Fragment

Fragment
Fragment is a group of words lacks one of its elements: Subject, verb, or object.

Subject + participle………. X

Biologists working to rescue the giant condor from extinction to track.

Subject + gerund + verb √

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The people sitting behind me in the movie theater were talking throughout the film.
SAT Questions
- Most of the world's sharks living in temperate and tropical regions though the Greenland shark lives

(B) lives
(C) live
(D) being living
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in the cold Arctic waters and the huge basking shark is at home in the seas around Antarctica.
(A) No change

- It has long been known that the sea otters living along the West Coast of North America help keep
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kelp forests in their habitat healthy and vital.
(A) NO CHANGE
(B) living along the West Coast of North America, they help
(C) that live along the West Coast of North America and help to
(D) that live along the West Coast of North America, where they help

Subject (,) Appositive (,) Verb

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- That Naomi, the book's main character and possibly its hero, is a mere child during the Revolution
makes the story even more appealing to young readers.
Subject (,) Appositive (,) /. /which/who/and/but/pronoun + Verb ×
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Example

- Ethel Payne, the tough investigative reporter which is well known for her coverage of the Civil
Rights movement, and received critical acclaim for a diary she kept while living in Japan after the
Second World War. X
SAT Question
- Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian born immigrant to the United States and an innovator in the field of
popular Journalism. He established the Pulitzer Prize in journalism and literature.
(A) No change
(B) , establishing
(C) , established
(D) , establish
 Fragment

Subject (,) Appositive (,) Participle ×

Example

- American Sign Language, which comprises hand signs, facial expressions, and finger spelling,
including many regional differences and slang.
SAT Question
- James Houston, whose glass sculptures often depict Arctic scenes such as fishing or kayaking,
drawing his inspiration from Inuit stone carvings he saw while living on Baffin Island.
(A) No change
(B) drew

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(C) draw
(D) being drawing

Subject + who/which/that + Verb + Verb √

- ab
The man who has no control on his temper is under control at all times is likely to think clearly and
to accomplish more in his business and social relations.
At the 1984 Olympic Games, John Moffet and Paolo Morales who were swimmers on the United
States team set world record. √
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Subject (,) who/which/that + verb ……….. . ×

Examples

- The man who followed me along the day yesterday. X

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- The Indus scripts which are very difficult to decode. X
SAT Question
- Besides publishing ten poetry collections for - Medical insurance coverage that requires high
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adults, Gary Soto, who is writing numerous monthly premiums and that is beyond the
collections of shorts stories and novels for financial means of many people
children (A) No change
(A) No change (B) that requires high monthly premiums and it
(B) Soto, the writer of is
(C) Soto writing (C) requiring high monthly premiums are
(D) Soto has written (D) that requires high monthly premiums is
 Fragment

Linker + Subject + Verb (,) Subject + verb √

Linker + Subject + participle (,) Subject + participle ×

Example

- After Ali had studied English for about 10 years, he finding that French is so easier.
SAT Question
- Because they build nests on telephone poles as readily as they do in trees, Ospreys adapting well to
various environment.
(A) No change

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(B) adapt
(C) is adapting
(D) adapts

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 Fragment

Practices
1. America's first roller coaster ride, which opened 6. Ken Alice N'doye, who earned a reputation as
in 1884 at Coney Island, Brooklyn, and capable caterer and then opened her own bakery, but first
of a top speed of only six miles per hour. learned to cook by preparing food for her own
(A) No change family.
(B) are capable (A) No change
(C) is capable (B) who first learned
(D) being capable (C) first learned
2. After studying plants that thrive in warm (D) and first learned

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climates and those that do not, scientists
concluding that a plant's heat tolerance is 7. The meteor shower being best seen from the
determined by a particular gene. naval observatory on Saturday just before dawn.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) concluded
(C) has concluded
(D) who concluded

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3. Used primarily in the United States and Canada,
American Sign Language, which comprises hand
(B) was
(C) were
(D) having been

8. The Navajo code talkers, recruited by the United

States Marine Corps during the second World
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signs, facial expressions, and finger spelling, War, they designed a secret code that was used
including many regional differences and slang. to transmit military messages.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) include (B) designs
(C) which include (C) designed
(D) includes (D) who designed
4. Visitors are quick to notice that the main
r.
building of the critically acclaimed Denver Art 9. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide
Museum consisting of geometric, titanium - clad and certain other gases in the Earth's atmosphere,
projections that resemble Rocky Mountain contributing to global warming.
peaks. (A) No change
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(A) No change (B) atmosphere, they contribute to

(B) consists (C) atmosphere, which contributes to
(C) which consists (D) atmosphere contributes to
(D) being consisting 10. Legendary Nineteenth Century endurance rider
5. Many years after Ernest Just received the Frank T. Hopkins, who rode an American
NAACP's Spingam medal for his mustang to victory in a 3000 mile race across
groundbreaking discoveries in cell biology, the the Arabian desert, and the hero of Disney
nation issuing a postage stamp to honor him. movie Hidalgo.
(A) No change (A) No change
(B) have issued (B) and who has become
(C) which issued (C) also has become
(D) issued (D) is
 Fragment

11. Richard Rodriguez pointed out that Mission 15. The poet Claude McKay was a native of
San Luis Rey, a Spanish church with an Arabic Jamaica who spent most of his life in the
dome getting its name to honor a French King. United States but writing some of his poems in
(A) No change the Jamaican dialect.
(B) Mission San Luis Rey, a Spanish church (A) No change
with an Arabic dome, was named to honor (B) Although a native of Jamaica, the poet
a French king Claude McKay spent most of his life in the
(C) Mission San Luis Rey's being, a Spanish United States, he wrote
church with an Arabic dome got named to (C) Although the poet Claude McKay spent
honor a French king most of his life in the United States, he
(D) the name mission San Luis Rey having was a native of Jamaica and wrote

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been a Spanish church with an Arabic (D) Because he was a native of Jamaica who
dome honoring a French king. spent most of his life in the United States,
12. Since scientific advances are central to the poet Claude McKay writing
progress, basic research deserving continuing 16. Abidjan, a port city, no longer the capital of
support.
(A) No change
(B) basic research being what deserves
continuing support
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(C) basic research deserves continuing support
Ivory coast, but still the country's economic
center
(A) No change
(B) A port city, Abidjan, is no longer the
capital of Ivory coast, it is still the
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(D) continuing support is deserved by basic country's economic center
research (C) Although it is no longer the capital of the
Ivory coast, the port city of Abidjan is still
13. All the demand on soprano Kathleen Battle for the country's economic center
operatic performances, solo concerts, and (D) No longer the capital of Ivory coast, but
special guest appearances, tempting her to sing the port city of Abidjan is still the
too often and straining her voice. country's economic center
(A) No change
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17. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, and the first
(B) appearances not only tempt her to sing too scientist that made systematic studies of how
often plus they strain children learn
(C) appearances, tempting her into singing too (A) No change
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often and she therefore strains (B) as a Swiss psychologist, it was Jean Piaget
(D) appearances tempt her to sing too often who was the first scientist making
and strain (C) Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, the first
14. Althea Gibson, the first African American scientist in having made
tennis player to be recognized as a world (D) The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was
champion, beginning to play amateur tennis in the first scientist to make
the 1940s
(A) No change
(B) began playing
(C) and she began playing
(D) she had began playing
 Fragment

18. Digital technology, like every marketer knows, 23. Because of geothermal changes beneath Old
it is synonymous with speed, precision, and the Faithful, the frequency and duration of the
future. geyser's eruptions are now more predictable.
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) eruptions, they are now more predictable
(B) technology, similar to what every marketer (C) eruptions are predicted more easier now
knows as (D) eruptions, they can now be predicted more
(C) technology, as every marketer knows, is easily
(D) technology is what every marketer knows 24. The Olmec people, widely regarded as the
as creators of the first civilization in
19. Clara Barton, an American nurse, whose Mesoamerica, the area encompassing much of
Mexico and Central America
influence as a reformer in the field of health
(A) No change

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care almost equals that of Florence Nightingale (B) people, which are widely
(A) No change (C) people, they are widely
(B) Clara Barton, who was an American nurse (D) people are widely
and whose influence as a reformer 25. Numismatics, or coin collecting, and becoming
(C) Clara Barton was an American nurse
whose influence as a reformer
(D) An American, Clara Barton who was a

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nursing reformer and whose influence
20. Hawaii's Haleakala, being more than 10,000
popular in the United States around 1857, when
the replacement if the large cent by the new
flying - eagle cent led enthusiasts to start
collecting the earlier coin
(A) No change
(B) becoming
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feet high, and the world's largest dormant (C) will become
volcano (D) became
(A) No change 26. Decorative arts, are forms that have a mainly
(B) Haleakala which is more than 10,000 feet practical or ornamental purpose, and include
high, being ceramics, basketry, furniture making and
glassblowing
(C) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, is
(A) No change
(D) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high; it is (B) including
r.
21. The port city of Shanghai, which along with (C) includes
Hong Kong is a leading Chinese banking and (D) include
manufacturing center. 27. Because the United States in the early 1800s
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(A) No change was largely rural, many invention by women of

(B) Shanghai is, along with Hong Kong, that period relating to agriculture.
(A) No change
(C) Shanghai, along with Hong Kong being (B) related to
(D) Shanghai and Hong Kong are (C) is related for
22. The first African American woman to win the (D) relates for
Pulitzer Prize for poetry, Gwendolyn Brooks 28. Below the bend, the river, flowing more
with her special interest in encouraging young swiftly, as it cuts through sand hills covered
with pine trees.
poets
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) river, flowing more swiftly, cutting
(B) had a special interest in encouraging (C) river flows more swiftly as it cuts
(C) who had a special interest in encouraging (D) river flows more swiftly, it cuts
(D) she had a special interest to encourage
 Fragment

Homework
1- While studying mutations in corn, biologist 5- In 1911 the Great Blue Norther, a massive
Barbara McClintock discovered that certain storm in the mid western United States, it
genes that were able to move their positions on caused temperatures in some cities to drop
chromosomes and control the activity of other more than 60 degrees in a single day
genes. (A) No change
(A) No change (B) caused
(B) that had been (C) causing
(C) were able (D) having caused

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(D) able 6- Although she spoke only Chinese at the time
2- George Orwell's term doublespeak referring to and had to memorize her English lines
the intentional use of language to confuse or to phonetically, Gong Li gave a memorable
mislead, as when one says revenue
enhancement instead of tax increase.
(A) No change
(B) which refers to intentionally using
language
ab
(C) refers to the intentional use of language
performance in the film Memoirs of a Geisha.
(A) No change
(B) Gong Li, whose performance in the film
Memoirs of a Geisha was memorably
given
(C) But the performance in the film Memoirs
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(D) is when it refers to language used of a Geisha given by Gong Li was
internationally memorable
3- One might expect global warming to cause (D) The film Memoirs of a Geisha had a
plants to bloom earlier in the spring, but a memorable performance, it was given by
recent study was shown that plants in northern Gong Li
latitudes blooming later as the plant warms. 7- The National Film Registry established by
r.
(A) No change Congress in 1988 in an effort to protect the
(B) that plants in northern latitudes they are artistic integrity of motion pictures.
blooming later. (A) No change
(C) that plants in northern latitudes are (B) having been established
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blooming later (C) was established

(D) plants in northern latitudes that bloomed (D) whose establishment
more later
8- The foundation planning to bring together
4- Some of the Smithsonian Institution's most
scholars and industrial experts to evaluate new
prized items, from Duke Ellington's musical
approaches to manufacturing and trade
transcripts to First Ladies gowns, coming from
efficiency.
unsolicited donations.
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) The foundation is planning
(B) they come from
(C) The foundation, which plans
(C) came from
(D) As planned, the foundation
(D) which came from
 Fragment

9- Iceland, known for its colorful tales, which 13- The Four Comers Monument in the
poetically depict the dangerous, complex lives
southwestern region of the United States,
of the country's earliest settlers.
(A) No change marking the place where the boundaries of
(B) Iceland is known for its colorful tales, they Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah
(C) Iceland is known for its colorful tales, intersect.
which (A) No change
(D) Iceland, its colorful tales are known to (B) States marks the place
10- The new political science curriculum at some (C) States, the place
high schools in India, encouraging teachers to (D) States, it marks
use cartoons and news paper clippings to
provoke classroom debate on contemporary 14- Sandra Cisneros, she was born in Chicago but

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issues. lived intermittently in Mexico as a child and so
(A) No change grew up between two cultures.
(B) India, which encourages teachers to use (A) No change
cartoons and news paper clippings, and (B) born in Chicago, she
provokes
(C) India is encouraging teachers to use
cartoons and news paper clippings and
then provoking
(D) India, so encourages teachers to use ab (C) though born in Chicago,
(D) though born in Chicago, she
15- Since civilization began, some cities have been
built according to a deliberate plan, whereas
others have developed naturally.
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cartoons and news paper clippings as (A) No change
provoking (B) some cities being built
11- Critics often equate the popular appeal of work (C) there has been cities built
of an with inferiority, forgetting that (D) they have built some cities
Shakespeare wrote his extraordinary plays 16- In a nearby resort community fewer accidents
primarily to please his audience. have been reported that the number of speeding
(A) No change
tickets to be issued have decreased since speed
r.
(B) Critics often equate the popular appeal of bumps were installed.
work of an with inferiority, they forget (A) No change
(C) Often equaling the popular appeal of a (B) issued have been on the decreased
work of art with inferiority are critics, they
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(C) issued has decreased

forget (D) issued decreasing
(D) The popular appeal of a work of art often
equated by critics as being the same as 17- Josephine Baker (1906 -1975), one of the most
inferiority, they forget versatile performers of the Twentieth Century,
12- To encourage young people to read, a number and who acquired fame as a dancer, singer,
of authors, who sell their books with Broadway actress, and movie star.
companion video games that require player to (A) No change
use information from the books to advance in (B) she has acquired
the games? (C) and she has acquired
(A) No change (D) acquired
(B) authors, they sell
(C) authors selling
(D) authors are selling
 Fragment

18- Medieval Icelandic sagas, which range from 24- Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindications of the
epic tales about legendary figures to factual Rights of Woman, published in 1792, being one
accounts of Icelandic history. of the first texts that addresses women's rights.
(A) No change
(A) No change
(B) Sagas, they range
(C) Sagas ranges (B) published in 1792, was one of the first
(D) Sagas range texts to address
19- It being agreed by world leaders that there (C) published in 1792 as one of the first texts
should be a major organized effort to address that address
poverty, illiteracy, and disease; they then set (D) it was published in 1792, one of the first
goals by which progress could be measured. texts to address
(A) No change
25- Sir Ronald Ross, winner of the 1902 Nobel
(B) World leaders agreed

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(C) World leaders who should agree Prize for physiology or Medicine, and who
(D) World leaders, in agreement identified the Anopheles mosquito as the
20- Before he was elected governor of New transmitter of human malaria.
Mexico in 1918, Octaviano Larrazolo had (A) No change

(A) No change
(B) Larrazolo has helped
(C) Larrazolo, helped
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helped to ensure that the constitution of this
new state guaranteed equal rights for Hispanic
Americans.
(B) he has identified
(C) and who is identifying
(D) identified
26- Home fuel cells, already available in Japan,
which is a compact, pollution - free device that
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(D) Larrazolo, helping produce electricity at a fraction of the regular
21- Some experts think that the rise of multi- cost.
language Internet forums has made learning a (A) No change
foreign language easier than ever before. (B) a compact, pollution - free device
(A) No change (C) is a compact, pollution - free device
(B) Forums have made (D) are compact, pollution - free devices
(C) Forums, which have made
(D) Forums, having made 27- The Medieval Warm Period was a lime of
r.
22- One of the most influential philosophers of the unusual mild temperatures in the North
Twentieth Century, W.V.O. Quine, who was Atlantic region, it lasted from approximately
known for both his analytic precision and his 800 to 1300 C.E.
great wit (A) No change
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(A) No change (B) Period had been a lime of unusual mild

(B) Quine, he was known both for
temperatures in the North Atlantic region,
(C) Quine was known for both
(D) Quine was both known for it lasted
(C) Period, a time of unusual mild
23- Maria Merian, who undertook an expedition to
study insects in Suriname in 1699, when she temperatures in the North Atlantic region
was fifty-two years old. and lasting
(A) No change (D) Period, a time of unusual mild
(B) Merian undertook an expedition to study temperatures in the North Atlantic region,
(C) Merian undertaking an expedition to study lasted
(D) Merian has undertaken an expedition to
study
 Chapter 7 Fragment

28- Formed by volcanic eruption over the last five 29- Crude oil, often called petroleum, which means
million years, the Hawaiian Islands containing "rock oil".
an incredibly wide variety of species many (A) NO CHANGE
found nowhere else on Earth. (B) oil, which is often called
(A) No change (C) oil is often called
(B) contain (D) oil, that is,
(C) contains
(D) would contain

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ab
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r.
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 Fragment

Mini Exam
Rio Olympic Games Open This Weekend . 1 .. .
Olympic athletes, high - level officials, (A) NO CHANGE
and . 1 . other people, have been arriving in Rio (B) other people have been
de Janeiro for the opening of the 2016 summer (C) other people who have been
games. The opening ceremony is Friday night, (D) other people having been
local time, but some events already . 2 . starting.
The first medals . 3 . which will be awarded on . 2 .. .
Saturday. (A) NO CHANGE
The Rio Olympics . 4 . officially beginning (B) starts
Friday, when the Olympic torch is carried into (C) started

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Maracana Stadium to light the Olympic cauldron. (D) to start
The cauldron will stay lit for over two weeks until
the closing ceremony on August 21. During that . 3 .. .
period, 301 gold medals will be awarded to the
(A) NO CHANGE
winners.

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At the last summer Olympics, the 2012
London Games, the United States won 46 gold
medals and 104 medals in all. China was second,
with 38 gold medals and a total of 88. Britain
finished in third place, with Russia in fourth.
One major question this year is: How
(B) who will be awarded
(C) being awarded
(D) will be awarded

. 4 ..

(A) NO CHANGE
.
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(B) which officially begin
many medals will Russia win at the Rio Games? (C) which officially begins
Just before the Olympics started, the (D) officially begin
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
. 5 . considered banning every member of . 5 .. .
Russia’s team because of a doping scandal.
(A) NO CHANGE
Investigators for the World Anti - Doping (B) considering
Agency (WADA) . 6 . but found evidence of (C) which considered
Russian athletes using unapproved substances at
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(D) to consider
the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. And the
. 7 . agency which accused the Russian . 6 .. .
government of being involved and covering up
(A) NO CHANGE
the activity.
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(B) and
But in the end, the IOC decided not to ban (C) so
all 387 Russian qualifiers for the Rio Games. (D) Delete the underlined portion.
Many Russian athletes will have a chance to
compete. But most of the country′s track and field . 7 .. .
athletes . 8 . banned by the International
(A) NO CHANGE
Association of Athletics Federation.
(B) agency who
(C) agency
(D) agency was

. 8 .. .

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) were banned
(C) was banned
(D) who banned
 Fragment
At a meeting in Rio this week, WADA . 9 .. .
and the IOC . 9 . and criticized each other.
(A) NO CHANGE
WADA officials said the IOC .10. should have (B) but criticized
banned all the Russian Olympians. The IOC said (C) criticized
WADA should have acted faster on (D) criticizing
the allegations of Russian cheating. .10.. .
More than 10,000 men and women from
over 200 nations .11. and will compete at Rio de (A) NO CHANGE
(B) which should have
Janeiro. The first medals, in men’s cycling and (C) which have
women’s shooting, .12. which will be awarded on (D) having
Saturday. .13. Chris Froome, who won the Tour
.11.. .
de France last month, will be representing Britain.

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American swimmer Michael Phelps has (A) NO CHANGE
won the most Olympic medals ever. He has 22 (B) competing
(C) who will compete
medals, including 18 gold. He will carry the flag (D) will compete
of the United States at the opening ceremony on

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Friday. Aside from the question of which country
will win the most medals, some people are
worried about the health of the competitors.
Athletes are being careful .14. about the
time which they spend out of doors because of
.12..

(A) NO CHANGE
(B) will be awarded
(C) was awarded
(D) awarding
.
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concerns about the Zika virus. Zika spreads when .13.. .
mosquitos bite human skin. The virus is linked to
(A) NO CHANGE
microcephaly, a birth defect in which a baby’s (B) Chris Froome won the Tour de France last
head is smaller than the heads of other children of month,
the same age and sex. (C) Chris Froome which won the Tour de
France last month,
Olympic organizers say they are not
(D) Chris Froome who won the Tour de
overly concerned about Zika since the games take France last month and
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place during Rio de Janeiro′s winter. Athletes
competing in water events, like open-water .14.. .
swimming, rowing and sailing are concerned (A) NO CHANGE
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about polluted water. The Associated Press (B) about the time they spend
reports that those athletes run a high risk of (C) about the time spending
getting sick. (D) about the time and spend
Water at some of the competition areas is
polluted by untreated waste water. It contains
bacteria and viruses carried by human waste.
While some athletes will wear gloves or other
protection, it will be hard for the open - water
swimmers to keep water from getting into their
mouths. Yet Olympic organizers say athletes will
not get sick.