(30%) and sportspeople (25%).
The third compound shown in the charts is fat. Fat constitutes exactly one fifth of both
the average diet and the healthy diet, but the figure drops to only 15% for the healthy
sports diet.

126
The table below gives information on consumer spending on

different items in five different countries in 2002.

The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of

products and services in five countries in 2002.
It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on
food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the
lowest percentages in the table.
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was
noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of
spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while
expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in
any of the other countries.
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer
expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just
over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the
lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.

127
The graph below gives information about car ownership in Britain
from 1971 to 2007.

The graph shows changes in the number of cars per household in Great Britain over
a period of 36 years. Overall, car ownership in Britain increased between 1971 and
2007. In particular, the percentage of households with two cars rose, while the figure
for households without a car fell.
In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around
44% of households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars. It was uncommon
for families to own three or more cars, with around 2% of households falling into this
category.
The one-car household was the most common type from the late 1970’s onwards
although there was little change in the figures for this category. The biggest change
was seen in the proportion of households without a car, which fell steadily over the
36-year period to around 25% in 2007. In contrast, the proportion of two-car families
rose steadily, reaching about 26% in 2007, and the proportion of households with more
than two cars rose by around 5%.

128
 The chart below shows numbers of incidents and injuries per 100
million passenger miles travelled (PMT) by transportation type in
2002.

The bar chart compares the number of incidents and injuries for every 100 million
passenger miles travelled on five different types of public transport in 2002. It is clear
that the most incidents and injuries took place on demand-response vehicles. By
contrast, commuter rail services recorded by far the lowest figures.
A total of 225 incidents and 173 injuries, per 100 million passenger miles travelled,
took place on demand-response transport services. These figures were nearly three
times as high as those for the second highest category, bus services. There were 76
incidents and 66 people were injured on buses.
Rail services experienced fewer problems. The number of incidents on light rail trains
equalled the figure recorded for buses, but there were significantly fewer injuries, at
only 39. Heavy rail services saw lower numbers of such events than light rail services,
but commuter rail passengers were even less likely to experience problems. In fact,
only 20 incidents and 17 injuries occurred on commuter trains.

129
The bar charts compare students of different ages in terms of why they are studying
and whether they are supported by an employer. It is clear that the proportion of
students who study for career purposes is far higher among the younger age groups,
while the oldest students are more likely to study for interest. Employer support is
more commonly given to younger students.
Around 80% of students aged under 26 study to further their careers, whereas only
10% study purely out of interest. The gap between these two proportions narrows as
students get older, and the figures for those in their forties are the same, at about
40%. Students aged over 49 overwhelmingly study for interest (70%) rather than for
professional reasons (less than 20%).
Just over 60% of students aged under 26 are supported by their employers. By
contrast, the 30-39 age group is the most self-sufficient, with only 30% being given
time off and help with fees. The figures rise slightly for students in their forties and for
those aged 50 or more.

130
The bar chart shows average weekly spending by households in different areas of
England between 2007 and 2009. Households in the south of the country spent
more on average than those in the north. Average weekly spending by households
was highest in London and lowest in the North East.
English households spent on average around £470 per week. The average
expenditure for households in London was about £560 per week, almost £100 more
than the overall figure for England. Households in the South East, East and South
West also spent more than the national average. Weekly household spending
figures for those three regions were approximately £520, £490 and £480
respectively.
Similar levels of household spending were seen in the West Midlands, the North
West and the East Midlands, at about £430 to £450 per week. In the region of
Yorkshire and the Humber, households spent approximately £400 per week, while
expenditure in the North East was around £10 per week lower than this. It is
noticeable that average weekly expenditure by households in the North East was
around £80 less than the national average, and around £170 less than the London
average.

131
The climograph below shows average monthly temperatures and
rainfall in the city of Kolkata.

The chart compares average figures for temperature and precipitation over the course
of a calendar year in Kolkata. It is noticeable that monthly figures for precipitation in
Kolkata vary considerably, whereas monthly temperatures remain relatively stable.
Rainfall is highest from July to August, while temperatures are highest in April and May.
Between the months of January and May, average temperatures in Kolkata rise from
their lowest point at around 20°C to a peak of just over 30°C. Average rainfall in the
city also rises over the same period, from approximately 20mm of rain in January to
100mm in May.
While temperatures stay roughly the same for the next four months, the amount of
rainfall more than doubles between May and June. Figures for precipitation remain
above 250mm from June to September, peaking at around 330mm in July. The final
three months of the year see a dramatic fall in precipitation, to a low of about 10mm in
December, and a steady drop in temperatures back to the January average.

132
The line graph compares average yearly spending by Americans on mobile and
landline phone services from 2001 to 2010.

It is clear that spending on landline phones fell steadily over the 10-year period, while
mobile phone expenditure rose quickly. The year 2006 marks the point at which
expenditure on mobile services overtook that for residential phone services.

In 2001, US consumers spent an average of nearly $700 on residential phone

services, compared to only around $200 on cell phone services. Over the following
five years, average yearly spending on landlines dropped by nearly $200. By
contrast, expenditure on mobiles rose by approximately $300.

In the year 2006, the average American paid out the same amount of money on both
types of phone service, spending just over $500 on each. By 2010, expenditure on
mobile phones had reached around $750, while the figure for spending on
residential services had fallen to just over half this amount.

133
The graph below shows the average number of UK commuters
travelling each day by car, bus or train between 1970 and 2030.

The line graph compares figures for daily travel by workers in the UK using three
different forms of transport over a period of 60 years. It is clear that the car is by far
the most popular means of transport for UK commuters throughout the period shown.
Also, while the numbers of people who use the car and train increase gradually, the
number of bus users falls steadily.
In 1970, around 5 million UK commuters travelled by car on a daily basis, while the bus
and train were used by about 4 million and 2 million people respectively. In the year
2000, the number of those driving to work rose to 7 million and the number of
commuting rail passengers reached 3 million. However, there was a small drop of
approximately 0.5 million in the number of bus users.
By 2030, the number of people who commute by car is expected to reach almost 9
million, and the number of train users is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million. By
contrast, buses are predicted to become a less popular choice, with only 3 million daily
users.

134
The table compares the percentages of people using different functions of their
mobile phones between 2006 and 2010.

Throughout the period shown, the main reason why people used their mobile phones
was to make calls. However, there was a marked increase in the popularity of other
mobile phone features, particularly the Internet search feature.

In 2006, 100% of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, while the
next most popular functions were text messaging (73%) and taking photos (66%). By
contrast, less than 20% of owners played games or music on their phones, and
there were no figures for users doing Internet searches or recording video.

Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top
three mobile phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones
to access the Internet jumped to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was
also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to play games and to record video, with
figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively in 2010.

135
The chart below shows the total number of Olympic medals won
by twelve different countries.

The bar chart compares twelve countries in terms of the overall number of medals
that they have won at the Olympic Games.
It is clear that the USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal winning nation.
It is also noticeable that the figures for gold, silver and bronze medals won by any
particular country tend to be fairly similar.
The USA has won a total of around 2,300 Olympic medals, including approximately
900 gold medals, 750 silver and 650 bronze. In second place on the all-time medals
chart is the Soviet Union, with just over 1,000 medals. Again, the number of gold
medals won by this country is slightly higher than the number of silver or bronze
medals.
Only four other countries - the UK, France, Germany and Italy - have won more
than 500 Olympic medals, all with similar proportions of each medal colour. Apart
from the USA and the Soviet Union, China is the only other country with a
noticeably higher proportion of gold medals (about 200) compared to silver and
bronze (about 100 each).

Olimjon Shokirov

136
The chart below shows the process of waste paper recycling.

The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct
stages in this process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual
production of usable paper.
At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from
paper banks, where members of the public leave their used paper, or directly from
businesses. This paper is then sorted by hand and separated according to its grade,
with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being removed. Next, the graded paper
is transported to a paper mill.
Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and
pulped, and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants
of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp
can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes the end product: usable
paper.

137
The graph below shows trends in US meat and poultry consumption.

The line graph shows changes in the per capita consumption of beef, pork, broilers and turkey in
the United States between 1955 and 2012. It is noticeable that beef was by far the most popular of
the four types of meat for the majority of the 57-year period. However, a considerable rise can be
seen in the consumption of broilers, with figures eventually surpassing those for beef
Between 1955 and 1976, US beef consumption rose from around 60 to a peak of 90
pounds per person per year. During the same period, consumption of broilers also rose, to
nearly 30 pounds per person, while the figures for pork fluctuated between 50 and 40
pounds per person. Turkey was by far the least popular meat, with figures below 10
pounds per capita each year.

By 2012, the amount of beef consumed by the average American had plummeted to
around 50 pounds, but the consumption of broilers had doubled since the 1970s, to
approximately 55 pounds per capita. By contrast, there were no significant changes in the
trends for pork and turkey consumption over the period as a whole.

Olimjon Shokirov

138
The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.
It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four
periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is
near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.

From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads.
Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area.
The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in
1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station
is in this part of the village.

The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway
line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from
1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway
intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.

139
The bar graph shows the global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types
of digital games between 2000 and 2006.

The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four
different platforms, namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices,
from 2000 to 2006. It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms
rose each year, leading to a significant rise in total global turnover over the 7-year
period. Sales figures for handheld games were at least twice as high as those for any
other platform in almost every year.

In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion, while console
games earned just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games
in that year. Over the next 3 years, sales of handheld video games rose by about $4
billion, but the figure for consoles decreased by $2 billion. Mobile phone and online
games started to become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion in 2003.

In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7
billion dollars respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its
lowest point, at around $2.5 billion.

Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

140
The diagram below shows how solar panels can be used to provide electricity
for domestic use.

The picture illustrates the process of producing electricity in a home using solar
panels. It is clear that there are five distinct stages in this process, beginning with
the capture of energy from sunlight. The final two steps show how domestic
electricity is connected to the external power supply.

At the first stage in the process, solar panels on the roof of a normal house take
energy from the sun and convert it into DC current. Next, this current is passed to an
inverter, which changes it to AC current and regulates the supply of electricity. At
stage three, electricity is supplied to the home from an electrical panel.

At the fourth step shown on the diagram, a utility meter in the home is responsible
for sending any extra electric power outside the house into the grid. Finally, if the
solar panels do not provide enough energy for the household, electricity will flow
from the utility grid into the home through the meter.

141
The table below shows changes in the numbers of residents cycling to work in
different areas of the UK between 2001 and 2011.

The table compares the numbers of people who cycled to work in twelve areas of the
UK in the years 2001 and 2011. Overall, the number of UK commuters who travelled
to work by bicycle rose considerably over the 10- year period. Inner London had by
far the highest number of cycling commuters in both years.
In 2001, well over 43 thousand residents of inner London commuted by bicycle, and
this figure rose to more than 106 thousand in 2011, an increase of 144%. By contrast,
although outer London had the second highest number of cycling commuters in each
year, the percentage change, at only 45%, was the lowest of the twelve areas shown
in the table.
Brighton and Hove saw the second biggest increase (109%) in the number of
residents cycling to work, but Bristol was the UK’s second city in terms of total
numbers of cycling commuters, with 8,108 in 2001 and 15,768 in 2011. Figures for the
other eight areas were below the 10 thousand mark in both years.

142
 The table below shows the amount of waste production (in millions of tonnes)
in six different countries over a twenty-year period.

The chart compares the amounts of waste that were produced in six countries in the
years 1980, 1990 and 2000. In each of these years, the US produced more waste
than Ireland, Japan, Korea, Poland and Portugal combined. It is also noticeable that
Korea was the only country that managed to reduce its waste output by the year
2000.
Between 1980 and 2000, waste production in the US rose from 131 to 192 million
tonnes, and rising trends were also seen in Japan, Poland and Portugal. Japan’s
waste output increased from 28 to 53 million tonnes, while Poland and Portugal saw
waste totals increase from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively.
The trends for Ireland and Korea were noticeably different from those described
above. In Ireland, waste production increased more than eightfold, from only 0.6
million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million tonnes in 2000. Korea, by contrast, cut its waste
output by 12 million tonnes between 1990 and 2000.

143
 The diagrams below show how houses can be protected in areas which are
prone to flooding.
...

The diagrams compare two different methods of defence for homes which are at risk
of being flooded.
The key difference between the diagrams is that they show flood protection with and
without a stopbank. In either case, the at-risk home is raised on stilts above ground
level.
The first diagram shows how a stopbank acts as a flood barrier to stop river water from
flooding homes. The stopbank is a small mound of land next to the river that is higher
than the 100-year flood level, and prevents the river from bursting its banks. Nearby
houses can be built on stilts to prevent flooding from rainwater, and a floodgate
beneath the stopbank can be opened to allow this ‘ponding’ to drain off into the river.
When there is no stopbank, as shown in the second diagram, there will be nothing to
stop the river from flooding. In this case, the solution is to put buildings on stilts. The
height of the stilts is measured so that the floor of the house is 300mm above the 100-
year flood level. This measurement is called the ‘freeboard’.

The charts below compare the age structure of the populations of France
and India in 1984.
144
The two charts compare the populations of France and India in terms of age distribution
by gender in the year 1984. It is clear that the population of India was younger than that
of France in 1984, with a noticeably larger proportion of people aged under 20. France,
on the other hand, had a significantly larger percentage of elderly inhabitants.

In India, close to 14% of people were aged 5 or under, and each five-year age bracket
above this contained an increasingly smaller proportion of the population. France’s
population, by contrast, was more evenly distributed across the age ranges, with similar
figures (around 7% to 8% of all people) for each five-year cohort between the ages of
0 and 40. Somewhere between 10% and 15% of all French people were aged 70 or
older, but the equivalent figure for India was only 2%.

Looking more closely at gender, there was a noticeably higher proportion of French
women than men in every cohort from age 50 upwards. For example, almost 3% of
French 70- to 75-year-olds were women, while just under 2% were men. No significant
gender differences can be seen on the Indian population chart.

145
The charts compare Korea, Sweden and the UK in terms of the methods used in
each country to dispose of harmful waste. It is clear that in both the UK and Sweden,
the majority of dangerous waste products are buried underground. By contrast, most
hazardous materials in the Republic of Korea are recycled. Looking at the information
in more detail, we can see that 82% of the UK’s dangerous waste is put into landfill
sites. This disposal technique is used for 55% of the harmful waste in Sweden and
only 22% of similar waste in Korea. The latter country recycles 69% of hazardous
materials, which is far more than the other two nations.
While 25% of Sweden's dangerous waste is recycled, the UK does not recycle at all.
Instead, it dumps waste at sea or treats it chemically. These two methods are not
employed in Korea or Sweden, which favour incineration for 9% and 20% of dangerous
waste respectively.

146
The bar chart below shows the proportions of English men and women of
different ages who were living alone in 2011. The pie chart compares the
numbers of bedrooms in these oneperson households.

The two charts give information about single-occupant households in England in the
year 2011. The bar chart compares figures for occupants' age and gender, and the pie
chart shows data about the number of bedrooms in these homes.
Overall, females made up a higher proportion of people living alone than males, and
this difference is particularly noticeable in the older age categories. We can also see
that the most common number of bedrooms in a single-occupant home was two.
A significant majority of the people aged 65 or over who were living alone in England
in 2011 were female. Women made up around 72% of single occupants aged 75 to 84,
and 76% of those aged 85 or over. By contrast, among younger adults the figures for
males were higher. For example, in the 35-49 age category, men accounted for nearly
65% of people living alone.
In the same year, 35.4% of one-person households in England had two bedrooms,
while onebedroom and three-bedroom homes accounted for 28% and 29.8% of the
total. Under 7% of singleoccupant homes had four or more bedrooms.

147
The chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend
chatting on the Internet and playing on games consoles on an average
school day in the UK.

The bar chart compares the time spent by 10 to 15-year-olds in the UK on two
activities, namely chatting online and playing computer games.
Boys aged between 10 and 15 clearly favour playing on games consoles over
chatting online. According to the chart, while 85% of boys play computer games
every day, only 55% chat online daily. Furthermore, the majority of boys play on
their consoles for more than one hour each day, and 10% do this activity for four
hours or more.
By contrast, girls prefer chatting online. Close to 70% of 10 to 15-year-old girls
engage in online conversation each day, compared to about 50% of this cohort who
play computer games. Of the girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for
less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online do so for more than one hour,
and nearly 10% chat for four hours or more.
Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally more popular than
chatting on the Internet. However, completely different trends can be seen if we look
at the specific figures for boys and girls.

148
The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the
rest of the world.

The pie charts give information about the water used for residential, industrial and
agricultural purposes in San Diego County, California, and the world as a whole.
It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or
agriculture in the two American regions. By contrast, agriculture accounts for the
vast majority of water used worldwide.
In San Diego County and California State, residential water consumption accounts for
60% and 39% of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8% of the water used globally
goes to homes. The opposite trend can be seen when we look at water consumption
for agriculture. This accounts for a massive 69% of global water use, but only 17%
and 28% of water usage in San Diego and California respectively.
Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for industrial
water use. The same proportion of water (23%) is used by industry in San Diego and
worldwide, while the figure for California is 10% higher, at 33%.

149
The charts below show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to
the Parkway Hotel how they rated the hotel's customer service. The same
questionnaire was given to 100 guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

The pie charts compare visitors’ responses to a survey about customer service at the
Parkway Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.
It is clear that overall customer satisfaction increased considerably from 2005 to
2010. While most hotel guests rated customer service as satisfactory or poor in
2005, a clear majority described the hotel’s service as good or excellent in 2010.
Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5% of the hotel’s visitors rated its
customer service as excellent, but this figure rose to 28% in 2010. Furthermore, while
only 14% of guests described customer service in the hotel as good in 2005, almost
three times as many people gave this rating five years later.
With regard to negative feedback, the proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s
customer service to be poor fell from 21% in 2005 to only 12% in 2010. Similarly, the
proportion of people who thought customer service was very poor dropped from 15%
to only 4% over the 5-year period. Finally, a fall in the number of ‘satisfactory’ ratings
in 2010 reflects the fact that more people gave positive responses to the survey in that
year.

150
The first chart below gives information about the money spent by British
parents on their children’s sports between 2008 and 2014. The second chart
shows the number of children who participated in three sports in Britain
over the same time period.

The line graphs show the average monthly amount that parents in Britain spent on their
children’s sporting activities and the number of British children who took part in three
different sports from 2008 to 2014.
It is clear that parents spent more money each year on their children’s participation in
sports over the six-year period. In terms of the number of children taking part, football
was significantly more popular than athletics and swimming.

In 2008, British parents spent an average of around £20 per month on their children’s
sporting activities. Parents’ spending on children’s sports increased gradually over the
following six years, and by 2014 the average monthly amount had risen to just over
£30.
Looking at participation numbers, in 2008 approximately 8 million British children
played football, while only 2 million children were enrolled in swimming clubs and less
than 1 million practiced athletics. The figures for football participation remained
relatively stable over the following 6 years. By contrast, participation in swimming
almost doubled, to nearly 4 million children, and there was a near fivefold increase in
the number of children doing athletics.

151
The graph below shows the amounts of waste produced by three companies
over a period of 15 years.

The line graph compares three companies in terms of their waste output between the
years 2000 and 2015.
It is clear that there were significant changes in the amounts of waste produced by all
three companies shown on the graph. While companies A and B saw waste output fall
over the 15-year period, the amount of waste produced by company C increased
considerably.
In 2000, company A produced 12 tonnes of waste, while companies B and C produced
around 8 tonnes and 4 tonnes of waste material respectively. Over the following 5
years, the waste output of companies B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure
for company A fell by approximately 1 tonne.
From 2005 to 2015, company A cut waste production by roughly 3 tonnes, and
company B reduced its waste by around 7 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an
increase in waste production of approximately 4 tonnes over the same 10-year period.
By 2015, company C’s waste output had risen to 10 tonnes, while the respective
amounts of waste from companies A and B had dropped to 8 tonnes and only 3 tonnes.

152
The chart below shows the results of a survey of people who visited four
types of tourist attraction in Britain in the year 1999.

The pie chart compares figures for visitors to four categories of tourist attraction and
to five different theme parks in Britain in 1999.
It is clear that theme parks and museums / galleries were the two most popular types
of tourist attraction in that year. Blackpool Pleasure Beach received by far the highest
proportion of visitors in the theme park sector.
Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that 38% of the surveyed visitors
went to a theme park, and 37% of them went to a museum or gallery. By contrast,
historic houses and monuments were visited by only 16% of the sample, while wildlife
parks and zoos were the least popular of the four types of tourist attraction, with only
9% of visitors.

In the theme park sector, almost half of the people surveyed (47%) had been to
Blackpool Pleasure Beach. Alton Towers was the second most popular amusement
park, with 17% of the sample, followed by Pleasureland in Southport, with 16%. Finally,
Chessington World of Adventures and Legoland Windsor had each welcomed 10% of
the surveyed visitors.

153
The diagram below shows the life cycle of a salmon, from egg to adult fish.

The diagram illustrates the stages in the life of the salmon, from birth to maturity. It is
clear that there are six* main stages as the salmon develops from egg to mature
adult. We can also see that salmon spend time in three distinct locations during the
cycle, moving from river to estuary to ocean and then back upstream.
Salmon begin their lives in rivers where the adult fish lay and incubate their eggs.
After emerging from eggs, the young salmon spend the next stage of their lives being
reared in freshwater areas. Then, at some point in their development, the fish swim
downstream to river estuaries where rearing continues.
Following the estuary rearing period, the maturing salmon migrate to the ocean,
where they eventually become fully grown adults. Finally, the adult fish travel back
upstream to spawning areas of rivers; here they reproduce and lay their eggs, and
the life cycle begins anew.

154
The graph below shows changes in global food and oil prices between 2000
and 2011.

The line graph compares the average price of a barrel of oil with the food price index
over a period of 11 years. It is clear that average global prices of both oil and food
rose considerably between 2000 and 2011. Furthermore, the trends for both
commodities were very similar, and so a strong correlation (93.6%) is suggested.
In the year 2000, the average global oil price was close to $25 per barrel, and the
food price index stood at just under 90 points. Over the following four years both
prices remained relatively stable, before rising steadily between 2004 and 2007. By
2007, the average oil price had more than doubled, to nearly $60 per barrel, and food
prices had risen by around 50 points.
A dramatic increase in both commodity prices was seen from 2007 to 2008, with oil
prices reaching a peak of approximately $130 per barrel and the food price index
rising to 220 points. However, by the beginning of 2009 the price of oil had dropped
by roughly $90, and the food price index was down by about 80 points. Finally, in
2011, the average oil price rose once again, to nearly $100 per barrel, while the food
price index reached its peak, at almost 240 points.
155
The table compares two primary schools in terms of the proportions of their pupils
who experienced seven different educational problems in the years 2005 and 2015. It
is noticeable that school A had higher proportions of children with all seven
educational difficulties in both years. However, while school A managed to reduce the
incidence of most of the problems between 2005 and 2015, school B saw an overall
rise in the percentage of children who were struggling.
In 2005, 42% of school A’s pupils found it difficult to follow instructions, whereas only
6% of pupils in school B experienced this problem. Similarly, between 30 and 40 per
cent of children attending school A had problems in the areas of spelling, listening,
verbal expression and concentration in lessons, while the equivalent figures for
school B stood at between 5 and 15 per cent.
In 2015, the difference between the two schools was less pronounced. Notably, the
proportion of children who struggled to follow instructions fell by 24% in school A, and
this school also saw falls of 22%, 15%, 14% and 5% in the figures for children who
had problems with concentration, listening, verbal expression and spelling. In school
B, however, the proportion of children who struggled with spelling and following
instructions doubled, to 10% and 12% respectively, and there was almost no change
in the incidence of listening, verbal or concentration problems.

156
The charts below show reasons for travel and the main issues for the travelling
public in the US in 2009.

The bar chart and pie chart give information about why US residents travelled and
what travel problems they experienced in the year 2009. It is clear that the principal
reason why Americans travelled in 2009 was to commute to and from work. In the
same year, the primary concern of Americans, with regard to the trips they made, was
the cost of travelling.
Looking more closely at the bar chart, we can see that 49% of the trips made by
Americans in 2009 were for the purpose of commuting. By contrast, only 6% of trips
were visits to friends or relatives, and one in ten trips were for social or recreation
reasons. Shopping was cited as the reason for 16% of all travel, while unspecific
‘personal reasons’ accounted for the remaining 19%.
According to the pie chart, price was the key consideration for 36% of American
travellers. Almost one in five people cited safety as their foremost travel concern, while
aggressive driving and highway congestion were the main issues for 17% and 14% of
the travelling public. Finally, a total of 14% of those surveyed thought that access to
public transport or space for pedestrians were the most important travel issues.

157
The chart below compares levels of recycling, as well as some less
environmentally friendly forms of waste management, in fifteen European
countries.

The bar chart shows the percentage of waste that is recycled, put into landfill or
incinerated in various EU countries. If we look at the fifteen EU countries as a whole,
it is clear that more waste goes to landfill sites than to any other refuse management
facility. In fact, while around half of the countries put the majority of their waste into
landfill sites, only two countries recycle at least 50% of the waste that they produce.
Austria and Belgium are the most environmentally friendly of the fifteen countries,
recycling around 60% and 50% of their waste respectively. Germany, Sweden and
Belgium also appear to have effective recycling programmes, resulting in roughly 40%
of waste being processed in this way in each country.
Other EU countries recycle far less. Greece, Ireland and the UK, for example, only
recycle around 10% of refuse, and put between 80 and 90 per cent of their waste into
landfill. Finally, while most nonrecycled waste in the EU area goes to landfill, four
countries, namely Luxembourg, Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark, incinerate
more waste than they bury.

158
159
Version 1
The line graph compares three types of traveller visiting New Zealand between 1997
and 2017 in terms of the average amount of money that they spent each day during
their trips. It is noticeable that overall spending by international visitors to New Zealand
was at its highest between the years 2000 and 2003. Also, over the 20-year period
shown, business travellers spent the most per day, on average, while people visiting
friends or relatives spent the least.
In 1997, business visitors to New Zealand spent an average of just under $260 per
day, while holidaymakers spent around $190 and people visiting friends or relatives
spent less than $120. Over the following five or six years, spending by all three
types of traveller increased dramatically, to peaks of around $330, $270 and $220
for the three respective categories. However, visitor spending suddenly fell again
between 2003 and 2005.
Over the 10 years from 2005 to 2015, similar daily travel expenditure levels can be
seen for both business visitors and tourists, with figures fluctuating around the $200
mark. By contrast, people who were in New Zealand to see friends or family spent
roughly 60 to 80 dollars per day less than the other visitors over this time period. In
the final year shown on the graph, 2017, the figures for average daily spending
stood at approximately $250, $210 and $140 respectively for vacationers, business
people and those visiting family or friends.
Version 2
The line graph compares three types of traveller to New Zealand between 1997 and
2017 in terms of their average daily expenditure. It is noticeable that spending by
these international visitors was at its highest between the years 2000 and 2003.
Overall, business travellers spent the most per day, while people visiting friends or
relatives spent the least.
In 1997, business visitors to New Zealand spent an average of almost $260 per day, while
holidaymakers spent around $190 and people visiting friends or relatives spent less than
$120. Over the following five years, spending by all three types of traveller increased
dramatically, to peaks of around $330, $270 and $220. However, visitor spending suddenly
fell again between 2003 and 2005.
From 2005 to 2015, the daily expenditure of business travellers and tourists
fluctuated around the $200 mark, whereas people visiting relations or friends spent
roughly 60 to 80 dollars less per day. By 2017, daily spending had risen to
approximately $250, $210 and $140 respectively for vacationers, business people
and those visiting loved ones.

160
The chart below shows figures for attendances at hospital emergency care
departments in Northern Ireland by age group in December 2016 and December
2017.

The bar chart compares the number of visits made by people in six age categories to
hospital emergency wards in Northern Ireland in the December of 2016 and 2017. It
is clear that elderly people and the youngest children were the most frequent visitors
to A&E (accident and emergency) departments. Also, there was a slight increase in
the rate of emergency care attendances among all six age groups from December
2016 to December 2017.
Looking first at the older age groups, roughly 65 out of every 1000 people aged 75
and over attended A&E wards in December 2016, and this rose to almost 70
attendances per 1000-population one year later. Interestingly, those aged 65 to 74
were less than half as likely to require emergency treatment, with around 30
attendances per 1000-population in both months.
At the other end of the age scale, the figures for A&E visits by under-5s rose
marginally from around 50 to approximately 52 per 1000-population over the oneyear
period. Children aged 5 to 15 made the fewest visits, at just over 20 per
1000population in both months. Finally, there was almost no difference in the figures
for emergency care attendances among people aged 16 to 44, 45 to 64 and 65 to 74.

161
The maps below show the centre of a small town called Islip as it is now, and
plans for its development.

The diagrams illustrate some proposed changes to the central area of the town of
Islip. It is clear that the principal change to the town will be the construction of a ring
road around the centre. Various other developments with regard to shops and housing
will accompany the building of this road.
Looking at the map of Islip as it is now, we can see that a main road runs through its
centre from east to west. The second map shows the planned pedestrianisation of
this road. Traffic will be diverted on to a dual carriageway that will form a ring around
the town centre.
Currently there is a row of shops along either side of the main road. However, it
appears that the shops along the north side of the new pedestrian street will be
demolished to make way for a bus station, shopping centre, car park and new housing
area. The shops along the south side of the street will remain, but it seems that the
town’s park will be reduced in size so that more new houses can be built within the
ring road.

162
The chart below shows how frequently people in the USA ate in fast food
restaurants between 2003 and 2013.

The bar chart illustrates the frequency with which Americans ate in fast food
establishments from 2003 to 2013. It is clear that the majority of Americans ate in fast
food restaurants between once a week and once a month in all three years. We can
also see a shift towards eating in these restaurants less frequently by the end of the
10-year period.
In each of the years shown on the chart, close to 60% of people in the US ate in fast
food restaurants between once and four times a month. Roughly 15 to 20% of
Americans reported eating in fast food outlets several times per week, while 3 to 4%
of people ate in these outlets daily. At the other end of the scale, around 4% of people
avoided fast food restaurants completely.
Between 2006 and 2013, the total proportion of Americans who ate in fast food
establishments either once a week or several times a week fell by almost 10%. At the
same time, there was an increase of around 8% in the ‘once or twice a month’
category. In other words, the weekly fast food habit that was common in 2003 and
2006 became a monthly or twice monthly habit in 2013.

163
The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in
different age groups who did regular physical activity in 2010.

The chart compares the proportions of Australian males and females in six age
categories who were physically active on a regular basis in the year 2010. Roughly
speaking, close to half of Australian adults did some kind of routine physical activity
in 2010. Middle aged females were the most physically active, proportionally, while
males aged 35 to 44 did the least physical activity.
In the youngest age category (15 to 24), almost 53% of Australian men but only
47.7% of women did regular physical activity in 2010. However, between the
ages of 25 and 44, men were much less active on average than women. In fact,
in the 35 to 44 age group, a mere 39.5% of males did some form of regular
exercise, compared to 52.5% of females.

Between the ages of 45 and 64, the figure for male physical activity rose to around
45%, while the proportion of active females remained around 8% higher, at 53%.
Finally, the percentages of Australian women and men aged 65 and over who
exercised regularly were almost identical, at approximately 47%.
164
The charts below show the proportions of British students at one university in
England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in
2000 and 2010.

The tables compare the percentages of British university students who spoke
different languages in addition to English in two separate years. It is noticeable that
in both years, 2000 and 2010, the majority of British students at the university in
question were able to speak at least one other language. We can also see an
increase in the proportion of second and third language speakers over the 10-year
period.
In the year 2000, 80% of the students were able to speak one or two foreign
languages, and 20% only spoke English. Ten years later, there was a rise of 5% in
the proportion of those who spoke a second language. There was also an increase,
from 10% to 15%, in the proportion of students who were able to speak two foreign
languages.
Looking at the specific second languages spoken, in 2000, 30% of the students were
able to speak Spanish, 15% spoke French, and 10% spoke German. By 2010, the
proportion of Spanish speakers had risen to 35%, there were 5% fewer French
speakers, and the figure for German speakers remained at one in ten. Finally, we can
see that the percentage of speakers of other second languages, apart from Spanish,
French and German, rose from 15% to 20% over the period shown.

165
166
The maps illustrate some changes that were made to a city hospital's transport
infrastructure between the years 2007 and 2010. It is noticeable that three main
modifications were made to the hospital’s vehicle access. These involved the
building of a new bus station, new roundabouts and new parking facilities.
Looking at the changes in more detail, we can see that in 2007 there were three bus
stops on either side of Hospital Road. These were no longer present in 2010, and instead
we see the addition of a bus station on the west side of Hospital Road. This bus station
is accessed via two new roundabouts; the first roundabout is at the intersection of City
Road and Hospital Road, while the second is at the other end of Hospital Road, at the
junction with the hospital ring road.
The two maps also show that changes were made to public and staff parking areas. In
2007, staff and visitors used the same car park, which was situated to the east of
Hospital Road and accessed via the ring road. However, by 2010 this original car park
had become a designated area for staff parking only. A new car park, located on the
east side of the ring road, provided parking for members of the public.

167
The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England
between 1985 and 2000.

The chart shows average distances that people in England travelled using different
forms of transport in the years 1985 and 2000. It is clear that the total number of miles
travelled by English people using all modes of transport increased significantly between
1985 and 2000. The car was by far the most used form of transport in both years.
In 1985, the average person travelled 3,199 miles by car, and this rose to 4,806 miles
in the year 2000. The figures for miles travelled by train, long distance bus, taxi and
other modes also increased from 1985 to 2000. Travel by taxi saw the most significant
change, with more than a threefold increase from 13 miles per person per year in 1985
to 42 miles in 2000.
There was a fall in the average distances for three forms of transport, namely
walking, bicycle and local bus. In 1985, English people walked an average of 255
miles, but this figure fell by 18 miles in 2000. Bicycle use fell from 51 to 41 miles
over the period shown, while the biggest downward change was in the use of local
buses, with average miles per person falling from 429 to 274 over the 15-year period.

168
 The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and
the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.

The bar chart shows the difference between the percentage of females and males in different post-
school qualifications in Australia in 1999.
Overall, women had the highest share in two qualifications, while men ranked first in three. The
highest figures for women and men were reported in undergraduate diploma and skilled
vocational diploma, respectively.
There was a significant difference between the proportions of males and females in skilled
vocational diploma, with the former standing first with 90%.
The disparity between the two figures was almost the same in undergraduate diploma and
postgraduate diploma. However, while in the former women had the highest share with 70%, men
accounted for the largest percentage in the latter with 70%.
Women also ranked first in bachelor’s degree, whereas the share of men was lower by a narrow
margin (55% and 45%, respectively). In contrast, in master’s degree, the contribution of females
was 2/3 as high as that of males, as the latter was responsible for the largest share with 60%.

169
 The charts below give information about world spending and population.

The pie charts compare the shares of four major items in global expenditure, as well as how global
population is distributed.
Overall, the largest proportion of money in the world is allocated to food, while transport,
housing and clothing are other significant items. Moreover, the population of Asia is
responsible for the largest group of humans.
According to the first chart, the most significant amounts are paid for food (almost a quarter
of global expenditure) and transport (almost 20%), while housing also accounts for a
considerable proportion. The least among the four is spent on clothing (merely 6 percent) and
the remaining 40% is spent on a variety of other items.
The second chart shows that there is a significant difference between the population of Asia and
that of other continents since approximately 3 out of every 5 human beings live in Asia. Europe
and the Americas share similar proportions and together are host to roughly one-third of the
world’s population, while the inhabitants of Africa form a mere one-tenth.

170
 The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three
countries.

The charts compare three countries in terms of the methods they use to treat hazardous waste
products. Overall, recycling is the most widely used approach to treating hazardous waste in Korea,
in contrast to Sweden and the UK which rely mainly on landfills. Furthermore, the United
Kingdom employs a more varied set of waste handling schemes.
In Korea, the most significant share of dangerous waste (69%) is recycled. The second highest
proportion, 22%, is buried underground while less than half this figure is incinerated.
Sweden, on the other hand, favours landfills over the other two approaches since more than
half of all dangerous waste is buried underground. There is little difference between the
shares of recycling and burning, as the former accounts for 25% whereas the share of the
latter is lower by a margin of 5%.
The most popular method in the United Kingdom, like in Sweden, is burying which
contributes 82%. The UK also dumps 8% of its waste at sea while treating a similar
proportion with chemicals to render it harmless. Incineration is responsible for a mere 2%.

171
 The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European
countries.

The diagram compares how much money was spent on six different products in Germany,
Italy, France and Britain. Overall, more money was spent on toys and photographic film
than on any other product. Also, the British were the biggest spenders in all six categories
among the nations compared in the bar chart, while German consumers generally had the
lowest figures.
In Britain, the highest amount of money was spent on photographic film at more than 170
million (170m) pounds, while similar amounts (₤155m) were spent on personal stereos and
tennis racquets, which together ranked last.
The French spent the second highest amount of money among the four nations on compact
disks, toys and photographic film, at ₤158m, ₤158m and ₤168m respectively, while they
ranked last in personal stereos, tennis racquets and colognes (₤145m, ₤145m and ₤168m).
Italian consumers spent more money on toys than on any other product (almost £160m), but they
also paid significantly for photographic film (₤157m).
Finally, Germans spent the least overall, having similar spending figures for all 6 products
compared in the chart (about ₤150m).

172
 The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after
finishing their undergraduate degree course. The table shows the salaries of the
anthropologists in work after five years

The pie chart shows that there were five main destinations for those who had finished their
undergraduate degree studies in anthropology at one university. Full-time employees formed the
largest proportion at 52%. There was little difference between the figures for part-time workers
and the unemployed, at 15% and 12%, respectively. Those engaged in full-time postgraduate
studies accounted for 8%, while those who simultaneously worked part-time formed a marginally
smaller group (3%). The destination of the remaining 8% was unknown.
There are variations in the salaries anthropologists can make in different sectors after five years
of employment. Public sector employees generally make the highest, with half of them making
$100000 or more, followed by 30% who make $75000-99999. In comparison, the figures for
those who become freelance consultants are 40% and 40%, respectively. In both groups, those
making $50000-74999 and $25000-49999 account for 15% and 5%, respectively. On the other
hand, most anthropologists working at private companies (35%) make $50000-74999, and only
30% of them make +$100000. The figure for those making $75000-99999 is slightly smaller at
25%, with the low earners ranking last.

Overall, anthropologists in government employment earn the most, followed closely by

freelance consultants.

173
The graph below gives information about Dubai gold sales in 2002.

The diagram illustrates how gold sales in Dubai changed from January to December 2002.
Overall, the figure fluctuated widely before returning to its original level at the end of the
year. Besides, gold sales were at their highest in March, while the weakest figures could be
observed in July and September.
In January the figure stood at 200 million (200m) dirhams and rose slightly to reach about
225m in February. This was followed by another increase, although much steeper, in March,
when sales hit 350m. However, this upward trend was suddenly broken, and sales declined
dramatically over the next 4 months to reach a little over 100m in July. August sales saw a
significant rise back to January levels, as the figure nearly doubled, but it dropped again in
September to the same level as it was in July. There was a small increase of about 100m
dirhams in October, after which the figure levelled off and remained relatively unchanged over
the last two months of 2002.

174
 The chart below gives information about how families in one country spent their
weekly income in 1968 and in 2018.

The bar chart illustrates what proportion of the weekly income of families in a certain
country was allocated to various items in 1968 and 2018.
Overall, although food had the largest contribution in 1968, its share fell along with those of
fuel/power, clothing/footwear, and personal goods, and was overtaken by leisure, whose share
rose alongside housing and transport. Household goods remained unchanged.
The share of food initially ranked first at 35%, falling dramatically by half in 2018. In 1968
housing and clothing/footware contributed equal shares at 10% each. While the former rose
significantly to 18%, the latter fell by half.
Leisure saw a sharp rise from 9% to 22%, overtaking food. There was initially no difference
between the shares of household goods, personal goods and transport at 8% each, but whereas
the former remained unchanged in 2018, personal goods dropped to 4% and transport increased
to 14%.
Fuel/power accounted for the smallest share in 1968 and experienced the least significant
change, falling from 6% to 4% and ranking last alongside personal goods.

175
176
The diagram illustrates the stages in the creation of a man-made forest and the various
uses of the wood that is produced.

Before planting can take place, the land must be cleared and prepared. Heavy machinery is
used to turn over the soil and ensure that it is ready for young trees. Once this has been done,
saplings that have been grown in a nursery are taken to the area and planted individually.

Over time, the young trees start to grow. As they reach a certain height, they are pruned by
hand and the forest is thinned. Trees that have been cut down at this stage are used for
firewood or to create posts for fences.

The remaining trees gradually reach maturity and are not removed until they are required for
wood products. When this happens, individual trees are felled using electrical saws, and
prepared for transport on site. The trunks are transported by lorry either to the pulp mill,
where they are turned into paper or cardboard, or to the sawmill, where they are dried and
cut into planks, to be used for floorboards and furniture. Meanwhile the cleared forest
ground is prepared for the planting of new saplings.

Clearly, the agricultural process required to produce wood-based products consists of a

number of well-defined stages that allow forest trees to reach a certain age before they are cut
down and new forests are planted.

177
178
The diagrams show two traditional systems that can be used to collect water.

The swing basket is used to collect ground water that is usually one to two metres deep. It
consists of a bamboo or leather basket tied to ropes. First, two people hold the ropes and
collect the water from the ground. Then they swing it over a hill and into irrigation channels
where it flows to farmland.

Unlike the swing basket, the rope and bucket are pulled by an ox. This animal is stronger than
humans, so it can be used to collect water from a 50-metre well. This method consists of a
bucket-and-pulley system. The ox is attached to the pulley, and as it walks downhill, the
bucket rises from the well. Water is then poured into irrigation channels.

Clearly, both methods are easy to operate. However, they rely on different forms of power and
collect water from different depths.

179
Solar water-heating systems use heat from the sun to help produce hot water inside the
home.
The system consists of a solar collector, water pipes, a tank and a pump.
The solar collector is located above the boiler, so a pump is needed to move the water
around the system. The pump is operated by a controller with sensors. If the collector is
hotter than the tank, the sensors switch on the pump.
The process is very simple. First, cold water flows into the bottom of the boiler. Then it goes
up to the roof, where it is heated by the solar collector. After that, the water goes back to the
tank, and the hot pipes help to heat the water.
This system effectively reduces the amount of fuel that the boiler consumes.

180
181
The diagram shows a method for filtering dirty water using a barrel and a drum, a pipe and two
taps.
First, the drum and barrel are placed next to each other so that the top of the barrel is higher
than the drum. These items are linked by a pipe that runs from the bottom of the barrel into
the side of the drum. Next, the filter is made by adding sand, charcoal and gravel to the
barrel. Finally, a tap is fixed to the bottom of the drum and the top of the pipe.
The process begins when dirty water is poured into the barrel. After that, the water goes
through the filter and up the pipe into the drum, where it is stored. Then, when the tap in
the drum is turned on, clean drinking water comes out.
The system shows how natural materials and basic equipment can be used to produce
drinking water in just a few simple stages.

182
183
The diagram shows a way in which sea water can be converted to drinking water using a
simple device called a floating solar still. This device consists of a clear plastic dome, a
rubber tube and a smaller container called a distilled water collector.
The larger plastic container is placed on the sea water, where it floats. The distilled water
collector is attached to the container by a rubber tube, and is placed in the water next to it.
The process begins when the bottom of the larger container is partly filled by sea water,
which enters through a small hole. Sunlight passes through the clear dome and heats up the
sea water, which evaporates and condenses on the inside of the dome. The water flows
down the dome into the rim of the container, through the rubber tube into the drinking
water collector. It is ready to drink.
The diagram shows how a bit of basic equipment can be used to produce clean drinking
water in just a few simple steps.

184
The diagram illustrates how rubbish from homes is used to create energy. The process is quite
straightforward, but there are several important stages to complete and a number of safety
controls.
When the waste truck arrives at the plant, the waste is tipped into a bunker where it can be
stored until it is needed. Eventually, the waste is collected and burned in a furnace, and this
produces steam, flue gases and ash. Unlike the steam, the ash is not useful, so it is sent by a
conveyor belt to another truck and taken to a landfill site.
Before the steam is used, it must be treated by removing any nitrogen oxide. Then the steam
is separated from the flue gases and used to drive a turbine and generate electricity.
The flue gases are also cleaned by removing pollutants such as mercury and acid gas.
Finally, clean gases and any remaining water vapour are released into the air.

Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

185
The diagrams show two different ways in which water can be used to produce electricity. In
both diagrams, water turns a turbine and a spindle, which powers a generator. However, the
way in which this is done is slightly different in each case.
In the hydroelectric dam, the process begins when a gate in the dam is opened to allow water
from a reservoir to enter and flow down a passage called a penstock. The water turns the
turbine and the spindle, and the spindle rotates in the generator to produce electricity. This is
distributed to power lines.
In the wave-air generator, there are two chambers, a lower chamber and an upper chamber.
Waves enter the lower chamber, and the turbine and spindle in the upper chamber are
turned by air which rises from the lower chamber. As with the hydroelectric dam, the spindle
then produces electricity in the generator. Instead of being sent to power lines, however, the
electricity is sent directly to a lighthouse or buoys.
These diagrams show how water can produce electricity in just a few simple steps.

186
Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

187
The diagram shows where air leaks into and out of a house, causing loss of heat and waste of
energy.
A lot of air escapes from the house through the ceiling on the first floor and goes up into
the space in the roof. This air escapes through recessed lights in the ceilings of upstairs
rooms and also through the attic hatch that leads to the roof space.
Air gets into the house in several different parts of it. It comes through windows and doors
and into rooms in the house. It comes through the vents that have been installed for various
electrical appliances, such as the dryer and the kitchen fan and it also comes through the
outdoor faucet and into the crawl space.
The diagram shows that there is a lot of air getting into and out of the house, with air either
coming in or getting out in a great many places. This must mean that a lot of heat is lost and
that a lot of energy is wasted.

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Completed by Olimjon Shokirov

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The diagram compares two different ways of producing energy. The conventional system
involves a thermal power plant. At the first stage, at the plant, 56% of the energy put into
the system is not used and becomes waste heat. At the next stage, power goes from the
plant through transmission cables and at this stage another 4% of the energy is lost. This
means that only 40% of the power is used at the end of the process and this is used as
electrical energy. In the other system, natural gas is used as the source of power. Power
comes from the LNG terminal through a pipeline to a gas station. At this stage, between
10% and 30% of the energy that has been produced is lost. Of the power that is not lost, 3060%
of it is then used for thermal energy and 20-45% is used as electrical energy. The comparisons
show that the conventional system is less energy efficient than the other system, called a natural
gas-fired cogeneration system. The overall energy efficiency of the conventional system is only
40%, meaning that only 40$ of the power it produces can be used. In contrast, the system based
on natural gas is much more efficient, as between 70% and 90% of the energy produced is used.

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The diagrams show an apartment block and a house that were built in areas that have
earthquakes. Some aspects of the two buildings are similar, but there are also differences.
Both the buildings are rectangular and both have flat roofs that are made of concrete. They
also have steel pillars that go deep into the ground. However, the apartment block also has
rubber sections that absorb shocks and let the building move.
The apartment block is much taller than the house, so the walls are constructed using
concrete. Metal bars are also placed in each wall. The house, on the other hand, is made of
hollow bricks, because if they fall, they will cause less damage. While recycled stone was
used for the floor of the house, the high-rise building has modern features, including
sprinkler systems to prevent fires.
Overall, the design of each type of building is related to its size and its purpose, but they
clearly show how to help a building stand up during an earthquake.

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The diagrams explain where wind turbines should be placed and what they look like.
According to the diagrams, there are three possible positions for a turbine. A large
industrial turbine would be built high up on a hillside where the wind is strongest, and
these turbines can produce 1.5 megawatts of power. On the other hand, smaller turbines
that produce about 100 kilowatts of power for domestic use can be found on rooftops. A
third possible position is in the sea. Here, there is less impact on the countryside, but winds
can still be very strong.
While the locations may be different, the turbines themselves all have the same special
shape. They consist of a tall tower made of strong steel and on top of this there are three
blades made of fibre glass or wood. The turbines are controlled by a computer which can
alter the direction and angle of the blades according to the information it receives from a
sensor.
Clearly, most wind turbines are very large, and all turbines need to be exposed to a lot of
wind.

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The diagrams show a machine for generating electricity from waves and where it can be
placed. The machine consists of two chambers, one above the other.
The process starts when a wave enters the lower chamber. As a result, the water level
inside the chamber rises and air is pushed up into the chamber above. As the air passes
through the upper chamber, it moves a turbine which is connected to a generator. When
the wave goes down, air is sucked in from outside and this also turns the turbine. The
machine can be placed near the coast, and in this case, it can be installed at a lower cost.
However, waves near the coast tend to be smaller and so less electricity is produced.
Alternatively, the machine can be placed in deeper water where the waves are larger and
more electricity can be generated. However, in this case, it will cost more to install.
In general, while the machine appears to be a simple way of harnessing renewable energy,
its installation may cause a number of problems related to its cost and its location.

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The diagram shows the changes that took place in a cliff face as a result of coastal erosion,
and how this led to the discovery of fossils.
At one time, the cliff stood much further out and, at low tide, the sea water did not touch
the base of the rock.
Conversely, at high tide, the waves sometimes reached half-way up the cliff wall, beating on it
with some force.
Eventually, the power of these waves loosened and wore away the rock. This meant that
stones and boulders fell into the sea, and the cliff slowly retreated, exposing previously
buried rock at low tide.
As the waves hit the lower part of the cliff more frequently, this area eroded more quickly
and became a hollow in the cliff wall where fossils could be found. Meanwhile, the
overhanging cliff at the top cracked, creating a dangerous area beneath it.
Clearly, the fossils would have remained buried and the coastline unchanged if it had not
been for the action of the sea.

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The four pictures illustrate the changes that take place in the appearance of a headland as a
result of coastal erosion.
A headland is a cliff or large rock that extends into the sea. Initially, it is solid, but over time,
the movement of the sea water can wear away a weak part at the base of the rock, to form a
small hallow or cave. At high tide, the water may reach half-way up the headland and
gradually the motion of the waves can widen the cave, turning it into an arch. Durdle Door in
Dorset is an example of this type of erosion. As the water continually beats against the arch,
it can weaken the top part, which eventually collapses, leaving an isolated piece of rock
called a 'stack'. Over time, the stack also wears away to form a 'stump'. Meanwhile, more
caves may develop along the base of the headland, and additional arches and stacks can be
created.
The diagrams clearly show how the continual process of erosion, with the formation of
caves, arches and stamps of rock, contributes to the eventual withdrawal of a headland.

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The diagrams show how rock and stone fragments are dislodged from mountains and
carried to the sea, eventually becoming sedimentary rock.
The process begins when rain falls on the mountainside, filling cracks and fissures with
water. The water freezes and expands the cracks and fissures, breaking the rock around
them. Dislodged rock and stone fragments then fall into the river below and are carried
downstream. As this happens, the fragments are eroded by the river so that by the time
they reach the sea, they have been reduced to pebbles and grains of sand. These sink in
the sea, forming layers on the sea bed.
The rock-formation process then begins. Water and water-borne chemicals work between
the pebbles and grains of sand, cementing them together over time. The result is a
sedimentary rock of either sandstone or mudstone which can be seen when the tide goes
out.
This process clearly shows how powerful water is and the role it plays in the formation of
geological features over time.

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