For example: Nadeau (2013) stated that conducted, outlines of methodologies, and

dogs make unique eye contact with so on.

Lesson Title: Selecting Relevant
humans.
Literature & Studies ( SAS 13) 2. Parenthetical Citation - It contains the There are five main steps in the process of
required citation information within writing a literature review.
parentheses.
CITATION
Example: Dogs make unique eye contact 1. Search for relevant literature
with humans (Nadeau, 2013). 2. Evaluate sources
● is a way of giving credit to individuals 3. Identify themes, debates and gaps
for their creative and intellectual works 4. Outline the structure
RELATED LITERATURE
that you utilized to support your research. 5. Write your literature review
● can also be used to locate original sources
and combat plagiarism. Typically, a ● composed of discussions of facts and
citation can include the author's name, principles to whisf the present study is RELATED STUDY
date, and location of the publishing related. ● is a similar study that has direct
company, journal title, or DOI (Digital ● It is a detailed review of existing literature relationship with your study. It ensures
Object Identifier). related to the topic of a thesis or that your study is not just a replication of
dissertation. In an RRL, you talk about existing ones. These materials are
knowledge and findings from existing classified as local if printed in the
CITATION STYLE
literature relevant to your topic. When Philippines; and foreign, if printed in other
● dictates the information necessary for a writing the review, begin by providing the countries.
citation and how the information is background and purpose of the review ● Materials used in looking for related
entered and formatted. ● Materials used in citing related literature studies are unpublished materials such as
are published materials such as textbooks, manuscripts, thesis, dissertations, and
TWO TYPES OF CITATION: newspapers, etc. Audio and video research studies.
1. In-Text Citation - it refers to a citation materials from reputable sources can also ● This includes ONLY studies that have been
within parentheses. The author's name is be used as sources of information.. conducted.
part of the meaning of the sentence. in ● include theoretical articles, critical
which the author's name appears in the reviews of studies that have been
sentence itself,
Lesson Title: Constructing the Research RESEARCH PARADIGM
exploratory, or explanatory, so they are certainly
Paradigm & Selecting Relevant one of the more versatile qualitative
● A research paradigm is a diagrammatic
methodologies.
Theoretical Background ( SAS 14) illustration of the relationship of
● Single case studies explore participants'
variables involved in your study. It
experiences of complex phenomena in a
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK usually uses boxes, lines and arrows to
single or group.
indicate the relationship between the
● A conceptual framework is the ● Multiple case studies compare
dependent and independent variables in
researcher's idea on how the research experiences across different settings
your study.
problem will have to be explored. ● Triangulation for case studies. You need
● outlines the input, process and output of multiple data sources (interviews, written
the whole investigation also called the Lesson Title: ( SAS 18) responses, observations, focus groups,
research paradigm and /or artifacts) to assess for degree of
PHENOMENOLOGY, data convergence.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
● The theoretical framework provides a to derive an understanding of essential meanings ETHNOGRAPHY
general representation of relationships as constructed through interpretation of people's The overall aim of ethnographic research is to
between things in a given phenomenon. lived experiences. develop an in-depth understanding of complex
● Statistically speaking, the conceptual ● In-depth interviews (usually 90 to 20 social and/ore cultural phenomena within
framework describes the relationship minutes) specific settings or groups, through direct
between specific variables identified in ● Small number of participants (typically immersion and interaction.
the study. 6-10, sometimes as much as 20) ● The researcher's own experiences,
● It also outlines the input, process and ● Data saturation is critical here to perspectives, and interpretations are
output of the whole investigation. The determine when adding new participants central to the findings and conclusions
conceptual framework is also called the stops yielding new or novel insights. of the study
research paradigm. ● Data collection must take place over an
CASE STUDIES extended period - includes participants
Case studies take a more holistic approach to and non-participants observation, as well
qualitative research. They can be descriptive, as interviews, review arcival documents,
artifacts, or symbols.
 gathered from where and whom, by
METHODOLOGY
whom and when.
GROUNDED THEORY
The overall aim of grounded theory is to → RESEARCH DESIGN Data Analysis is the part that also
discusses how the data will be treated
construct a theoretical model that explains - is well-explained, which states the type of
and if necessary it discusses its
phenomena of interest, based on the direct technique/s the researcher utilized in
parameter limits.
experiences and persepective of participants. the study.
● Data collection involves interviews with
→ RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
→ SAMPLING
participants who, are selected using
a process or technique of choosing a
theoretical sampling - is described briefly and concisely where
sub-group from a population to participate in
● Interactive process between data the research will be conducted but is not
the study; it is the process of selecting a number
collection and analysis to develop and limited to the details of the population,
of individuals for a study in such a way that the
elaboarte on the new theory emerging for situations and other important details.
individuals selected represent the large group
analysis.
→ RESEARCH SUBJECT/ RESPONDENT from which they were selected (Ogula, 2005)

What are qualitative methodologies? - clearly describe WHO or WHAT the → RANDOM SAMPLING
● Qualitative research refers to research research is all about, it includes
● Simple random sampling
which focuses on collecting and discussion of the sampling
● Fishbowl sampling
analysing words (written or spoken) and techniques/selection criteria.
● Lottery sampling
textual data, whereas quantitative
research focuses on measurement and
→ RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
→ NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
testing using numerical data. - is described in detail according to
● Quota sampling
● Qualitative analysis can also focus on parts, their validation procedures and
its qualification.
● Convenience sampling
other "softer" data points, such as body
● Purposive sampling
language or visual elements .It's quite
common for a qualitative methodology to
→ RESEARCH PROCEDURES
be used when the research aims and - are divided in 2 parts:
objectives areexploratory in nature. Data Gathering which provides detail
information about how the data were
Lesson Title: Describing Sample Size POINT 2: CHOOSE AN APPROPRIATE STUDY
large sample size risks having repetitive
and Sampling Procedures ( SAS 19) DESIGN data. The goal of qualitative research
should thus be the attainment of
saturation.
POINT 1: QUALITY OVER QUANTITY ● The type of qualitative study is another
● Saturation occurs when adding more
important factor to consider when
participants to the study does not result
choosing sample size. Various methods
● The first objective when conducting in obtaining additional perspectives or
can be used to gather insightful data, but
qualitative research should be to ensure information.
not all methods may apply to your study
the right people are recruited for the
and its aim. In-depth interviews, focus
study.
groups, and ethnographic research are the SAMPLE
● The right respondents for the study are
most common methods used in qualitative ● the group on which information is
those who meet every criterion line item
market research, each method being obtained. The larger group to which one
identified from quantitative research
unique in the information it can provide hopes to apply the results is called the
studies, and also the criteria that the
and the setting it can be used in. population.
clients have identified through their
● Moreover, the types of questions being
research.
studied have an equally important role to
● Thus, a high-quality panel includes much QUALITATIVE SAMPLE SIZE
play in deciding sample size. Thus before
more than just members who are pulled ● typically require a smaller sample size
choosing a sample size, make sure all the
from a general population that falls within than quantitative analyses.
parameters, aims, and controls are
broad parameters. ● Qualitative sample sizes should be large
clearly outlined.
● Only those participants who match the enough to obtain enough data to
audience specifications and background sufficiently describe the phenomenon of
relevance should be recruited. POINT 3: KEEP IN MIND THE PRINCIPLE OF
interest and address the research
SATURATION
questions.

● A sample size should be large enough to

QUALITATIVE SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
sufficiently describe the phenomenon of
interest, and address the research ● The two most popular sampling
question at hand. But at the same time, a techniques are purposeful and
 convenience sampling because they align Lesson Title: Making Meaning - Data
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
the best across nearly all qualitative Analysis ( SAS 19)
● Also known as chain referral sampling -
research designs.
is considered a type of purposive
● Sampling techniques can be used in
sampling. In this method, participants or DATA
conjunction with one another very
informants with whom contact has
easily or can be used alone within a ● are intended to represent facts and
already been made use their social
qualitative dissertation. without proper preservation of the
networks to refer the researcher to
context of collection and interpretation.
others who could participate in or
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING contribute to the study.
● Also known as purposive and selective ● Snowball sampling is often used to find DATA ANALYSIS
sampling, purposeful sampling is a and recruit "hidden populations," that is, ● is perhaps the most important component
sampling technique that qualitative groups not easily accessible to of research. Weak analysis produces
researchers use to recruit participants researchers through other sampling Inaccurate results that not only hamper
who can provide in-depth and detailed strategies. the authenticity of the research but also
information about the phenomenon under make the findings unusable.
investigation.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
● a sampling technique that qualitative QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
QUOTA SAMPLING researchers use to recruit participants ● involves the identification, examination,
● In quota sampling, we decide while who are easily accessible and and interpretation of patterns and themes
designing the study how many people convenient to the researchers. Often this in textual data and determines how these
with which characteristics to include as may include utilizing geographic location patterns and themes help answer the
participants. and resources that make participant research questions at hand.
● Characteristics might include age, place of recruitment convenient.
residence, gender, class, profession, and
CONTENT ANALYSIS
marital.
● one of the most common methods to
analyze qualitative data. It is used to
analyze documented information in the
 form of texts, media, or even physical does this by studying a variety of similar
items. cases in different settings and using the
● Content analysis is usually used to data to derive causal explanations.
analyze responses from interviewees.

NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
● used to analyze content from various
sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field,
or surveys.
● It focuses on using the stories and
experiences shared by people to answer
the research questions.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
● used to analyze interactions with people.
● it focuses on analyzing the social
context in which the communication
between the researcher and the
respondent occurred.
● also looks at the respondent's day-to-day
environment and uses that information
during analysis.

GROUNDED THEORY
● refers to using qualitative data to explain
why a certain phenomenon happened. It