NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL

ELECTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
aRd. Heri Solehudin, bTellys Corliana, cMa'mun Murod, dAl Chaidar
Abdurrahman Puteh, eWachid Ridwan, fErna Budiarti

ABSTRACT
Objective: This research investigates the effects of social media on the quality and functioning
of democracy in Indonesia, especially in relation to the 2017 DKI Governor Election and the
upcoming 2024 presidential election. Social media is a vital platform for political participation,
mobilization and expression, as it enables citizens to access information, voice their opinions
and engage with diverse perspectives. However, social media also poses risks and challenges
for democracy, as it can be used to manipulate public opinion, spread misinformation and incite
violence.

Theoritical framework: The influence of negative campaigns on voting behavior and political
participation has also been a focus of research, with studies analyzing the impact of campaign
narratives and media attention on election outcomes. In this context, many studies have
highlighted how campaigns dominated by negative narratives can influence voters' opinions and
attitudes. Negative campaigns tend to focus attention on the weaknesses and defects of
political opponents, often leading to polarization and dissatisfaction with the political process
as a whole. Apart from that, the role of the media in strengthening or balancing the campaign
narrative is also an important aspect to be researched. The mass media has great power in
strengthening the narratives conveyed by candidates and political parties through the coverage,
analysis and opinions they convey to the public. In this case, media attention to certain
campaign narratives can influence voter perceptions and preferences.

Methods: The research examines how social media was used by different political actors and
groups to support or oppose Anies Baswedan, who was a candidate for the governor of DKI
Jakarta in 2017 and is now a presidential candidate backed by the Nasdem Party, PKB and PKS.
The research also analyzes the impact of social media on the political culture and values of the
Indonesian society, as well as the opportunities and limitations for enhancing democratic
accountability and transparency through social media. The data collection methods include
interviews, document analysis and internet-based sources and social media from 2016 to 2017

a PhD of Social and Political Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Prof Dr Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia,
E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-2606
b Magister of Anthropology, Muhammadiyah University of Prof Dr Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia.

E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3838-0929

c Profesor of Political Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2166-1193
d Post Doctoral of Anthropology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherland. E-mail: [email protected]
e PhD of International Relations, Muhammadiyah University of Malaysia, Perlis, Malaysia.

E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-3459

f PhD of Educational Technology, Pancasakti University of Bekasi, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-2226
1

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Result & Conclusion: The research findings show that social media has both positive and
negative effects on democracy, as it can foster civic engagement, deliberation and pluralism,
but also create polarization, distrust and intolerance. Social media is the third most popular
medium for spreading campaign content, after television and newspapers. The campaign
content in the 2017 DKI Governor election was then used in a national context to undermine
Anies Baswedan as a presidential candidate, who was backed by the Nasdem Party and PKB,
who were his political adversaries in the 2017 DKI Jakarta Governor election.

Research Implications: Highlights the importance of responsible social media strategies to

support democracy, recommending enhanced digital literacy and content regulation.

Originality/Value: Provides a unique analysis of the impact of social media on political elections
in Indonesia, offering insights into changing campaign strategies and socio-political
interactions.

Keywords: identity politics, campaign, 2014 presidential election.

Received: 01/04/2024
Accepted: 02/26/2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i3.3462

NARRATIVA DA POLÍTICA DE IDENTIDADE NAS ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS

DA REPÚBLICA DA INDONÉSIA DE 2024: ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO DISCURSO

RESUMO
Objetivo: Esta investigação investiga os efeitos das redes sociais na qualidade e no
funcionamento da democracia na Indonésia, especialmente em relação às eleições para
governador do DKI em 2017 e às próximas eleições presidenciais de 2024. As redes sociais são
uma plataforma vital para a participação, mobilização e expressão política, pois permitem aos
cidadãos aceder à informação, expressar as suas opiniões e interagir com diversas perspetivas.
No entanto, as redes sociais também apresentam riscos e desafios para a democracia, uma vez
que podem ser utilizadas para manipular a opinião pública, difundir desinformação e incitar à
violência.

Enquadramento teórico: A influência das campanhas negativas no comportamento eleitoral e

na participação política também tem sido foco de investigação, com estudos que analisam o
impacto das narrativas de campanha e da atenção dos meios de comunicação social nos
resultados eleitorais. Neste contexto, muitos estudos destacaram como as campanhas
dominadas por narrativas negativas podem influenciar as opiniões e atitudes dos eleitores. As
campanhas negativas tendem a centrar a atenção nas fraquezas e defeitos dos adversários
políticos, conduzindo muitas vezes à polarização e à insatisfação com o processo político como
um todo. Além disso, o papel da mídia no fortalecimento ou equilíbrio da narrativa da campanha
também é um aspecto importante a ser pesquisado. Os meios de comunicação social têm grande
poder no fortalecimento das narrativas veiculadas pelos candidatos e partidos políticos através
da cobertura, análise e opiniões que transmitem ao público. Neste caso, a atenção dos meios
de comunicação social a determinadas narrativas de campanha pode influenciar as percepções
e preferências dos eleitores.

Métodos: A pesquisa examina como as redes sociais foram utilizadas por diferentes atores e
grupos políticos para apoiar ou se opor a Anies Baswedan, que foi candidato a governador do
DKI Jacarta em 2017 e agora é candidato presidencial apoiado pelo Partido Nasdem, PKB e PKS.
. A investigação também analisa o impacto das redes sociais na cultura política e nos valores
da sociedade indonésia, bem como as oportunidades e limitações para melhorar a
responsabilização democrática e a transparência através das redes sociais. Os métodos de
coleta de dados incluem entrevistas, análise de documentos e fontes baseadas na internet e
mídias sociais de 2016 a 2017.

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Resultado e Conclusão: Os resultados da investigação mostram que as redes sociais têm efeitos
positivos e negativos na democracia, uma vez que podem promover o envolvimento cívico, a
deliberação e o pluralismo, mas também criar polarização, desconfiança e intolerância. As
redes sociais são o terceiro meio mais popular de divulgação de conteúdo de campanha, depois
da televisão e dos jornais. O conteúdo da campanha na eleição para governador do DKI em 2017
foi então utilizado num contexto nacional para minar Anies Baswedan como candidato
presidencial, que foi apoiado pelo Partido Nasdem e pelo PKB, que foram os seus adversários
políticos nas eleições para governador do DKI em Jacarta em 2017.

Implicações da Pesquisa: Destaca a importância de estratégias responsáveis de mídia social

para apoiar a democracia, recomendando aprimoramento da alfabetização digital e regulação
de conteúdo.

Originalidade/Valor: Fornece uma análise única do impacto das mídias sociais nas eleições
políticas na Indonésia, oferecendo percepções sobre as mudanças nas estratégias de campanha
e interações sociopolíticas.

Palavras-chave: política de identidade, campanha, eleição presidencial de 2014.

NARRATIVA DE LAS POLÍTICAS DE IDENTIDAD EN LAS ELECCIONES

PRESIDENCIALES DE 2024 DE LA REPÚBLICA DE INDONESIA:
ANÁLISIS CRÍTICO DEL DISCURSO

RESUMEN
Objetivo: Esta investigación investiga los efectos de las redes sociales en la calidad y el
funcionamiento de la democracia en Indonesia, especialmente en relación con las elecciones
de gobernador de DKI de 2017 y las próximas elecciones presidenciales de 2024. Las redes
sociales son una plataforma vital para la participación, movilización y expresión políticas, ya
que permiten a los ciudadanos acceder a información, expresar sus opiniones e interactuar con
diversas perspectivas. Sin embargo, las redes sociales también plantean riesgos y desafíos para
la democracia, ya que pueden utilizarse para manipular la opinión pública, difundir información
errónea e incitar a la violencia.

Marco teórico: La influencia de las campañas negativas en el comportamiento electoral y la

participación política también ha sido un foco de investigación, con estudios que analizan el
impacto de las narrativas de campaña y la atención de los medios en los resultados electorales.
En este contexto, muchos estudios han destacado cómo las campañas dominadas por narrativas
negativas pueden influir en las opiniones y actitudes de los votantes. Las campañas negativas
tienden a centrar la atención en las debilidades y defectos de los oponentes políticos, lo que a
menudo conduce a la polarización y la insatisfacción con el proceso político en su conjunto.
Aparte de eso, el papel de los medios de comunicación a la hora de fortalecer o equilibrar la
narrativa de la campaña también es un aspecto importante a investigar. Los medios de
comunicación tienen un gran poder para fortalecer las narrativas transmitidas por los
candidatos y partidos políticos a través de la cobertura, el análisis y las opiniones que
transmiten al público. En este caso, la atención de los medios a ciertas narrativas de campaña
puede influir en las percepciones y preferencias de los votantes.

Métodos: La investigación examina cómo diferentes actores y grupos políticos utilizaron las
redes sociales para apoyar o oponerse a Anies Baswedan, quien fue candidato a gobernador de
DKI Yakarta en 2017 y ahora es candidato presidencial respaldado por el Partido Nasdem, PKB
y PKS. . La investigación también analiza el impacto de las redes sociales en la cultura política
y los valores de la sociedad indonesia, así como las oportunidades y limitaciones para mejorar
la responsabilidad democrática y la transparencia a través de las redes sociales. Los métodos
de recopilación de datos incluyen entrevistas, análisis de documentos y fuentes basadas en
Internet y redes sociales de 2016 a 2017.

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Resultado y conclusión: Los resultados de la investigación muestran que las redes sociales
tienen efectos tanto positivos como negativos en la democracia, ya que pueden fomentar el
compromiso cívico, la deliberación y el pluralismo, pero también crear polarización,
desconfianza e intolerancia. Las redes sociales son el tercer medio más popular para difundir
contenidos de campaña, después de la televisión y los periódicos. El contenido de la campaña
en las elecciones para gobernador de DKI de 2017 se utilizó luego en un contexto nacional para
socavar a Anies Baswedan como candidato presidencial, que contaba con el respaldo del Partido
Nasdem y el PKB, que eran sus adversarios políticos en las elecciones para gobernador de
Yakarta de 2017.

Implicaciones de la investigación: Destaca la importancia de estrategias responsables de redes

sociales para apoyar la democracia, recomendando una mayor alfabetización digital y
regulación de contenidos.

Originalidad/Valor: Proporciona un análisis único del impacto de las redes sociales en las
elecciones políticas en Indonesia, ofreciendo información sobre las estrategias de campaña
cambiantes y las interacciones sociopolíticas.

Palabras clave: políticas de identidad, campaña, elecciones presidenciales de 2014.

1 INTRODUCTION

Elections are a big desire of all Indonesian people which then become a five-year
agenda and provide space for all people to participate, both to be elected and to vote.
Elections can be interpreted as a gateway to realizing the ideals of independence, namely
the creation of general prosperity, so that elections should be eagerly awaited by all
Indonesian people in a joyful atmosphere. However, what has happened at least until
today is that the election has actually created new problems in society. Differences in
political choices often create distance and trigger commotion, social conflict caused by
differences in choices, which we often find in several regions in Indonesia. Surprisingly,
political parties often come into play and sharpen divisions in society (Ezekiel, 2023).
Political participation, which is a manifestation of people's sovereignty, is
something that is very fundamental in the democratic process (M.Sc, 2021). Political
participation is the role of the community to take part in determining all decisions that
can affect their lives (Surbakti, 2010).The basis of democracy in Indonesia is an
obligation, not only in the context of general elections, but also in the context of providing
equal rights in worship, religion, and building communities that do not violate the unity
and integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. In this research, the author discusses how law
enforcement for human rights violations is contrary to the basic principles of democracy
that should be implemented in Indonesia.Conventionally, elections can also be interpreted
as a political process in which politicians are held responsible for making policies that
4

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

reflect the will of the public (Heywood, 2013). This shows that the main purpose of
elections is to present what is the will of the people, of the people, by the people and for
the people. A government that is supported by the people will gain strong legitimacy so
that it can be said that a government can be called legitimate if the power is given by the
people (Paralihan, 2019).
In recent years, parties and candidates challenging core democratic norms have
gained unprecedented popular support in liberal democracies around the world. Based on
public opinion data from the World Values Survey and various national opinion polls, we
show that the success of anti-establishment parties and candidates is not a temporal or
geographic aberration, but rather a reflection of increasing public dissatisfaction with
liberal democratic norms and institutions, and increasing support for authoritarian
interpretation of democracy (Foa & Mounk, 2017).
A democratic government system is an option that is widely used in various
countries in running government (Tinambunan, 2023). In the Indonesian context, the
agreement on democratic government is a mandate for reform that must be maintained
and maintained, bearing in mind that a democratic system is the best system for measuring
the administration of a government.By democratizing, elites credibly transfer political
power to citizens, thereby ensuring social stability. Democracies consolidate when elites
do not have strong incentives to overthrow them. These processes depend on (1) the
strength of civil society, (2) the structure of political institutions, (3) the nature of political
and economic crises, (4) the level of economic inequality, (5) the structure of the economy
(6) the form and extent of globalization (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2005).
Because democratic leaders have limited budgets but need to win elections, they
often divert resources to politically influential sectors, generating more negative attitudes
toward democracy among people who are overlooked in elections. Ballard et al (2022)
detail the historical record that supports the mechanisms identified in the model. By
providing cross-country quantitative evidence that dissatisfaction with democracy
increases among geographic populations when governments distribute resources
disproportionately to other sectors (Ballard-Rosa et al., 2022). The political-economic
balance may indicate a persistent (although decreasing) mismatch between political
institutions and political culture, which tends to develop more slowly than formal
institutions (Ticchi et al., 2013).

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

In an authoritarian government, political support generally relies heavily on the

collective memory of past democratic experiences. Political instability is then flavored
with propaganda to become very effective campaign material to influence society. To
illustrate the theoretical findings with case studies of two authoritarian regimes preceded
by periods of political instability the Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin, and Chile
under Augusto Pinochet provides cross-national empirical evidence to support the
argument. Research conducted by Belmonte and Rochit (2018) also shows that in regions
where the media is less independent of the state, recall campaigns are more effective
(Belmonte & Rochlitz, 2018). Fragments of media publications focus on how “then” and
“now” are represented and connect or conflict with each other (Malinova, 2021).
In the case of Germany and China, the states' “historical charters” of the late 19th
century were violated, resulting in very different expressions of nationalism and national
identity (in Germany) and nationalism (in China) today (Liu & Khan, 2021). However,
in Palestine most of the events that occur are wholly or partly negative, reflecting the
conflictual situation in the country. The analyzed studies confirm the partial existence of
socio-centrism: in Latin America and Palestine most of the events are national. Negative
historical events are related to low social welfare in Palestine (Casas et al., 2023). Remote
political events, such as the French or American Revolutions, are considered more
positive than similar events in the 20th century (Techio et al., 2010).
In the context of elections in Indonesia, election campaigns, both post-conflict
regional elections, legislative elections and presidential elections, are still limited to
image and brand contestation, have not yet led to contestation of ideas and concepts,
candidate debate events in both post-conflict regional and presidential elections are still
very textual and candidates are given leaks or questions. which of course shows that the
candidate is actually not ready to compete with ideas in a genuine way. So social media
is often the most effective campaign alternative, apart from being able to display the good
side and positive image of the candidate, it also doesn't interact much physically with
potential voters so it can reduce campaign costs. Social media is an integral part of human
interaction, occupying an increasing proportion of time and social space (Allen et al.,
2021).
The election law regulates the schedule and implementation of campaigns in
elections which also provides limits and rules that must be obeyed by all election
contestants, however, the massive movements of supporters of certain figures usually

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

tend to be without control in campaigning for their candidates. Campaigns should be a

strategy for candidates to convey their vision and missionthey (Abdillah, 2014).However,
the relatively long campaign period also has an impact on the candidate's success team in
formulating the right strategy (Perdana & Wildianti, 2018).
Along with changes in society, the presence of social media is a very effective
space for conveying political messages. At the same time, the proliferation of survey
institutions, both those that actually present data based on scientific research and those
that only fulfill orders from certain parties, is increasingly creating color and messages.
own politics. Social media is now an inseparable part of our society's social interactions
and is increasing (Lewis et al., 2019). And it becomes a new space for candidates and
their success teams to be able to convey their vision and mission (Aminah, 2006). In the
context of elections in Indonesia, campaigns are often peppered with SARA (ethnic, racial
and inter-group) phenomena which can disrupt our social relations and thrive in this
political year. In fact, they often use hate speech aimed at dividing society in election
competitions (Warburton & Aspinall, 2019).
The relationship between religion and politics is examined from a theoretical
perspective, with the assumption that ulama can be co-opted by rulers who act as autocrats
(Auriol & Platteau, 2017). Because of its reference to sacred areas of life, religion
provides the transcendental legitimacy that an autocrat may seek to support his rule
(Budiarti, 2023). This may be an effective strategy in traditional societies where the
influence of religion is very widespread due to low levels of urbanization and low levels
of education of the majority of society (Auriol & Platteau, 2017). Some pollsters show
increasing trust in the state and decreasing support for extremism, so religious
sensitization may be effective in preventing Islamic radicalization and anti-social
behavior (Vicente & Vilela, 2022).
The empirical literature has demonstrated a strong relationship between Muslim
countries and indicators of political and democratic performance. The idea of a “clash of
civilizations” proposed by Samuel Huntington and applied to Islam by Bernard Lewis
and others points to unique aspects of Islamic religion and culture that made the
emergence of democracy extremely difficult. In this article, I show that there is a
systematic misunderstanding regarding the nature of the relationship between Islam and
politics: instead of being integrated with the realm of religion, politics tends to dominate
religion. Due to several characteristics, namely the absence of a centralized religious

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

authority structure and the large variability in interpretation of Islamic law, then there is
a risk of an "obscurantist deadlock" in the form of a cruel process involving the ruler and
his political opponents to defeat each other using religious idioms. This risk is very large,
especially in crisis situations triggered by international factors such as those that occurred
in the second half of the 20th century. From a brief comparative analysis, it is difficult to
conclude that unique aspects of the Islamic faith are ultimately responsible for the
persistent autocratic nature of Muslim governments (Platteau, 2011).
Social tensions and violence caused by Muslim radicalization affect many parts
of the world. Added to this is the Islamic euphoria. Social tensions and violence caused
by Muslim radicalization affect many parts of the world. Added to this is the euphoria of
Islam. As we know, there are two major schools of thought in the character of fiqh,
namely cultural Islam and Islam literally (AL-Barbasy, 2016).
The situation in the global world has finally faded with the emptiness of goals that
have never been realized (Ridwan, 2024). A religious campaign against extremist views
of Islam, targeting belief change found that only religious treatment reduced the tendency
to destroy others' gains. This is what later gave rise to the popular term "Identity politics".
In political science studies, identity politics is another term for biopolitics and politics of
difference which is based on differences that arise physically. Even though this discourse
has been around for a long time, its implementation is still a matter of study in political
science which only emerged after a symposium at the international meeting of the
International Political Science Association in Vienna in 1994 (Heller & Riekmann, 1996).
In Haller's view, identity politics is a concept and political movement that focuses
on differences (differentiation) as the main thing, the idea of differences has promised
freedom, tolerance and freedom of play even though in the end it gives rise to new threats
whereSocial identity seems to act as social glue. Here, community participation is very
important in counterterrorism efforts as the main source of information regarding local
activities (Ridwan, 2022). This provides stability in groups that would otherwise collapse
(van Vugt & Hart, 2004)
Research conducted by Prague (2022) in Russia shows that the expansion of the
Church network is increasingly less able to attract people and significantly increase the
number of believers. However, it influences the political preferences of those who,
regardless of their belief in God, identify themselves as Orthodox. A potential channel
for persuasion is the media (Prague, 2022). This shows that places of worship are often

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

more effective in conveying political messages compared to religious moral messages or

eschatological messages.
Several previous theories and research define hoaxes as fake news or information
whose truth is uncertain, which can shape public opinion. This research was proposed by
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017), Situngkir, H. (2017), Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M.
(2017), Siswoko, KH (2017), Walsh, L .(2006) and Juditha, C. (2018). The research
agrees that the highest spread of hoaxes occurs on social media because information is
conveyed by users directly without filtering, assessing and checking facts, including the
spread of fake news in the election. The development of hoaxes is increasingly wide open
and uncontrolled along with freedom of media and opinion to create democratic elections
(Delmana, 2023).
The 2024 elections are almost similar to the 2014 elections where one of the
candidates is Anies Baswedan, former Governor of DKI Jakarta, who since his victory in
the 2017 DKI regional elections has always been accused of using identity politics, his
victory is said to be the result of the use of identity politics and so on, stigmatization
Negative towards Anies always adorns public spaces, especially on social media. After
the appointment of Anies Baswedan as a presidential candidate by the Nasdem Party, the
stigmatization campaign was increasingly carried out both by parties that were not in line
with Anies' policies and former supporters of Anies' political opponents in the 2017
regional elections.
This research was conducted to find out whether there was a specific and
significant correlation to the stigmatization of identity politics in the 2017 DKI regional
elections, which was then combined with the narrative of the "haram" of identity politics
in the DKI Jakarta regional elections involving Anies Baswedan on the political dynamics
in the upcoming 2024 Presidential Election. come.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The 2024 presidential race in Indonesia is marked by the emergence of identity

politics narratives that shape the public discourse and influence the voters' preferences.
Identity politics refers to the political mobilization of people based on their social
identities, such as ethnicity, religion, gender, or class. In this article, we use a critical
discourse analysis approach to examine how these narratives are constructed,

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

disseminated, and contested by different actors and media outlets. we will also analyze
how these narratives relate to the broader issues of democracy, development, and
inequality in Indonesia.
One of the main theoretical frameworks that we will use is the economic origins
of dictatorship and democracy by Acemoglu and Robinson (2005), who argue that
political institutions are determined by the balance of power between different social
groups and their preferences over economic policies. According to them, democracy
emerges when the elites are unable to suppress the demands of the masses for political
participation and redistribution, and when the masses are able to coordinate their actions
and overcome collective action problems. Conversely, dictatorship emerges when the
elites are able to exclude the masses from political power and prevent them from forming
a credible threat to their interests.
Another important reference that we will use is the media politics, democracy, and
political media by Aminah (2006), who examines the role of media in Indonesian politics
and democracy. She argues that media can play both positive and negative roles in
promoting or undermining democratic values and practices. On the one hand, media can
provide information, education, and deliberation for the public, as well as monitor and
criticize the government and other powerful actors. On the other hand, media can also
manipulate, distort, and sensationalize information, as well as serve the interests of certain
political or economic groups.
Identity politics narratives have become a prominent feature of the Indonesian
2024 presidential race, as different candidates appeal to various religious, ethnic and
ideological groups. According to Belmonte and Rochlitz (2018), such narratives can
shape collective memories and influence political support for authoritarian regimes. They
argue that propaganda can manipulate the public perception of historical events and create
a sense of loyalty and gratitude towards the ruling elite. In the context of Indonesia, this
could mean that some candidates use identity politics to justify their authoritarian
tendencies and to discredit their opponents.
However, identity politics can also pose a threat to democracy and human rights
in Indonesia, as Paralihan (2019) warns. He analyzes the role of Islam in Indonesian
politics and how it has been used to mobilize voters and to legitimize violence against
minorities. He claims that identity politics can undermine the principles of pluralism,
tolerance and equality that are essential for a democratic society. He calls for a critical

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

reflection on the relationship between religion and politics and a rejection of any form of
extremism or intolerance.
On the other hand, identity politics can also be seen as a way of expressing
political values and preferences that are shaped by cultural transmission. Ticchi, Verdier
and Vindigni (2013) propose a theoretical model that explains how political values are
transmitted from parents to children and how they affect the choice between democracy
and dictatorship. They suggest that identity politics can reflect the diversity of political
cultures and the demand for representation and participation in the political system. They
also acknowledge that identity politics can generate conflicts and polarization, but they
argue that these can be resolved through democratic institutions and mechanisms. Identity
politics narratives in the Indonesian 2024 presidential race are influenced by various
factors, such as collective memories, propaganda, religion, human rights, cultural
transmission and political values. These narratives have different implications for
democracy and authoritarianism in Indonesia, depending on how they are used and
interpreted by the candidates and the voters.
Finally, we will also draw on the geography of democratic discontent by Ballard-
Rosa et al. (2022), who study how spatial inequalities affect the support for democracy
and authoritarianism across countries. They find that regions that are more economically
disadvantaged, socially marginalized, or politically excluded tend to have lower levels of
democratic satisfaction and higher levels of authoritarian nostalgia. They also find that
these effects are mediated by the quality of governance and public services, as well as by
the exposure to alternative political models. By using these references, we hope to provide
a comprehensive and critical analysis of the identity politics narratives in the Indonesian
2024 presidential race, and their implications for the future of democracy in Indonesia.
To theoretically discuss black campaign narratives in elections, it is important to
consider the various factors that contribute to the proliferation of black campaigns,
especially in the context of social media. Highlighting the influence of legislation, law
enforcement, and the need to improve regulatory mechanisms on social media to counter
the impact of technological advances on black campaigns (Dewanti, 2022). This
underscores the importance of legal and regulatory frameworks in addressing the
challenges posed by smear campaigns. Additionally, research by Nai et al. (2019)
emphasized the personality traits and campaign styles of political leaders, such as Donald
Trump, and their implications for policy styles and achievements during their terms in

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

office (Nai et al., 2019). This highlights the role of political figures and their campaign
strategies in shaping the black campaign narrative.
In addition, the emotional dynamics of election campaigns and the phenomenon
of affective polarization among politicians, which raises the question of whether
politicians become emotional during election campaigns (Öhberg, 2023). This
underscores the emotional and psychological dimensions that may underlie smear
campaign narratives. Furthermore, research conducted by Widhiasthini (2020) discusses
the various benefits of election campaigns via social media, highlighting the challenges
posed by hoaxes related to black campaigns and their impact on voters (Widhiasthini,
2020). This confirms the role of social media in the spread of black campaign narratives
and the related challenges in overcoming misinformation.
The use of social media in spreading negative narratives and false accusations
during election campaigns has become a focus of research, highlighting the role of digital
platforms in shaping political communication and public opinion (Mueller, 2021; Rumata
& Nugraha, 2020). Additionally, the racist nature of political messages and the impact of
identity politics on campaign strategy have been explored in the context of black
campaigns. Research has examined racial symbolism and narratives used in political
discourse, highlighting the dynamics of race and competitiveness in election campaigns
(Vidal et al., 2021); (Johnson, 2018). Additionally, the intersection between race, gender,
and political activism has been the subject of investigation, particularly in the context of
social justice movements and the mobilization of marginalized communities (Mitchell-
Walthour, 2018); (Suyono et al., 2020).
The influence of negative campaigns on voting behavior and political participation
has also been a focus of research, with research analyzing the impact of campaign
narratives and media attention on election outcomes (S. Anderson, 2020); (Erkel et al.,
2018). The role of political knowledge, cultural leanings, and media visibility in shaping
public support for campaign finance reform and policy preferences has been examined,
providing insight into the complexity of electoral dynamics and public opinion formation
(Jorgensen et al., 2017); (Bencova, 2020). The use of metaphor and storytelling in news
and political discourse has also been explored, emphasizing the role of language and
communication strategies in shaping political narratives and public perceptions (J.
Anderson et al., 2017).

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

2.1 IDENTITY POLITICS

In building a theoretical basis for identity politics, there are several factors that
need to be considered. One of them is a study conducted by Sternisko et al. (2020) which
discusses the dark side of social movements, social identity, non-compliance, and the
appeal of conspiracy theories. This highlights the dynamics of social identity and
conspiracy in politics (Sternisko et al., 2020). Additionally, research by Han et al. (2019)
explained the relationship between political identity and financial risk taking, using social
dominance orientation as a foundation (Han et al., 2019).
Furthermore, a study by Kuo et al. (2017) highlighted the relationship between
social exclusion and political identity, particularly in the context of political participation
of the Asian American ethnic group (Kuo et al., 2017). Meanwhile, research by Kuhn
(2019) discusses how identity politics shapes the direction of European integration (Kuhn,
2019). From the results of this research, it can be concluded that the theoretical basis of
identity politics involves the dynamics of social identity, political orientation, social
exclusion, and political integration at regional and international levels.
Furthermore, Lerner (2019) theorizes that victim nationalism is a strong identity
narrative with key constitutive elements, which highlights the power dynamics inherent
in identity narratives in international politics, this emphasizes the role of victimhood and
power in shaping political identity narratives.
Additionally, Bliuc & Chidley (2022) explore the role of collective narratives in
shaping group behavior, highlighting the implications of narrative contributions to
political identity and collective action. This influences the collective narrative of identity
and political behavior. Meanwhile Innes (2023) explores the role of narrative identity in
creating stability and the potential for change, emphasizing the dynamic nature of political
identity narratives. This highlights the fluidity and adaptability of narrative identity in the
political realm.
The concept of identity politics is increasingly attracting the attention of
researchers, especially in the context of election campaigns (Hidayati, 2021). discusses
the role of social media in shaping political communication and branding of political
leaders, highlighting the significant influence of technology companies such as Facebook,
Twitter, Microsoft, and Google in shaping political communication during election
campaigns (Siahaan & Kause, 2022) emphasizing the role of identity politics in triggering

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

intergroup conflict , particularly in the context of religious affiliation, demonstrating the

divisive nature of identity politics. Prayogi & Pasaribu (2021) further emphasized that
political identity is an inherent characteristic of liberal democratic countries, providing
space for various groups to articulate their interests and goals thereby influencing the
electoral process. Additionally, Fernando (2022) discusses the impact of political
mediatization and voter behavior, highlighting the importance of understanding public
participation and electoral processes in the context of political identity.

3 METHODS

This research adopts a qualitative method with a phenomenological perspective,

which is a way of understanding the meaning and essence of human experiences (Smith,
J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, 2009). The research relies on the lived experience and
awareness of the essential qualities of the phenomena that happen, both the visible and
the hidden aspects. The primary data sources in this research are online news content and
social media content that were popular in the media from May to June 2017, on Facebook
and Twitter platforms. The secondary data were collected through direct interviews with
actors and the public who participated actively in the 2017 election campaign activities.
The analysis follows a qualitative approach with logical analysis, interpretation,
comparison and other techniques that lead to a conclusion.

4 RESULTS

The 2017 DKI regional elections were attended by three pairs of gubernatorial
candidates, namely Agus Yudhoyono-Sylviana Murni, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama-Djarot
Saiful Hidayat, and Anies Baswedan-Sandiaga Uno because in the first round they could
not produce a winner who produced vote support (50% + 1) so A second round of voting
was held, followed by the pair of candidates who received the first most votes and the
second most votes, namely Basuki Tjahaja Purnama - Djarot Saiful Hidayat (42.96%) and
Anies Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno (39.97%). Data obtained by each candidate in the first
round can be depicted as in the following graph:

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Figure 1
TPS Count Results Based on

Data source: KPU 2017

Graph 1. Results of the First Round of the DKI Regional Election

In the second round there was a very significant change in votes for the pair Anies
Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno from 39.97% in the first round to 57.95% in the second round.
Meanwhile, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama did not experience an increase and even tended to
experience a decrease in votes from 42.96% in the first round to 42.055 in the second
round. This condition can be explained by the migration of Agus - Sylvi voters in the
Anies - Sandi pair.The victory of the Gubernatorial Candidate Pair Anies Rasyid
Baswedan and Sandiaga Salahuddin Uno with a total of 3,240,332 votes or 57.95% of the
total valid votes caused dissatisfaction for the losing pair until then the term "Identity
politics" emerged where the Anies Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno pair was labeled used verses
and corpses to win the 2017 DKI Jakarta gubernatorial election contest. Data on the
results of each candidate in the second round can be depicted as in the following graph:

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Figure 2
TPS Count Results Based on

Data source: KPU 2017

Graph 2. Results of the Second Round of the DKI Regional Election

If we refer to voter data based on religion, based on this data, there are 8.6 million
Muslim voters, 888,800 Christians, 411,700 Catholics, 385,900 Buddhists, 20,262
Hindus, 1,200 Confucians and 226 religious groups. Meanwhile, the DKI Round of
Permanent Voter List (DPT) second is 7, 218,280. This data shows that the high number
of Muslim voters does not automatically have a significant influence on their decision to
elect a leader who is also Muslim. The data above raises a new question, is it true that
Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga Uno's victory in the 2017 DKI Governor election was due
to the use of identity politics? why is the vote tally only 3,240,332,If it is true as stated
that voters based on similarity of religion reached 71.4% and Agus Yudhoyono's voters'
votes migrated to the Anies-Sandi pair, then Anies' votes should have reached 3,992,385.
Andonly a difference of 889,087 from the pair Basuki Cahaya Purnama - Djarot Saiful
Hidayat who got 2,351,245 votes. Another fact, as mentioned by eep Saefullah Fatah, is
that the findings of the Polmark Research Institute from the exit pool results in the second
round of the DKI Jakarta regional elections, Agus Silvy voters apparently did not migrate
to the Anies-Sandi pair but to the Ahok-Jorot pair. This finding further clarifies the fact
that Anies - Sandi's victory in the 2017 DKI Jakarta regional elections was not due to
identity politics campaign factors but because the people of Jakarta believed more in
Anies Baswedan's campaign promises.

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REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Identity politics in the DKI Jakarta regional elections was blamed more on the use
of religion (Islam), which at that time was triggered by the controversial statement by the
then Governor of DKI Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) regarding the Al-Maidah
verse 51 as a tool of lies.(Rina Atriana, 2017). The wave of protests among Muslims who
were spontaneously moved because their sacredness was disturbed by a Basuki Cahaya
Purnama who believed in another (religion) was then considered a political movement
driven by the couple Anies Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno. This is where we need to pay
attention to whether it is true that the defeat of the Ahok - Djarot pair was only because
of this problem or because of their policies during their leadership which no longer
reflected siding with the people of Jakarta so that when there is a new figure who is
considered to be able to bring change to the province of DKI Jakarta, have good ideas and
side with the people and then get the most support.
The issue of religion in general is a very sensitive issue not only in Jakarta but in
several regions, if you look at the composition of Jakarta's population, the population of
Jakarta who are Muslim has even reached 8.6 million people. This is a very large number
considering that in general the majority of native Jakarta residents (Betawi people) are
Muslim, although currently the population of Betawi people, especially in the DKI Jakarta
area, is only 28.1% or is in second place, while immigrants from the Javanese tribe are in
first place with 35%, Sundanese 14.5%, Chinese 6.5% and Batak 3.4%. The population
of Jakarta based on religion and belief can be depicted in the graph below:

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Figure 3
Population of DKI Jakarta based on religion and beliefs

Population of DKI Jakarta based on religion and

beliefs

1,5
1
0,5
0
Amont

9.425.575

963.190

438.128
Série1

396.906

20.343

1.665
Religion Islam
Kristen
Katholik Budha
Hindu
Konghucu

Source: data.jakarta.go.id

Elections, both regional and local elections, must be interpreted as a gateway for
change and improvement, therefore elections only display a contestation of ideas, a
contestation of ideas in developing the country in the future, not a contestation of images
or the spread of fake news, let alone slander and adulation so that elections can be a means
of good political education. for society and especially the younger generation. So the more
alternative ideas there are, the more choices will be made and the more it will show that
we have a stock of quality potential leaders. So when choosing we do not base our choice
on emotional factors or psychological closeness but rather on offering better ideas. The
Jakarta gubernatorial election in 2012 was widely covered by the mass media, possibly
generating more controversy in Indonesia than any other election since the general
election in 1999. In the history of the implementation of regional government in
Indonesia, it is recorded that several regions have special autonomy with different names
according to the historical background of its formation and the regional autonomy policies
that regulate it (Chaidar, 2020).
This brought new sensitivities and hopes to politics. The election of Joko Widodo
('Jokowi') and deputy governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ('Ahok') set Jakarta society's
expectations for change.The victory of the Jokowi-Ahok pair in the 2012 DKI Jakarta
regional elections was a victory for democracy despite an ethno-religious campaign
(Miichi, 2014).

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

5 DISCUSSION

One of the interesting topics to explore in the Indonesian 2024 presidential race is
the role of identity politics narratives in shaping the voters' preferences and behavior.
Identity politics refers to the political mobilization of certain groups based on their shared
characteristics, such as ethnicity, religion, culture, or ideology. According to Belmonte
and Rochlitz (2018), identity politics can be influenced by collective memories and
propaganda, especially in authoritarian regimes that manipulate historical facts and create
myths to legitimize their power. However, identity politics can also emerge in democratic
contexts, as Paralihan (2019) argues, when some groups feel threatened by the diversity
and pluralism of society and resort to religious fundamentalism or nationalism as a way
of asserting their identity and interests. In this regard, Ticchi et al. (2013) suggest that the
cultural transmission of political values, such as democracy or dictatorship, can affect the
formation and persistence of identity politics across generations.
In the Indonesian 2024 presidential race, we can expect to see different narratives
of identity politics from the candidates and their supporters, depending on their
backgrounds, agendas, and strategies. For instance, we can analyze how the candidates
use their ethnic, religious, or regional identities to appeal to certain segments of the
electorate, or how they frame their opponents as threats to the national unity and harmony.
We can also examine how the voters respond to these narratives, whether they are
influenced by them or not, and what factors shape their political choices. By doing so, we
can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics and implications of identity politics in
Indonesia's democracy.
The 2024 presidential race in Indonesia has been marked by the resurgence of
identity politics narratives, which have polarized the electorate along religious, ethnic and
ideological lines. Identity politics, or the use of collective identities to mobilize political
support, is not a new phenomenon in Indonesian politics, but it has gained prominence
and intensity in recent years. This paper aims to analyze the causes and consequences of
identity politics narratives in the 2024 presidential race, drawing on concepts from
Belmonte and Rochlitz (2018), Paralihan (2019) and Ticchi et al. (2013).
Belmonte and Rochlitz (2018) argue that collective memories, or shared
representations of past events, can be manipulated by authoritarian regimes to create
propaganda and generate political support. They show that authoritarian leaders can use

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REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

selective memory, distortion, omission and fabrication to shape the public perception of
history and legitimize their rule. In the context of Indonesia, this paper suggests that some
presidential candidates have used collective memories of past conflicts, such as the 1965
anti-communist purge, the 1998 reformasi movement and the 2002 Bali bombings, to
create a narrative of threat and victimization for their supporters. For example, some
candidates have portrayed themselves as defenders of Islam against the perceived
enemies of secularism, communism and liberalism.
Paralihan (2019) examines the relationship between Islam and democracy in
Indonesia, and argues that the rise of identity politics poses a threat to human rights and
pluralism. He contends that identity politics is based on a narrow and exclusive
interpretation of Islam, which rejects diversity and tolerance. He warns that identity
politics can lead to violence, discrimination and radicalization, as seen in the cases of the
2016 Jakarta gubernatorial election, the 2017 blasphemy trial of former governor Basuki
Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok), and the 2018 Surabaya church bombings. He calls for a more
inclusive and democratic version of Islam, which respects human dignity and diversity.
Ticchi et al. (2013) explore the cultural transmission of political values, or how
parents pass on their political preferences to their children. They develop a theoretical
model that shows how different types of political regimes affect the intergenerational
transmission of values. They find that democracy fosters more diversity and heterogeneity
in political values, while dictatorship promotes more homogeneity and conformity. They
also show that cultural transmission can generate persistence or change in political
regimes over time. In the context of Indonesia, this paper argues that identity politics
narratives can affect the cultural transmission of political values, by creating a sense of
loyalty or alienation among different generations of voters.
We have analyzed the role of identity politics narratives in the 2024 presidential
race in Indonesia, using concepts from Belmonte and Rochlitz (2018), Paralihan (2019)
and Ticchi et al. (2013). It has shown that identity politics narratives can have significant
effects on the public perception of history, the relationship between Islam and democracy,
and the intergenerational transmission of political values. It has also highlighted some of
the challenges and opportunities for Indonesian democracy in the face of identity politics.
This is of course very different from the 2017 Pilkada, if we look at the DKI Jakarta
Pilkada in 2017, there are at least several notes that have repeatedly become top trending
on all social media, which can be described by Anies Baswedan as in the graphic below:

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(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Figure 4
Stigmatization of the DKI Regional Election through Social Media

The negative stigma surrounding Anies Baswedan's victory in the 2017

gubernatorial election cannot be suppressed even though during the five years Anies
Baswedan has been in office there has been no evidence of partiality towards intolerant,
radical, anti-diversity groups and the use of identity politics. This means that the negative
issues in the 2017 DKI Governor election which were specifically pinned on Anies
Baswedan's personality were just content that was deliberately created to downgrade
Anies Baswedan so that he would not be able to run in the upcoming 2024 presidential
election.
In a survey conducted by LSI Denny JA regarding the demographics of Muslim
voters in DKI Jakarta in 2017, it was found that as many as 71.4% stated that shared
religion was important in choosing a candidate for governor. .2% chose Agus
Yudhoyono, 17.3% chose Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) and 26.5% chose Anies
Baswedan, meaning that in the voter segment based on religion, Anies lost to Agus
Yudhoyono. Meanwhile, in the Betawi voter segment, Agus is ahead with 40.5%, then
Ahok with 28.4% and Anies only in third place with 22.7%.(Putro, 2017). If you look at
the Betawi voter segment which is the Muslim voter segment, this data also once again
casts doubt that Anies' victory was purely due to the use of identity politics.
Another thing that is worth paying attention to is why Anies-Sandi's victory is
always only associated with the use of identity politics, is there no correlation with the
disappointment of the people of Jakarta towards the leadership of Basuki Tjahaja

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Purnama who replaced Joko Widodo? all of them received support from the people of
Jakarta so it would be impossible for the people of Jakarta to choose another one if they
didn't use an identity politics campaign? Although it must be acknowledged that some
groups of society who are still conservative certainly cannot accept Ahok who is said to
be a non-Muslim and non-native, this conservative issue is only temporary and is used
only because of similarities in interests (Putro, 2017).
Jakarta is often a national parameter both from an economic and political
perspective (RH Solehudin, 2022). Even Jakarta has an attraction for regional people in
Indonesia to try their luck in Jakarta (Solehudin, 2023). So the DKI Jakarta regional
elections have become a mecca for projecting democracy in the country. Success or
failure in the DKI regional elections can be a measure of the quality of the implementation
of democracy in Indonesia, however, if the measure used for the success of holding the
regional elections is based more on subjective sentiment then this assessment will not be
fair.
In the political context in the country, the use of identity politics has actually been
going on since the early days of the founding of this republic, for example the PKI carried
out its political movements by inviting groups that had the same communist ideology or
were in the same country. in line with socialist thinking, so it could also be called "identity
politics", as well as the emergence of the NU Party, Masjumi Party and others who also
campaigned to elect those who had the same views and beliefs. The position of
Muhammadiyah and NU is an example of how Islamic organizations exist changed its
ideological position towards Pancasila, from the critical and skeptical attitude shown
during the debate at the Independence Preparatory Working Body (BPUPK) and the
sessions at the Constituent Assembly, including the accommodative one towards
Pancasila (Al-Barbasy & Zaman, 2020). And there is no threat of division and does not
cause turmoil at the lower levels, meaning that this nation has long been educated in
diversity but cannot be separated from its identity.
It is very natural that those of us who are Muslim are more comfortable inviting
Muslim people to vote for us compared to inviting people from outside groups that we
don't necessarily know well, and it is also very natural that people from a Javanese ethnic
background prefer to campaign among other people (Mustika & Tellys Corliana, 2022).
Javanese people and use Javanese, and so on. So where are the problems that are violated

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

when we don't use methods of attacking, provoking, pitting other groups with different
choices against each other?
Political identity that occurs in Indonesia has two patterns, namely positive and
negative or even destructive (Kiftiyah, 2019). Research conducted by Nelwan (2022) in
the Manado regional elections stated various reactions from the public regarding
participants based on their religious identity. Relations in society begin to be disturbed
when political discussions are always side by side with religion. So what happens is that
people support their candidates because of religion. This situation is considered to disrupt
harmony between religious communities in Manado City, especially Christians and
Muslims (Nelwan, 2022). The research results show that identity political orientation and
political representation influence the democratic process in the 2018-2022 DKI Regional
Election case (Nasrudin, 2019). The victory of the Jokow-Makruf Amin pair in the 2019
presidential election shows that the dynamics of moderate Islam in Indonesia are still
adhered to by the majority of Muslims in Indonesia (Rubaidi & Setianingsih, 2021).
Strengthening cultural idioms related to Islam is necessary to mobilize public support in
the struggle for power based on community-based political identities (Hadiz, 2018).
Hoaxes in elections are a national threat because they cause disruption in various aspects,
namely security defense, political ideology and public morals. Handling hoaxes requires
cooperation from various parties, by finding the source of hoax news, suppressing and
stopping its spread, and providing correct literacy and information. The public's tendency
is that when information matches their beliefs and attitudes, they will spread hoax
information easily, without caring about the truth of the news. The situation is made worse
when the relevant stakeholders have not dealt with it massively and simultaneously, it is
certain that the news will reduce the trust and integrity of the election organizers in the
eyes of the public.
The development of information technology which later gave birth to digital
technologyIn order to attract the attention of young people or first-time voters in the
campaign, all propaganda and negative campaigns are spread through social media. Anies
is often the target of social media users who criticize various DKI Jakarta Provincial
Government policies which are often considered useless and not the result of the
aspirations of Jakarta residents. For example, in recent times at the beginning of 2020
regarding the Jakarta floods. Social media users harshly criticized Anies Baswedan's
policies. The direction of change is giving birth to a social society where social interaction

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

is dominated in the digital space, as a result digital media has become the most effective
and efficient means for a politician to convey his campaign messages. Social networking
which means interaction due to common goals (Agusyanto, 2014).
This condition is almost similar to the attack on Jokowi when he wanted to run as
a presidential candidate in 2014, who was often accused of being part of a banned
organization such as the PKI and so on. So the presidential election contestation does not
make democracy more advanced, instead it actually creates new commotion in the public
space. The contestation that emerged was more about a contestation of good images and
bad images, there was no contestation of ideas which should be a measure for prospective
leaders in bringing the nation forward. The issue of poverty and welfare should be a
priority considering that poverty is still a multidimensional problem that cannot only be
resolved through education alone, there are many factors that are correlated both directly
and indirectly, meaning that as a multidimensional phenomenon, poverty is therefore the
solution must also use a multidimensional approach. too (R. H. Solehudin et al., 2023).
What we regret most is that the label or stigma regarding the use of identity politics
is only given to certain parties, for example Anies Baswedan who is currently the
presidential candidate of the coalition for change. And several groups are affiliated with
Islamic organizations or mass organizations which have often been stigmatized as radical
groups (Solehudin, 2023). This is certainly a serious problem where Islamic groups who
try to uphold their beliefs are considered a scourge for democracy.
Ahead of the 2024 Presidential Election, the issue of identity politics that was
pinned on Anies Baswedan was then taken up at the national level and there was even a
high-ranking official in this country who conveyed a message to the public not to vote for
a presidential candidate who had a track record of dividing people. The question then
arises as to whether the accusation This is based on or just because of his dislike for the
figure of Anies Baswedan. If the 2024 election campaign is only filled with narrative
content from the 2017 DKI post-conflict regional election campaign then this is clearly a
step backwards towards democracy because in the 2024 election the people will not be
able to see the contestation of ideas but will only see democratic rubbish which makes
the public space stuffy such as hoaxes, insults, accusations without bases, slander and so
on.
It is certainly strange and unreasonable that the content of the 2017 gubernatorial
election campaign is still being used to downgrade a particular candidate, namely Anies

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Baswedan, who has served as Governor of DKI Jakarta for five years. And during his
tenure as governor, none of the policies issued by Anies Baswedan legitimized or came
close to these accusations. In fact, what happened was the opposite, Anies was able to
embrace and gain support across parties, across society and across religions. We need to
understand the constellation of Islamic political movements from the perspective of the
psychology of the people in looking at the reality of life through religious lenses (Chaidar
& Sahrasad, 2013).
As a party that is not based on religion, Nasdem is actually the only party that
guarantees that Anies is the right figure to be able to unite the nation to stop polarization
and gaps between groups of the nation's children and between Muslims (Mustika et al.,
2022). This also confirms that what is used as campaign content is negative and The use
of the term "Identity politics" regarding the figure of Anies Baswedan has no basis at
all.As the Nationalist Party which became Anies Baswedan's political rival in the 2001
election for Governor of DKI Jakarta and was the political party that first nominated him
as a candidate for President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2024, this also confirms that
the accusations and stigma of Identity politics against Anies Baswedan are accusations
which cannot be proven.

6 CONCLUSION

The victory of the pair Anies Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno is often associated with
Identity Politics, so that during his five years as Governor, Anies' policies which were far
from identity politics were unable to reduce the negative campaign that was labeled ahead
of the 2017 Pilkada, even several previous studies also concluded this, as a result Identity
politics is stigmatized as a very frightening scourge of democracy. The irony is that this
negative stigma only applies to Anies Baswedan and does not apply to other parties or
other groups. The negative stigma of identity politics in the 2017 DKI Regional Election
was then drawn into a national context because Anies Baswedan is currently a presidential
candidate supported by the Change Coalition spearheaded by the Nasdem Party.So, if this
is still being drawn into the narrative content of the upcoming 2024 presidential election
campaign, it could disrupt the election contestation which is expected to bring change to
the nation in a better direction, becoming a contestation arena for the spread of hoaxes,

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

slander and conflict between supporters which has the potential to harm the practice of
democracy in our homeland.

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 Solehudin, R., H., Corliana, T., Murod, M., Puteh, A., C., A., Ridwan, W., & Budiarti, E.
(2024). NARRATIVE OF IDENTITY POLITICS IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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