The Haitian Declaration of Independence was issued in 1804, bringing to an end the revolution against colonial France that began in 1791. Written in French, which was not the first language of most Haitians but which was used throughout Europe as the language of international diplomacy, the declaration notes that Haiti will not bring rebellion to other Caribbean nations, promises to respect the sovereignty of its neighbors—widely understood as a reassurance to the United States—and sets up Haiti as an example for future struggles against colonizers (an implicit reference to the many colonies then found in the Americas). So even though the declaration is explicitly addressed to the Haitian people, it’s reasonable to conclude that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® the declaration actually had several intended audiences. many Haitian people opposed the revolution and the declaration. ©) aspects of the declaration were modeled on similar documents from other countries. the French government may have been surprised by the declaration.Booker T. Whatley, an agricultural professor and researcher at Tuskeegee University, developed the concept of the “U-Pick” farm, where customers harvest their own produce directly from the farm. Whatley’s concept revolutionized the way small farms could do business, as it allowed them to limit labor expenses, cut out the middleman, and sell their produce directly to the public. Some critics argue that the U-Pick farm does not benefit small farms as much as Whatley claimed it would, as it requires the farms to invest in marketing and infrastructure to attract customers. However, supporters of the U-Pick farm argue that these downsides are outweighed by the benefit of Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® reducing the reliance of small farms on hired labor. allowing the farms to focus on growing only one type of produce. © allowing the farms to sell their produce in bulk. © requiring the farms to transport their produce to market.To investigate the history of plate subduction—when one of Earth’s tectonic plates slides beneath another —Sarah M. Aarons and colleagues compared ancient rocks from the Acasta Gneiss Complex in Canada to modern rocks. Using isotope analysis, the researchers found that Acasta rocks dating to about 4.02 billion years ago (bya) most strongly resemble modern rocks formed in a plume setting (an area in which hot rocks from Earth's mantle flow upward into the crust). By contrast, they found that Acasta rocks dating to about 3.75 bya and 3.6 bya have an isotope composition that is similar to that of modern rocks formed in a subduction setting. Aarons’s team therefore concluded that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® the majority of the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex formed through subduction. subduction-like processes began occurring in some locations no later than 3.75 bya. © the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex are of a more recent origin than scientists previously thought. subduction replaced mantle plume formation as the most common geological process by about 4.02 bya.Songbirds learn to respond to and imitate their species’ songs from an early age. With each generation, small differences are introduced that result in distinct variations—called dialects—among geographically isolated populations of the same species. A research study examined whether twelve-day-old Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flycatcher) nestlings prefer local dialects over the unfamiliar dialects of nonlocal F. hypoleuca populations: the more begging calls the nestlings made in response to a song, the stronger their preference. The researchers found that nestlings produced more begging calls in response to their own dialect than to nonlocal dialects. Since song preference plays a role in songbird mate selection, the finding suggests that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® F, hypoleuca nestlings show a preference for both local F. hypoleuca dialects and the songs of other local songbirds over the songs of nonlocal birds of any species. F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely drives them when they mature to reproduce with other F. hypoleuca from local rather than nonlocal populations. © F. hypoleuca nestlings who show an early preference for their own dialect are likely to receive more food from their caretakers than nestlings who show no preferences among any F. hypoleuca dialects. © F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely disappears as they mature to promote socialization between different F. hypoleuca populations.One explanation for why humans tend to procrastinate is that our brains evolved to prioritize immediate rewards over long-term rewards. In other words, according to evolutionary biologists, we're hard-wired to choose the short-term satisfaction of putting off a task instead of the long-term benefit of completing it on time. But some psychologists have found that procrastination may also be related to anxiety. For instance, if someone is worried about not doing a task perfectly, they may put it off altogether in order to avoid the possibility of failure. These observations may suggest that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® people who regularly experience anxiety tend to prioritize short-term satisfaction over long-term rewards. procrastination may have multiple causes, including a range of evolutionary and psychological factors. © people who do not experience anxiety are unlikely to procrastinate. anxiety is the result of our brains’ hard-wired preference to procrastinate instead of completing tasks on time.Dutch painters in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries often showed tables filled with large wheels of cheese or carved shards of butter. Some art historians, noting that dairy products were a major component of the Dutch diet, interpret these depictions as reflections of everyday Dutch eating habits. However, a group of researchers recently reviewed hundreds of food- related paintings and found that lemons—which could only be acquired in the Netherlands at great cost, since they had to be imported from warmer climates—feature in Dutch paintings of the period more than three times as frequently as dairy products do, thereby casting doubt on the idea that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® Dutch painters of the period may have depicted foods for symbolic reasons rather than to show what Dutch people typically ate. dairy products were a more significant component of the Dutch diet of the period than lemons were. © depictions of food in Dutch paintings of the period should be taken as realistic representations of Dutch eating habits. food was a more popular subject among Dutch painters than it was among painters from other countries at the time.It’s common for jazz musicians and fans to refer to certain songs as having “swing,” indicating that the songs provoke a strong feeling, like the impulse to tap one's foot or dance. The exact acoustic properties that give a song swing, however, have long been thought to be undefinable. To investigate swing, a team led by physicist Corentin Nelias delayed the downbeats and synchronized the offbeats in jazz piano solos and asked jazz musicians to compare the intensity of swing in each modified piece with the intensity of swing in the original piece. They found that participants were more than seven times likelier to characterize the modified songs as having swing than to characterize the original versions as having swing, suggesting that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® the acoustic properties that give a song swing are not easy for jazz musicians to manipulate. jazz songs that feature the piano are more likely to have swing than are jazz songs that do not feature the piano. © synchronized offbeats tend to give a song swing regardless of whether downbeats are delayed. the timing of downbeats and offbeats may play a crucial role in giving a song swing.Archaeologists have been debating the origin of a rare form of lead found in Shang dynasty (1766-1046 BCE) bronze artifacts since its presence was discovered in China in the 1990s. Different researchers have proposed theories on which regions of the world would have had the raw materials containing the specific lead in these artifacts, but no conclusive evidence has been presented. What is intriguing is that bronze artifacts from China dated after the Shang dynasty do not contain this form of lead, suggesting that Which choice most logically completes the text? Choose 1 answer: ® bronze was used for a short time during the Shang dynasty before different metals were used to make artifacts. Shang dynasty bronze pieces are rare and therefore more valuable than those from other time periods. methods used to analyze bronze artifacts are not useful on pieces that are dated after the Shang dynasty. © the source of some of the raw materials used to make bronze was exploited only until the end of the Shang dynasty.Acommon assumption among art historians is that the invention of photography in the mid-nineteenth century displaced the painted portrait in the public consciousness. The diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature, which coincided with the rise of photography, seems to support this claim. However, photography’s impact on the portrait miniature may be overstated. Although records from art exhibitions in the Netherlands from 1820 to 1892 show a decrease in the number of both full-sized and miniature portraits submitted, this trend was established before the invention of photography. Based on the text, what can be concluded about the diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature in the nineteenth century? Choose 1 answer: ® As demand for portrait miniatures decreased, portrait artists likely shifted their creative focus to photography. The popularity of the portrait miniature likely persisted for longer than art historians have assumed. © Although portrait miniatures became less common than photographs, they were widely regarded as having more artistic merit. Factors other than the rise of photography may be more directly responsible for the portrait miniature’s decline.Activist and visual artist Ai Weiwei is known for his use of repetition and multiplicity. In his piece Sunflower Seeds, Ai created over 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds, which were then spread out in a huge installation to explore ideas of conformity and individuality. In Forever Bicycles, Ai constructed a giant sculpture from over 1,200 bicycles to recognize the importance of the bicycle in Chinese society. In both cases, the repetition of a single element creates a whole that’s more impactful than its unremarkable constituents. Which choice best states the text’s main idea about Ai Weiwei? Choose 1 answer: ® He uses the repetition of similar objects to create more significant works of art. He creates installation art in order to explore aspects of Chinese society and culture. © His most successful art installations include Sunflower Seeds and Forever Bicycles. © He is known for creating large scale installations that are visually impressive.Bicycles were first mass-produced in the late nineteenth century throughout Europe and North America, allowing individuals remarkable freedom to travel longer distances quickly and comfortably. This freedom, coupled with the affordability of the vehicle, made the bicycle immensely popular. Individuals were able to live farther from their workplaces, easily visit neighboring towns, and participate in new leisure and sport activities. Bicycling quickly became a popular social endeavor, with enthusiasts forming local cycling clubs to enjoy these newfound activities with others. Which choice best states the main idea of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® The widespread adoption of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century provided new opportunities for people. The popularity of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the first cycling clubs. The affordability of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century made it the preferred way to travel. ©) © The mass production of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century made it safer for people to use.The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is facing a serious threat from coral bleaching, a phenomenon in which corals lose their colorful symbiotic algae due to increasing seawater temperatures. Coral bleaching can make the corals more susceptible to disease and death, leading to a reduction in the biodiversity and resilience of the reef. Scientists say that reducing local sources of pollution, such as runoff from farms and sewage, could help improve water quality and lower the stress on the corals. According to the text, what is the main cause of coral bleaching? Choose 1 answer: ® Pollution from local farms and sewage systems Rising seawater temperatures ©) Areduction in reef biodiversity © Growing symbiotic algae populationsScrapbooks of saved fabric pieces were commonly kept by women in the nineteenth-century United States, but few are as meticulously detailed as Hannah Ditzler Alspaugh’s work. Alongside each piece of fabric, Alspaugh recorded intimate memories, such as dressmaking with her sister. Additionally, she listed the prices and how she used the fabric. Historians note that by representing fifty years of changing textures, patterns, and dress styles, the scrapbook is a record of nineteenth-century textiles and dressmaking as well as Alspaugh’s life. Which choice best states the main idea of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® Fabric scrapbooks were a popular hobby for many women in the nineteenth-century United States. Alspaugh’s scrapbook provides a detailed account of her life and historical record of fashion trends in the nineteenth-century United States. © Historians rely on fabric scrapbooks to understand how fashions changed throughout the nineteenth century United States. © Alspaugh inspired other women to save pieces of fabric in scrapbooks and provide historical records of nineteenth-century fashions in the United States.Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens of prehistoric human ancestors, including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in Japan. However, to study the emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must turn elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 146-hectare reserve contains more than 10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in evolutionary history. What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point? Choose 1 answer: @® It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the formation in the Minatogawa quarry does. It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before the Pleistocene era. © It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation in the Minatogawa quarry. It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of information about prehistoric life forms.Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different elevations—and thus experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that feathers of high- elevation species not only have a greater proportion of warming downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do feathers of low-elevation species, but high elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of insulation. Which choice best states the main idea of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® Barve's investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have evolved feathers that better regulate body temperature than do the feathers of other species, contradicting previous predictions. The results of Barve’s study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold temperatures is determined more strongly by feather length than feather structure, challenging an established belief. © Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure among Himalayan songbirds, lending new support to a general prediction. © Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing feathers without flat and smooth sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1849 story “Landor’s Cottage.” During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, | found myself, as the day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road | was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that | no longer knew in what direction lay the sweet village of B——, where | had determined to stop for the night. Which choice best states the main idea of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location. © The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost. ©) ©The following text is adapted from Christina Rossetti’s 1881 poem “Monna Innominata 2.’ | wish | could remember that first day, First hour, first moment of your meeting me, If bright or dim the season, it might be Summer or Winter for [all] | can say; So unrecorded did it slip away, So blind was | to see and to foresee, So dull to mark the budding of my tree That would not blossom yet for many a May. Which choice best states the main idea of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® As the anniversary of the beginning of an important relationship approaches, the speaker feels conflicted about how best to commemorate it. After years of neglecting a once valuable relationship, the speaker worries it may be too late for her to salvage the relationship. © The speaker celebrates how the passage of time has strengthened a relationship that once seemed unimportant. © Because the speaker did not anticipate how important a relationship would become, she cannot recall how the relationship began, which she regrets.‘Suggestions for Improving a University 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Number of suggestions Di suggestion type Gabrielle Adams and colleagues reviewed suggestions for improving a university that had been submitted to the university's president. They coded each suggestion as additive (the idea suggested adding something new to the university), subtractive (the idea suggested removing something from the university), neither additive nor subtractive, or invalid (the idea ‘was not comprehensible). The data illustrated people's tendency to overlook the possibility of removing things to achieve improvements: Which choice most effectively uses data in the graph to complete the statement? Choose 1 answer: @® fewer than 100 suggestions were coded as subtractive, whereas more than 550 suggestions were coded as additive. more than 350 suggestions were coded as invalid, whereas fewer than 100 suggestions were coded as subtractive. © around 575 suggestions were coded as additive, whereas around 175 suggestions were coded as subtractive. © around 175 suggestions were coded as neither additive nor subtractive, whereas around 575 suggestions were coded as additive.Average Annual Precipitation and Internal Freshwater Resources for Five Countries Country Canada Sierra Brazil India Australia Leone Average Annual 537 2,526 1,761 1,083 «534 Precipitation (mm) Renewable Internal 75,795 19,884 26,730 1,045 19,416 Freshwater Resources per Capita (m3) A team of geographers and hydrologists compared the average annual precipitation and internal freshwater resources per capita for five countries located on different continents. They found that, although precipitation is, an important factor in determining freshwater availability, it is not the only one. Other factors, such as population size, distribution, and density, as well as water management, infrastructure, and consumption, also affect how much freshwater is accessible and usable for human needs. Thus, they argue that two countries with similar precipitation levels can have very different freshwater availability situations. Which choice best describes data from the table that support the geographers’ and hydrologists’ argument? Choose 1 answer: ® Canada and Australia have similar precipitation levels but very different amounts of freshwater resources per capita. Sierra Leone and Brazil have similar precipitation levels and similar amounts of freshwater resources per capita. ® Brazil has the second highest precipitation level and the second highest amount of freshwater resources per capita. © oO Sierra Leone and Australia have very similar amounts of freshwater resources per capita but very different precipitation levels.Command of quantitative evidence: medium 5 Google Classroom “Ancient Epics by Their ‘Approximate Line Count 24,000) 20,000} 3 16,000] 5 12,000) 8,000] 4,000] Lines The Odyssey The ‘The Ramayana ‘The Epic of Gilgamesh $ the Aeneid ‘The Ramayana, composed in Sanskrit and dated variously from 500 BCE to 1100 BCE, is one of the most influential epics in world literature. Iti often compared to the iliad and the Odyssey, the classical Greek epics that depict the Trojan War and its aftermath. All three epics explore themes such as love, loyalty, and the struggle between good and evil, and feature a range of divine and human characters. However, the Ramayana ‘Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text? Choose 1 answer: @® ts onger than both the lad andthe Odyssey, ait contains about 24,000 lines of verse, while the liad an the Odyssey contain about 15,000 and 12,000 ines respectively. ® ‘is closerin length to the Aeneid, another notable work of ancient Greek literature, which contains about 9,800 lines of verse. © bs lightly shorter than the liad, which contains about 15,000 lines of verse, but is longer than the Odyssey, which contains about 12,000 lines of verse. © ts significantly shorter than both the liad andthe Oaysey, a it contains nly 3,600 lines of verse hile the liad and the Odyssey contain about 15,000 and 12,000 lines respectively.Estimated Temperatures to which Evron Quarry Artifacts Were Exposed 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Temperature (°C) Fh nd or or Or Or Dartifact Flint artifacts dating to 800,000 to 1,000,000 years ago have been recovered from the Evron Quarry in Israel. Likely created by the hominin Homo erectus, the artifacts have no visual features suggesting that they were exposed to fire, leading some scholars to conclude that these hominins had not acquired control of fire. But Zane Stepka and colleagues recently used a new method to determine whether these artifacts had been exposed to temperatures above 400°C (the typical temperature campfires reach) and concluded that the hominins who inhabited the site may have had control of fire. Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the team’s conclusion? Choose 1 answer: @® Allofthe artifacts were exposed to temperatures above 100°C. Artifacts L5_239 and K3_18 were exposed to temperatures of approximately 550°C and 650°C, respectively. © Artifact K3_9 was exposed to a higher temperature than was artifact. K5_106. © Artifacts K5_106 and K3_9 were exposed to temperatures above 400°C.Rotor Diameters of Newly Installed Wind Turbines in the United States, 2011-2021 90 80 70| iy =) . x 20} 10} 0 Percent of newly installed SASASASASASKSEGEORS”™ PAPA P PPA All other things being equal, the larger a wind turbine's rotor diameter (the diameter of the imaginary circle swept by the turbine's rotating blades), the greater amount of energy the turbine can generate. In a research paper on wind power, a student claims that in the United States, the amount of energy generated per newly installed turbine increased substantially between 2011 and 2021. Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the student's claim? Choose 1 answer: @® 1n 2011, nearly 80% of turbines installed had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas only a little more than 20% of turbines installed that year had rotor diameters of 100-115 meters. No turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters greater than 115 meters, whereas the majority of turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters greater than 130 meters. © Most turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas most turbines installed in 2021 had rotor diameters of at least 115 meters. © The percentage of newly installed turbines with rotor diameters greater than 130 meters increased every year between 2011 and 2021.Guilds in French Cities in the Late Eighteenth Century City Date Inhabitants Number of guilds _ Inhabitants per guild Paris 1766 600,000 133 4,511 Bordeaux 1762 — 80,000 49 1,633 Rouen 1775 74,000 112 661 Lyon 1789 143,000 72 1,986 Guilds—local associations of artisans and merchants in the same industry— were widespread in France from the medieval period until the late eighteenth century. But guilds were much more numerous relative to the population in some cities than in others: for example, ______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement? Choose 1 answer: ® there were 49 guilds in Bordeaux but 72 guilds in Lyon despite the two cities having nearly equal numbers of inhabitants. Paris had 133 guilds and 600,000 inhabitants, or one guild for every 4,511 inhabitants. © there was one guild for every 661 inhabitants in Rouen but one guild for every 4,511 inhabitants in Paris. @® Lyon had far fewer inhabitants than Paris did but had many more guilds.Body Length, Filter Time, and Lunges per Dive for Four Whale Species Whale Typical Average time to Average number of species adult body filter all engulfed lunges per dive length water (seconds) —_ deeper than 50 meters (meters) fin 18-22 31.30 3.95 humpback = 11-17 17.12 6.28 minke 7-10 8.88 7.48 blue 24-34 60.27 4.02 Some whale species practice lunge feeding, in which they lunge toward prey with their mouths open at wide angles, collect the prey and the surrounding water, and then filter out the water through baleen plates in their mouths. Although the volume of water engulfed increases with whales’ body length, the surface area of whales’ baleen plates, which influences the rate at which water can be filtered, does not increase with body length to the same degree, which helps explain why ___ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement? Choose 1 answer: @® minke whales and humpback whales show similar average filter times. blue whales show the longest average filter time and the highest average number of lunges per dive. © humpback whales show an average of 6.28 lunges per dive. © fin whales show a longer average filter time than minke whales do.Seed germination with and without H,S Treatment Seeds germinated (%) 24 48 «72 «168 Time (hours) —4— 500 micromoles per liter 40 micromoles per liter Untreated In high concentrations, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is typically toxic to many plants. Frederick D. Dooley and colleagues wanted to understand what, effects low doses of H2S might have on plant growth. They treated bean, corn, wheat, and pea seeds with various concentrations (measured in micromoles per liter) of H2S and tracked the germination of those seeds along with the germination of untreated seeds. Treatment with particular concentrations of H2S was associated with accelerated germination: for example, _ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement? Choose 1 answer: ® at 168 hours, more than 90% of seeds treated with H2S at concentrations of 10 or 500 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas less than 70% of untreated seeds had germinated. at 48 hours, approximately 50% of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 30% of untreated seeds had germinated. © at24 hours, less than 10% of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas more than 90% of those seeds had germinated at 168 hours. © at 48 hours, more than 70% of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 50% of untreated seeds had germinated.Text 1 The live music festival business is growing in event size and genre variety. With so many consumer options, organizers are finding ways to cement festival attendance as a special experience worth sharing. This phenomenon is linked to the growing “experiential economy,’ where many find it gratifying to purchase lived experiences. To ensure a profitable event, venues need to consider the overall consumer experience, not just the band lineup. Text 2 Music festival appearances are becoming a more important part of musicians’ careers. One factor in this shift is the rising use of streaming services that allow access to huge numbers of songs for a monthly fee, subsequently reducing sales of full-length albums. With this shift in consumer behavior, musicians are increasingly dependent on revenue from live performances. Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? Choose 1 answer: @) Changing consumer behaviors are leading to changes in music- related businesses. Consumers are more interested in paying subscription fees to stream music than in attending music festivals in person. The rising consumer demand for live music festivals also generates higher demand for music streaming platforms. © © Consumers’ growing interest in purchasing experiences is mostly confined to the music industry.Text 1 Music critic Simon Reynolds argues that Donna Summer's 1977 disco smash hit “I Feel Love" “can be pinpointed as where the 1980s began”. The song is characterized by a driving electronic rhythm, which Reynolds describes as “brutal futurism”, with the robotic and precise sounds of the synthesizer countered by the more human element of Summer's soaring vocals. This contrast would characterize the electronic pop music that proliferated throughout the 80s, reflecting a sense of human isolation in a new digital age. Text 2 Kraftwerk, the pioneering West German music ensemble, began using electronic synthesizers as early as 1973, As the band developed its sound over the next decade, it would provide a blueprint for the synth-pop musical style that came to prominence in 1980s Europe. By embracing new digital instruments and recording styles, and by using robots and mannequins to stand in for band members during photoshoots, Kraftwerk deliberately blurred the lines between man and machine. But while songs like 1981's “Pocket Calculator” play with this idea of lost humanity, they also project a cautious optimism about the technological pleasures of modern life. Based on the texts, how might the author of Text 2 respond to the underlined portion in Text 1? Choose 1 answer: @® _Byarguing that early electronic music could also reflect a more positive relationship between humanity and technology. By suggesting that “Pocket Calculator’, and not “I Feel Love”, should be seen as the origin of 80s electronic music. © Byagreeing that “brutal futurism” accurately describes the sense of isolation and loss inherent to early electronic music. © By claiming that technological themes aren't a defining feature of electronic music in the 1980s.Text 1 Although food writing is one of the most widely read genres in the United States, literary scholars have long neglected it. And within this genre, cookbooks attract the least scholarly attention of all, regardless of how well written they may be. This is especially true of works dedicated to regional US cuisines, whose complexity and historical significance are often overlooked. Text 2 With her 1976 cookbook The Taste of Country Cooking, Edna Lewis popularized the refined Southern cooking she had grown up with in Freetown, an all-Black community in Virginia. She also set a new standard for cookbook writing: the recipes and memoir passages interspersing them are written in prose more elegant than that of most novels. Yet despite its inarguable value as a piece of writing, Lewis's masterpiece has received almost no attention from literary scholars. Based on the two texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely regard the situation presented in the underlined sentence in Text 2? Choose 1 answer: ® As typical, because scholars are dismissive of literary works that achieve popularity with the general public As unsurprising, because scholars tend to overlook the literary value of food writing in general and of regional cookbooks in particular © Asjustifiable, because Lewis incorporated memoir into The Taste of Country Cooking, thus undermining its status as a cookbook © As inevitable, because The Taste of Country Cooking was marketed to readers of food writing and not to readers of other genresText 1 Many studies in psychology have shown that people seek out information even when they know in advance that they have no immediate use for it and that they won't directly benefit from it. Such findings support the consensus view among researchers of curiosity: namely, that curiosity is not instrumental but instead represents a drive to acquire information for its own sake. Text 2 While acknowledging that acquiring information is a powerful motivator, Rachit Dubey and colleagues ran an experiment to test whether emphasizing the usefulness of scientific information could increase curiosity about it. They found that when research involving rats and fruit flies was presented as having medical applications for humans, participants expressed greater interest in learning about it than when the research was not presented as useful. Based on the texts, how would Dubey and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the consensus view discussed in Text 1? Choose 1 answer: ® Bypointing out that it is challenging to determine when information-seeking serves no goal beyond acquiring information By suggesting that curiosity may not be exclusively motivated by the desire to merely acquire information By conceding that people may seek out information that serves no immediate purpose only because they think they can use it later ® © By disputing the idea that curiosity can help explain apparently purposeless information-seeking behaviorsText 1 Literary scholars have struggled with the vastness of Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka's collective works of drama (spanning over 20 plays in total). It is best, however, to understand Soyinka’s body of work as a dramatist chronologically. Soyinka’s progression as a playwright can be considered to fall into three periods, with each one representing a particular thematic and stylistic cohesion: the 1960s, the two decades between 1970 and 1990, and lastly, from roughly 1990 onwards. Text 2 It is tempting to impose a linear sense of order on the expanse of Wole Soyinka’s body of work as a dramatist. However, critics who have considered Soyinka’s plays to fit neatly into three phases overlook potential commonalities in Soyinka's work that span across these phases. Additionally, this view may discount significant differences in the styles and content of plays written around the same time. Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view the study of Soyinka’s works of drama? Choose 1 answer: ® Although the author of Text 1 claims that Soyinka’s style as a dramatist has evolved over time, the author of Text 2 argues that Soyinka’s style has remained consistent throughout his career. The author of Text 1 considers Soyinka’s plays to showcase his strongest writing, whereas the author of Text 2 believes that Soyinka's poetry is where he is most skilled. © While the author of Text 1 believes that thinking about Soyinka’s works of theater in phases is useful, the author of Text 2 views such an approach as limiting. © The author of Text 1 argues that Soyinka’s early plays were his most politically charged, whereas the author of Text 2 claims that Soyinka's most recent plays are the most politicized.Text 1 Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population declines as these large predators’ seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century. Text 2 Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population's resilience in part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have begun relying on a diet of reindeer meat and birds’ eggs. Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? Choose 1 answer: ® By suggesting that it is likely incorrect about the rates at which warming ocean temperatures have caused sea ice to melt in the Arctic By arguing that it fails to account for polar bears’ reliance on a single seal-hunting strategy © Bynoting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear Populations adapting to changes in their environment © Byasserting that it overlooks polar bear populations that have not yet been affected by loss of seal hunting habitatsText 1 A.common view of the history of science is that it progressed through a series of revolutions, in which old theories were replaced by new ones that better explained the natural world. For instance, the Copernican revolution overturned the geocentric model of the universe, and the Darwinian revolution replaced the creationist account of life. These revolutions were driven by the creativity of visionary scientists and by empirical evidence that contradicted the prevailing theories. Text 2 In his 2012 book, historian Hasok Chang argues that the history of science is neither simple nor neat. Using the example of the chemical revolution, he contends that scientific revolutions are often exaggerated or mythologized, and that old theories do not always disappear or become irrelevant. Instead, he shows that there are often multiple, coexisting, and complementary ways of understanding the same phenomena, and that scientific knowledge is enriched by this pluralism and diversity. He also emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping scientific practice and change. Based on the texts, how would Chang (Text 2) most likely respond to the “common view” presented in Text 1? Choose 1 answer: @® By accepting the notion of scientific revolutions but claiming that they are caused by social and cultural factors rather than the work of visionary scientists By rejecting the notion of scientific revolutions altogether and proposing that science evolves through gradual and continuous changes © By modifying the concept of scientific revolutions to account for the persistence and diversity of alternative theories © _Byadmitting that some scientific revolutions were indeed radical and transformative but claiming that they are rare and exceptional casesText 1 In a study of insect behavior, Samadi Galpayage and colleagues presented bumblebees with small wooden balls and observed many of the bees clinging to, rolling, and dragging the objects. The researchers provided no external rewards (such as food) to encourage these interactions. The bees simply appeared to be playing—and for no other reason than because they were having fun. Text 2 Insects do not have cortexes or other brain areas associated with emotions in humans. Still, Galpayage and her team have shown that bumblebees may engage in play, possibly experiencing some kind of positive emotional state. Other studies have suggested that bees experience negative emotional states (for example, stress), but as Galpayage and her team have acknowledged, emotions in insects, if they do indeed exist, are likely very rudimentary. Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined portion of Text 1? Choose 1 answer: @®) By objecting that the bees were actually experiencing a negative feeling akin to stress rather than a positive feeling By pointing out that even humans sometimes struggle to have fun while engaging in play © By arguing that some insects other than bumblebees may be capable of experiencing complex emotional states By noting that if the bees were truly playing, any positive feelings they may have experienced were probably quite basicText 1 Stage lighting theorist Adolphe Appia was perhaps the first to argue that light must be considered alongside all the various elements of a stage to create a single, unified performance. Researcher Kelly Bremner, however, has noted that Appia lacked technical expertise in the use of light in the theater. As a result of Appi inexperience, Bremner argues, Appia’s theory of light called for lighting practices that weren't possible until after the advent of electricity around 1881. Text 2 Adolphe Appia was not an amateur in the practice of lighting. Instead, it is precisely his exposure to lighting techniques at the time that contributed to his theory on the importance of light. When working as an apprentice for a lighting specialist in his youth, Appia observed the use of portable lighting devices that could be operated by hand. This experience developed his understanding of what was possible in the coordination of elements on the stage. Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about Appia’s level of technical expertise made by Bremner in Text 1? Choose 1 answer: ® Appia was unfamiliar with the use of music and sound in theater. Theater practitioners who worked with Appia greatly admired his work. © Many lighting technicians dismissed Appia’s ideas about light on the stage. Appia likely gained a level of technical expertise during his time as an apprentice.Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required an elite class to plan and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the excavation of an ancient canal near the Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture. Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society that was relatively free of social classes. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® It presents contradictory conclusions drawn by archaeologists, then evaluates a study that has apparently resolved that contradiction. It describes a common view among archaeologists, then discusses a recent finding that challenges that view. © It outlines a method used in some archaeological fieldwork, then explains why an alternative method is superior to it. © © It identifies a gap in scientific research, then presents a strategy used by some archaeologists to remedy that gap.The following text is adapted from Charlotte Bronte’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre. The narrator, Jane, is reflecting on an incident with Mrs. Reed, her aunt and guardian. A child cannot quarrel with its elders, as | had done; cannot give its furious feelings uncontrolled play, as | had given mine, without experiencing afterwards the pang of remorse and the chill of reaction. Something of vengeance | had tasted for the first time; as aromatic wine it seemed, on swallowing, warm and racy: its after-flavour, metallic and corroding, gave me a sensation as if | had been poisoned. Willingly would | now have gone and asked Mrs. Reed’s pardon; but | knew that was the way to make her repulse me with double scorn, thereby re-exciting every turbulent impulse of my nature. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? Choose 1 answer: (®) To show the Jane's regret after her outburst against Mrs. Reed To portray Jane as a rebellious and angry child who deserves punishment © To explore Jane's complex feelings of love and hate towards Mrs. Reed To reveal the source of Jane's resentment toward Mrs. ReedIn his novel The Savage Detectives, Chilean author Roberto Bolafio depicts a group of bohemian poets who are pushing the boundaries of artistic expression. The novel is loosely based on the Infrarealist poetry movement that Bolajio was a part of in Mexico City in the 1970s. Like the real-life Infrarealists, the characters in The Savage Detectives are often in conflict with the mainstream literary establishment. While the novel is fictional, its resemblance to the real Infrarealist movement offers a revealing glimpse into that period of Latin American literary history. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® To argue that The Savage Detectives provides genuine historical insight despite being fictional. To examine the conflicts between Infrarealist poets and the mainstream literary establishment. To present Roberto Bolafio’s literary achievements and explore his impact on Latin American literary history. © To explain how poetry evolved throughout the 1970s in Mexico City.Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese American community in San Jose, California, provided the first evidence that Asian food products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia.* Jinshanzhuang* —Hong Kong-based import/export firms—likely coordinated the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora communities. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? Choose 1 answer: ® It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is presented in the following sentence. © It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the previous sentence remain inconclusive. It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence casts some doubt on. ©| © It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in the previous sentence.Composer Florence Price won first place for her score Symphony in E Minor at the 1932 Wanamaker Foundation Awards. The piece was performed the following year by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a significant recognition of its quality. Price continued to compose many musical pieces throughout her career, blending traditional Black spirituals with classical European Romantic musical traditions. In recent years, Price’s concertos and symphonies have been performed and recorded by several major orchestras, further preserving her work for others to enjoy. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® To describe the musical styles that inspired many of Price’s symphonies © To provide examples of Price's importance as a composer To argue that more major orchestras should perform Price’s compositions To compare Price's scores with those of classical European composers ©| ©The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens's 1854 novel Hard Times. Coketown is a fictional town in England. [Coketown] contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® To explain the limited work opportunities available to the town’s residents To emphasize the uniformity of both the town and the people who live there To argue that the simplicity of life in the town makes it a pleasant place to live © To reveal how the predictability of the town makes it easy for people lose track of timeMichelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified a dilemma inherent to research on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw women by their traditional roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee argues that the Choctaw oral tradition and findings from archaeological sites in the tribe’s homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial insights into those roles. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® It details the shortcomings of certain historical sources, then argues that research should avoid those sources altogether. It describes a problem that arises in research on a particular topic, then sketches a historian's approach to addressing that problem. © It lists the advantages of a particular research method, then acknowledges a historian’s criticism of that method. It characterizes a particular topic as especially challenging to research, then suggests a related topic for historians to pursue instead.Using NASA's powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes Loépez-Morales and colleagues measured the wavelengths of light traveling through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our solar system. Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and the wavelength measurements showed the presence of carbon dioxide (CO,) in WASP-39b's atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive evidence of CO, in the atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the potential for future scientific breakthroughs held by the JWST. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis based on that study. It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an alternative method is superior to it. shows how other scientists have challenged that conclusion. It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then © It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then explains the importance of that discovery.In the Here and Now Storybook (1921), educator Lucy Sprague Mitchell advanced the then controversial idea that books for very young children should imitate how they use language, since toddlers, who cannot yet grasp narrative or abstract ideas, seek reassurance in verbal repetition and naming. The most enduring example of this idea is Margaret Wise Brown's 1947 picture book Goodnight Moon, in which a young rabbit names the objects in his room as he drifts off to sleep. Scholars note that the book’s emphasis on repetition, rhythm, and nonsense rhyme speaks directly to Mitchell’s influence. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Choose 1 answer: ® The text summarizes an argument about how children’s literature should be evaluated and then discusses a contrasting view on that subject. The text outlines a debate between two authors of children’s literature and then traces how that debate shaped theories on early childhood education. © The text lists the literary characteristics that are common to many classics of children’s literature and then indicates the narrative subjects that are most appropriate for young children. © The text presents a philosophy about what material is most suitable for children’s literature and then describes a book influenced by that philosophy.Human speech directed at infants, also known as baby talk, tends to use a higher pitch and slower tempo than standard speech and is known to accelerate language learning. Noting similarities between this infant-directed speech and the tone with which pet-owners address their dogs, researchers hypothesized that baby talk is not adopted due to the age of a given listener, but instead tends to be used when addressing any listener that is non-verbal. Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis? Choose 1 answer: ® People tend to raise their pitch and slow their tempo when speaking to adult humans who are non-verbal. People tend to speak to other verbal adults with a lower pitch and faster tempo. © Non-verbal adults tend to show less reactivity to baby talk than infants and children. People tend to view their pet as juvenile regardless of the pet’s actual age.Matthew D. Rocklage and team examined whether consumer ratings of movies can predict box office success. The team considered both numeric star ratings and written reviews in their research. To analyze the written reviews, the team measured the emotionality—the degree to which a written review expresses an emotional reaction—of user reviews on a movie rating website, assigning each review an emotionality score. After reviewing this research, a student argues that the emotionality of movie reviews is unrelated to a movie's success at the box office. Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s conclusion? Choose 1 answer: ® The average emotionality score of a movie's reviews was a positive predictor of that movie's box office earnings. More than half of the movies that the team examined received an average star rating of 3 out of 5 stars. The movies that were most successful at the box office tended to have high average star ratings. ©| © Movies that had the highest average emotionality scores received the lowest average star ratings on the movie rating website.Biofeedback therapy is a technique that allows people to actively monitor certain physiological processes in order to improve health and well-being. It has shown benefits for insomnia and long-term pain management, among other medical complaints. For instance, by monitoring one’s heart rate and breathing during stressful activities, a biofeedback patient can learn to control their body’s natural stress response and remain more calm and comfortable. Proponents also claim that, by helping patients feel more in control of their symptoms, biofeedback therapy increases treatment satisfaction. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim? Choose 1 answer: ® Biofeedback patients rate the quality of their healthcare more highly than patients of equally effective therapies do. Clinics that employ biofeedback therapy are among the clinics with the most registered patients. than for long-term pain management. Doctors tend to prescribe biofeedback therapy alongside other © Patients tend to find biofeedback therapy more effective for insomnia treatments, such as prescription medication.Although it’s clear that Mars once had liquid water on its surface, astronomers have debated whether the evidence of ancient water reflects a prolonged phase of warm, wet conditions—the so-called wet and warm scenario—or a brief period of melting in an otherwise consistently frozen environment. Researchers Benjamin T. Cardenas and Michael P. Lamb recently added to this debate by using data from NASA and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter to map the topography of what is now a large basin in Mars's northern hemisphere. Cardenas and Lamb concluded that the wet and warm scenario is likely correct. Which finding about the basin, if true, would most directly support Cardenas and Lamb’s conclusion? Choose 1 answer: ® Its physical characteristics are most consistent with it having formed as a result of a massive but short lived influx of liquid water. It is surrounded by channels that could have been formed either by running water or by flowing lava. gradual sea-level changes over an extended time. Its dimensions and shape indicate that it is unlikely to have formed as the result of an asteroid or comet impact. © It has features suggesting that it once held an ocean that underwentA museum curator is writing a biographical statement about Trinidadian- born Chinese dancer, choreographer, and teacher Dai Ailian for a new exhibit on Chinese dance. The curator claims that some of the pieces Dai created shortly after arriving in mainland China in 1941, such as the solo dance Yao Drum, reflect a desire to represent the dances of local communities Dai visited during her travels through China. Which quotation from a work by a dance historian would be the most effective evidence for the curator to include in support of this claim? Choose 1 answer: ® “Unlike some of the works Dai created in the early 1940s, Yao Drum does not feature a narrative structure, humorous elements, or references to real-life events.” “There is no sound or music accompanying Dai’s movements in Yao Drum, aside from the sounds of drumsticks beating against a drum and against each other.” © “Yao Drum was inspired by a ceremonial dance Dai witnessed during her time performing field research among the Yao people in the province of Guizhou in 1941 or 1942” © “Yao Drum is notable for its intense physicality, with Dai performing sharp jumps, swift turns, and dramatic sweeps of her legs through the air as she moves in circles on the stage.”In addition to her technical skill and daring feats, American stunt pilot Bessie Coleman was also known for dazzling the crowds that came to watch her air shows in the 1920s with her exuberant personality. During her career, she was careful and purposeful about how she crafted her public persona. An aviation researcher has claimed that Coleman intentionally defied social norms of the time by how she chose to present herself to the public. Which quotation from an article about Coleman would most directly support the aviation researcher's claim? Choose 1 answer: ® “While Coleman was beloved by spectators for her charisma, she had a more complicated relationship with her managers and staff, who at times found her behavior too impulsive and demanding.” “Coleman once considered leaving her career as a stunt pilot to focus her efforts on giving speeches, which she felt would better support her public image.” “For her air shows, Coleman frequently used the Curtiss JN-4, or Jenny; which at that time was one of the most well-known types of planes.” “Although female pilots were typically expected to wear traditional but impractical attire that included dresses or skirts, photographs of Coleman show her wearing pants and leather jackets.”Barchester Towers is an 1857 novel by Anthony Trollope. In the novel, Trollope’s portrayal of Dr. Proudie underscores the character’s exaggerated sense of his own abilities: Which quotation from Barchester Towers most effectively illustrates the claim? Choose 1 answer: ® “It must not...be taken as proved that Dr. Proudie was a man of great mental powers, or even of much capacity for business, for such qualities had not been required in him.” “[Dr. Proudie’s] residence in the metropolis, rendered necessary by duties thus entrusted to him, his high connexions, and the peculiar talents and nature of the man, recommended him to persons in power.” © “[Dr. Proudie] was certainly possessed of sufficient tact to answer the purpose for which he was required without making himself troublesome.” ® “[Dr. Proudie] was comparatively young, and had, as he fondly flattered himself, been selected as possessing such gifts, natural and acquired, as must be sure to recommend him to a yet higher notice.”