Christianity Depth Study

Prominent Individual; Paul of Tarsus

Contextual Background
- The following decades after Christ’s resurrection saw
conflict within early Christian communities, as factions
from Jerusalem pressured other Christians to conform
to Jewish law.
- Jews persecuted Christians as many believed Jewish
Christians mingled to much with Gentiles and lacked in
observance of Jewish law.
- The Romans saw Christians as a threat to the Empire in
their non-conformance to Roman Gods and festivities.
- Hence the future of Christianity balanced between its
own religious tradition or a Jewish sect, this is where
Paul becomes important.
Paul’s Early life
- Born as a Roman citizen to Jewish parents in modern day Turkey
- He was familiar with Greek language and Roman culture which led to his
ability to Hellenise Christianity.
- Studied the Torah in Jerusalem to become a Pharisee - a member of an
ancient Jewish sect, distinguished by strict observance of the
traditional law.
- His passion often referred to as ‘zealous’
- Saul (Hebrew for Paul) was a persecutor of Christians due to his
involvement with high priests who saw Christians as a threat to Jewish
tradition.
- Paul took part in stoning and whipping Jesus-followers for referring to
Jesus as the Messiah
- Eg the stoning of St Stephen, the first Christian martyr
Conversion
- On his way to target Christian fugitives in Damascus, Christ appeared to
him and said “Saul why are you persecuting me?” (Act 9:4). He
converted then.
 - Saul studied the mystery of Christ in Arabia and had to keep fleeing
Damascus for fear of execution by the Jews.
- “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me” (Philippians
4:13) is Paul’s secret to enduring the hardship due to his faith.
- God exclaimed, “this man (Paul) is my chosen instrument to proclaim my
name to the Gentiles and their Kings and the people of Israel.”
- The conversion experience taught Paul that adherence to the mitzvot
(which we had done extensively) was not sufficient in achieving
salvation. Hence, he learned that faith in Jesus achieved salvation as he
saw Gentiles who had no knowledge of Jewish mitzvot had achieved it.
- The holy spirit curing Paul’s blindness compounded his new-found belief
in Christ.
- Pauls conversion metaphorically founds his belief is acceptance of all.

Contribution to development and expression of Christianity

Contribution to worship
- 1 Cor 11:23-26: emphasises the centrality of the Lord’s supper for early
Christianity, the need to come together.
- 1 Cor 11:27-29: recall’s Christ’s words at the last supper and reminds
them of the circumstances in which they should come to celebration
“examine yourselves.”
- Parallel to this is the Penitential Rite in Catholic and Orthodox variants,
and the forgiveness of sins directly before communion for the Anglican
church.
- 1 Cor 14:26: refers to orderly worship, to have hymn, a lesson a
revelation, “let all things be done for building up.”
- Sacraments offer justification for living the faith and bring the adherent
closer to God. Baptism is paramount.
- Emphasis on weekly Eucharist to keep faith alive.
- “Rejoice always, pray constantly” – Thess 16:4
Occasional Letters
- Paul’s letters were specific and weren’t general. Eg when Pauls teachings
to the Galatians were diluted by Judaiser’s, he wrote to them saying the
Jews were tricking them.
- The letters also addressed specific community situations. Eg Corinthians
1, Paul answers a specific question for the Romans regarding the
consumption of meat which had been offered to idols.
Teacher
- Paul taught the message and mission of Jesus to various nations.
- Paul’s explanatory teachings of Jesus laid the platform for Christian
theology. An example is Act 9:1-19
- Paul’s efforts to educate un-knowing nations on the message of Christ
compounded the eventual spread of Christianity into nations such as
Armenia and Georgia, leading to a universal status.
- Supplied non-Jewish nations with base of knowledge to establish
Christian tradition with their society and spread it to neighbouring
regions
Theologian and The Pauline Theory
- Paul established the Christian theology known as ‘Pauline theory’ which
expressed the purpose of Jesus’ crucifixion to forgive sin. Also he
explained the trinity and emphasised that salvation was for ALL peoples.
- All people had to do was be open to the holy spirit.
- In result, Paul invested in creating a universal kingdom of God by inviting
all tribes to Jesus’ idol lifestyle.
- “Christ died for our sins in accordance to the scriptures” 1 Cor 15:3-8
- “For the full content of divine nature lives in Christ.” – Cor 2:9
- Nature of Jesus = both human and divine, Nicene creed
- Emphasis on creating Christian community
- Christ’s salvation is for ALL of humanity, not just Jews.
- Christ’s salvation was achieved through death and resurrection, it was a
gift from God.
- The church is the body of Christ – all members are one with God
- Paul introduced Jesus as a figure of universal salvation
- Jesus’ kingdom changed from a potential political reality into a promise
of eternal life in heaven.
 - Paul’s letters preserved Gentile Christianity
- “They may obtain forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among those
who have been consecrated by faith in me.” – Acts of Apostles 26:15-18
- One of the main themes that emerges from Paul’s writings is justification
by faith–the concept that humans are saved from sin by believing in
Jesus: referred to “sola fides”

The Church
- The church emphasised Church as the body of Christ and all believers are
one in Christ and guided by the holy spirit. The importance of church
resulted in the construction of Churches across many nations. Hence the
body of Christ became universal in presence.
- Conversion of Gentiles for the universal church
- New covenant was emphasised as inclusive and not exclusive to Jews
- “Gentile or Jew, servant or free.” – Gal 3:28
- Paul took the gospel to the non-Jewish world to generate universal
status.
- All that mattered in Paul’s theology was the adherent’s acceptation of
Jesus as the Messiah
- Paul Hellenised the faith and made faith relevant to a range of situations
in society.
- Pauls missionary journeys established, energised and consolidated
Gentile Christian communities.
- Church Emphasised as the body of Christ, “membership of church means
being a part of the body of Christ.” 1 Cor 12:13
Emergence of New Christian Identity
- Paul’s ministry to the Gentiles is
significant as it rapidly expanded
Christianity beyond Galilee and Judea,
hence the establishing of Christian
communities in Rome and Greece.
- Paul’s missionary activity toward the
Gentiles was fundamental in shaping
the early Christian church, as the
increasing number of Gentile
Christians enabled the shedding of
Jewish influence on tradition.
- The emergence of a Christian identity
was compounded when Paul
convinced the Council of Jerusalem
that circumcision and food laws should not apply to Gentile Christians.
“Had the early Christian community succumbed to the Judaiser's
insistence upon the Law as a means of salvation, there would be no
Christianity today.”
(T. Carson, New Catholic Encyclopaedia, 'Paul, Apostle, St', Volume 11,
p.2)

Sexual Morality
- Emphasis that bodies are a temple of faith constructed by God and
should be treated according to God’s law.
- “You do not belong to yourselves, but to God.” – 1 Cor 6:19-20
- Paul advocated for treating the body as the temple of God, whilst
condemning sexual immorality.
- The emphasis influenced nations Paul spoke to, to replicate this
ideology. Hence, universally spreading the behaviour advocated by
Christianity based on the belief that human bodies are owed to God.
Missionary
- Paul undertook 3 journeys to spread Christianity throughout the Roman
Empire.
- Hence, Paul’s efforts to evangelise the political and
cultural centres of the western world, being; Rome,
Antioch, Ephesus, Corinth and Philippi enabled Paul
to establish Christian conventions.
- Henceforth, when the Romans travelled to different
lands across Europe and North Africa such as
England, they too brought and established the
Christian conventions. Therefore, creating universal
status.
- Additionally, he transformed belief in Jesus from a
Jewish sect into its own religious tradition.

Writer
- Paul wrote the Epistles (letters) to provide support and
guidance for church communities he had help establish in his
missions.
- The letters further explained Jesus as the Messiah,
interpretations of teachings and how to practice belief.
- Hence, Paul was the primary theologian who co-ordinated
church communities and standardized tradition.
- This enabled the various church communities to further
influence various tribes around them, as they now had the
knowledge to do so.
- Provided direction on HOW to live a Christian life.
- Guidance through ethical advice according to Jesus’ messages
eg Letter to the Romans
- Key teaching was righteousness; as it enables the adherent to be open
to the Spirit of the Lord – Romans 13:8-13
- Advice of ethics was based on Jewish knowledge of God’s laws.
- Faith and righteousness emphasised as methods of achieving salvation
and experiencing God.
- Baptism is essential for one to achieve grace
Founder of new code ethics
- Paul developed core ethical teachings;
i) Love – significant in Christ’s messages, “love is patient, love is kind”
Cor 13.
ii) Body of Christ – “membership of church means being apart of the
body of Christ.” 1 Cor 12:13
iii) Life of freedom and responsibility
iv) Physical self as temple of the holy spirit
v) Pure living; against sexual immorality
- Paul called on new church communities to share with each other which
provided good for the Christian community and compounded ability to
spread universally as tradition was centralised.

Impact on Christianity
Paul’s Missionary Program
- Paul found that salvation was not only for the Jews, instead it was for
everybody and Israel had the task to bring the Gentiles to the knowledge
of the true God as God wished for the whole world’s salvation.
- Paul’s conviction was that the saving from sin Jesus provided was not
specified to an ethnic-groups, instead universally available.
- Paul would travel to non-Jewish nations spreading the Gospel and Jesus’
teachings. He would keep in contact through letters maintaining
encouragement.
Pauline Theory
- The Christian discussion of the Pauline theory and different perspectives
forming different opinions created Christianity’s variants.
Grace and Salvation: Inclusive
- Expression of Eucharist and the celebrative practice of communion
highlighted Jesus as the saviour for all humankind.
- Paul’s emphasis on these practices enabled tribes all over the Middle-
East to practice the belief of Jesus as saviour universally.
- “By the free gift of God’s grace all are put right through Jesus Christ who
sets them free.” - Romans 3:21 – 24
- Salvation was open to ALL people
Development of Christian Communities
- Conversion of Gentiles for the universal church
- New covenant was emphasised as inclusive and not exclusive to Jews
- “Gentile or Jew, servant or free.” – Gal 3:28
- Paul took the gospel to the non-Jewish world to generate universal
status.
- All that mattered in Paul’s theology was the adherent’s acceptation of
Jesus as the Messiah
- Paul Hellenised the faith and made faith relevant to a range of situations
in society.
- Pauls missionary journeys established, energised and consolidated
Gentile Christian communities.
- Peter’s spread of the gospel was urgent as he believed the world was
ending.
- Paul established the structures in the church eg church hierarchy in
Antioch
- He is inextricably connected to the coordination and sustenance of
Christian community; Paul was an organ of their survival.
Rebel challenging leadership of early church
- Paul challenged belief that an adherent first had to be Jewish to follow
Christ.
- He argued that the KOG was also for Gentiles who choose to believe
- Paul’s letters encouraged Jews who believed in Christ to move away
from their Jewish tradition and promoted theology concerned with
individual belief and ethical behaviour based on fundamentalist belief of
Jesus as the saviour.
- “Present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy & acceptable to God.” –
Romans 12:1-17
- This enabled the adoption of Christianity universally to nations
unfamiliar or not members of the Jewish religious tradition.
Paul’s influence on Theologians
1. Martin Luther; conflicted with Pauline theory, hence establishing
protestant reformation.
2. St Augustine; used Pauline theory to write on original sin and the ‘just
war’ theory. Morality is life in spirit and gospel as a gift.
 - Debates regarding Paul’s theology were caused by different
interpretations and resulted in the creation of Christian variants.
- Catholic and Orthodox variants include Pauls letters on the Sabbath
- Paul is acclaimed as the 2nd founder of Christianity as he set up the
structure for the new religion and confirmed teachings.
- Freedom from sin as God’s gift is warranted by faith. Grace comes from
faith. This became a large theme in Lutheran and Protestant variants
- Pauls teachings gave variants spiritual renewal whilst maintaining Christs
teachings.
- Reformed and evangelical churches of the Protestant denomination
closely hold Pauls letters to the Romans.
3. Pope Benedict XVI’s “Spe Salvi” encyclical was inspired by Paul’s letter
to the Romans. “For in hope we are saved. Now hope that is seen is not
hope.”

Contribution of Development of Faith Contribution to Expression of Faith

- Inclusion of Gentiles - Letters became a practice in
- Clarified and codified ceremonies
mandatory teachings to - Theology led to variation in
become a member of Christian expression
community - Shed Jewish character and
- Expansion of faith to Hellenic focused on Christian meaning
community - Clarified teachings to Hellenic
communities by applying
teachings to their societies.
Missionaries
1. Paul travelled with Barnabas to Cyprus, Pamphylia, Pisidia and Lycaonia to
establish Christian communities.
- Meanwhile in Jerusalem, Jewish Christians demanded gentile converts to
follow circumcision and other Jewish law. Paul had to return and settle the
dispute in the ‘Council of Jerusalem’. Paul convinced Apostles that salvation
came from faith in Christ, not law.
“We have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith
in Christ, and not by doing the works of the law” (Galatians 2:16)
2. Paul second missionary was a revisit to his established communities. Then
he travelled to Europe and preached in main cultural centres eg Philippi
3. Paul again revisited established Christianity communities across Asia and
Europe. He particularly stayed at Ephesus for 3 years, growing community.

Imprisonment and Death

Following his missionaries Paul was imprisoned in various locations including
Caesarea and Malta where he continued to preach. In result for his consistent
preaching of Jesus, he was beheaded by the Roman state. 300 years
subsequent, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Core Teachings
- Sexual Morality based on belief that the bodies of humankind are
temple to the holy spirit and shared with God.
- Hence, opposition to pre-martial sex, homosexuality, prostitution and
marriage for the purpose of sexual relations.
- Paul theologically taught that God was incarnated through Jesus, hence
Jesus was both divine and human
- Also, promoted that repentance was insufficient in escaping sin, it is
necessary to be buried in Christ through Baptism.
- Faith was sufficient enough without good works to achieve salvation

Pauline Theology
- Paul’s theory was based off insistence on salvation in Christ,
rather than observance of Jewish law.
- In order to “make (making) disciples of all nations” (Mt 28:19),
Paul translated Christs message to non-Jews and applied it to all
peoples of cultures.
- Key concepts include;
i) Church being the body of Christ (Colossians 1:18)
ii) Nature of Jesus (Hebrews 1:5)
iii) Universality of Church (Galatians 3:28)
iv) Second Coming (Romans 11:25-26)
v) Justification by faith (Romans 1:17)
vi) Good works (Romans 2:6-8)
- Pauls preference for celibacy also established the monastic
Christian tradition that those who serve God as Priests, Nuns or
monks must vow to celibacy.

Inculturation
- Pauls missionaries moved Christian theology from Jewish roots to
Greco-Roman context.
- Christianity’s new context introduced;
i) Eucharist – Greek word for thanksgiving
ii) Bible – Latin ‘Biblia’ for book
iii) Sacrament – Latin ‘Sacramentum”
Additional Essay Points

- Pauls headstrong stubborn attitude help spread Christianity universally

- Dwell on teachings and writings
- Paul thought the world would end so his Christian missionaries were of
urgency
- Thessalonians = return of Jesus
- Must mention council of Jerusalem
- Peter and Paul disagreed in relation to Christian adherence to Jewish law.
- Paul was born a Roman Pharisee, yet his conversion led to his abandonment
of strict observance to Jewish law.
- Salvation as a gift from God, accessed by people from faith in Jesus.
- Key term = justification by faith
- Paul argued against “By faith and hard works”, he argued that faith was
sufficient enough for salvation
- Faith and belief in God were not enough. Good works must be done to be
Christian.
- His teaching can be correlated with philosophy of Plato and Aristotle
 Christian Environmental Ethics

Christian Ethics
- Ethics are a demonstration of a person’s belief in action.
- Christian ethics founded on belief that every person is capable of
discovering and embracing goodness and truth
- Christian ethical actions are actions are focused on maintaining one’s
right relationship with God, their neighbour and themselves
Foundations of Ethics
I. Faith and Reason
II. Philosophy
III. Natural Law
IV. Christ as a role model for action – every Christian is called to replicate
this model within their own lives to morally behave toward themselves,
their neighbour, the world and God.
Ethical Authority in Denominations

What is Environmental Ethics?

- EE is the discipline that studies the moral relationship and value placed
between human beings and the environment. It is an ethical relationship
Overarching Basic References
I. Exodus 20: 2-17 – The Ten Commandments
II. Matthew 5: 3-10 – The Beatitudes
III. Luke 10: 25-27 – Jesus Commandment of Love or ‘Golden Rule’
More Specific Band 6 References
Two Types of Scriptural Interpretations

Anthropocentric View where the Biocentric View where the needs of humanity
needs of humanity are put before are equal if not lesser than creation. One of
creation. The main purpose of the main concerns of humanity is to be a
creation is to serve humanity. steward of creation.
Genesis 1:28 Genesis 2:15
St Francis of Assisi
Centred on stewardship and communion

Christian Principles/ Teachings for Environmental Ethics

Principle Explanation References
Intrinsic The belief that everything - Genesis 1 & 2
Goodness of created by ‘God’ is good. - “Since everything
Creation God’s created is
good, we should
not reject any of it
but receive it with
thanks.” (1 Tim
4:4)

Stewardship God is the owner of creation and - “The Lord God

has given humankind the took the man and
 responsibility to care for it. put him in the
Adherents must also be pioneers garden of Eden to
in promoting behaviour against work it and take
wonton destruction. care of it” (Gen
2:15)
- Gen 1:28
- “The Bible has no
place for a
tyrannical
anthropocentrism
unconcerned for
other creatures”
(Laudato Si)
Sacramentalit God is present through the - “The world is the
y things God made (creation). body of God”
Virtually, by caring for the (Sallie McFague,
environment an adherent is Protestant
caring for God. However, theologian)
variants view it differently – - “God is in all
Orthodox Christians see creation things; all things
as “An icon of God”, whilst are in God.”
Protestants view creation as “the (Panentheistic
body of God.” Anyhow, God is theologian
present in creation and therefore Matthew Fox)
requires reverence. As - “The entire
symbolism in worship, adherents material universe
use physical resources such as speaks of God’s
water, bread and oil to represent love” (Laudato Si)
God’s omnipresence, “The bread
of life” (Rom)

Key Term
Panentheism = God is greater
than the universe and includes it
and interpenetrates it.
 Not to be confused with
Pantheism = God is the universe
and manifests in it.
Communion Mystical experience of cosmic - “I (Divinity) burn
with all unity. The foundation comes in the Sun, and
Creation from belief that all created things the moon and the
are God’s children. Hence the stars.” (Hildegard
sun, moon and stars are human- of Bingen on the
kind’s brothers and sisters. presence of
divinity in all
things)
- “Brother Sun,
sister moon”
(Pope Francis)
Justice and Protecting the environment is an - “Peace with God
Peace act of justice – it is about the creator: Peace
defending God’s creation and with all Creation”
ensuring resources are preserved (Pope John Paul II)
for future generations. - “Creation is the
beginning and
foundation of
God’s works and
its preservation is
essential for
peaceful co-
existence” (Pope
Benedict II)
- “Thousands of
species will no
longer give glory
to God by their
very existence,
nor convey their
message to us.
We have no such
right.” (Laudato
 Si)

Case Study – Laudato Si

- Encyclical written by Pope Francis on recognising the need to “care for a
common home”
- “The human family has received from the creator a common gift:
Nature”
- “Let us be protectors of creation, protectors of God’s plan ... inscribed as
protectors of one another and the environment”

Environmental Issue Case Study’s

Pollution Unwanted condition of the ● A Rocha is an international Jeremiah 2:7

natural environment being And I brought you into a
Christian organization
contaminated with harmful plentiful land to enjoy its
which, inspired by God’s
 discharge of domestic, research to go out and it." (Gen.2:15)
industrial and agricultural educate Christians to care
waste; application of for God’s environment.
pesticides by farmers; leaks
of radioactive materials; gas
emissions into the
atmosphere etc

Environmental Ethics Booklet Answers/Notes

Why has there been a recent increase in focus given to EE?
If we imagine the earth as 46 years old, all damage incurred has occurred in
the past 60 seconds. Therefore, as humankind, our increased damage to earth
is a recent occurrence and a result of our modern-day actions in combination
with growing populations and urbanisations. The church highlights that we
must change our actions as there are consequences.
What religious truths can be drawn from the creation stories of Genesis?
Genesis explains that adherents have a responsibility to care for the
environment in acts of stewardship. Humankind bear stewardship in relation
to earth as God granted them rule over “the fish, the birds, livestock over all
earth.” and therefore must sustain it for purpose of re-creation, “fill the earth
and subdue it”. Old testament Jews were told to rest the land every 50 days so
it could produce more in future.
Contemporary interpretations of this text
1. Roman Catholic Church 1988; “The earth and all life on it is a gift from God
given us to share and develop, not to dominate and exploit. Our actions have
consequences for the rights of others and for the resources of the earth. The
goods of the earth and the beauties of nature are to be enjoyed and
celebrated as well as consumed. We have the responsibility to create a
balanced policy between consumption and conservation. We must consider
the welfare of future generations in our planning for and utilisation of the
earth’s resources.”
2. World Council of Churches; “The dignity of nature as creation needs to be
bound up with our responsibility for the preservation of life.”
3. Declaration on Nature, Assisi 1986; “Christians repudiate all ill-considered
exploitation of nature which threatens to destroy it and, in turn, to make man
the victim of degradation.
4. Pope Benedict XVI, 2007; Care of water resources and attention to climate
change are matters of grave importance for the entire human family

Explanation and themes of Scripture

1. Isaiah 11:1-9 and Joel 2:21-26: End times of peace and harmony
- “The wolf will live with the lamb,
the leopard will lie down with the goat,
the calf and the lion and the yearling[a] together;
and a little child will lead them.
7
The cow will feed with the bear,
their young will lie down together,
and the lion will eat straw like the ox.”
- Theme of humanity and nature living together in harmony and assisting
each other in a mutual relationship, where all benefit and none are
exploited.
2. Deuteronomy 20:19- 20: Instructions of approach to battle
- “Do not destroy trees with an axe, for you can eat the fruit off them”
- Theme of refraining from wonton destruction of nature, for God
provides nutrients from them.
3. Leviticus 25:5-6: Responsible farming

- “5
Do not reap what grows of itself or harvest the grapes of your
untended vines. The land is to have a year of rest.”
- You must not cut crops that grow after an annual harvest. For the land is
to have a years’ rest to prevent overexploitation.
4. Deuteronomy 22:6-7 – Constraints to protect species
 - “If the mother bird is sitting with her baby birds or on the eggs, you must
not take the mother bird with the babies. 7 You may take the babies for
yourself, but you must let the mother go.”
- Do not exploit nature, allow it to reproduce for thy neighbour

New Testament
Christian Ethical Sources and Principles regarding Environment;
- Ethics demonstrated by life of Jesus, who exemplified a life of harmony
with creation.
- Additionally, scripture, natural law and tradition provide clear teachings
on the sanctity of life and the intrinsic goodness of creation.
- They also promote principles such as stewardship, sacramentality of
matter and communion with creation which can be applied to issues
such as climate change, forest conservation and pollution.
Source Impact
Holy Bible Contains commandments from God which guides a life of
environmental ethics for the adherent. Eg Genesis states
humanities responsibilities to care for God’s creation.
Tradition Religious leaders such as the Pope and Bishops are a source of
moral guidance for issues not mentioned in the Bible.

Holistic Past HSC Question:

“You all know that God is really good. You may be just as sure that the person
who leads a really good life is a true child of God” (1 John 2:29)
How does Christianity guide adherents to live a ‘good life’?

Baptism
Rids of original sin
FOCUS ON GOD’S LOVE - Paragraph Structure;
i. Topic Sentence on God’s love

Paul
Primacy of Love
Salvation by faith over good works
Predestination (God’s plan)
 ii. Baptism, Paul or Environmental Ethics
iii. Link to God’s love

BAPTISM

• Describe ONE significant practice within Christianity drawn from: – Baptism

• Demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity
• Analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the
Christian community
Nature of Baptism

⇒ Baptism is a religious practice that pre-dates Christianity – it

is a symbol of purification, commitment and conversion.
⇒ “I indeed Baptize you with water unto repentance, but he
who comes after me is mightier ... he will Baptize you with
the Holy Spirit and fire” (Matt 3:11)
⇒ Within the Christian community, Baptism is a rite of passage that inducts and
welcomes new adherents into the faith.
⇒ It signifies the beginning of the personal relationship between God and the
adherent, which comes from Christianity’s belief that God invites you into a personal
loving relationship – hence it is like accepting the invite.
⇒ Expression of faith and commitment to one God.

⇒ Baptism is the substitute for circumcision, hence being promoted by Paul of Tarsus
who wished to remove Jewish characteristics of Christianity.

Elements of Baptism (3 essentials)

⇒ Water must be used as the means by which Baptism is conferred

 o This comes from the meaning of the Greek word ‘baptizein’ which means
‘plunge’ or ‘immerse’.
⇒ The Trinitarian formula for Baptism containing the word ‘Baptise’ is recited over the
individual. This adheres to Jesus’ instructions to his disciples.
o Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Uniting and Methodist churches use the
Trinitarian formula. However, in Orthodox, variants.
⇒ The sprinkling and pouring of water over the individuals head is celebrated mostly
in Catholic and Anglican tradition.

Bible Quote
Reference
Gal 3:26-27 “Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and
of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to obey all I have taught you”

Matt 28:19- “Repent and be Baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the
20 forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.”

Acts 2:38 “Whoever believes and is Baptized will be saved”

Mark 16:16 “this water symbolizes Baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt
from the body but the pledge of a clear conscience toward God. It saves you by the
resurrection of Jesus Christ.”

1 Peter 3:21 “Very truly I tell you, no one can enter the Kingdom of God unless they are born of
water and the Spirit.”

Acts 22:16 “All the people were being Baptized; Jesus was baptized too. And as he was praying,
heaven was opened, and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove.
And a voice came from heaven: “You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well
pleased.”

John 4:10 “Jesus answered her, “If you knew the gift of God, and who it is that is saying to you,
‘Give me a drink’, you would have asked him, and he would have given you living
water”

John 7:38 “And let the one who believes in me drink. As the scripture has said, “Out of the
 believer’s heart hall flow rivers of living water”.

Types of Baptism
Type Description
Aspersion Christians sprinkle water on the forehead of the one being baptized and
then invoke the Trinitarian formula. “I baptize you in the name of the
Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.

Affusion Where water is poured on the head of the person being baptized.
The word "affusion" comes from the Latin ‘affusio’, meaning "to
pour on".

Immersio The idea of Baptism stems from the sense of being immersed in
n water which symbolises being surrounded by and imbued with
the beliefs and practices of the Christian community.
Orthodox Churches = the child is immersed briefly in water on
three occasions while
Baptist and Pentecostal Churches = adults are often fully immersed in water.

Pedo- Common in Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican variants; the majority of Christian’s are
baptism Baptised as infants. Parents and Godparents vow to nurture child in Christian faith.

Credo- Baptist and Pentecostal churches do not accept infants to be Baptised. Instead, adults
baptism must make an independent decision to repent and be born again.

Ritual Procedure of Baptism

Variant Description
Catholic 1. Welcome from Priest/ Deacon
2. Confirmation of God parents for wish of Baptism
3. Priest, Parents and God parents trace sign of the cross on individual’s head.
4. Liturgy of the word
5. Rite of exorcism and anointing of oils
6. Denunciation of sin
 7. Pouring of water
8. Child is clothed in white garments which represent purity
9. Baptismal candle is acquired
10. Ancient prayer ‘Ephphatha’

Pope Francis; “Our baptism has changed us, given us a new and glorious hope, and
empowered us to bring God’s redeeming love to all, particularly the poor, in whom
we see the face of Christ. Our baptism has also given us a share in the Church’s
mission of evangelization; as disciples, we are also missionaries”
● Baptism is the beginning of the faith journey

● One that begins in community with and supported by the church community
● God’s grace is needed and provided through Baptism to evangelize and do
good works
Anglican 1. Hymn, Psalm or anthem
2. The Collect of Day is prayed, lessons from scriptures.
3. Baptismal covenant prayed
4. Thanksgiving prayed over waters and oils of consecration
5. Baptism and Lord’s prayer.

Orthodox 1. Rite of initiation (anointing, Eucharist)

2. Child is immersed 3x in font. Full immersion more common. The three immersions
symbolise the Holy Trinity
3. Anointing in oils and proclamation of the seal of the Holy Trinity, aka Chrismation.
4. Child receives Eucharist.

Pentecostal 1. Fill immersion in public places ie beach, river and lakes.

Baptist 1. Full immersion as apart of usual Sunday service

2. Includes testimony of individual surrounding their faith in Jesus.

Features and Symbols used in Baptism

Symbol Explanation
The Cross Making the sign of the cross over the child invokes God’s protection and asks for
entrance into the body of the Christian Church. It is significant as it signifies Jesus’
 crucifixion to cleanse sin.

White Represents purity of the Child who has been cleansed of sin and entering into a
Clothing journey of salvation in the eyes on God. White signifies end of original sin and start
of clean life.

The Oil Symbolises the Holy Spirit. The baby is anointed with oil as per the Bible which states
oil brings the individual and Holy Spirit into a united relationship. Oil is the gift of the
Holy Spirit marking the start of a relationship.

Baptism Water symbolises life as well as purity and cleansing from sin. Whilst white garments
Water represent purity, it is the cleansing and purifying quality of water that symbolises the
action of purification from the outside, filtering to the adherents’ consciousness.
In addition, Baptismal water signifies that life is given to man by God and his grace –
cleansing from water also grants salvation; “unless a man is born of water and of the
Spirit, he cannot enter the KOG.” (John 3:1-6)
Water washes the adherent from sin – hence done weekly at Baptist variant services

The Baptism Light is represented through the passing of a candle. It is a symbol of Christ and the
Light enlightenment Christ provides the child. Like water, fire is used as a symbol of God’s
creation and the essentiality of fire, as without light nothing would exist.
Moreover, it is also a symbol of the genesis and vitality of life, as symbol of Christ’s
presence – when a flame burns, faith is present.
The candle symbolises the light of Christ present in the Child’s new life through God.
The person being Baptised is born into new life and identifies with Christ’s life, death
and resurrection in hope they will inherit eternal life with him in heaven.
“I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness” (Jn
8:12)

Beliefs in Christianity reflected through Baptism

⇒ The Holy Trinity

o Baptism connects a child to Jesus, God and the
Holy Spirit
o “Baptise them under the Father and the one and
the Holy Spirit” (Matt 28:19-20)
 o During ceremony, the child is blessed by Priest who establishes the
individuals’ connection to the Trinity “I Baptise you under the name of the
father, son and holy spirit”.

⇒ The First Sacrament of the forgiveness of sin

o In the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve live in harmony with God the Creator –
this is known as ‘original holiness’.
o However, A and E corrupted this ‘original holiness’ by desiring something
they were not entitled to and going against God’s commands – known as the
first sin, it is when they ate from the forbidden tree.
o This corruption was handed down to their offspring which transcends
through the adherents of any time period. This is known as ‘original sin’ and
as the adherent is born, they must reject the desire to want something of
someone else that they are not entitled to.
o God sent Jesus down to redeem humanity through his sacrifice, and so,
through the sacrament of Baptism, the adherent is granted into Jesus’ death
and resurrection where they are freed from original sin and begin a new life
within Christ.
“Baptism, by imparting the life of Christ's grace, erases original sin and turns
a person back towards God” (Catechism of Catholic Church #405)
o Although original sin still exists, Baptism gives the adherent the strength and
grace to live in accordance with the teachings of Jesus and participate in a life
with God.
o An adult who is Baptised is cleansed of original sin and any committed
throughout life – hence given a clean slate.
o Baptised adherents are united with Christ.
⇒ Belief in Baptism for Salvation
o In Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Methodist, Uniting and Presbyterian variants – it
is believed that Baptism is mandatory to achieve salvation.
o “The Lord himself affirms that baptism is necessary for salvation” (Catechism of
Catholic Church #1257)
o The act of Baptism is an act of Christ who, through the power of the Holy Spirit,
confers the sacrament through the presiding minister to communicate the grace
it signifies.
o It is a requirement for salvation, not the cause of salvation.
o However, Lutheran, Baptist, Pentecostal, Anabaptists and Seventh Day Adventist
variants hold the belief that Baptism is not necessary for salvation.
o Hence, they do not permit infant Baptism as it must be preceded by faith and
commitment is Christ. The adherent must be an adult to make that commitment.
⇒ Belief in Baptism as a sign of the new Covenant
 o Christians believe that the Old Covenant made by Moses and the chosen people,
is fulfilled in the New Covenant, sealed with the blood of Christ.
o Circumcision at entrance into Law of Moses, is replaced with Baptism into the
death and resurrection of Jesus. It assigns adherents into the new covenant.
o “Covenant between God and the Chosen People Israel had prepared the way for the new
and everlasting covenant in which the Son of God, by becoming incarnate and giving his
life, has united himself with all mankind” (Catechism of the Catholic Church #1612)
o The Sign of the Cross which placed on the forehead of child marks the person for
Christ, signalling the change in relationship that will occur at baptism.

Significance of Baptism to Individual and Community

Historically, Baptism is the main rite of passage that determines who is Christian.

Significance
Individual SYMBOL OF COMMITMENT TO FAITH AND LIVING LIKE JESUS

⇒ It is a symbol that the individual or parents of individual, desire to follow the

example set by Jesus in his own Baptism by St John

⇒ It is an adherents’ following of Jesus’ command in Matt 28:18-19 “Go and

make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of
the Son and of the Holy Spirit”

PROMPTS RESPONSIBILITY TO FAITH

⇒ The initiation into the Church, grants the adherent with responsibility to
commit to the teachings, practices and life of the community in order to
fulfill mission of salvation and vocation in living through Jesus.
“
⇒ Now if we died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him”
(Romans 6)

ENABLES AN ADVANCEMENT IN FAITH

⇒ The sacrament grants them guidance by the holy spirit and access to other
sacraments within the faith, including confirmation and marriage. Hence, it is
a rite of passage that enables the adherent to advance their position within
their faith and relationship with God by becoming closer.
“Offer every part of yourself to him as an instrument of righteousness. 14 For
sin shall no longer be your master” (Romans 6)
 INDIVIDUAL IS FREED OF ORIGINAL SIN AND BONDED TO CHURCH

⇒ The cleansing of Baptismal water washes away original sin and provides the
adherent with a sin-free life as they are reborn as a child of God.

⇒ Further, the adherent becomes bonded by the blood of Christ, and therefore
shares in the Church’s mission to spread his teaching.

⇒ “For we know that our old self was crucified with him so that the body ruled
by sin might be done away with” (Romans 6)

ENABLES SALVATION

⇒ In Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Methodist, Uniting and Presbyterian

variants, Baptism grants the adherent an ability to achieve salvation.

⇒ Protestants particularly believe it is an external symbol of an internal spiritual

commitment – hence must be an adult.

Community STRENGTHENS COMMUNAL GOALS

⇒ With the Baptismal process, a new adherent is confirming their commitment

to the concepts and will of the Christian community.
⇒ According to St Paul’s letter to the Galatians, he expresses that all differences
disappear after Baptism. However, this does not mean a loss of identity as
Christians believe in salvation of the individual soul. Instead, the lack of
differing ideas creates a more cohesive and communally driven Christian
group that work more effectively in achieving goals.

STRENGTHENS COMMUNAL IDENTITY

⇒ A common group of Baptized adherents compounds a Christian identity that

 strengthens the community of the faith. This was important in the times of St
Paul, where he established many Gentile churches and had to link them into
one identity to create a common community.
⇒ Being Baptized inducts an adherent into and strengthens a community of
other Baptized adherents who are united to Jesus’ death and resurrection.
“For just as each of us has one body with many members, and these
members do not all have the same function, 5 so in Christ we, though many,
form one body, and each member belongs to all the others.” (Rom 12:4-6)
⇒ Baptism allows the community to define its membership. Additionally, it is a ritual
wherein the community can welcome new members.

EMBODIES FAITH OF COMMUNITY AND COMPOUNDS WORK OF JESUS

Christians believe that heaven in restricted only to those that are Baptised. It
is a rite of passage on synonymous and oneness with the Church of Jesus –
the person becomes obligated to into sharing the mission of Jesus. They are
appointed to serve Jesus.
“United in one fellowship of love, service, suffering and joy.” (Uniting Church)
⇒ Hence, Baptized adherents embody and compound the faith of the Christian
community and strengthen the work of Jesus through obligated action due to
entrance of holy relationship.

STRENGTHENS BAPTISMAL AWARENESS OF COMMUNITY

⇒ The introduction of a new adherent into

the Baptismal relationship, strengthens,
reminds and re-affirms the surrounding
community of their Baptismal promises.
Hence why many Baptisms occur during or
after Sunday services – as a community is
gathered.
⇒ This enables an adherent to continually
further their relationship with God by growing in
faith through reminders.

CREATES A SACREMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR

PARENTS AND GODPARENTS

⇒ The carers and witnesses to the newly Baptised

 hold a new responsibility to guide the individual along the path of developing
their Christian faith.
⇒ However, it is not only up to them. The entire Christian community holds a
responsibility to welcome the newly Baptized and guide them to
strengthening their relationship with God.

Denominations and Baptism

Christian Baptism is considered the gateway into the Church by all variants, though there
are both subtle and distinct difference in both practice and interpretation.
For the Christian churches which practice infant Baptism, it is considered an initiation rite
and an introduction into Jesus’ church. Also, it is considered an act of salvation from original
sin with which we are born.
For those which promote adult Baptism, there is a slight theological difference. For them,
Baptism shows your commitment to your faith, and only your faith can save you.

Variant Elements
Catholic ⇒ The Roman church splits the 3 initiation rites; confirmation
which is equivalent to chrismation is conducted at 12.

SACREMENT: GATEWAY TO NEW LIFE

⇒ The sacrament of Baptism is the beginning of a life free from

original sin. Jesus instituted the sacrament to apply to each
individual soul as did his crucifixion.
⇒ God becomes present within the adherent

CHILDREN OF GOD

⇒ Grants an adherent as a child of God and an heir to the Kingdom

of God, receiving their eternal union with God at Baptism.

ORIGINAL SIN OBLITERATED BY GRACE

⇒ Baptism takes away original sin, and in the case of an adult it

cleanses any mortal sins gained throughout life.
THE MARK OF A CHRISTIAN

⇒ Two significant occurrences come of Baptism; receiving of

sanctifying grace that dissipates spiritual emptiness – and
permanent quality called the mark of Baptism

⇒ This trait is never lost and Baptism sanctification aids them

against sin for their mortal lives.

ENTRY TO CHURCH

⇒ The Baptismal mark/ character makes Catholic members of the

Church. However, this membership requires the adherent too;
o Lead a Gospel driven life
o Give obedience to Christ’s representatives

SALVATION

⇒ Baptism is explicably mandatory for Catholics in order to gain

salvation and be freed of original sin.
“Unless a man be born again of water and the Spirit, he cannot
enter into the kingdom of God,” (John 3:5)

INFANT BAPTISM

⇒ Infants are Baptised soon after birth

⇒ This comes from older theology that feared that children who
weren’t baptised would not be included into heaven – this belief
was compounded by high infant mortality of the time.

WHO CAN BAPTISE?

⇒ Priest or Deacon is conventional

⇒ Although, in an emergency anyone can Baptise as long as they

follow the correct ritual.
Greek Orthodox ⇒ Orthodox church administers three initiation rites – baptism,
chrismation and communion all in the same service,
regenerating inner soul and integrating in church.
⇒ Being immersed three times in water under the Trinity cleanses
sin and regenerates the soul.
“No one can enter the KOG unless he is born of water and
spirit” (John 3:5)
⇒ Through Baptism, the Orthodox Christian’s believe salvation is
achieved. This occurs through God’s transfer of divine grace
which cleanses, sanctifies and guides salvation.

Hillsong Churches
⇒ Protestants do not consider confirmation a sacrament

⇒ Baptism does not induct adherents into the church, instead they
take the commitment to be born again into Jesus’s church.

AN ACT OF FAITH FROM THE INDIVIDUAL

⇒ The procedure of Baptism is an act of faith and obedience to

God’s commandments.
“Therefore, go and make disciples of all nations, baptising them
in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”
(Matt 28: 19-20)

PUBLIC COMMUNAL DECLARATION

⇒ Baptism declares that you are a follower of Jesus, it is a public

confession and commitment to faith in Jesus.
⇒ It is the foundation for next step in achieving salvation through
faith and repentance.
“Go into the world. Go everywhere and announce the message
of God’s good news to one and all.” (Mark 16:16)
A MOVE FROM DEATH TO LIFE

⇒ Baptism is a symbol of Christ’s burial and resurrection. Entrance

into water during Baptism identifies us with Christ’s death on
the cross due to common experiences of cleansing of sin and
purity.
“Going under the water was a burial of your old life; coming up
out of it was a resurrection, God raising you from the dead as he
did Christ.” (Colossians 2:12-14)

A BRAND-NEW LIFE

⇒ Offers a brand-new life, hence ‘born again Christian” label.

“Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old
has gone.” (2 Corinthians 5:17)

WHO SHOULD BE BAPTISED?

⇒ Pentecostal’s mainly only Baptise adults as they must be aware

of their faith in Christ and their commitment to the faith once
they are inducted. Only children old enough to acknowledge
and commit to their faith in Christ are permitted to Baptism.
Only those with faith in Christ can be Baptised.
“Those who accepted his message were Baptised” (Acts 2:41)