TISSUES

Capter aat A Glance

1. Tissue: Cluster of cells which are specialising in one function, are grouped arrangedtogether at a definite place n
and designed in such
the body and these cells constitute a tissue. In a tissue, the cluster of cells are
away so as to give the highest possible efficiency of function.
Blood, phloem and muscles are all examples of tissues. Tissues are categorised as :
(A) Simple tissues (B) Compound (complex) tissues.
function, it is called simple tissue. If it
If all the cells present in a tissue are similar in structure, origin and
tissue. Tissues are present in all
contains more than one type of simnple tissues, it is known as compound
multicellular organisms whether plants or animals.
PLANT TISSUES

Permanent
Meristematic
(Cells are capable of division)

Lateral (Cambium) Intercalary

Aplcal
(Tips of root and shoot) (Below bark, cambium in At the base of the leaves
Dicot root, Dicot stem) (Internodes of stem)
Increases the length of

the stem and the root

Complex
Simple (Tissues composed of
(Protective and supporting)
(Tissues having single type of cells) more than one type of cells)

Phloemn
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma xylem

Xylem Tracheids Sieve Companion

vessels tubes cells

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 4. Simple permanent tissue:
2. Meristematic tissue: The growth of plants occurs
only in certain specific regions. This is because the Parenchyma : Afew
dividing tissues, also known as meristematic titissue, layers of form
basic packing/ground tissue. cells
parenchyna, a type of
This he
is located only at those points. Depending on the
region where they are present, meristematic tissues consists ol f
relatively permanent
are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary. cell walls. Tlhey unspecinised cells
are live cells, They.
Characteristics: loosely packed, so that ate usua
large spaces
ealls h
() These tissues are living and increase the length
tissue.
(intercellular spaces) are found in
and thickness of plant.
() The cells which make-up these tissues have
dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose wall with
prominent nuclei and they lack vacuoles. Nucieus
Apical
menstem
Middie lamela
Chloroplast
Intercalary
meristem Intercelular spaca
-Vacuola

Cytoplasm
Lateral
meristem -Pimarv cell wal

Fig Location of meristematic tissue in plant body

Fig. Parenchyna (Longitudinal section)
3, Permanent tissue: The cells formed by
meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose This tissue provides support to plants and also
the ability to divide. As a
result, they form stores food. In some situations, it contains
permanent tissue. This prOcess of taking up chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis
permanent shape, size and a function is called and then it is called chlorencymna. In aquab
differentiation. Cells of meristematic tissu plants, large air cavities are present in
differentiate to form different types of permanent parenchyma to give buoyancy to the planbs
tissue. to heip them float. Such a
is called aerenchyna, The parenchyma bype
Intercellular parenchyma
stems and roots also stores nutrients and
Water.
(0) Collenchyma : The flexibility in plants is due
to another permanent tissue, collenchyma t
allows easy bending in various
plant (leaf, stem) without breaking.parts ofa
It aso
provides mechanical support to plants Ihs
tissue is present in leaf stalks below
Fig. Parenchyma (Transverse section) epidermis. The cells of this tissue are lity
clongated and
There is very irregularlu tlickened at the coriTs
little intercellular space.
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 Wall thickening
-Nucleus -End wal
Vacuole
Cell wall Cell wall (thickened
at corners)
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Vacuole
ual
Cytoplasm
We
h Intercellular space

Eia. Collenchyma (Transverse section).

Fig. Collenchyma (Longitudinal section).
selerenchyma : It is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stif, e.g., Husk of a coconut is made of
eclerenchymatous tissue. The cells of this tissue are dead. They are long and narrow as the walls are thick
ened due to lignin (a chemical substance which acts as cement and hardens them). Often these walls are
en thick that there is no internal space inside the cell. This tissue is present in stems, around vascular
buundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts. It provides strength to the plant
parts.

Primarvy cell
Nucleu_ Wall

Secondary
cell wall Narrow Lignified
(Lignified) umen thick wall

-Cytoplasm
Vacuole

Fig. Sclerenchyma (Transverse seclion). Fiq. Sclerenchyma (Longitudinal section).

dalso
taine
hesis,
5. Epidermis: The outermost layer of cells is called in the form of water vapour) also takes place
nt in epidermnis. It has a protective role to play and hence, through stomata.
lanty cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer Remember : Leaves of the land plants contain
stomata on their lower surface while leaves of the
type
na of
without intercellular spaces. Epidermal cells on the
sand
aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water aquatic plants contain stomata on their upper
resistant layer on their outer surface. This aids ir surface.
protection against loss of water, mechanical injury Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is wa
sdue
and invasion by parasitic fungi. ter absorption, commonly bear long hair like parts
ma. It
of a In the epidermis of the leaf, there are small pores that greatly increase the total absorptive
also present. surface area.
.This Inese pores are called stomata. Stomata are In some plants like desert plants, epidermis has a
y the
enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance
cells. They are necessary for exchanging 8ases with waterproof quality) on its outer surface to
Wih the atmosphere. Transpiration (loss of water prevent water loss.

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 AL TISSU

126
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 EPITHELIAL TISSUE Structure : Pillar or column like cells resting on a thin
membrane.
Forms the outer body covering and he Function Protection, absorption and secretion.
(gtion lining of all the organs and their cavitis,
Flattened, cuboidal and columnar in
Columnar cel
shape.
Protection, secretion, absorption and
Fotion -Nucleus
excrebon.
S n scitheliun:
Lxation
Oraurs on skin, lining of alveoli of lungs, Basement
blood vessels, cheelks, etr. membrane
Fig. Columnar epthelum.
Flat and polygonal cells arranged as tiles
Structure
Protection, diffusion, osmosis.
fation
() Ciliated epitheliun :
Location : Lining of respiratory tract, fallopian tube,
nephron.
Structure : Cuboidal, coumnar cells with fine hair
like cilia,

Basement Junction Function : Protection spreading of mucus; cilia sets

Central disc gases and liquid in motion
merbrane har nucleus
Fig. Simple squamous epthelum

NCloidal epithelin : Nucleus

: Glands, ducts, germinal layer of ovary.
Lacation
Sruturt : Cube like or isodiametric cells.
-Columnar cell

Function : Secretion and absorption.

Fig Ciliated columnar epithelium

() Glandular epithelim:
Location Glands.
Cubical cells, branched or unbranched.
Structure
Basement Function Secretion.
membrane Central
spnea
Fig. Cuboidal epithellum

Nucleus
in Colunnar epitheliun:
Location : Lining of stomach, intestine and genital Supporting cell Goblet
(mucus
secreting)
ca

Fig. Glandular epthelum

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 fonction : Trans

B: CONNECTIVE TISSUE (b) Cartilage :

Location : Covering the edges of bones and
Location In-between other tissues.
supporting windpipe, nose and pinna.
Structure : Cells embedded in a matrix secreted by
Structure : Consists of clear ground matrix havine
them and elastic and non-elastic fibres. chondroblasts in lacunae. It is flexible. Surlace
Function To bind and support other tissues. view
Function Firn flexible support.
(a) Areolar tissue :
Location : Between other tissues and organs.
Structure : Cells embedded in a matrix of elastic and
in-elastic fibres. -Hyaline matrix
Function Binding, repair of body tissues. Lacunae

Elastic fibre : Atta

Ioation
inte
Macrophage
-Matrix
Sructure: Con
ChondrOcytes or
Fibroblast
Yellow
Chondroblasts typ
Function : To
fibres
Plasma mo
Collagen Flg: Hyaline cartilage.
fibre WStriate/skelet
Location: AH
Fig. Areolar Connective tissue
Structure : Lo
Collagen fibre Periosteum (Dense
(c) Bone: connective tissue) alte
ing peiosteum to
Location : Skeleton of vertebrates. (Holding Pnbobone)
undertying
Haversian canal (Con Function: Vo
Structure : Consists of osteoblasts em Haversian system tains blood vessels and
bedded in a hard matrix of nerve fibres)
My
calcium and pnospPho Lacuna (Contains
with circular called osteocyte)
Haversian canals.
Function : Give support, shape to the body. D
Fig. T.S. of Compact bone. (
Production of blood corpuscles, pro S
tection to internal organs.
(d) Tendon: (e) Ligament:
Location : Between muscles and bones. Location : At the joints of long bones.
Non-elastic fibres of white colour. Structure : Cells and matrix having elastic fibres of (M) Non-striate
Structure
Function
: Connects muscles to the bone. yellow colour. Locaion:L
Function :Connect one bone to other bone. d

) Blood:
Tendon
Location : It flows through the heart and blood
vessels.
Muscde : Plasma and blood corpuscles are of three
Bone Structure
types :
Ligament (1) Leucocytes (WBC)
(2) Erythrocytes (RBC)
Fia. Attachment of tendons and ligaments. (3) Thrombocytes (Blood platelets).
DMI NOTE EVERGREEN Seif-Study in Science-9
128
QæAD CA VERGREENSe
 Transport of ffood, oxygen ,CO,, waste matter,
function hormones, etc.
Cyoplasm Nucleus
Nucleus Cytoplasm
Erythrocyte

Lateral
Surdace view Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
view
(Poynuclearl
leucocyte) Lymphocte Monocyte Platelets

Fig. Type of blood cells.

C. MUSCULAR TISSUE Structure : Spindle shaped uninucleated and without

striations.

Iocation
Attached to bones, forms the wall of Function : Involuntary movement, peristaltic
internal organs and in the heart. movement.
of different
: Contractile tissue made-up (c) Cardiac muscles :
types of muscle fibres. Location : Heart muscles.
Function To give shape to the body and help in Structure : Cylindrical branched fibres with each
faint
movement. striations having one or two nuclei in
)Striated/skeletalmuscles: cell.

Location
: Attached to bones. Function : Beating of heart.
multinucleated cells with
Sructure : Long cylindrical light bands. Branched
alternate dark and Thin fibres
Intercalated sarcolemma
: Voluntary movement.
diee
on Function
nd

Myofibril -
Sarcolemma
Nucleus

Dark bands
(striations)
Sarcoplasm Nucleus
Sarcoplasm
Fig. Cardiac muscles.
Fig. Striated muscles.
D. NERVOUS TISSUE
of ) Non-striated/smooth muscles :
tract
Location Lining of blood vessels, respiratory
bladder, nerves.
digestive organs, urinary Location : Brain, spinal cord and
containing granular
reproductive organs, etc. Structure : Consists of neurons nuclei with
Sarcoplasm cytoplasm and distinct
od -Sarcolemma dendrons, dendrites and axon.
Nucleus Function :It controls all
the body activities,
stimulate
ree conduction of impulse and to
-Myofibrils
other tissues for activity.

Fig. Smooth muscles.

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 Structure of a Neuron
The neuron has a large yoplasm
central body or cyton and
a conspicuous nucleus and two
processes
protoplasmic granules, rieh
in RNA)
Nucleus
The part of a neuron that carries impulse away -Dendron
from the cell is called axon and that carry impulse -Dendrtes
to the cell body are called dendrons
dendrites. sheath
and speeds
transmission of
NeuroierIma impulses)
membrane)

Node f Ranvier
(where myelin
sheath is absent)

Termina
dendrites
Fig. Structure of neuron (Motor neuron)

NCERT

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
-Questians : Page 69
(i) Collenchyma
Q.1. What is a tissue ? (CBSE-20r0)
Ans Tissue is made-up of a gTOup of cells
(ün) Sclerenchyma.
that are 0.2. Where is apical meristem found ?
similar in structure and/or work together to
achievea particular function. Ans. Apical meristem is found at the
growing tips of
Q2 Wihat is the utility of tissues in multicellular stems and roots. They help in increasing the
of the stem and the length
organismns ? root.
Ans. In multicellular oganisms there is division of 03. Wich tissue makes-up the lusk of coconut ?
labour, ie, the cells specialising in one function Ans. The husk of coconut is
made-up of sclerenchy
are grouped together to form a particular tissue in matous tissue.
the body. These tissues are aranged and designed O.4. What are the conshihuents ofphloem?
in such a way so as to give the highest possible
efficiency of function. Ans. Phloem is made-up of four types of
) Sieve tubes (tubular living cells
elemenbs:
with
Questions: Page 73 perforated end walls).
() Companion cells (living
Q.1. Name types of simple tissues. (u) Phioem parenchyma cells).
Ans. There are three types of simple tissues: (iv) (living cells).
Phloem fibres (non-living
(0) Parenchyma
cells sclerenchyma
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