C H A P T E R 8

Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule,

and Improper Integrals

Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules ......................................................................105

Section 8.2 Integration by Parts.............................................................................118

Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals......................................................................142

Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution ................................................................156

Section 8.5 Partial Fractions ..................................................................................178

Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques .................194

Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule ......................................205

Section 8.8 Improper Integrals ..............................................................................221

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................236

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................249

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

C H A P T E R 8
Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals
Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules
d ⎡ ⎛1⎞ 2x
x 2 + 1 + C ⎤ = 2⎜ ⎟( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
1. (a) 2
dx ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠ x2 + 1
d ⎡ 2 1 x
x + 1 + C ⎤ = ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
(b)
dx ⎣ ⎦ 2 x +1
2

d ⎡1 ⎤ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ x
x 2 + 1 + C ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
(c)
dx ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 2
⎝ ⎠ 2 x2 + 1
d ⎡ 2 x
(d) ln ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎤⎦ = 2
dx ⎣ x +1
x
∫ x 2 + 1 dx matches (b).
d ⎡ 1 ⎛ 2x ⎞ x
2. (a) ln x2 + 1 + C⎤ = ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2
dx ⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎝ x + 1⎠ x +1

⎥ = (
⎡ ⎤ x 2 + 1) ( 2) − ( 2 x)( 2)( x 2 + 1)( 2 x) 2(1 − 3x 2 )
2
d ⎢ 2x
(b) + C =
dx ⎢ ( x 2 + 1) 2 ⎥
( x 2 + 1)
4
( x 2 + 1)
3
⎣ ⎦
d 1
(c) [arctan x + C] =
dx 1 + x2
d ⎡ 2x
(d) ln ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎤⎦ = 2
dx ⎣ x +1
x
∫ x 2 + 1 dx matches (a).
d ⎡ 1 ⎛ 2x ⎞ x
3. (a) ln x2 + 1 + C⎤ = ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2
dx ⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎝ x + 1⎠ x +1

⎥ = (
⎡ ⎤ x 2 + 1) ( 2) − ( 2 x)( 2)( x 2 + 1)( 2 x) 2(1 − 3 x 2 )
2
d ⎢ 2x
(b) + C =
dx ⎢ ( x 2 + 1) 2 ⎥
( x 2 + 1)
4
( x 2 + 1)
3
⎣ ⎦
d 1
(c) [arctan x + C] =
dx 1 + x2
d ⎡ 2x
(d) ln ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎤⎦ = 2
dx ⎣ x +1
1
∫ x 2 + 1 dx matches (c).
d ⎡
4. (a) 2 x sin ( x 2 + 1) + C )⎤⎦ = 2 x ⎡⎣cos( x 2 + 1)( 2 x)⎤⎦ + 2 sin ( x 2 + 1) = 2 ⎡⎣2 x 2 cos( x 2 + 1) + sin ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦
dx ⎣
d ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
(b) − sin ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎥ = − cos( x 2 + 1)( 2 x) = − x cos( x 2 + 1)
dx ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
d ⎡1 ⎤ 1
(c) sin ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎥ = cos( x 2 + 1)( 2 x) = x cos( x 2 + 1)
dx ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
d ⎡
(d) −2 x sin ( x 2 + 1) + C ⎤⎦ = −2 x ⎡⎣cos( x 2 + 1)( 2 x)⎤⎦ − 2 sin ( x 2 + 1) = −2⎡⎣2 x 2 cos( x 2 + 1) + sin ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦
dx ⎣

∫ x cos( x + 1) dx matches (c).

2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning 105

106 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

∫ (5 x − 3) ∫ (cos x)e
4 sin x
5. dx 13. dx

u = 5 x − 3, du = 5 dx, n = 4 u = sin x, du = cos x dx

∫e
u
Use du.
∫u
n
Use du.

1
6. ∫ t2
2t + 1
dt
14. ∫x x2 − 4
dx
+t − 4
u = x, du = dx, a = 2
u = t 2 + t − 4, du = ( 2t + 1) dt
du
du Use ∫u .
Use ∫ u
. u 2 − a2

15. Let u = x − 5, du = dx.

1
7. ∫ dx
∫ 14( x − 5)
6
dx = 14 ∫ ( x − 5) dx = 2( x − 5) + C
6 7
(
x1− 2 x )
1 16. Let u = t − 8, du = dt.
u =1− 2 x , du = − dx
x 9 9
dt = 9 ∫ (t − 8)
−2

du
∫ (t − 8)
2
dt = −
t −8
+C
Use ∫ u
.
17. Let u = z − 10, du = dz.
2 7 7
8. ∫ (2t − 1) + 4
2
dt
∫ ( z − 10)7 dz = 7 ∫ ( z − 10)
−7
dz = − +C
6( z − 10)
6

u = 2t − 1, du = 2 dt , a = 2
18. Let u = t 3 − 1, du = 3t 2 dt.
du
Use ∫ 2 . 1 3
(t − 1) (3t 2 ) dt
13
∫t ∫
2 3
u + a2 t 3 − 1 dt =
3

1 (t − 1)
43
3 3
9. ∫ 1 − t2
dt = +C
3 43
u = t , du = dt , a = 1
(t 3 − 1)
43

du = +C
Use ∫ a2 − u 2
. 4

⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
∫ v dv + 3 ∫ (3v − 1) (3) dv
−3
−2 x 19. ∫ ⎢⎢v + (3v − 1)3 ⎥⎥ dv =
10. ∫ x2 − 4
dx ⎣ ⎦
1 2 1
1 = v − +C
6(3v − 1)
2
u = x − 4, du = 2 x dx, n = −
2 2
2

∫u ⎡ ⎤
n
Use du. 5
∫ x dx − 5∫ (3x + 5)
−2
20. ∫ ⎢⎢x − (3x + 5)2 ⎥⎥ dx = dx
⎣ ⎦
∫ t sin t
2
11. dt
5
∫ x dx − 3 ∫ (3x + 5) (3) dx
−2
=
u = t , du = 2t dt
2

x2 5
= + +C
Use ∫ sin u du. 2 3(3 x + 5)

12. ∫ sec 5 x tan 5 x dx 21. Let u = −t 3 + 9t + 1,

u = 5 x, du = 5 dx du = ( −3t 2 + 9) dt = −3(t 2 − 3) dt.

Use ∫ sec u tan u du. 1 −3(t − 3)

2
t2 − 3
∫ −t 3 + 9t + 1
dt = − ∫ 3
3 −t + 9t + 1
dt

1
= − ln −t 3 + 9t + 1 + C
3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 107

22. Let u = x 2 + 2 x − 4, du = 2( x + 1) dx. 31. Let u = π x, du = π dx.

x +1 1
1
∫ csc π x cot π x dx (csc π x)(cot π x) π dx
( x 2 + 2 x − 4) ( 2)( x + 1) dx π∫
−1 2
=
∫ x + 2x − 4
2
dx =
2 ∫
1
= x2 + 2x − 4 + C = − csc π x + C
π
x2 1 32. Let u = cos x, du = −sin x dx.
23. ∫ x − 1 dx = ∫ ( x + 1) dx + ∫ x − 1 dx
sin x
dx = − ∫ (cos x) ( −sin x) dx
−1 2
=
1 2
x + x + ln x − 1 + C ∫ cos x
2
= −2 cos x + C
4x ⎛ 32 ⎞
24. ∫ x −8
dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ 4 + x − 8 ⎟⎠ dx 1 11x 1 11x
∫e e (11) dx =
11 ∫
33. 11x
dx = e +C
= 4 x + 32 ln x − 8 + C 11

25. Let u = 1 + e x , du = e x dx. 34. Let u = cot x, du = −csc 2 x dx.

ex ∫ csc
2
xecot x dx = − ∫ ecot x ( −csc2 x) dx = −ecot x + C
∫ 1 + e x dx = ln(1 + e ) + C
x

35. Let u = 1 + e x , du = e x dx.

⎡ 1 1 ⎤
26. ∫ ⎢ − dx ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ e x ⎞
− + 2 ⎥⎦ 2
⎣ 7 x 2 7 x
∫ e− x + 1 dx = 2 ∫ ⎜⎝ e− x + 1 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ e x ⎟⎠ dx
1 1 1 1
= ∫ (7) dx − ∫ (7) dx ex
7 7x − 2 7 7x + 2 = 2∫ dx = 2 ln (1 + e x ) + C
1 1 1 + ex
= ln 7 x − 2 − ln 7 x + 2 + C
7 7
7x − 2 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ e − x ⎞
1
= ln +C 36. ∫ 3e x − 2
dx = 5∫ ⎜ x ⎟⎜ − x ⎟ dx
⎝ 3e − 2 ⎠⎝ e ⎠
7 7x + 2
e− x
= 5∫ dx
∫ (5 + 4 x ) ∫ (25 + 40 x ) dx
2
27. 2
dx = 2
+ 16 x 4 3 − 2e − x
5 1
= 25 x +
40 3 16 5
x + x +C
= ∫
2 3 − 2e − x
(2e− x ) dx
3 5
5
x = ln 3 − 2e − x + C
=
15
(48x5 + 200 x3 + 375) + C 2

ln x 2 1
⎛ 1⎞
3
⎛ 3 3 1⎞ 37. ∫ dx = 2∫ (ln x) dx
28. ∫ x⎜1 + ⎟ = ∫ x⎜⎝1 + x + x 2 + x3 ⎟⎠ dx x x
⎝ x⎠
= 2
(ln x)2 + C = (ln x) + C
2
⎛ 3 1⎞
= ∫ ⎜ x + 3 + + 2 ⎟ dx 2
⎝ x x ⎠
1 1 −sin x
= x 2 + 3 x + 3 ln x − + C 38. Let u = ln (cos x), du = dx = − tan x dx.
2 x cos x

29. Let u = 2π x 2 , du = 4π x dx. ∫ ( tan x)(ln cos x) dx = − ∫ (ln cos x)( − tan x) dx

−⎡⎣ln (cos x)⎤⎦

2
1
∫ x(cos 2π x ) dx = 4π ∫
(cos 2π x 2 )(4π x) dx
2
= +C
2
1
= sin 2π x 2 + C
4π

1
∫ sec 4 x dx sec( 4 x)( 4) dx
4∫
30. =

1
= ln sec 4 x + tan 4 x + C
4

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

108 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 43. Let u = 4t + 1, du = 4 dt.

39. ∫ cos x
dx = ∫
cos x
⋅
1 − sin x
dx
−1 1 4
1 − sin 2 x ∫ dt = −
4∫
dt
1 − ( 4t + 1) 1 − ( 4t + 1)
2 2
= ∫ dx
cos x(1 − sin x)
1
cos 2 x = − arcsin ( 4t + 1) + C
= ∫ cos x(1 − sin x) dx 4

−cos x 44. Let u = 5 x, du = 5 dx, a = 3.

= −∫ dx
1 − sin x
1 1 5 dx
= −ln (1 − sin x) + C , (u = 1 − sin x) ∫ 9 + 5 x 2 dx = ∫
( )
2
5 3 +
2
5x
Alternate Solution:
1 1 ⎛ 5x ⎞
1 + sin x = arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C
∫ cos x dx = ∫ (sec x + tan x) dx 53 ⎝ 3 ⎠
= ln sec x + tan x + ln sec x + C 5 ⎛ 5x ⎞
= arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C
15 ⎝ 3 ⎠
= ln sec x(sec x + tan x) + C

⎛ 2⎞ 2 sin ( 2 t )
1 + cos α 45. Let u = cos⎜ ⎟, du = dt.
40. ∫ sin α
dα = ∫ csc α dα + ∫ cot α dα ⎝t⎠ t2

= −ln csc α + cot α + ln sin α + C tan ( 2 t ) 1 1 ⎡ 2 sin ( 2 t ) ⎤

∫ t2
dt =
2 ∫ cos( 2 t ) ⎣
⎢
t2
⎥ dt
⎦
1 1 cos θ + 1 cos θ + 1
41. = ⋅ = 1 ⎛ 2⎞
cos θ − 1 cos θ − 1 cos θ + 1 cos 2 θ − 1 = ln cos⎜ ⎟ + C
2 ⎝t⎠
cos θ + 1
= = −csc θ ⋅ cot θ − csc 2 θ
−sin 2 θ 1 −1
46. Let u = , du = 2 dt.
1 t t
∫ cos θ − 1 dθ = ∫ (−csc θ cot θ − csc θ ) dθ
2

e1 t 1 t ⎛ −1 ⎞
∫ t 2 dt = −∫ e ⎜⎝ t 2 ⎟⎠ dt = −e + C
1t
= csc θ + cot θ + C
1 cos θ
= + +C
sin θ sin θ 47. Note: 10 x − x 2 = 25 − ( 25 − 10 x + x 2 )
1 + cos θ = 25 − (5 − x)
2
= +C
sin θ
6 1
∫ dx = 6 ∫ dx
10 x − x 2 25 − (5 − x)
2
2 2 1 ⎛ sec x + 1 ⎞
42. ∫ dx = ∫ ⋅⎜ ⎟ dx
3(sec x − 1) 3 sec x − 1 ⎝ sec x + 1 ⎠ −1
= 6∫ dx
2 sec x + 1 5 − (5 − x )
2 2
= ∫ dx
3 tan 2 x
2 sec x 2 = −6 arcsin
(5 − x )
+ C
3 ∫ tan 2 x
= dx + ∫ cot 2 x dx 5
3
⎛ x − 5⎞
2 cos x 2 = 6 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ +C
dx + ∫ (csc 2 x − 1) dx
3 ∫ sin 2 x
= ⎝ 5 ⎠
3
2⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 2
= ⎜− ⎟ − cot x − x + C
3 ⎝ sin x ⎠ 3 3
2
= − (csc x + cot x + x) + C
3

1 2
48. ∫ ( x − 1) dx = ∫ dx = arcsec 2( x − 1) + C
4x − 8x + 3
2
⎡⎣2( x − 1)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣2( x − 1)⎤⎦ − 1
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 109

4 1 ds t ⎛ 1⎞
49. ∫ 4x2 + 4 x + 65
dx = ∫ ⎡x + (1 2)⎤ 2 dx 53. = , ⎜ 0, − ⎟
⎣ ⎦ + 16 dt 1 − t4 ⎝ 2⎠

⎡ x + (1 2) ⎤ (a) s
1
= arctan ⎢ ⎥ +C 1
4 ⎣ 4 ⎦
1 ⎛ 2 x + 1⎞
= arctan ⎜ ⎟+C
4 ⎝ 8 ⎠ −1 1
t

1 1
50. ∫ x2 − 4x + 9
dx = ∫ x2− 4x + 4 + 5
dx
−1

1
= ∫ dx (b) u = t 2 , du = 2t dt
( )
2
( x − 2) + 5
2

t 1 2t
1 ⎛ x − 2⎞ ∫ dt =
2∫
dt
1 − t4 1 − (t 2 )
2
= arctan ⎜ ⎟ +C
5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
1
5 ⎛ 5 ⎞ =
arcsin t 2 + C
= arctan ⎜⎜ ( x − 2) ⎟⎟ + C 2
5 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1
⎜ 0, − ⎟: − = arcsin 0 + C ⇒ C = −
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2
1 1
51. ∫ 1 − 4x − x 2
dx = ∫ 5 − ( x + 4 x + 4)
2
dx 1
s = arcsin t 2 −
1
2 2
1
= ∫
0.8
dx
5 − ( x + 2)
2

− 1.2
⎛ x + 2⎞
( )
1.2

= arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + C, a = 5
⎝ 5 ⎠
− 0.8

12 12
52. ∫ 3 − 8x − x2
dx = ∫
19 − (16 + 8 x + x 2 )
dx
dy
54. = tan 2 ( 2 x), (0, 0)
1 dx
= 12∫ dx
19 − ( x + 4)
2
(a) y

1
⎛ x + 4⎞
= 12 arcsin ⎜ ⎟+C
⎝ 19 ⎠
x
−0.6 0.6

−1

∫ tan (2 x) dx = ∫ (sec (2 x) − 1) dx
2 2
(b)
1
= tan ( 2 x) − x + C
2
(0, 0): 0 = C
1
y = tan ( 2 x) − x
2
1.2

− 1.2 1.2

− 1.2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

110 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

dy 57. 9
55. (a) = (sec x + tan x), (0, 1)
dx
y

8
−5 3
−1

x y = 4e0.8 x
−8 8

58. (0, 1) 5
−8

∫ (sec x + tan x) dx
2
(b) y =
−2 2

= ∫ (sec x + 2 sec x tan x + tan x) dx

2 2
−2

= ∫ (sec x + 2 sec x tan x + (sec x − 1)) dx

2 2
y = 5 − 4e − x
= ∫ (2 sec x + 2 sec x tan x − 1) dx
2
dy
= (e x + 5) = e 2 x + 10e x + 25
2
59.
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x − x + C dx
(0, 1): 1 y = ∫ (e + 10e x + 25) dx
2x
= 0 + 2 − 0 + C ⇒ C = −1
y = 2 tan x + 2 sec x − x − 1 1 2x
= e + 10e x + 25 x + C
9 2

dy
= (3 − e x ) = 9 − 6e x + e 2 x
2
−9 9 60.
dx
y = ∫ (9 − 6e + e 2 x ) dx
x
−9

1 2x
= 9 x − 6e x + e + C
2
dy 1 ⎛ 1⎞
56. (a) = , ⎜ 2, ⎟
dx 4x − x 2 ⎝ 2⎠ dr 10et
61. =
y
dt 1 − e 2t
2
10et
r = ∫1 − dt
(et )
1 2

= 10 arcsin (et ) + C
x
4

−1

(1 + et )
−2 2
dr
62. =
1 dt et
(b) y = ∫ 4 x − x2
dx
(1 + et )
2
1 + 2e t + e 2 t
= ∫
1
dx
r = ∫ e t
dt = ∫ et
dt
4 − ( x 2 − 4 x + 4)
∫ (e + 2 + et ) dt = −e −t + 2t + et + C
−t
=
1 ⎛ x − 2⎞
= ∫ dx = arcsin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟+C
4 − ( x − 2) sec 2 x
2
dy
63. =
dx 4 + tan 2 x
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1
⎜ 2, ⎟ : = arcsin (0) + C ⇒ C = Let u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx.
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎛ x − 2⎞ 1 sec 2 x 1 ⎛ tan x ⎞
y = arcsin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎟ + y = ∫ 4 + tan 2 x dx =
2
arctan ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ +C

0 4

−2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 111

dy 1 ⎡
7
64. = 7 1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
dx 72. ∫0 dx = ⎢arcsin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = arcsin (7 10)
x 4x2 − 1 100 − x 2
⎣ ⎝ 10 ⎠⎦ 0
Let u = 2 x, du = 2 dx.
3 2
∫ 0 (−4 x + 6) dx
32
1 2 73. A =
y = ∫x dx = ∫ dx
4x2 − 1 ( 2 x)
2
2x −1 3 2
= − 14 ∫
0
(6 − 4 x)
32
(−4) dx
= arcsec 2 x + C
32
= − 14 ⎡ 52 (6 − 4 x) ⎤
52
⎣ ⎦0
65. Let u = 2 x, du = 2 dx.
π 4
(
1 0 − 65 2
= − 10 )
1 π 4 cos 2 x( 2) dx
∫0 cos 2 x dx = 2 0∫ = 18
6 ≈ 8.8182
5
π 4
= ⎡⎣ 12 sin 2 x⎤⎦ = 1
2
0 2
74. A = ∫0 x 8 − 2 x 2 dx
66. Let u = sin t , du = cos t dt.
1 2
(8 − 2 x 2 ) ( −4 x) dx
12
π π
= −
4 ∫ 0
∫ 0 sin t cos t dt = ⎡⎣ 13 sin 3 t ⎤⎦ = 0
2
0 2
⎡ 1 3 2⎤
= ⎢− (8 − 2 x 2 ) ⎥
67. Let u = − x 2 , du = −2 x dx. ⎣ 6 ⎦0
1 32
1 1 1 = 0+ (8)
− x2
(−2 x) dx = ⎡⎣⎢− 12 e− x ⎤⎦⎥
2 2
∫ 0 xe dx = ∫
− 12 e − x
0 0
6
8 2
= 1
2 (1 − e−1 ) ≈ 0.316 =
3
≈ 3.7712

−1 3x + 2
5
68. Let u = 1 − ln x, du =
x
dx. 75. A = ∫0
x2 + 9
dx

e1 − ln x ⎛ −1 ⎞ 5 3x 5 2
e
dx = − ∫ (1 − ln x)⎜ ⎟ dx = ∫ 2 dx + ∫0 dx
∫1 x 1
⎝ x⎠
0 x + 9 x2 + 9
5
⎡ 1 2⎤ 1
e ⎡3 2 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= ⎢− (1 − ln x) ⎥ = = ⎢ ln x 2 + 9 + arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦1 2 ⎣ 2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 0
3 2 ⎛5⎞ 3
= ln (34) + arctan ⎜ ⎟ − ln 9
69. Let u = x 2 + 36, du = 2 x dx. 2 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 2
2x 3 ⎛ 34 ⎞ 2 ⎛5⎞
∫ 0 (x + 36)
8 8 −1 2
∫0 dx = 2
( 2 x) dx = ln ⎜ ⎟ + arctan ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝9⎠ 3
x + 36
2 ⎝ 3⎠
8 ≈ 2.6806
= 2 ⎡( x 2 + 36) ⎤ = 8
12
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
4 5
76. A = ∫ − 4 x2
+1
dx
2 x − 2 2⎛ 2⎞
70. ∫1 x
dx = ∫ 1 ⎜⎝1 − ⎟ dx
x⎠
4
= 2(5) ∫ 2
1
dx
0 x + 1
= [ x − 2 ln x]1 = 1 − ln 4 ≈ −0.386
2
= 10[arctan x]0
4

71. Let u = 3 x, du = 3 dx. = 10 arctan 4 ≈ 13.2582

2 3 1 1 2 3 3
∫0 4 + 9x 2
dx = ∫
3 0 4 + (3 x )
2
dx

2 3
⎡1 ⎛ 3x ⎞⎤
= ⎢ arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 6 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 0
π
= ≈ 0.175
18

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112 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

77. y 2 = x 2 (1 − x 2 ) π 2 π 2
sin 2 x dx = − 12 [cos 2 x]0 = − 12 (−1 − 1) = 1
78. A = ∫0
y = ± x 2 (1 − x 2 )
1 1 ⎛ x + 2⎞
1
A = 4 ∫ x 1 − x 2 dx
79. ∫ x2 + 4 x + 13
dx = arctan ⎜
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎟ +C
0

The antiderivatives are vertical translations of each other.

= −2∫ (1 − x 2 )
1 12
0
(−2 x) dx 1

4 32 1
= − ⎡(1 − x) ⎤ C=0
3 ⎣ ⎦0 −7 5

4 4
= − (0 − 1) = C = −0.2
3 3
−1

x − 2 1 4 ⎛ x + 2⎞
80. ∫ x2 dx = ln ( x 2 + 4 x + 13) − arctan ⎜ ⎟+ C
+ 4 x + 13 2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
The antiderivatives are vertical translations of each other.
6

− 10 10

−6

1 ⎛ −2 ⎞
81. ∫ 1 + sin θ dθ = tan θ − sec θ + C ⎜⎜ or ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 + tan (θ 2) ⎠
The antiderivatives are vertical translations of each other.
6

C=2
␲ 7␲
−
2 2
C=0

−6

3
⎛ e x + e− x ⎞ 1 3x
∫ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ dx = 24 ⎡⎣e + 9e − 9e − e ⎤⎦ + C
x −x −3 x
82.

The antiderivatives are vertical translations of each other.

5

−5 5

−5

u n +1
∫u du = + C, n ≠ −1
n
83. Power Rule:
n +1
u = x 2 + 1, n = 3

84. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C

du
85. Log Rule: ∫ u
= ln u + C , u = x2 + 1

du 1 ⎛u⎞
86. Arctan Rule: ∫ a2 + u2
= arctan ⎜ ⎟ + C
a ⎝a⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 113

87. sin x + cos x = a sin ( x + b) 90. (a) They are equivalent because
sin x + cos x = a sin x cos b + a cos x sin b e x + C1 = e x ⋅ eC1 = Ce x , C = eC1 .
sin x + cos x = ( a cos b) sin x + ( a sin b) cos x (b) They differ by a constant.
Equate coefficients of like terms to obtain the following. sec2 x + C1 = ( tan 2 x + 1) + C1 = tan 2 x + C
1 = a cos b and 1 = a sin b
1 3
So, a = 1 cos b. Now, substitute for a in 1 = a sin b. 91. f ( x) =
5
( x − 7 x 2 + 10 x)
⎛ 1 ⎞
1= ⎜ ⎟ sin b 5
⎝ cos b ⎠ ∫ 0 f ( x) dx < 0 because more area is below the x-axis
π than above.
1 = tan b ⇒ b =
4 5

π 1
Because b = ,a = = 2. So,
4 cos(π 4) 0 5

⎛ π⎞
sin x + cos x = 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟.
⎝ 4⎠ −5

dx dx
∫ sin x + cos x = ∫ 2 sin( x + (π 4)) 92. No. When u = x 2 , it does not follow that x = u
because x is negative on [−1, 0).
1 ⎛ π⎞
2∫ ⎝
= csc⎜ x + ⎟ dx
4⎠
2 4x
=−
1 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
ln csc⎜ x + ⎟ + cot⎜ x + ⎟ + C
93. ∫0 x +1
2
dx ≈ 3
2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
Matches (a).
y
sin x cos x sin x(1 + sin x) + cos 2 x
88. + =
cos x 1 + sin x cos x(1 + sin x) 3

sin x + sin x + cos x

2 2 2
=
cos x(1 + sin x) 1

sin x + 1
=
cos x(1 + sin x)
x
1 2 3

1
= = sec x 2 4
cos x 94. ∫0 x2 + 1
dx ≈ 4
So,
Matches (d).
⎡ sin x cos x ⎤
∫ sec x dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ cos x + 1 + sin x ⎥⎦ dx
y

= −ln cos x + ln 1 + sin x + C 3

1 + sin x
= ln +C 2

cos x 1

= ln sec x + tan x + C x
1 2 3 4

1a
⎡1 a ⎤ 1
∫ 0 ( x − ax ) dx
1a
89. 2
= ⎢ x 2 − x3 ⎥ =
⎣2 3 ⎦0 6a 2
1 2 1
Let = , 12a 2 = 3, a = .
6a 2 3 2
y

2 ( a1 , a1)
y=x

1
y = ax 2

x
1 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

114 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

95. (a) y = 2π x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 1
(c) x = , 0 ≤ y ≤ 4
y 2
4 ⎛1⎞
25 2π ∫ y ⎜ ⎟ dy
20
0
⎝ 2⎠
y
15

10 4

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x=1
2

(b) y = 2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
y
x
y = 2x −2 2
3

1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2 −4
−3

(c) y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 97. (a) Shell Method:

y Let u = − x 2 , du = −2 x dx.
3 1 2
V = 2π ∫ xe − x dx
2 0
1
= −π ∫ e − x ( −2 x) dx
2
y=x 0
x
1
= ⎡⎢−π e − x ⎤⎥
−2 2 2
−1
⎣ ⎦0
= π (1 − e −1 ) ≈ 1.986
96. (a) x = π y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4
y
1
y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
π 1
y

1
8 2

4 x
2
1 1
2

x
π 2π 3π 4π
−2 (b) Shell Method:
−4
b 2
V = 2π ∫ xe − x dx
0
(b) x = y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 b
= ⎡⎢−π e − x ⎤⎥
2
y = x , 2
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⎣ ⎦0

4
y
(
= π 1 − e−b
2
) = 43
2 3π − 4
e −b =
3π
y = x2 ⎛ 3π ⎞
b = ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.743
⎝ 3π − 4 ⎠

x
−2 −1 1 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 115

98. y
101. y = 2 x
y = sin(x 2)
1
y′ =
x
( π 2
,
2 2 (
1 x +1
1 + ( y′) = 1 +
0.5 2
=
x x
x
9 x +1
S = 2π ∫ 2
0.5 1

y = cos(x 2)
x dx
0 x
9
Shell Method: = 2π ∫ 2 x + 1 dx
0

(
x cos( x 2 ) − sin ( x 2 ) dx )
π 2 9
V = 2π ∫ ⎡ ⎛ 2⎞ 3 2⎤ 8π
0 = ⎢4π ⎜ ⎟( x + 1) ⎥ =
⎣ ⎝ ⎠3 ⎦0 3
10 10 − 1 ≈ 256.545 ( )
π
= π ⎡⎣sin ( x 2 ) + cos( x 2 )⎤⎦ 2 y
0

⎡⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎤ 12

= π ⎢⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ − (0 + 1)⎥
⎣⎢⎝ 2 2 ⎠
9
⎥⎦

( )
6
= π 2 −1
3

x
99. y = f ( x) = ln(sin x) 3 6 9 12

cos x
f ′( x) = 4
sin x 4 5 ⎡ x⎤ 4
102. A = ∫0 25 − x 2
dx = ⎢5 arcsin ⎥ = 5 arcsin
⎣ 5 ⎦0 5
π 2 cos 2 x π 2 sin 2 x + cos 2 x
s= ∫π 4 1+
sin 2 x
dx = ∫π 4 sin 2 x
dx
1 4 ⎛ ⎞5
A∫0 ⎝
x = x⎜ ⎟ dx
π 2 1 π 2 25 − x ⎠ 2
= ∫ π 4 sin x dx = ∫ π 4 csc x dx 1 ⎛ 5⎞ 4
⎜ − ⎟ ∫ 0 ( 25 − x ) (−2 x) dx
−1 2
= 2
π 2 5 arcsin ( 4 5) ⎝ 2 ⎠
= ⎡⎣−ln csc x + cot x ⎤⎦π 4
1 12 4

(
= −ln(1) + ln ) 2 +1 = (−5)⎡⎢⎣(25 − x 2 ) ⎤⎥⎦
5 arcsin ( 4 5) 0

= ln( 2 + 1) ≈ 0.8814 1 2
= − [3 − 5] = ≈ 2.157
arcsin ( 4 5) arcsin ( 4 5)
100. y = ln (cos x), 0 ≤ x ≤ π 3 y

−sin x 4
y′ = = − tan x
cos x 3

1 + ( y′) = 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x

2 2 (2.157, y )

1
π 3 π 3
1 + ( y′) dx =
2
s = ∫0 ∫0 sec x dx
1 2 3 4
x

π 3
= ⎡⎣ln sec x + tan x ⎤⎦ 0
1 b
f ( x) dx
(
= ln 2 + )
3 − ln (1) = ln 2 + ( )
3 ≈ 1.317 103. Average value =
b − a ∫ a

1 3 1
3 − ( −3) ∫ − 3 1 + x 2
= dx

1 3
= ⎡arctan ( x)⎤⎦ −3
6⎣
1
= ⎡⎣arctan (3) − arctan ( −3)⎤⎦
6
1
= arctan (3) ≈ 0.4163
3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

116 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 b 106. y = x2 3
104. Average value = ∫ f ( x) dx
b−a a
2
1 π n y′ =
= ∫ sin ( nx) dx 3x1 3
(π n) − 0 0
4
1 + ( y′) = 1 +
2
π n
n ⎡ −1 ⎤ 9x2 3
= ⎢ cos( nx)⎥
π⎣n ⎦0 8 4
1 2
s = ∫1 1+
9x2 3
dx ≈ 7.6337
= − ⎡⎣cos(π ) − cos(0)⎤⎦ =
π π

105. y = tan (π x)
y′ = π sec 2 (π x)

1 + ( y′) = 1 + π 2 sec 4 (π x)
2

14
s = ∫0 1 + π 2 sec 4 (π x) dx ≈ 1.0320

sin 3 x 1
∫ cos x dx = ∫ (1 − sin x) cos x dx = sin x − + C = sin x(cos 2 x + 2) + C
3 2
107. (a)
3 3

∫ (1 − sin x) ∫ (1 − 2 sin x + sin 4 x) cos x dx

2
∫ cos x dx = cos x dx =
5 2 2
(b)
2 sin 5 x 1
= sin x − sin 3 x + + C = sin x(3 cos 4 x + 4 cos 2 x + 8) + C
3 5 15

∫ (1 − sin x) cos x dx
3
∫ cos x dx =
7 2
(c)

= ∫ (1 − 3 sin x + 3 sin x − sin x) cos x dx

2 4 6

3 1
= sin x − sin 3 x + sin 5 x − sin 7 x + C
5 7
1
= sin x(5 cos 6 x + 6 cos 4 x + 8 cos 2 x + 16) + C
35

∫ (1 − sin x)
7
∫ cos x dx =
15 2
(d) cos x dx

You would expand (1 − sin 2 x) .

7

∫ tan x dx = ∫ (sec x − 1) tan x dx

3 2
108. (a)

= ∫ sec x tan x dx − ∫ tan x dx

2

tan 2 x
− ∫ tan x dx
=
2
tan 2 x
∫ tan x dx = 2 + ln cos x + C
3

∫ tan x dx = ∫ (sec x − 1) tan 3 x dx

5 2
(b)
tan 4 x
= − ∫ tan
3
x dx
4

∫ tan ∫ (sec x − 1) tan 2 k −1 x dx

2k +1
(c) x dx = 2

tan 2 k x
∫ tan
2 k −1
= − x dx
2k
(d) You would use these formulas recursively.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.1 Basic Integration Rules 117

109. Let f ( x ) =
1
2
x ( x 2 + 1 + ln x + x2 + 1 ) + C.
1⎛ 1 2 1 ⎛ 1 2 ⎞⎞
⎜ x ( x + 1) ( 2 x) + ⎜1 + ( x + 1) ( 2 x) ⎟ ⎟
−1 2 −1 2
f ′( x) = x2 + 1 +
2⎝ 2 x + x2 + 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
1⎛ x2 1 ⎛ x ⎞⎞
= ⎜ + x2 + 1 + ⎜1 + ⎟⎟
2 ⎜⎝ x +12
x + x + 1⎝
2
x + 1 ⎠ ⎟⎠
2

1 ⎛ x + ( x + 1) ⎛ x2 + 1 + x ⎞⎞
2 2
1
= ⎜ + ⎜ ⎟⎟
2⎜
⎝ x2 + 1 x + x 2 + 1 ⎝⎜ x 2 + 1 ⎠⎟ ⎠⎟

1 ⎛ 2( x + 1) ⎞
2
1 ⎛ 2 x2 + 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ + ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = x2 + 1
2 ⎝ x2 + 1 x2 + 1 ⎠ 2 ⎜ x2 + 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

So, ∫ x 2 + 1 dx =
1
2 (
x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x2 + 1 ) + C.
Let g ( x) =
1
2
(
x x 2 + 1 + arcsinh ( x) . )
1⎛ 1 2 1 ⎞
⎜ x ( x + 1) ( 2 x) +
−1 2
g ′( x) = x2 + 1 + ⎟
2⎝ 2 x2 + 1 ⎠
1⎛ x2 1⎞
= ⎜ + x2 + 1 + ⎟
2⎝ x +12
x + 1⎠
2

1 ⎛ x + ( x + 1) + 1 ⎞
2 2
= ⎜ ⎟
2⎜ x2 + 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ 2( x + 1) ⎞
2
= ⎜ ⎟ = x2 + 1
2 ⎜ x2 + 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

So, ∫ x 2 + 1 dx =
1
2
(
x x 2 + 1 + arcsinh ( x) + C. )
4 ln (9 − x)
110. Let I = ∫2 ln (9 − x) + ln ( x + 3)
dx.

I is defined and continuous on [2, 4]. Note the symmetry: as x goes from 2 to 4, 9 − x goes from 7 to 5 and x + 3 goes from
5 to 7. So, let y = 6 − x, dy = − dx.

2 ln (3 + y ) 4 ln (3 + y )
I = ∫4 (−dy ) = ∫2 dy
ln (3 + y ) + ln (9 − y ) ln (3 + y ) + ln (9 − y )

Adding:
4 ln (9 − x) 4 ln (3 + x) 4
2I = ∫2 ln (9 − x) + ln ( x + 3)
dx + ∫2 ln (3 + x) + ln (9 − x)
dx = ∫ 2 dx = 2 ⇒ I =1

You can easily check this result numerically.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

118 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

Section 8.2 Integration by Parts

∫ xe 1
2x
1. dx 9. dv = sin 3 x dx ⇒ v = ∫ sin 3x dx = − cos 3 x
3
u = x, dv = e 2 x dx
u = x ⇒ du = dx

2. ∫x e
2 2x
dx ∫ x sin 3x dx = uv − ∫ v du
u = x 2 , dv = e 2 x dx ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= x⎜ − cos 3 x ⎟ − ∫ − cos 3 x dx
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
∫ (ln x)
2
3. dx x 1
= − cos 3 x + sin 3 x + C
3 9
u = (ln x) , dv = dx
2

1
4. ∫ ln 4 x dx
10. dv = cos 4 x dx ⇒ v = ∫ cos 4 x dx =
4
sin 4 x

u = ln 4 x, dv = dx u = x ⇒ du = dx

∫ x cos 4 x dx = uv − ∫ v du
∫ x sec
2
5. x dx
⎛1 ⎞ 1
= x⎜ sin 4 x ⎟ − ∫ sin 4 x dx
u = x, dv = sec 2 x dx ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
x 1
= sin 4 x + cos 4 x + C
∫x
2
6. cos x dx
4 16
u = x 2 , dv = cos x dx
1 −4 x
11. dv = e −4 x dx ⇒ v = ∫e
−4 x
dx = − e
4
x 4
7. dv = x3 dx ⇒ v = ∫x dx =
3
4 u = x ⇒ du = dx
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
u = ln x ⇒ du = dx ∫ xe dx = x⎜ − e −4 x ⎟ − ∫ − e −4 x dx
−4 x
x ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4

∫x ln x dx = uv − ∫ v du x −4 x 1 −4 x
3
= − e − e +C
4 16
x4 x4 1
= (ln x) − ∫ dx 1
4 4 x = − (1 + 4 x) + C
16 e 4 x
x4 1 3
4∫
= ln x − x dx
4 12. dv = e − x dx ⇒ v = ∫e
−x
dx = −e − x
x4 1 4
= ln x − x +C u = 4x ⇒ du = 4 dx
4 16
4x
=
1 4
x ( 4 ln x − 1) + C ∫ ex dx = ∫ 4 xe
−x
dx = 4 x( −e − x ) − ∫ (−e )4 dx
−x

16
= −4 xe − x − 4e − x + C
8. dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫ e dx = e
x x
= −4e − x ( x + 1) + C
u = 4 x + 7 ⇒ du = 4dx

∫ ( 4 x + 7) e dx = uv − ∫ v du
x

= ( 4 x + 7 )e x − ∫e
x
4 dx
= ( 4 x + 7)e x − 4e x + C
= ( 4 x + 3)e x + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 119

13. Use integration by parts three times.

(1) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x
x

u = x3 ⇒ du = 3 x 2 dx

(2) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x
x

u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx

(3) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x
x

u = x ⇒ du = dx

∫xe dx = x e − 3∫ x 2e x dx = x3e x − 3 x 2e x + 6∫ xe x dx
3 x 3 x

= x3e x − 3x 2e x + 6 xe x − 6e x + C = e x ( x3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 6) + C

1 t ⎛ −1 ⎞
e1 t 1
∫ t 2 dt = −∫ e ⎜⎝ t 2 ⎟⎠ dt = −e + C 18. Let u = ln x, du = dx.
1t
14.
x
1 −3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1
15. ∫x e
2 x3
dx = 1
3 ∫ e (3x ) dx
x 23
= 1 ex 3
3
+C ∫ x(ln x)3 dx = ∫ (ln x) ⎜ ⎟ dx =
⎝ x⎠ 2(ln x)
2
+C

x5 1
16. dv = x 4 dx ⇒ v = ∫x dx =
4
5 19. Let u = ln x, du = dx.
x
1
u = ln x ⇒ du = dx (ln x)2 2⎛ 1 ⎞ (ln x)3
x ∫ x
dx = ∫ (ln x) ⎜ ⎟ dx =
⎝ x⎠ 3
+C
5 5
x x ⎛1⎞
∫x ln x dx = ln x − ∫
4
⎜ ⎟ dx
5 5 ⎝ x⎠ 1 1 1
x5 1
20. dv =
x2
dx ⇒ v = ∫ x 2 dx = −
x
= ln x − ∫ x 4 dx
5 5 1
u = ln x dx⇒ du =
x5
1 5 x
= ln x − x +C ln x ln x 1 ln x 1
5 25
∫ x 2 dx = − x + ∫ x 2 dx = − x − x + C
x5
= (5 ln x − 1) + C
25 1
∫ (2 x + 1)
−2
21. dv = dx ⇒ v = dx
(2 x + 1)
2 2
t
17. dv = t dt ⇒ v = ∫ t dt =
2 1
= −
u = ln (t + 1) ⇒ du =
1
dt 2( 2 x + 1)
t +1
u = xe 2 x ⇒ du = ( 2 xe 2 x + e 2 x ) dx
t2 1 t2
∫ t ln(t + 1) dt = 2 ln(t + 1) − 2 ∫ t + 1 dt = e 2 x ( 2 x + 1) dx
t2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ xe 2 x xe 2 x e2 x
= ln(t + 1) − ∫ ⎜ t − 1 + ⎟ dt ∫ (2 x + 1)2 dx = − 2(2 x + 1) + ∫ dx
2 2 ⎝ t + 1⎠ 2
t2 1 ⎡t 2 ⎤ − xe2 x
= ln(t + 1) − ⎢ − t + ln(t + 1)⎥ + C = +
e2 x
+C =
e2 x
+C
2 2⎣ 2 ⎦ 2( 2 x + 1) 4 4( 2 x + 1)
1⎡ 2
= 2(t − 1) ln t + 1 − t 2 + 2t ⎤⎦ + C
4⎣

x 1
∫ (x + 1)
−2
22. dv = dx ⇒ v = 2
x dx = −
(x 2
+ 1)
2
2( x 2 + 1)

u = x 2e x
2
⇒ du = 2 x3e x ( 2
+ 2 xe x
2
) dx = 2xe x2
( x2 + 1) dx
2 2 2 2 2
x3e x x 2e x x2 x 2e x ex ex
∫ dx = −
2( x 2 + 1)
+ ∫ xe dx = −
2( x 2 + 1)
+ + C =
2( x 2 + 1)
+ C
( x2 + 1)
2
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

120 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

23. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x
x x
(2)
u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx u = x ⇒ du = dx

∫ (x − 1)e x dx = ∫x e dx − ∫e dx = x 2e x − 2∫ xe x dx − e x
2 2 x x

= x 2e x − 2 xe x − ( ∫e
x
)
dx − e x = x 2e x − 2 xe x + e x + C = ( x − 1) e x + C
2

1 1 1
24. dv =
x2
dx ⇒ v = ∫ x2 dx = −
x
1
u = ln 2 x ⇒ du = dx
x
ln ( 2 x) ln ( 2 x) 1 ln ( 2 x) 1 ln ( 2 x) + 1
∫ x 2
dx = −
x
+ ∫ x 2 dx = −
x
− +C = −
x x
+C

∫ ( x − 5) (x − 5)
12 2 32
25. dv = x − 5 dx ⇒ v = dx = 3
u = x ⇒ du = dx

x − 5 dx = x 23 ( x − 5) ∫ 23 ( x − 5)
32 32
∫x − dx

= 2
3
x (x − 5)
32
− 4
15
(x − 5)
52
+ C

= 2
15
(x − 5)
32
(5 x − 2( x − 5)) + C
= 2
15
(x − 5)
32
(3 x + 10) + C

1 1
v = ∫ (5 + 4 x ) dx = (5 + 4 x)
−1 2 12
26. dv = dx ⇒
5 + 4x 2
u = x ⇒ du = dx
x ⎛1⎞ 1
dx = x⎜ ⎟(5 + 4 x) − ∫ (5 + 4 x) dx
12 12
∫ 5 + 4x ⎝ 2⎠ 2
x 12
= (5 + 4 x ) − (5 + 4 x )3 2 + C
12

2 83
x 1
= (5 + 4 x ) − (5 + 4 x ) + C
12 32

2 12
1
= (5 + 4 x) (6 x − (5 + 4 x)) + C
12

12
1
= 5 + 4 x ( 2 x − 5) + C
12

27. dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = ∫ cos x dx = sin x

u = x ⇒ du = dx

∫ x cos x dx = x sin x − ∫ sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C

28. dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = ∫ sin x dx = −cos x

u = x ⇒ du = dx

∫ x sin dx = − x cos x − ∫ − cos x dx = − x cos x + sin x + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 121

29. Use integration by parts three times.

(1) u = x3 , du = 3x 2 dx, dv = sin x dx, v = −cos x

∫x sin dx = − x3 cos x + 3∫ x 2 cos x dx

3

(2) u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, dv = cos x dx, v = sin x

∫x
3
( )
sin x dx = − x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x − 2∫ x sin x dx = − x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x − 6∫ x sin x dx

(3) u = x, du = dx, dv = sin x dx, v = −cos x

∫x
3
sin x dx = − x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x − 6 − x cos x + ( ∫ cos x dx)
= − x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x + 6 x cos x − 6 sin x + C
= (6 x − x3 ) cos x + (3x 2 − 6) sin x + C

30. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, dv = cos x dx, v = sin x

∫x cos x dx = x 2 sin x − 2 ∫ x sin x dx

2

(2) u = x, du = dx, dv = sin x dx, v = −cos x

∫x
2
(
cos x dx = x 2 sin x − 2 − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx) = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + C

31. u = t , du = dt , dv = csc t cot dt , v = −csc t

∫ t csc t cot t dt = −t csc t + ∫ csc t dt = −t csc t − ln csc t + cot t + C

32. dv = sec θ tan θ dθ ⇒ v = ∫ sec θ tan θ dθ = sec θ

u = θ ⇒ du = dθ

∫ θ sec θ tan θ dθ = θ sec θ − ∫ sec θ dθ = θ sec θ − ln sec θ + tan θ + C

33. dv = dx ⇒ v = ∫ dx = x 34. dv = dx ⇒ v = ∫ dx = x
1 1
u = arctan x ⇒ du = dx u = arccos x ⇒ du = − dx
1 + x2 1 − x2
x ⎛ ⎞
∫ arctan x dx = x arctan x − ∫1 + x2
dx 4 ∫ arccos x dx = 4⎜ x arccos x + ∫
x
dx ⎟
⎝ 1− x ⎠ 2
1
ln (1 + x 2 ) + C
= x arctan x −
2 (
= 4 x arccos x − )
1 − x2 + C

35. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e 2 x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = 1 e2 x
(2) dv = e 2 x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = 1 e2 x
2x 2x
2 2
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx u = cos x ⇒ du = −sin x dx

∫ e sin x dx
2x
= 1 e2 x
2
sin x − 1
2 ∫e
2x
cos x dx = 1 e2 x
2
sin x − (
1 1 e2 x
2 2
cos x + 1
2 ∫e
2x
sin x dx )
4∫
5 1 2x
e 2 x sin x dx = 2
e sin x − 14 e 2 x cos x

∫ e sin x dx
2x
= 1 e2 x
5 (2 sin x − cos x) + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

122 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

36. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e −3 x dx ⇒ ∫e
−3 x
v = dx = − 13 e −3 x
u = sin 5 x ⇒ du = 5 cos 5 x dx

∫e
−3 x
sin 5 x dx = sin 5 x − 13 e −3 x −( ) ∫ (− 13 e ) 5 cos x dx = − 13 e
−3 x −3 x
sin 5 x + 5
3 ∫e
−3 x
cos 5 x dx

(2) dv = e −3 x dx ⇒ ∫e
−3 x
v = dx = − 13 e −3 x
u = cos 5 x ⇒ du = −5 sin 5 x dx

∫e
−3 x
⎣ (
sin 5 x dx = − 13 e−3 x sin 5 x + 53 ⎡ − 13 e−3 x cos 5 x − ∫ (− 13 e )(−5 sin 5 x)dx⎤⎦
−3 x

= − 13 e−3 x sin 5 x − 59 e −3 x cos 5 x − ∫e

25 −3 x
9
sin 5 x dx

(1 + 259 )∫ e −3 x
sin 5 x dx = − 13 e−3 x sin 5 x − 95 e −3 x cos 5 x

∫e
−3 x
sin 5 x dx = 9
34 (− 13 e −3 x
)
sin 5 x − 95 e −3 x cos 5 x + C = − 34
3 e −3 x sin 5 x − 5 e −3 x
34
cos 5 x + C

37. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e − x dx ∫e
−x
⇒ v = dx = −e − x
u = cos 2 x ⇒ du = −2 sin 2 x dx

∫e
−x
cos 2 x dx = cos 2 x( −e − x ) − ∫ (−e )(−2 sin 2 x) dx
−x
= −e − x cos 2 x − 2∫ e − x sin 2 x dx

(2) dv = e − x dx ⇒ ∫e
−x
v = dx = −e − x
u = sin 2 x ⇒ du = 2 cos 2 x dx

∫e
−x
cos 2 x dx = −e − x cos 2 x − 2 ⎡sin 2 x( −e − x ) − ∫ (−e )(2 cos 2 x) dx⎤⎦
−x
⎣
= −e − x cos 2 x + 2e − x sin 2 x − 4 ∫ e − x cos 2 x dx

(4 + 1) ∫ e − x cos 2 x dx = −e − x cos 2 x + 2e − x sin 2 x

∫e
−x
cos 2 x dx = 1 e− x
5
(2 sin 2 x − cos 2 x) + C

38. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e3 x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = 1 e3 x
3x
3
u = cos 4 x ⇒ du = −4 sin 4 x dx

∫e
3x
cos 4 x dx = cos 4 x 13 e3 x − ( ) ∫ 13 e 3x
(−4 sin 4 x) dx = 13 e3 x cos 4 x + 4
3 ∫e
3x
sin 4 x dx

(2) dv = e3 x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = 1 e3 x
3x
3
u = sin 4 x ⇒ du = 4 cos 4 x dx

∫e
3x
cos 4 x dx = 1 e3 x
3 ⎣ (
cos 4 x + 43 ⎡sin 4 x 13 e3 x − ) ∫ 13 e 3x
(4 cos 4 x) dx⎤⎦
= 1 e3 x cos 4 x + 94 e3 x sin 4 x − 16
∫e
3x
3 9
cos 4 x dx

(1 + 169 )∫ e 3x
cos 4 x dx = 1 e3 x
3
cos 4 x + 94 e3 x sin 4 x

∫e
3x
cos 4 x dx = (
9 1 e3 x
25 3
cos 4 x + 94 e3 x sin 4 x = ) 3 e3 x
25
cos 4 x + 4 e3 x
25
sin 4 x + C

2
39. y′ = xe x
x2 1 e x2
y = ∫ xe dx = 2
+ C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 123

40. dv = dx ⇒ v = x
1
u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
y′ = ln x
⎛1⎞
y = ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ x⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ dx = x ln x − x + C = x( −1 + ln x) + C

41. Use integration by parts twice.

1 2
v = ∫ (3 + 5t ) dt = (3 + 5t )
−1 2 12
(1) dv = dt ⇒
3 + 5t 5
u = t2 ⇒ du = 2t dt

t2 2t 2 2
(3 + 5t ) − ∫ (3 + 5t ) 2t dt
12 12
∫ 3 + 5t
dt =
5 5
2 4
= t 2 (3 + 5t ) − ∫ t (3 + 5t ) dt
12 12

5 5
2
(2) dv = (3 + 5t ) ∫ (3 + 5t ) (3 + 5t )
12 12 32
dt ⇒ v = dt =
15
u = t ⇒ du = dt
2
t 2 4 ⎡ 2t 2 ⎤
dt = t 2 (3 + 5t ) (3 + 5t ) − ∫ 15 (3 + 5t )
12 32 32
∫ 3 + 5t 5
− ⎢
5 ⎣15
dt ⎥
⎦
2 8t 8
= t 2 (3 + 5t ) (3 + 5t )3 2 + ∫ (3 + 5t )3 2 dt
12
−
5 75 75
2 8t 16
= t 2 (3 + 5t ) (3 + 5t ) + (3 + 5t ) + C
12 32 52
−
5 75 1875

=
2
1875
(
3 + 5t 375t 2 − 100t (3 + 5t ) + 8(3 + 5t )
2
)+C
2
= 3 + 5t ( 25t 2 − 20t + 24) + C
625

42. Use integration by parts twice.

∫ ( x − 3) (x − 3)
12 2 32
(1) dv = x − 3 dx ⇒ v = dx = 3
u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx

(x − 3) ∫ 23 ( x − 3) 2 x dx
32 32
∫x x − 3 dx = 2 x2 −
2
3

3 ( ) 3∫ (
2 x2 x − 3 3 2 − 4 x − 3) x dx
32
=

(2) dv = ( x − 3) dx ⇒ ∫ ( x − 3) (x − 3)
32 32 2 52
v = dx = 5
u = x ⇒ du = dx

(x − 3) − 43 ⎡ 52 x( x − 3) − ∫ 52 ( x − 3) dx⎤
32 52 52
∫x x − 3 dx = 2 2
2
x
3 ⎣ ⎦
(x − 3) (x − 3) (x − 3)
2 2 32 8 52 8 2 72
= 3
x − 15
x + 15 7
+ C

= 2
35 (x − 3)
32
(5 x 2
+ 12 x + 24) + C

43. (cos y ) y′ = 2x

∫ cos y dy = ∫ 2 x dx
sin y = x 2 + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

124 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

44. dv = dx ⇒ v = ∫ dx = x
x 1 ⎛1⎞ 2
u = arctan ⇒ du = 2⎜ ⎟
dx = dx
2 1 + ( x 2) ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 + x2

x x 2x x
y = ∫ arctan 2 dx = x arctan − ∫4+ 2
dx = x arctan − ln ( 4 + x 2 ) + C
2 x 2

45. (a) y

x
−4 −2 2 4

dy
(b) = x y cos x, (0, 4)
dx
dy
∫ y
= ∫ x cos x dx

∫y ∫ x cos x dx (u = x, du = dx, dv = cos x dx, v = sin x)

−1 2
dy =

2 y1 2 = x sin x − ∫ sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C

(0, 4): 2(4)1 2 = 0+1+C ⇒ C = 3

2 y = x sin x + cos x + 3
6

−6 6

−2

46. (a) y

x
−6 4

−4

dy ⎛ 18 ⎞
(b) = e − x 3 sin 2 x, ⎜ 0, − ⎟
dx ⎝ 37 ⎠

∫e
−x 3
y = sin 2 x dx

Use integration by parts twice.

(1) u = sin 2 x, du = 2 cos 2 x
dv = e − x 3 dx, v = −3e − x 3

∫e ∫ 6e
−x 3
sin 2 x dx = −3e − x 3 sin 2 x + −x 3
cos 2 x dx

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 125

(2) u = cos 2 x, du = −2 sin 2 x

dv = e − x 3 dx, v = −3e− x 3

∫ e sin 2 x dx
−x 3
(
= −3e − x 3 sin 2 x + 6 −3e− x 3 cos 2 x − ∫ 6e
−x 3
)
sin 2 x dx + C

37 ∫ e − x 3 sin 2 x dx = −3e − x 3 sin 2 x − 18e − x 3 cos 2 x + C

1
y = ∫e
−x 3
sin 2 x dx =
37
(−3e−x 3 sin 2 x − 18e−x 3 cos 2 x) + C
⎛ −18 ⎞ −18 1
⎜ 0, ⎟: = [0 − 18] + C ⇒ C = 0
⎝ 37 ⎠ 37 37
−1 − x 3
y =
37
(3e sin 2 x + 18e−x 3 cos 2 x)
4

−8 4

−4

dy x 50. Use integration by parts twice.

47. = e x 8 , y(0) = 2
dx y (1) u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, dv = e −2 x dx,
10 1
v = − e −2 x
2
1 ⎛ 1 −2 x ⎞
∫x e ∫ ⎜⎝ − 2 e
2 −2 x
dx = − x 2e −2 x − ⎟ 2 x dx
−10 10 2 ⎠
−2
1
= − x 2e −2 x + ∫ xe
−2 x
dx
2
dy x
48. = sin x, y(0) = 4 1
dx y (2) u = x, du = dx, dv = e−2 x dx, v = − e −2 x
2
8 (0, 4)
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∫x e dx = − x 2e −2 x + ⎜ − xe −2 x − ∫ − e −2 x dx ⎟
2 −2 x
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 2 −2 x 1 −2 x 1 −2 x
−5 10 = − x e − xe − e + C
2 2 4
−2
⎛ 1 1 1⎞
= e −2 x ⎜ − x 2 − x − ⎟
⎝ 2 2 4⎠
49. u = x, du = dx, dv = e x 2 dx, v = 2e x 2
So,
∫ xe dx = 2 xe − ∫ 2e dx
x 2 x2 x2
2
2 ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎤
= 2 xe x 2
− 4e x2
+ C ∫0 x 2e −2 x dx = ⎢e −2 x ⎜ − x 2 − x − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 2 4 ⎠⎦ 0
So, ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
3 3
= e −4 ⎜ −2 − 1 − ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
∫ 0 xe dx = ⎡⎣2 xe − 4e x 2 ⎤⎦
x 2 x 2
0
−13 1
= (6e3 2 − 4e3 2 ) − ( −4) =
4e 4
+
4
≈ 0.190

= 4 + 2e3 2 ≈ 12.963

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

126 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 1
51. u = x, du = dx, dv = cos 2 x dx, v = sin 2 x 53. u = arccos x, du = − dx, dv = dx, v = x
2 1 − x2
1 1 x
∫ x cos 2 x dx =
2
x sin 2 x − ∫ sin 2 x dx
2 ∫ arccos x dx = x arccos x + ∫ dx
1 − x2
1 1
= x sin 2 x + cos 2 x + C = x arccos x − 1 − x2 + C
2 4
So, So,
12 12
π 4
π 4 ⎡1 1 ⎤ ∫0 arccos x = ⎡ x arccos x − 1 − x2 ⎤
∫0 x cos 2 x dx = ⎢ x sin 2 x + cos 2 x⎥
⎣2 4 ⎦0
⎣ ⎦0
1 ⎛1⎞ 3
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ = arccos⎜ ⎟ − +1
= ⎜ (1) + 0 ⎟ − ⎜ 0 + ⎟ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
⎝8 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π 3
π 1 = − + 1 ≈ 0.658.
= − ≈ 0.143 6 2
8 4

1
52. dv = sin 2 x dx ⇒ v = ∫ sin 2 x dx = −
2
cos 2 x

u = x ⇒ du = dx
−1 1
∫ x sin 2 x dx =
2
x cos 2 x + ∫ cos 2 x dx
2
−1 1
= x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C
2 4
1
= (sin 2 x − 2 x cos 2 x) + C
4
So,
π
π ⎡1 ⎤ π
∫0 x sin 2 x dx = ⎢ (sin 2 x − 2 x cos 2 x)⎥ = − .
⎣4 ⎦0 2

x2
54. dv = x dx ⇒ v = ∫ x dx =
2
2x
u = arcsin x 2 ⇒ du = dx
1 − x4
x2 x3
∫ x arcsin x dx = arcsin x 2 − ∫
2
dx
2 1 − x4
x2 1
arcsin x 2 + ( 2)(1 − x 4 ) + C
12
=
2 4

=
1 2
2
(
x arcsin x 2 + 1 − x 4 + C )
So,
1 1⎡ 2 1 1
∫ 0 x arcsin x
2
dx = x arcsin x 2 + 1 − x 4 ⎤ = (π − 2).
2⎣ ⎦0 4

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 127

55. Use integration by parts twice.

(1) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ∫e dx = e x
x x
(2)
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx u = cos x ⇒ du = −sin x dx

∫ e sin x dx = e sin x − ∫e cos x dx = e sin x − e x cos x − ∫e

x x x x x
sin x dx

2 ∫ e x sin x dx = e x (sin x − cos x)

ex
∫e
x
sin x dx = (sin x − cos x) + C
2
e(sin 1 − cos 1) + 1
1
1 ⎡ex ⎤ e 1
So, ∫0 e x
sin x dx = ⎢ (sin x − cos x)⎥ = (sin 1 − cos 1) + = ≈ 0.909.
⎣2 ⎦0 2 2 2
56. Use integration by parts twice.
(1) dv = e − x , v = −e − x , u = cos x, du = −sin x dx

∫e ∫e
−x
cos x dx = e − x cos x − −x
sin x dx

(2) dv = e − x dx, v = −e − x , u = sin x, du = cos x dx

∫e
−x
(
cos x dx = −e − x cos x − −e − x sin x + ∫e
−x
)
cos x dx ⇒ 2∫ e − x cos x dx = e− x sin x − e − x cos x
2
2 ⎡ e − x sin x − e − x cos x ⎤ −e −2 1
So, ∫0 e − x cos x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = (sin 2 − cos 2) + .
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 2

1 2 32
57. u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x dx, v = x
x 3
2 32 2 321 2 32 2 2 4
∫ x ln x dx =
3
x ln x − ∫ 3x x
dx =
3
x ln x − ∫ x1 2 dx = x3 2 ln x − x3 2 + C
3 3 9
2
2 ⎡2 4 ⎤ ⎛4 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ 4 8 4
So, ∫1 x ln x dx = ⎢ x3 2 ln x − x3 2 ⎥ = ⎜
⎣3 9 ⎦1 ⎝3
2 ln 2 −
9
2 2 ⎟ − ⎜0 − ⎟ =
⎠ ⎝ 9⎠ 3
2 ln 2 −
9
2 +
9
≈ 0.494

2x
58. u = ln ( 4 + x 2 ), du = dx, dv = dx, v = x
4 + x2
2x2
∫ ln(4 + x ) dx = x ln ( 4 + x 2 ) − ∫4 +
2
dx
x2
⎛ 4 ⎞
= x ln ( 4 + x 2 ) − 2∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dx
⎝ 4 + x2 ⎠
⎛ 4 x⎞
= x ln ( 4 + x 2 ) − 2⎜ x − arctan ⎟ + C
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
x
= x ln ( 4 + x ) − 2 x + 4 arctan + C
2
2
1
⎡ x⎤ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
∫ 0 ln(4 + x ) dx = ⎢⎣x ln(4 + x ) − 2 x + 4 arctan 2 ⎥⎦ 0 = ⎜⎝ ln 5 − 2 + 4 arctan⎝⎜ 2 ⎠⎟ ⎟⎠ ≈ 1.464
1
2 2
So,

x2 1
59. dv = x dx, v = , u = arcsec x, du = dx
2 x x2 − 1
x2 x2 2 x2 1 2x x2 1
∫ x arcsec x dx =
2
arcsec x − ∫x x −1
2
dx =
2
arcsec x − ∫
4 x −1
2
dx =
2
arcsec x −
2
x2 − 1 + C

So,
4
4 ⎡ x2 1 ⎤ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 2π 3⎞ 15 3 2π
∫2 x arcsec x dx = ⎢ arcsec x −
⎣2 2
x 2 − 1⎥ = ⎜⎜ 8 arcsec 4 −
⎦2 ⎝
⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜
2 ⎠ ⎝ 3
− ⎟ = 8 arcsec 4 −
2 ⎟⎠ 2
+
2
−
3
≈ 7.380.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

128 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1
60. u = x, du > dx, dv = sec 2 2 x dx, v = tan 2 x
2
1 1 1 1
∫ x sec 2 x dx = x tan 2 x − ∫ 2 tan 2 x dx = x tan 2 x + ln cos 2 x + C
2
2 2 4
So,
π 8
π 8 ⎡1 1 ⎤ π 1 ⎛ 2⎞ π 1
∫0 x sec 2 2 x dx = ⎢ x tan 2 x + ln cos 2 x ⎥ = (1) + ln ⎜ ⎟ = − ln ( 2) ≈ 0.1097
⎣2 4 ⎦0 16 4 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 16 8

61. ∫x e
2 2x
dx = x 2 ( 12 e ) − (2 x)( 14 e ) + 2( 18 e ) + C
2x 2x 2x

= 1 x 2e 2 x − 1 xe 2 x + 14 e 2 x + C
2 2

= 1 e2 x
4 (2 x 2 − 2 x + 1) + C

Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives

+ x2 e2x

– 2x 1 e2 x
2

+ 2 1 e2 x
4

– 0 1 e2 x
8

62. ∫xe
3 −2 x
(
dx = x3 − 12 e −2 x − 3x 2 ) ( 14 e ) + 6 x(− 18 e ) − 6(161 e ) + C
−2 x −2 x −2 x

= − 18 e −2 x ( 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 6 x + 3) + C

Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives

+ x3 e −2x

– 3x 2 − 12 e−2 x
+ 6x 1 e −2 x
4

– 6 − 18 e −2 x
+ 0 1 e −2 x
16

63. ∫x
3
sin x dx = x3 ( −cos x) − 3x 2 ( −sin x) + 6 x cos x − 6 sin x + C
= − x3 cos x + 3 x 2 sin x + 6 x cos x − 6 sin x + C
= (3 x 2 − 6)sin x − ( x3 − 6 x)cos x + C

Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives

3
+ x sin x

– 3x 2 −cos x
+ 6x −sin x

– 6 cos x
+ 0 sin x

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 129

64. ∫x
3
cos 2 x dx = x3 ( 12 sin 2 x) − 3x (− 14 cos 2 x) + 6 x(− 81 sin 2 x) − 6(161 cos 2 x) + C
2

1 x3 3 2 3 3
= 2
sin 2 x + 4
x cos 2 x − 4
x sin 2 x − 8
cos 2 x + C

= 1
8 (4 x 3
sin 2 x + 6 x cos 2 x − 6 x sin 2 x − 3 cos 2 x) + C
2

Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives

+ x3 cos 2 x
1 sin 2x
– 3x 2 2

+ 6x − 14 cos 2x

– 6 − 18 sin 2x
1 cos 2x
+ 0 16

∫ x sec x dx = x tan x + ln cos x + C

2
65.

Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives

+ x sec 2 x
– 1 tan x
+ 0 −ln cos x

66. ∫ x ( x − 2) dx
2 32
= 2 x2
5 (x − 2)
52
− 8 x
35 (x − 2)
72
+ 16
315 (x − 2)
92
+C = 2
315 ( x − 2)
52
(35 x2 + 40 x + 32) + C
Alternate signs u and its derivatives v′ and its antiderivatives
+ x2 (x − 2)
32

– 2x 2
5 (x − 2)
52

+ 2 4
35 (x − 2)
72

– 0 8
315 (x − 2)
92

67. u = x ⇒ u 2 = x ⇒ 2u du = dx 69. Let u = 4 − x, du = − dx, x = 4 − u.

∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin u(2u du ) = 2 ∫ u sin u du 4

∫0 x 4 − x dx =
0
∫ 4 (4 − u )u (−du )
12

Integration by parts:
∫ 0 (4u − u 3 2 ) du
4
w = u , dw = du , dv = sin u du , v = −cos u = 12

(
2 ∫ u sin u du = 2 −u cos u + ∫ cos u du ) = ⎡⎣ 83 u 3 2 − 52 u 5 2 ⎤⎦
0
4

= 2( −u cos u + sin u ) + C
= 8
3 (8) − 52 (32) = 128
15
= 2− ( x cos x + sin x + C )
70. u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx
68. u = x , u 2 = x, 2u du = dx
∫ 2x
3
cos( x 2 ) dx = ∫x
2
cos( x 2 )( 2 x) dx = ∫ u cos u du
∫ cos x dx = ∫ cos u(2u )du = 2 ∫ u cos u du Integration by parts:
Integration by parts: w = u , dw = du , dv = cos u du , v = sin u
w = u , dw = du , dv = cos u du , v = sin u
∫ u cos u du = u sin u − ∫ sin u du
2 ∫ u cos u du = 2 u sin u −( ∫ sin u du ) = u sin u + cos u + C
= 2(u sin u + cos u ) + C = x 2 sin ( x 2 ) + cos( x 2 ) + C
= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x +C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

130 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

71. u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx 72. Let u = 2 x , u 2 = 2 x, 2u du = 2 dx.

5 x2 1 x2 4 1
∫x e ∫ e x 2 x dx = ∫ eu u 2 du
2 2
dx =
∫0 e dx = ∫ 0 e (u du )
2x u
2 2
2
Integration by parts twice. = ⎡⎣ueu − eu ⎤⎦
0
(Integration by parts)
(1) w = u 2 , dw = 2udu , dv = eu du , v = eu
= ( 2e 2 − e 2 ) − (0 − 1)
1 u 2 1
e u du = ⎡u 2eu − ∫ 2ueu du ⎤
2∫
= e2 + 1
2⎣ ⎦
1
= u 2eu − ∫ ueu du
2
(2) w = u , dw = du , dv = eu du , v = eu
1 u 2
2 ∫
1
e u du = u 2eu − ueu − ∫ eu du
2
( )
1 2 u
= u e − ueu + eu + C
2
1 4 x2 2 2
= x e − x 2e x + e x + C
2
2
ex 4
=
2
( x − 2 x 2 + 2) + C
1
73. Let w = ln x, dw = dx, x = e w , dx = e w dw.
x

∫ cos(ln x) dx = ∫ cos w(e dw)

w

Now use integration by parts twice.

∫ (cos w)e dw = (cos w)e w + ∫ (sin w)e ⎡⎣u = cos w, dv = e w dw⎤⎦

w w
dw

= (cos w)e w + ⎡⎣(sin w)e w − ∫ (cos w)e

w
dw⎤⎦ ⎡⎣u = sin w, dv = e w dw⎤⎦

2 ∫ (cos w)e w dw = (cos w)e w + (sin w)e w

1 w
∫ (cos w)e e (cos w + sin w) + C
dw =
w
2
1
∫ cos(ln x) dx = 2 x ⎡⎣cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)⎤⎦ + C
74. Let w = 1 + x 2 , dw = 2 x dx, x 2 = w − 1, x = w − 1.
dw
∫ ln( x + 1) dx = ∫ ln( w) 2
2
w−1
1 1
Integration by parts: u = ln w, du = dw, dv = dw, v = w−1
w 2 w−1
w−1
∫ ln( x + 1) dx = ln ( w) w − 1 − ∫
2
dw
2
Substitution: z = w − 1, z 2 = w − 1, 2 z dz = dw
z
∫ ln( x + 1)dx = ln ( w) w − 1 − ∫ z2(2 z dz )
2
+1
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ln ( w) w − 1 − 2 ∫ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ dz
⎝ z + 1⎠
= ln ( w) w − 1 − 2 z + 2 arctan ( z ) + C
= ln (1 + x 2 ) x − 2 x + 2 arctan ( x) + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 131

75. Integration by parts is based on the Product Rule. 78. (a) No

Substitution
76. Answers will vary. Sample answer: You want dv to be
the most complicated portion of the integrand. (b) Yes
u = ln x, dv = x dx
77. In order for the integration by parts technique to be
efficient, you want dv to be the most complicated portion (c) Yes
of the integrand and you want u to be the portion of the u = x 2 , dv = e −3 x dx
integrand whose derivative is a function simpler (d) No
than u. Suppose you let u = sin x and dv = x dx. Then
Substitution
du = cos x dx and v = x 2 2. So (e) Yes. Let u = x and
x2 x2 1
∫ x sin x dx = uv − ∫ v du = 2
sin x − ∫ 2
cos x dx, du =
x +1
dx.

which is a more complicated integral than the original (Substitution also works. Let u = x + 1. )
one.
(f ) No
Substitution

−e − 4 t
79. (a) ∫t e
3 − 4t
dt =
128
(32t 3 + 24t 2 + 12t + 3) + C
(b) 5

C=2

C=1
−2 4

−1

(c) The graphs are vertical translations of each other.

1 ⎡
sin (πα ) dα = 5⎣ (
− απ ) cos πα + 4(απ ) sin πα + 12(απ ) cos πα − 24(απ ) sin πα − 24 cos πα ⎤ + C
4 3 2
∫α
4
80. (a)
π ⎦
(b) 35

C = 10

−4 4
C=0
− 10

(c) The graphs are vertical translations of each other.

e −2 x
81. (a) ∫e
−2 x
sin 3x dx = (−2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + C
13
1
sin 3 x dx = (2e −π + 3) ≈ 0.2374
π 2 −2 x
∫0 e
13
(b) 7

C=5

C=2

−2 6

−1

(c) The graphs are vertical translations of each other.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

132 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

x( 2 x 2 + 25)( 25 − x 2 ) 625 x( 25 − x 2 )
52 32
1,171,875 arcsin x 5 46,875 x 25 − x 2
∫ x (25 − x )
32
82. (a) 4 2
dx = − + + +C
128 16 64 128
1,171,875
∫ 0 x (25 − x )
5 23
4 2
dx = π ≈ 14,381.0699
256
(b) 400

C = 100
C=0
−4 4

−200

(c) The graphs are vertical translations of each other.

1
∫ (2 x − 3) (2 x − 3)
12 32
83. (a) dv = 2 x − 3 dx ⇒ v = dx =
3
u = 2x ⇒ du = 2 dx
2 2
x( 2 x − 3) − ∫ ( 2 x − 3) dx
32 32
∫ 2x 2 x − 3 dx =
3 3
2 2
= x( 2 x − 3) − ( 2 x − 3) + C
32 52

3 15
2 2
(2 x − 3) (3x + 3) + C = (2 x − 3) ( x + 1) + C
32 32
=
15 5
u +3 1
(b) u = 2 x − 3 ⇒ x = and dx = du
2 2
⎛ u + 3⎞ 1 2⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
∫ 2x 2 x − 3 dx = ∫ 2⎜⎝ ⎟u ⎜ ⎟ du = ∫ (u + 3u ) du
32 12
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2
1 ⎡2 5 2 ⎤
= u + 2u 3 2 ⎥ + C
2 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎦
1 32
= u (u + 5) + C
5
1
= ( 2 x − 3) ⎡⎣( 2 x − 3) + 5⎤⎦ + C
32

5
2
= ( 2 x − 3) ( x + 1) + C
32

84. (a) dv = 9 + x dx, v = 2

3 (9 + x )3 2 , u = x, du = dx

∫x 9 + x dx = 2x
3 (9 + x)
32
− ∫ 23 (9 + x) dx
32

(9 + x) (9 + x )
2x 32 4 52
= 3
− 15
+ C

= 2
15 (9 + x)
32
⎡⎣5 x − 2(9 + x )⎤⎦ + C

= 2
15
(9 + x)
32
(3 x − 18) + C = 2
5
(9 + x )3 2 ( x − 6) + C

(b) u = 9 + x, du = dx, x = u − 9

∫x 9 + x dx = ∫ ( u − 9) u du = ∫ (u − 9u1 2 ) du
32

= 2 u5 2 − 6u 3 2 + C
5

(9 + x) − 6(9 + x)
2 52 32
= 5
+ C

= 2
15 (9 + x)
32
⎡⎣3(9 + x) − 45⎤⎦ + C

= 2
15 (9 + x)
32
(3 x − 18) + C

= 2
5 (9 + x)
32
(x − 6) + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 133

x
∫ (4 + x )
−1 2
85. (a) dv = dx ⇒ v = 2
x dx = 4 + x2
4+ x 2

u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx

x3
∫ 4 + x2
dx = x 2 4 + x 2 − 2 ∫ x 4 + x 2 dx

2
(4 + x 2 ) + C = 13 4 + x 2 ( x 2 − 8) + C
32
= x2 4 + x2 −
3
1
(b) u = 4 + x 2 ⇒ x 2 = u − 4 and 2 x dx = du ⇒ x dx = du
2
x3 x2 u −41
∫ 4 + x2
dx = ∫ 4 + x2
x dx = ∫ u 2
du

=
1
2∫
(u1 2 − 4u −1 2 ) du = 12 ⎛⎜⎝ 23 u 3 2 − 8u1 2 ⎞⎟⎠ + C
1 12
= u (u − 12) + C
3
1 1
= 4 + x 2 ⎣⎡( 4 + x 2 ) − 12⎦⎤ + C = 4 + x 2 ( x 2 − 8) + C
3 3

∫ (4 − x) dx
12
86. (a) dv = 4 − x dx ⇒ v =

= − 23 ( 4 − x)
32

u = x ⇒ du = dx

4 − x dx = − 23 x( 4 − x) ∫ ( 4 − x)
32 32
∫x + 2
3
dx

= − 23 x( 4 − x) ( 4 − x )5 2
32 4
− 15
+C

( ) ⎡⎣5 x + 2( 4 − x)⎤⎦ + C = − 15 ( ) (3 x + 8) + C
2 4 − x 32 2 4 − x 32
= − 15

(b) u = 4 − x ⇒ x = 4 − u and dx = −du

∫x 4 − x dx = − ∫ ( 4 − u ) u du

= − ∫ ( 4u1 2 − u 3 2 ) du

= − 83 u 3 2 + 52 u 5 2 + C

u ( 20 − 3u ) + C
2 32
= − 15

(
2 4 − x
= − 15 ) 32
⎡⎣20 − 3( 4 − x)⎤⎦ + C

(
2 4 − x
= − 15 ) 32
(3 x + 8) + C

87. n = 0: ∫ ln x dx = x(ln x − 1) + C
x2
n = 1: ∫ x ln x dx (2 ln x − 1) + C
=
4
x3
n = 2: ∫ x 2 ln x dx = (3 ln x − 1) + C
9
x4
n = 3: ∫ x ln x dx =
3
( 4 ln x − 1) + C
16
x5
n = 4: ∫x
4
ln x dx = (5 ln x − 1) + C
25
x n +1
In general, ∫ x ln x dx =
n
⎡⎣( n + 1)ln x − 1⎤⎦ + C.
(n + 1)
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

134 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

88. n = 0: ∫ e dx = e + C
x x

n = 1: ∫ xe x dx = xe x − e x + C = xe x − ∫ e x dx
n = 2: ∫ x 2e x dx = x 2e x − 2 xe x + 2e x + C = x 2e x − 2 ∫ xe x dx
n = 3: ∫ x3e x dx = x3e x − 3 x 2e x + 6 xe x − 6e x + C = x3e x − 3∫ x 2e x dx
n = 4: ∫ x 4e x dx = x 4e x − 4 x3e x + 12 x 2e x − 24 xe x + 24e x + C = x 4e x − 4∫ x3e x dx

In general, ∫ x ne x dx = x ne x − n ∫ x n −1e x dx.

89. dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = −cos x x n +1

n −1
91. dv = x n dx ⇒ v =
u = x n
⇒ du = nx dx n+1
1
∫x sin x dx = − x cos x + n ∫ x n −1 cos x dx
n n
u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
90. dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = sin x x n +1 xn
∫x ln x dx = ln x − ∫
n
dx
u = xn ⇒ du = nx n −1 dx n+1 n +1
x n +1 x n +1
= ln x − +C
∫x cos x dx = x n sin x − n ∫ x n −1 sin x dx
n
n+1 (n + 1)
2

x n +1
= ⎡⎣( n + 1)ln x − 1⎤⎦ + C
(n + 1)
2

1 ax
92. dv = e ax dx ⇒ v =
e
a
u = xn ⇒ du = nx n −1dx
x ne ax n
∫ x e dx = − ∫ x n −1 e ax dx
n ax
a a
93. Use integration by parts twice.
1 1 ax
(1) dv = e ax dx ⇒ v = e ax (2) dv = e ax dx ⇒ e v =
a a
u = sin bx ⇒ du = b cos bx dx u = cos bx ⇒ du = −b sin bx dx
e ax sin bx b ax
∫e sin bx dx = − ∫ e cos bx dx
ax
a a
e ax sin bx b ⎛ e ax cos bx b ⎞ e ax sin bx b b2
= − ⎜ + ∫ eax sin bx dx ⎟ = − 2 e ax cos bx − 2 ∫ e ax sin bx dx
a a⎝ a a ⎠ a a a
⎛ b2 ⎞ e ax ( a sin bx − b cos bx)
Therefore, ⎜1 + 2 ⎟ ∫ eax sin bx dx =
⎝ a ⎠ a2
e ax ( a sin bx − b cos bx)
∫ e sin bx dx = + C.
ax
a 2 + b2
94. Use integration by parts twice.
1 ax 1 ax
(1) dv = e ax dx ⇒ e v = (2) dv = e ax dx ⇒ e v =
a a
u = cos bx ⇒ du = −b sin bx u = sin bx ⇒ du = b cos bx
eax cos bx b e ax cos bx b ⎛ e ax sin bx b ax ⎞
∫e cos bx dx = + ∫ e ax sin bx dx = + ⎜ − ∫ e cos bx dx ⎟
ax
a a a a⎝ a a ⎠
eax cos bx be ax sin bx b 2 ax
= + − 2 ∫ e cos bx dx
a a2 a
⎛ b2 ⎞ eax ( a cos bx + b sin bx)
Therefore, ⎜1 + 2 ⎟ ∫ e ax cos bx dx =
⎝ a ⎠ a2
eax ( a cos bx + b sin bx)
∫ e cos bx dx = + C.
ax
a 2 + b2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 135

95. n = 5 (Use formula in Exercise 91.)

x6 x6
∫ x ln x dx =
5
( −1 + 6 ln x ) + C = (−1 + 6 ln x) + C
62 36

96. n = 2, (Use formula in Exercise 90.)

∫x
2
cos x dx = x 2 sin x − 2∫ x sin x dx, ( Use formula in Exercise 83.) ( n = 1)

(
= x 2 sin x − 2 − x cos x + ∫ cos x dx) = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + C

97. a = 2, b = 3, (Use formula in Exercise 94.)

e 2 x ( 2 cos 3 x + 3 sin 3 x)
∫ e cos 3x dx = +C
2x
13

98. n = 3, a = 2, (Use formula in Exercise 92 three times.)

3 2x
xe 3 2 2x
∫xe (n = 3, a = 2)
2∫
3 2x
dx = − x e dx,
2
x3e 2 x 3 ⎡ x 2e 2 x ⎤
= − ⎢ − ∫ xe
2x
dx⎥ , (n = 2, a = 2)
2 2⎣ 2 ⎦
x3e 2 x 3 x 2e 2 x 3 ⎡ xe 2 x 1 ⎤
= − + ⎢ − ∫ e 2 x dx⎥
2 4 2⎣ 2 2 ⎦
x3e 2 x 3 x 2e 2 x 3 xe 2 x 3e2 x
= − + − + C, (n = 1, a = 2)
2 4 4 8
e2 x
=
8
(4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x − 3) + C
99. 1
100. 0.2

−1 7
−1 6

−1 −0.1

−x −x
dv = e dx ⇒ v = −e
dv = e − x 4 dx ⇒ v = − 4e − x 4
u = 2x ⇒ du = 2 dx
1 1
u = x ⇒ du = dx
∫ 2 xe dx = 2 x(−e ) − ∫ − 2e dx
−x −x −x
16 16
= −2 xe − x − 2e − x + C 1 ⎛1 ⎞ 1
∫ 16 xe
−x 4
dx = ⎜ x ⎟( −4e − x 4 ) − ∫ (−4e − x 4 ) dx
3 3 ⎝ 16 ⎠ 16
∫ 0 2 xe dx = ⎡⎣−2 xe− x − 2e− x ⎤⎦
−x
A =
0 1 −x 4
= − xe − e−x 4 + C
= ( −6e −3 − 2e−3 ) − ( −2) 4
4
= 2 − 8e−3 ≈ 1.602 4 1 −x 4 ⎡ 1 ⎤
A = ∫0 16
xe dx = ⎢− xe− x 4 − e − x 4 ⎥
⎣ 4 ⎦0
= ( −e −1 − e −1 ) − (−1)
2
= 1 − 2e −1 = 1 − ≈ 0.264
e

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

136 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 π π
101. A = ∫0 e
−x
sin (π x) dx 102. A = ∫0 x sin x dx = [− x cos x + sin x]0

⎡ e − x ( −sin π x − π cos π x) ⎤
1
= π (See Exercise 89.)
= ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 + π2 ⎦0
3

1 ⎛π ⎞
= ⎜ + π⎟
1 + π2⎝ e ⎠
−1 4
⎛1 ⎞π
= ⎜ + 1⎟ −1
1 + π2⎝e ⎠
≈ 0.395 (See Exercise 93.)
1

0 1.5
0

103. (a) dv = dx ⇒ v = x
1
u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
e
ln x dx = [ x ln x − x]1 = 1 ( Use integration by parts once.)
e
A = ∫1
(b) R( x) = ln x, r ( x) = 0
e
V = π∫
1
(ln x)2 dx
e
= π ⎡ x(ln x) − 2 x ln x + 2 x⎤ ( Use integration by parts twice, see Exercise 3.)
2
⎣ ⎦1
= π (e − 2) ≈ 2.257
y

(e, 1)
1

x
1 2 3

(c) p( x) = x, h( x) = ln x
e
e ⎡ x2 ⎤
V = 2π ∫ x ln x dx = 2π ⎢ ( −1 + 2 ln x)⎥
1
⎣ 4 ⎦1

=
(e 2 + 1)π
≈ 13.177 (See Exercise 91.)
2
e

(d) x =
∫ 1 x ln x dx =
e2 + 1
≈ 2.097
1 4
1 e
∫ 1 (ln x) dx e − 2
2

y = 2 = ≈ 0.359
1 2
⎛ e2 + 1 e − 2 ⎞
(x, y) = ⎜ , ⎟ ≈ ( 2.097, 0.359)
⎝ 4 2 ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 137

104. y = x sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
π π
∫ 0 π ( x sin x)
2
(a) V = dx = π ∫ x 2 sin 2 x dx
0

1 − cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
Let u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, dv = sin 2 x dx = dx, v = x − .
2 2 4
⎛1 sin 2 x ⎞ ⎛1 sin 2 x ⎞
∫x sin 2 x dx = x 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ − ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x − ⎟( 2 x dx)
2

⎝2 4 ⎠ 4 ⎠
1 3 x 2 sin 2 x ⎛ x sin 2 x ⎞
= x − − ∫ ⎜⎝ x −
2
⎟ dx
2 4 2 ⎠
1 3 x 2 sin 2 x x3 x sin 2 x
= x − − + ∫ dx
2 4 3 2
1 1 1
= x3 − x 2 sin 2 x + (sin 2 x − 2 x cos 2 x) + C ( Integration by Parts)
6 4 8
π
π ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ 1 1
V = π ∫ x 2 sin 2 x dx = π ⎢ x3 − x 2 sin 2 x + (sin 2 x − 2 x cos 2 x)⎥ = π 4 − π 2
0
⎣6 4 8 ⎦0 6 4

= 2π ⎡⎣2 cos x + 2 x sin x − x 2 cos x⎤⎦ = 2π (π 2 − 4) = 2π 3 − 8π

π π
(b) V = ∫ 0 2π x( x sin x)dx 0

π π
(c) m = ∫0 x sin ( x) dx = [sin x − x cos x]0 = π

1
π
∫ 0 2 ( x sin x) dx
2
Mx =

1⎛ 1 3 1 ⎞
= ⎜ π − π⎟
2⎝ 6 4 ⎠
(See part (a ).)
1 1
= π3 − π
12 8
π
My = ∫ 0 x( x sin x) dx = π2 − 4 (See part (b).)

x =
My
=
π2 − 4
≈ 1.8684, y =
Mx
=
(1 12)π 3 − (1 8)π = 1 π 2 − 1 ≈ 0.6975
m π m π 2 8
y

x
π π
2
−1

105. In Example 6, you showed that the centroid of an equivalent region was (1, π 8). By symmetry, the centroid of this region is
(π 8, 1). You can also solve this problem directly. y

1
1⎛ π ⎞ ⎡π ⎤
A = ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 2 − arcsin x ⎟ dx = ⎢ x − x arcsin x − 1 − x2 ⎥ (Example 3) π
⎠ ⎣2 ⎦0 2

⎛π π ⎞
= ⎜ − − 0 ⎟ − (−1) = 1
⎝2 2 ⎠ x

(π 2) + arcsin x ⎛ π
1
My 1 ⎛π ⎞ π Mx 1 ⎞
x =
A
= ∫ 0 x⎜⎝ 2 − arcsin x ⎟ dx = ,
⎠ 8
y =
A
= ∫0 2
⎜ − arcsin x ⎟ dx = 1
⎝2 ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

138 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

106. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = 2 x
f ( 2) = g ( 2) = 4, f ( 4) = g ( 4) = 16
4
⎡ x3 1 x⎤ ⎛ 64 16 ⎞ ⎛ 8 4 ⎞ 56 12
∫ 2 ( x − 2 ) dx
4
m = 2 x
= ⎢ − 2 ⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟−⎜ − ⎟ = − ≈ 1.3543
⎣ 3 ln 2 ⎦2 ⎝ 3 ln 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ln 2 ⎠ 3 ln 2

1
∫ 2 2(x + 2 x )( x 2 − 2 x ) dx
4
Mx = 2
y

(4, 16)
1 4 4
( x − 22 x ) dx
16

2∫2
= f (x) = x
2
12

4
1 ⎡ x5 22 x ⎤ 8
= ⎢ − ⎥ g(x) = 2
x
2⎣ 5 2 ln 2 ⎦ 2 4 (2, 4)

1 ⎡⎛ 1024 128 ⎞ ⎛ 32 8 ⎞⎤
x

= − ⎟ −⎜ −
1 2 3 4
⎢⎜ ⎟⎥
2 ⎣⎝ 5 ln 2 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ln 2 ⎠⎦
496 60
= − ≈ 12.6383
5 ln 2

4 56 12
My = ∫ 2 x ⎡⎣x − 2 x ⎤⎦ dx = − + ≈ 4.1855
2
ln 2 (ln 2)2

⎛M M ⎞
(x, y) = ⎜ y , x ⎟ ≈ (3.0905, 9.3318)
⎝ m m ⎠

1 π
e −4t (cos 2t + 5 sin 2t ) dt
π ∫0
107. Average value =
π
1 ⎡ −4t ⎛ −4 cos 2t + 2 sin 2t ⎞ −4t ⎛ −4 sin 2t − 2 cos 2t ⎞⎤
= e ⎟ + 5e ⎜ (From Exercises 93 and 94)
π ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20
⎟⎥
⎠⎦ 0
7
=
10π
(1 − e−4π ) ≈ 0.223
2 2
108. (a) Average = ∫ 1 (1.6t ln t + 1) dt = ⎡⎣0.8t 2 ln t − 0.4t 2 + t ⎤⎦ = 3.2(ln 2) − 0.2 ≈ 2.018
1

4 4
(b) Average = ∫ 3 (1.6t ln t + 1) dt = ⎡⎣0.8t 2 ln t − 0.4t 2 + t ⎤⎦ = 12.8(ln 4) − 7.2(ln 3) − 1.8 ≈ 8.035
3

109. c(t ) = 100,000 + 4000t , r = 5%, t1 = 10

10 10
∫ 0 (100,000 + 4000t ) e dt = 4000∫ (25 + t )e−0.05t dt
−0.05t
P =
0

100 −0.05t
Let u = 25 + t , dv = e −0.05t dt , du = dt , v = − e .
5
⎧⎪⎡ ⎛ 100 −0.05t ⎞⎤
10
100 10 −0.05t ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪⎡ ⎛ 100 −0.05t ⎞⎤
10
⎡10,000 −0.05t ⎤ ⎫⎪
10
P = 4000⎨⎢( 25 + t )⎜ − e ⎟⎥ + ∫ e dt ⎬ = 4000⎨⎢( 25 + t )⎜ − e ⎟⎥ − ⎢ e ⎥ ⎬ ≈ $931,265
⎩⎪⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ 0 5 0
⎭⎪ ⎩⎪⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ 0 ⎣ 25 ⎦ 0 ⎭⎪

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 139

110. c(t ) = 30,000 + 500t , r = 7%, t1 = 5

5 5
P∫
0
(30,000 + 500t )e −0.07t dt = 500 ∫
0
(60 + t )e −0.07t dt

100 −0.07t
Let u = 60 + t , dv = e −0.07t dt , du = dt , v = − e .
7
⎧⎪⎡ ⎛ 100 −0.07t ⎞⎤
5
100 5 −0.07t ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪⎡ ⎛ 100 −0.07t ⎞⎤
5
⎡10,000 −0.07t ⎤ ⎫⎪
5
P = 500⎨⎢(60 + t )⎜ − ( )
7 ∫0
e ⎟⎥ + e dt ⎬ = 500 ⎨ ⎢ 60 + t ⎜ − e ⎟⎥ − ⎢ e ⎥ ⎬ ≈ $131,528.68
⎪⎩⎣ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩⎣ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ 0 ⎣ 49 ⎦ 0 ⎪⎭

⎪⎧−( 2π n), if n is even

π
π ⎡ x 1 ⎤ π π 2π
111. ∫ −π x sin nx dx = ⎢− cos nx + 2 sin nx⎥ = − cos π n − cos(−π n) = − cos π n = ⎨
⎣ n n ⎦ −π n n n ⎪⎩( 2π n), if n is odd

π
π ⎡ x2 2x 2 ⎤
∫ −π = ⎢ sin nx + 2 cos nx − 3 sin nx⎥
2
112. x cos nx dx
⎣n n n ⎦ −π
2π 2π
= 2
cos nπ + 2 cos( − nπ )
n n
4π
= 2 cos nπ
n
⎧( 4π n 2 ), if n is even
⎪
= ⎨
⎪⎩−( 4π n 2 ), if n is odd

=
(−1)n 4π
n2

⎛ nπ ⎞ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
113. Let u = x, dv = sin ⎜ x ⎟ dx, du = dx, v = − cos⎜ x ⎟.
⎝ 2 ⎠ nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
1 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎡ −2 x ⎛ nπ ⎞⎤ 2 1 ⎛ nπ ⎞
I1 = ∫ 0 x sin⎜⎝ 2 x ⎟ dx = ⎢
⎠ ⎣ nπ
cos⎜
⎝ 2
x ⎟⎥ +
⎠⎦ 0 nπ ∫ 0
cos⎜
⎝ 2
x ⎟ dx
⎠
1
⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞⎤
2
2 ⎛ nπ
= − cos⎜ ⎟ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ x ⎟⎥
nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎢⎝ nπ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦⎥ 0
2
2 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
= − cos⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ nπ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ nπ ⎞ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
Let u = ( − x + 2), dv = sin ⎜ x ⎟ dx, du = − dx, v = − cos⎜ x ⎟.
⎝ 2 ⎠ nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎡−2( − x + 2)
2
nπ ⎛ nπ ⎞⎤ ⎛ nπ
(− x + 2) sin⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎞
2 2 2
I2 = ∫1 ⎝ 2
x ⎟ dx = ⎢
⎠ ⎣ nπ
cos⎜ x ⎟⎥ −
⎝ 2 ⎠⎦1 nπ ∫ 1
cos⎜
⎝ 2
x ⎟ dx
⎠
2
⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞⎤
2
2 ⎛ nπ
= cos⎜ ⎟ − ⎢⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ x ⎟⎥
nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ nπ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥⎦1
2
2 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
= cos⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ nπ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞⎤ 8h
2
⎛ nπ ⎞
h( I1 + I 2 ) = bn = h ⎢⎜ ⎟ sin⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = sin ⎜ ⎟
nπ
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ nπ 2
⎝ ⎠⎦⎥ ( nπ ) 2
⎝ 2 ⎠

114. For any integrable function, ∫ f ( x)dx = C + ∫ f ( x)dx, but this cannot be used to imply that C = 0.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

140 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

115. Shell Method: 116. f ′( x) = xe − x

b
V = 2π ∫ xf ( x) dx (a) f ( x) = ∫ xe
−x
a dx = − xe − x − e− x + C

x2 (Parts: u = x, dv = e − x dx)
dv = x dx ⇒ v =
2
u = f ( x) ⇒ du = f ′( x) dx f (0) = 0 = −1 + C ⇒ C = 1

b
f ( x) = − xe − x − e − x + 1
⎡ x2 x2 ⎤
V = 2π ⎢ f ( x) − ∫ f ′( x) dx⎥ (b) 1

⎣2 2 ⎦a

= π ⎡b 2 f (b) − a 2 f ( a ) − ⎤
b
∫ a x f ′( x) dx⎥⎦
2
⎢⎣
y 0 4
0
y = f ( x)
f (b )
(c) Using h = 0.05 you obtain the points:
f (a )
n xn yn
0 0 0
x
a b 1 0.05 0
2 0.10 2.378 × 10−3
Disk Method:
f (a) f (b) 3 0.15 0.0069
(b2 − a 2 ) dy + π ∫ f (a) ⎡⎢⎣b2 − ⎡⎣ f −1( y)⎤⎦ ⎤⎥⎦ dy
2
V = π∫
0
4 0.20 0.0134
= π (b 2 − a 2 ) f ( a ) + π b 2 ( f (b ) − f ( a ))
f (b) 2 # # #
− π∫ ⎡⎣ f −1 ( y )⎤⎦ dy
f (a)
80 4.0 0.9064
f (b)
= π ⎡⎢b 2 f (b) − a 2 f ( a ) − ⎤
2
∫ f (a) ⎡⎣ f ( y)⎤⎦ dy⎥⎦
−1
⎣
1

Because x = f −1 ( y ), you have f ( x) = y and

f ′( x) dx = dy. When y = f ( a ), x = a. When
y = f (b), x = b. So, 0
0
4

f (b) 2 b (d) Using h = 0.1 you obtain the points:

∫ f (a) ⎡⎣ f ( y)⎤⎦ ∫ a x f ′( x) dx
−1
dy = 2
and the volumes
are the same. n xn yn
0 0 0
1 0.1 0
2 0.2 0.0090484
3 0.3 0.025423
4 0.4 0.047648
# # #

40 4.0 0.9039
1

0 4
0

(e) The result in part (c) is better because h is smaller.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 141

117. f ′( x) = 3x sin ( 2 x), f (0) = 0 118. f ′( x) = cos x , f ( 0) = 1

(a) f ( x) = ∫ 3x sin 2 x dx (a) Let w = x , w2 = x, 2w dw = dx.

= − 34 ( 2 x cos 2 x − sin 2 x) + C
∫ cos x dx = ∫ cos w(2w dw)
(Parts: u = 3 x, dv = sin 2 x dx) Now use parts: u = 2 w, dv = cos w dw.
f (0) = 0 = − 34 (0) + C ⇒ C = 0
∫ cos x dx = 2w sin w + 2 cos w + C
f ( x) = − 34 (2 x cos 2 x − sin 2 x) = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x +C
(b) f (0) = 1 = 2 + C ⇒ C = −1
3

0 5 f ( x) = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x −1
(b) 3

−5

(c) Using h = 0.05, you obtain the points: 0 9

n xn yn −3

0 0 0
(c) Using h = 0.05, you obtain the points:
1 0.05 0
n xn yn
2 0.10 7.4875 × 10−4
0 0 1
3 0.15 0.0037
1 0.05 1.05
4 0.20 0.0104
2 0.1 1.0988
# # #
3 0.15 1.1463
80 4.0 1.3181
3
4 0.2 1.1926
# # #
0 5

80 4.0 1.8404

−5
(d) Using h = 0.1, you obtain the points:
(d) Using h = 0.1, you obtain the points:
n xn yn
n xn yn 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0.1 1.1
1 0.1 0 2 0.2 1.1950
2 0.2 0.0060 3 0.3 1.2852
3 0.3 0.0293 4 0.4 1.3706
4 0.4 0.0801 # # #
# # # 80 4.0 1.8759
40 4.0 1.0210

0 5

−5

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

142 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

⎡ π⎤ π 2 π 2
119. On ⎢0, ⎥ , sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ x sin x ≤ x ⇒
⎣ 2⎦
∫0 x sin x dx ≤ ∫0 x dx.

π π
120. (a) A = ∫0 x sin x dx = [sin x − x cos x]0 = π

2π 2π
(b) ∫π x sin x dx = [sin x − x cos x]π = −2π − π = −3π

A = 3π
3π 3π
(c) ∫ 2π x sin x dx = [sin x − x cos x]2π = 3π + 2π = 5π

A = 5π
The area between y = x sin x and y = 0 on ⎡⎣nπ , ( n + 1)π ⎤⎦ is ( 2n + 1)π :
( n + 1)π (n + 1)π
∫ nπ x sin x dx = [sin x − x cos x]nπ = ±( n + 1)π ± nπ = ±( 2n + 1)π

A = ±( 2n + 1)π = ( 2n + 1)π

Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals

1. y = sec x 3. y = x − tan x + 13 tan 3 x
y′ = sec x tan x = sin x sec 2 x
y′ = 1 − sec 2 x + tan 2 x(sec 2 x)
∫ sin x sec x dx = sec x + C
2
= − tan 2 x + tan 2 x(1 + tan 2 x)
Matches (c)
= tan 4 x
2. y = cos x + sec x
∫ tan x dx = x − tan x + 1 tan 3 x + C
4
3
y′ = −sin x + sec x tan x
Matches (d)
= −sin x + sin x sec 2 x
= −sin x(1 − sec2 x)
= sin x tan 2 x

∫ sin x tan x dx = cos x + sec x + C

2

Matches (a)

4. y = 3x + 2 sin x cos3 x + 3 sin x cos x

y′ = 3 + 2 cos 4 x − 6 sin 2 x cos 2 x + 3 cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x
= 3 + 2 cos 4 x − 6 cos 2 x(1 − cos 2 x) + 3 cos 2 x − 3(1 − cos 2 x) = 8 cos 4 x

∫ 8 cos x dx = 3x + 2 sin x cos3 x + 3 sin x cos x + C

4

Matches (b)

5. Let u = cos x, du = −sin x dx.

cos 6 x
∫ cos
5
x sin x dx = − ∫ cos5 x ( −sin x) dx = − +C
6

sin 5 x sin 7 x
∫ cos x sin 4 x dx = ∫ cos x(1 − sin x) sin x dx = ∫ (sin x − sin 6 x) cos x dx = − +C
3 2 4 4
6.
5 7

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 143

7. Let u = sin 2 x, du = 2 cos 2 x dx.

∫ sin x cos 2 x dx = ∫ (1 − cos x) cos x sin x dx
3 2 2
9.

∫ (cos x − cos x) sin x dx

1
sin 7 2 x( 2 cos 2 x) dx = 2 4
∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx =
2∫
7

1 sin 8 2 x = − ∫ (cos 2 x − cos 4 x) ( −sin x) dx

= +C
2 8 cos3 x cos5 x
= − + +C
1 3 5
= sin 8 2 x + C
16
x 1 x
10. Let u = sin , du = cos dx.
8. Let u = cos x, du = −sin x dx. 3 3 3

∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin x(1 − cos x) dx ⎛ x ⎞⎛ x⎞

3 2 x
∫ cos dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ cos 3 ⎟⎜1 − sin
3 2
⎟ dx
3 ⎠⎝ 3⎠
= ∫ cos x(−sin x) dx + ∫ sin x dx
2

⎛ x ⎞⎛ 1 x⎞
= 1 cos3 x − cos x + C = 3∫ ⎜1 − sin 2 ⎟⎜ cos ⎟ dx
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 3 ⎠
⎛ x 1 x⎞
= 3⎜ sin − sin 3 ⎟ + C
⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠
x 3 x
= 3 sin − sin + C
3 3

∫ sin 2θ cos 2θ dθ = ∫ (1 − cos 2θ ) cos 2θ sin 2θ dθ

3 2
11.

∫ ⎡⎣(cos 2θ ) − (cos 2θ ) ⎤ sin 2θ dθ

12 52
=
⎦
= − 12 ∫ ⎡(cos 2θ ) − (cos 2θ ) ⎤ ( −2 sin 2θ ) dθ
12 52
⎣ ⎦
= − 12 ⎡ 23 (cos 2θ ) (cos 2θ )7 2 ⎤⎦
32 2
− + C
⎣ 7

= − 13 (cos 2θ ) (cos 2θ )7 2
32 1
+ 7
+ C

cos5 t
∫ cos t (1 − sin t ) (sin t ) dt
2−1 2
∫ dt = 2
12.
sin t

∫ (1 − 2 sin t + sin 4 t ) (sin t )

−1 2
= 2
cos t dt

∫ ⎡⎣(sin t ) − 2(sin t ) + (sin t ) ⎤ cos t dt

−1 2 32 72
=
⎦
4 2
= 2 sin t − (sin t )5 2 + (sin t )9 2 + C
5 9

1 + cos 6 x 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
13. ∫ cos
2
3 x dx = ∫ dx = ⎜ x + sin 6 x ⎟ + C = (6 x + sin 6 x) + C
2 2⎝ 6 ⎠ 12

1 − cos 10 x 1⎛ sin 10 x ⎞ x sin 10 x

∫ sin 5 x dx = ∫ dx = ⎜ x − ⎟+C = −
2
14.
2 2⎝ 10 ⎠ 2 20

⎛ 1 + cos 6α ⎞⎛ 1 + cos 6α ⎞
∫ cos 3α dα = ∫ ⎜⎝ ⎟ dα
4
15. ⎟⎜
2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
1
=
4∫
(1 + 2 cos 6α + cos2 6α ) dα
1 ⎛ 1 + cos 12α ⎞
= ∫ ⎜1 + 2 cos 6α + ⎟ dα
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1⎛ 3 sin 6α sin 12α ⎞
= ⎜ α + + ⎟ +C
4⎝ 2 3 24 ⎠
3 sin 6α sin 12α
= α + + +C
8 12 96

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

144 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

⎛ 1 − cos 12θ ⎞⎛ 1 − cos 12θ ⎞

∫ sin 6θ dθ = ∫ ⎜⎝ ⎟ dθ
4
16. ⎟⎜
2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
1
=
4∫
(1 − 2 cos 12θ + cos2 12θ ) dθ
1 ⎛ 1 + cos 24θ ⎞
= ∫ ⎜1 − 2 cos 12θ + ⎟ dθ
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 ⎛3 1 ⎞
4∫ ⎝ 2
= ⎜ − 2 cos 12θ + cos 24θ ⎟ dθ
2 ⎠
1⎛ 3 1 1 ⎞ 3 1 1
= ⎜ θ − sin 2θ + sin 24θ ⎟ + C = θ − sin 12θ + sin 24 θ + C
4⎝ 2 6 48 ⎠ 8 24 192

17. Integration by parts:

1 − cos 2 x x sin 2 x 1
dv = sin 2 x dx = ⇒ v = − = ( 2 x − sin 2 x)
2 2 4 4
u = x ⇒ du = dx
1 1
∫ x sin
2
x dx = x( 2 x − sin 2 x) − ∫ ( 2 x − sin 2 x) dx
4 4
1 1⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 1
= x( 2 x − sin 2 x) − ⎜ x + cos 2 x ⎟ + C = ( 2 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x) + C
4 4⎝ 2 ⎠ 8

18. Use integration by parts twice.

1 − cos 2 x x sin 2 x 1
dv = sin 2 x dx = ⇒ v = − = ( 2 x − sin 2 x)
2 2 4 4
u = x 2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx
1
dv = sin 2 x dx ⇒ v = −
cos 2 x
2
u = x ⇒ du = dx
1 2 1
∫x
2
sin 2 x dx =
4
x ( 2 x − sin 2 x) −
2∫
(2 x 2 − x sin 2 x) dx
1 1 1 3 1
= x 3 − x 2 sin 2 x − x + ∫ x sin 2 x dx
2 4 3 2
1 3 1 2 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= x − x sin 2 x + ⎜ − x cos 2 x + ∫ cos 2 x dx ⎟
6 4 2⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 3 1 2 1 1
= x − x sin 2 x − x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C
6 4 4 8
1
=
24
(4 x3 − 6 x 2 sin 2 x − 6 x cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x) + C

( 23 )( 54 )( 76 ) = ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ π 5π
π 2
19. ∫0 cos 7 x dx = 16
35
, (n = 7) 23. ∫0
π 2
sin 6 x dx = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = , ( n = 6)
2 4
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 6 2 32

( 23 )( 54 )( 76 )( 89 ) =
π 2
20. ∫0 cos9 x dx = 128
, (n = 9) π 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ π ⎞ 35π
, ( n = 8)
315 24. ∫0 sin 8 x dx = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
2 4 6 8 2 256
π 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ 9 ⎞⎛ π ⎞
21. ∫0 cos10 x dx = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 10 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
25. ∫ sec 7 x dx = 1
7 ∫ sec(7 x) 7 dx
63 = 1 ln sec 7 x + tan 7 x + C
= π , ( n = 10) 7
512
∫ sec (2 x − 1) dx = 1 tan ( 2 x − 1) + C
2
26.
( )( )
π 2 2
22. ∫0 sin 5 x dx = 2
3
4
5
= 8
15
, (n = 5)

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 145

1⎛ tan 3 5 x ⎞ tan 5 x
∫ sec 5 x dx = ∫ (1 + tan 5 x) sec 2 5 x dx = ⎜ tan 5 x + ⎟+C = (3 + tan 2 5x) + C
4 2
27.
5⎝ 3 ⎠ 15

∫ (1 + tan 3 x) sec 2 3 x dx = ∫ (1 + 2 tan 3x + tan 4 3 x) sec 2 3 x dx =

2
∫ sec 3 x dx = 1 tan 3 x + 2 tan 3 3x + 1 tan 5 3 x + C
6 2 2
28. 3 9 15

1
29. dv = sec 2 π x dx ⇒ tan π x
v =
π
u = sec π x ⇒ du = π sec π x tan π x dx
1 1
∫ sec π x dx = sec π x tan π x − ∫ sec π x tan π x dx = sec π x tan π x − ∫ sec π x(sec π x − 1) dx
3 2 2
π π
1
2 ∫ sec3 π x dx =
π
(sec π x tan π x + ln sec π x + tan π x ) + C1
1
∫ sec
3
π x dx =
2π
(sec π x tan π x + ln sec π x + tan π x )+C

∫ tan x dx = ∫ (sec x − 1) tan x dx πx πx 1 πx

5 2 3
30.
∫ tan dx = +C
3
32. sec 2 tan 4
2 2 2π 2
= ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan x dx
3 2 3

tan 4 x 33. u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx

= − ∫ (sec 2 x − 1) tan x dx
∫ sec x tan x dx = 1 tan 2 x + C
2
4
2
tan 4 x
= − ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx + ∫ tan x dx or, u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx,
4
∫ sec x tan x dx = 1 sec 2 x + C
2
tan 4 x tan 2 x 2
= − − ln cos x + C
4 2

x ⎛ x ⎞ x
∫ tan dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ sec − 1⎟ tan 3 dx
5 2
31.
2 2 ⎠ 2
3 x 2 x x
= ∫ tan sec dx − ∫ tan 3 dx
2 2 2
x
tan 4
2 ⎛ x ⎞ x
= − ∫ ⎜ sec 2 − 1⎟ tan dx
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1 x x x
= tan 4 − tan 2 − 2 ln cos + C
2 2 2 2

34. Let u = sec 2t , du = 2 sec 2t tan 2t.

∫ tan 2t ⋅ sec3 2t dt = ∫ (sec 2t − 1) sec3 2t ⋅ tan 2t dt

3 2

sec5 2t sec3 2t
= ∫ (sec 2t − sec 2 2t )(sec 2t tan 2t ) dt = − +C
4
10 6

∫ tan x sec 4 x dx = ∫ tan x( tan x + 1) sec x dx

2 2 2 2
35.
tan 5 x tan 3 x
= ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx + ∫ tan x sec2 x dx = + +C
4 2
5 3

∫ tan 2 x sec 4 2 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x( tan 2 x + 1) sec 2 x dx

5 5 2 2
36.

= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx + ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx

7 2 5 2

1 tan 8 2 x 1 tan 6 2 x
= + + C
2 8 2 6
tan 8 2 x tan 6 2 x
= + +C
16 12

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146 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 α α
∫ sec sec5 4 x( 4 sec 4 x tan 4 x) dx ∫ sin
4∫
37. 6
4 x tan 4 x dx = 44. s = 2
dα
cos 2
2 2
sec6 4 x ⎛ 1 − cos α ⎞⎛ 1 + cos α ⎞ 1 − cos 2 α
= +C = ∫⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ dα = ∫ dα
24 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
1 1
x x x⎛ 1 x x⎞ = ∫ sin 2 α dα = ∫ (1 − cos 2α ) dα
∫ sec tan dx = 2 ∫ sec ⎜ sec tan ⎟ dx
2 4 8
38.
2 2 2⎝ 2 2 2⎠
1⎛ sin 2α ⎞
x = ⎜θ − ⎟ + C
= sec 2
+C or 8⎝ 2 ⎠
2
1
2 x x x⎛ 1 2 x⎞ 2 x
= ( 2α − sin 2α ) + C
∫ sec 2 tan 2 dx = 2∫ tan 2 ⎜⎝ 2 sec 2 ⎟⎠ dx = tan 2 + C 16

45. y = ∫ tan 3 3 x sec 3 x dx

∫ sec x tan x dx = ∫ sec x tan x (sec x tan x) dx
5 3 4 2
39.
= ∫ (sec 3x − 1) sec 3x tan 3x dx
2

= ∫ sec 4 x(sec 2 x − 1)(sec x tan x) dx −1

= 13 ∫ sec2 3 x(3 sec 3 x tan 3x) dx − 13 ∫ 3 sec 3 x tan 3x dx

= ∫ (sec x − sec 4 x)(sec x tan x) dx
6

= 1 sec3 3x − 13 sec 3x + C
9
sec7 x sec5 x
= − +C
7 5
46. y = ∫ tan x sec x dx
4

∫ tan 3 x dx = ∫ (sec 3 x − 1) tan 3 x dx ∫ tan x( tan x + 1) sec x dx

3 2
40. = 12 2 2

1 1 −3 sin 3 x
tan 3x(3 sec2 3x) dx + ∫ = ∫ ( tan x + tan x) sec x dx
52 12 2

3∫
= dx
3 cos 3 x
= 2 tan 7 2 x + 2 tan 3 2 x + C
1 1 7 3
= tan 2 3 x + ln cos 3x + C
6 3
47. (a) y

(sec2 x − 1) dx
4
tan 2 x
41. ∫ sec x
dx = ∫ sec x
= ∫ (sec x − cos x) dx
x
4

= ln sec x + tan x − sin x + C

−4

tan 2 x sin 2 x
∫ = ∫ cos2 x ⋅ cos x dx dy
5
42.
sec5 x (b) = sin 2 x, (0, 0)
dx
= ∫ sin x ⋅ cos x dx
2 3
1 − cos 2 x
y = ∫ sin x dx = ∫
2
dx
= ∫ sin x(1 − sin x) cos x dx 2
2 2

1 sin 2 x
= ∫ (sin x − sin x) cos x dx = x − +C
2 4
2 4
sin 3 x sin 5 x 1 sin 2 x
=
3
−
5
+C (0, 0): 0 = C, y = x −
2 4
4
1
∫ sin (πθ ) dθ = ⎡1 − cos( 2πθ )⎤⎦ dθ
2

4∫ ⎣
43. r = 4

−6 6
1
⎡1 − 2 cos( 2πθ ) + cos 2 ( 2πθ )⎤⎦ dθ
4∫ ⎣
=

1 ⎡ 1 + cos( 4πθ ) ⎤ −4

⎢1 − 2 cos( 2πθ ) +
4∫ ⎣
= ⎥ dθ
2 ⎦
1⎡ 1 θ 1 ⎤
= θ − sin ( 2πθ ) + + sin ( 4πθ )⎥ + C
4 ⎢⎣ π 2 8π ⎦
1
= ⎡12πθ − 8 sin ( 2πθ ) + sin ( 4πθ )⎤⎦ + C
32π ⎣

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 147

48. (a) y
dy 3 sin x
49. = , y (0) = 2
1
dx y
8

x
−1 1

(0, 14) −9 9

−1
−4

dy ⎛ 1⎞
(b) = sec 2 x tan 2 x, ⎜ 0, − ⎟ dy
dx ⎝ 4⎠ 50. = 3 y tan 2 x, y(0) = 3
dx
y = ∫ sec 2 x tan 2 x dx u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx 8 (0, 3)

tan 3 x
y= +C
3
−1 1
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1
⎜ 0, − ⎟ : − = C ⇒ y = tan x −
3
−2
⎝ 4⎠ 4 3 4
1

−1.5 1.5

−1

1
∫ cos 2 x cos 6 x dx ⎡cos((2 − 6) x) + cos((2 + 6) x)⎤⎦ dx
2∫ ⎣
51. =

1
= ∫ ⎡⎣cos(−4 x) + cos 8 x⎤⎦ dx
2
1
= ∫ (cos 4 x + cos 8 x) dx
2
1 ⎡ sin 4 x sin 8 x ⎤
= ⎢ + +C
2⎣ 4 8 ⎥⎦
sin 4 x sin 8 x
= + +C
8 16
1
= (2 sin 4 x + sin 8 x) + C
16

1
52. ∫ cos 4θ cos(−3θ ) dθ =
2∫
(cos 7θ + cos θ ) dθ
∫ cos 4θ cos 3θ dθ =

sin 7θ sin θ 1
= + +C = (sin 7θ + 7 sin θ ) + C
14 2 14

1
∫ sin 2 x cos 4 x dx ⎡sin (( 2 − 4) x) + sin ((2 + 4) x)⎤⎦ dx
2∫ ⎣
53. =

1
= ∫ (sin ( −2 x) + sin 6 x) dx
2
1
= ∫ (−sin 2 x + sin 6 x) dx
2
1 ⎡ cos 2 x cos 6 x ⎤
= ⎢ − +C
2⎣ 2 6 ⎥⎦
1 1
= cos 2 x − cos 6 x + C
4 12
1
= (3 cos 2 x − cos 6 x) + C
12

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

148 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

54. ∫ sin(−4 x) cos 3x dx = − ∫ sin 4 x cos 3x dx 55. ∫ sin θ sin 3θ dθ = 1

2 ∫ (cos 2θ − cos 4θ ) dθ

= − 12 ∫ (sin x + sin 7 x) dx = 1 1
2 2 ( sin 2θ − 1
4 )
sin 4θ + C

= − 12 −cos x −( 1
7 )
cos 7 x + C = 1
8
(2 sin 2θ − sin 4θ ) + C

= 1
14 (7 cos x + cos 7 x) + C
1
∫ sin 5 x sin 4 x dx (cos x − cos 9 x) dx
2∫
56. =

1⎛ sin 9 x ⎞
= ⎜ sin x − ⎟ +C
2⎝ 9 ⎠
sin x sin 9 x
= − +C
2 18
1
= (9 sin x − sin 9x) + C
18

∫ cot 2 x dx = ∫ (csc 2 x − 1) cot 2 x dx

3 2
57.
1 1 2 cos 2 x
cot 2 x( −2 csc 2 2 x) dx − ∫
2∫
= − dx
2 sin 2 x
1 1
= − cot 2 2 x − ln sin 2 x + C
4 2

=
1
4
(
ln csc 2 2 x − cot 2 2 x + C )
x 1 x
58. Let u = tan , du = sec 2 dx.
2 2 2
x x x⎛ 2 x ⎞ x
∫ tan sec 4 dx = ∫ tan + 1⎟ sec 2 dx
4 4
⎜ tan
2 2 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ x x ⎞⎛ 1 x⎞
= 2∫ ⎜ tan 6 + tan 4 ⎟⎜ sec 2 ⎟ dx
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2⎠
2 x 2 x
= tan 7 + tan 5 + C
7 2 5 2

∫ csc 2 x dx = ∫ csc 2 x(1 + cot 2 x) dx

4 2 2
59.

= ∫ csc 2 x dx + ∫ cot 2 x csc 2 x dx

2 2 2

1 cot 3 2 x
= − cot 2 x − + C
2 6

∫ cot x csc3 x dx = ∫ cot x csc x (csc x cot x) dx

3 2 2
60.

= ∫ (csc x − 1) csc x (csc x cot x) dx

2 2

= ∫ (csc x − csc x) (csc x cot x) dx

4 2

csc5 x csc3 x
= − + + C
5 3

61. ∫
cot 2 t
dt = ∫
csc 2 t − 1
dt cot 3 t cos3 t (1 − sin 2 t )cos t dt
csc t csc t 62. ∫ csc t dt = ∫ sin 2 t dt = ∫ sin 2 t
= ∫ (csc t − sin t ) dt
=
cos t
∫ sin 2 t dt − ∫ cos t dt
= ln csc t − cot t + cos t + C
−1
= − sin t + C = −csc t − sin t + C
sin t

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 149

1 cos 2 x 1 − sin 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x 1 − 2 cos 2 x

63. ∫ sec x tan x dx = ∫ sin x
dx = ∫ sin x
dx 64. ∫ cos x
dx = ∫ cos x
dx

= ∫ (csc x − sin x) dx = ∫ (sec x − 2 cos x) dx

= ln csc x − cot x + cos x + C = ln sec x + tan x − 2 sin x + C

∫ ( tan t − sec 4 t ) dt = ∫ ( tan t + sec t )( tan t − sec 2 t ) dt , (tan 2 t − sec2 t = −1)

4 2 2 2
65.

= − ∫ ( tan 2 t + sec 2 t ) dt = − ∫ ( 2 sec 2 t − 1) dt = −2 tan t + t + C

1 − sec t cos t − 1
66. ∫ cos t − 1 dt = ∫ (cos t − 1) cos t dt = ∫ sec t dt = ln sec t + tan t + C

π π 1 − cos 2 x 71. Let u = 1 + sin t , du = cos t dt.

∫ − π sin x dx = 2∫
2
67. dx
0 2 π 2 cos t π 2

⎡ 1 ⎤
π
∫0 1 + sin t
dt = ⎡⎣ln 1 + sin t ⎤⎦ 0 = ln 2
= ⎢ x − sin 2 x⎥ = π
⎣ 2 ⎦0
π 1 π
72. ∫ −π sin 5 x cos 3x dx = 2 ∫ −π (sin 2 x + sin 8 x) dx
∫ 0 (sec x − 1) dx
π 3 π 3
∫0 tan x dx =
2 2
68.
π
1 ⎡ cos 2 x cos 8 x ⎤
π = − −
2 ⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦ −π
π 3
= [tan x − x]0 = 3 − 2
3
1 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎜− − ⎟ − ⎜− − ⎟ = 0
2 ⎢⎣⎝ 2 8 ⎠ ⎝ 2 8 ⎠⎥⎦
(sec x − 1) tan x dx
π 4 π 4
∫0 6 tan x dx = 6 ∫
3 2
69.
0
π
= 6∫
π 4
⎡⎣tan x sec 2 x − tan x⎤⎦ dx Note: f ( x) = sin 5 x cos 3x is odd, so ∫ − π f ( x) dx = 0
0
π 4
⎡ tan 2 x ⎤
(1 − sin 2 x) cos x dx
π 2 π 2
∫ − π 2 3 cos x dx = 3∫
3
= 6⎢ + ln cos x ⎥ 73.
2 −π 2
⎣ ⎦0
π 2
⎡1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡ sin 3 x ⎤
⎛1 ⎞ = 3⎢sin x + ⎥
= 6 ⎢ + ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ = 6⎜⎝ 2 − ln 2⎟ 3 ⎦ −π
2 2 ⎠ ⎣
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ 2

= 3(1 − ln 2) ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= 3⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − ⎜ −1 − ⎟⎥ = 4
⎣⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
70. Let u = tan t , du = sec 2 t dt.
⎛ 1 − cos 2 x ⎞
∫ − π 2 (sin x + 1) dx =
π 2 π 2
∫ − π 2 ⎜⎝ + 1⎟ dx
2
π 4 π 4 74.
∫0 sec 2 t tan t dt = ⎡⎣ 23 tan 3 2 t ⎤⎦
0
= 2
3
2 ⎠
π 2 ⎛3 1 ⎞
= ∫ − π 2 ⎜⎝ 2 −
2
cos 2 x ⎟ dx
⎠
π 2
⎡3 1 ⎤ 3π
= ⎢ x − sin 2 x⎥ =
⎣2 4 ⎦ −π 2 2

x 1
75. ∫ cos
4
dx = (6 x + 8 sin x + sin 2 x) + C
2 16
1⎛ x x x x ⎞
= ⎜ 4 sin cos3 + 6 sin cos + 3x ⎟ + C
8⎝ 2 2 2 2 ⎠
6

C=2

−9 9
C=0

−6

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

150 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

76. ∫ sin
2
x cos 2 x dx = 1
32
(4 x − sin 4 x) + C
2

−6 6

−2

1 ⎧ 3 3 ⎫
∫ sec π x dx = ⎨sec π x tan π x + (sec π x tan π x + ln sec π x + tan π x )⎬ + C
5
77.
4π ⎩ 2 ⎭
3 C=1

−3 3

C = −1 −3

tan 2 (1 − x) π 2 231π
78. ∫ tan (1 − x) dx = −
3
2
− ln cos(1 − x) + C 84. ∫0 sin12 x dx =
2048
2
85. (a) Save one sine factor and convert the remaining
factors to cosines. Then expand and integrate.
−3 3
(b) Save one cosine factor and convert the remaining
factors to sines. Then expand and integrate.
−2 (c) Make repeated use of the power reducing formulas
to convert the integrand to odd powers of the cosine.
1
∫ sec π x tan π x dx = sec5 π x + C Then proceed as in part (b).
5
79.
5π
5 86. (a) Save a secant-squared factor and convert the
C=2 C=0 remaining factors to tangents. Then expand and
−2 2
integrate.
(b) Save a secant-squared factor and convert the
remaining factors to secants. Then expand and
−5
integrate.
sec 4 (1 − x) (c) Convert a tangent-squared factor to a secant-squared
∫ sec (1 − x) tan(1 − x) dx = − +C
4
80.
4 factor, then expand and repeat if necessary.
2 (d) Use integration by parts.

sin 2 x
− 3.5 3.5 87. (a) ∫ sin x cos x dx =
2
+ C

cos 2 x
−2
(b) − ∫ cos x ( −sin x) dx = − +C
2
π 4 (c) dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = sin x
81. ∫0 sin 3θ sin 4θ dθ
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx
π 4
⎡1 1 ⎤ 2 2
= ⎢ sin θ −
⎣2 14
sin 7θ ⎥
⎦0
=
7 ∫ sin x cos x dx = sin 2 x − ∫ sin x cos x dx
2 ∫ sin x cos x dx = sin x 2

π 2
π 2 ⎡3 1 ⎤ sin 2 x
∫ 0 (1 − cos θ ) dθ
2
= ⎢ θ − 2 sin θ + sin 2θ ⎥
82.
⎣ 2 4 ⎦0 ∫ sin x cos x dx =
2
+C

3π (Answers will vary)

= − 2
4 1 1
(d) ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ 2 sin 2 x dx = −
4
cos 2 x + C
π 2
π 2 1 ⎡ 3x 1 ⎤ 3π
83. ∫0 sin 4 x dx =
4 ⎢⎣ 2
− sin 2 x + sin 4 x⎥
8 ⎦0
=
16
The answers all differ by a constant.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 151

88. (a) The second one is more difficult. (b) The second one is more difficult.
The first one is easy: The first one is easy:
373
sin x tan 401 x
∫ sin x cos x dx = + C ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx = + C
372 400
373 401

89. (a) Let u = tan 3x, du = 3 sec 2 3x dx.

1
∫ sec
4
3x tan 3 3x dx = ∫ sec
2
3 x tan 3 3 x sec 2 3 x dx =
3∫
(tan 2 3x + 1) tan 3 3x(3 sec2 3x) dx
1 tan 6 3 x tan 4 3x
=
3 ∫ ( tan 5 3 x + tan 3 3 x)(3 sec 2 3 x) dx =
18
+
12
+ C1

Or let u = sec 3x, du = 3 sec 3 x tan 3 x dx.

∫ sec 3 x tan 3 3 x dx = ∫ sec

4 3
3 x tan 2 3 x sec 3 x tan 3x dx
1 sec6 3x sec 4 3 x
= ∫ sec3 3x(sec2 3 x − 1)(3 sec 3 x tan 3 x) dx = − +C
3 18 12
(b) 0.05

−0.5 0.5

−0.05

(1 + tan 2 3x) − (1 + tan 2 3x) + C

3 2
sec6 3 x sec 4 3 x
(c) − +C =
18 12 18 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= tan 6 3 x + tan 4 3 x + tan 2 3 x + − tan 4 3x − tan 2 3 x − + C
18 6 6 18 12 6 12
tan 6 3 x tan 4 3 x ⎛ 1 1⎞
= + +⎜ − ⎟ + C
18 12 ⎝ 18 12 ⎠
tan 6 3 x tan 4 3 x
= + + C2
18 12

∫ 0 (sin x − sin x) dx
π 2
90. (a) Let u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx. 91. A = 3

∫ sec x tan x dx = 1 tan 2 x + C1

2
π 2 π 2
2 = ∫0 sin x dx − ∫0 sin 3 x dx
Or let u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx. π 2
= [−cos x]0 − 2
3
( Wallis's Formula )
∫ sec x(sec x tan x) dx = 1 sec x + C
2
2 2 1
=1− 3
= 3
(b) 8

1
92. A = ∫ 0 sin (π x) dx
2

−4 4 11 − cos( 2π x)
−2
= ∫0 2
dx

(tan 2 x + 1) + C
1
(c) 1 sec 2 x + C = 1 ⎡1 sin 2π x ⎤ 1
2 2 = ⎢ x − ⎥ = 2
⎣ 2 4π ⎦0
= 2 (2 )
1 tan 2 x + 1 + C

π 4
∫ − π 4 ⎡⎣cos
= 1 tan 2 x + C2
2 93. A = 2
x − sin 2 x⎤⎦ dx
π 4
= ∫ − π 4 cos 2 x dx
π 4
⎡ sin 2 x ⎤ 1 1
= ⎢ ⎥ = + =1
⎣ 2 ⎦ −π 4 2 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

152 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

π 4 95. Disks y
94. A = ∫ − π 2 ⎡⎣cos x − sin x cos x⎤⎦ dx
2

R( x) = tan x, r ( x) = 0 1

π 4 ⎡1 + cos 2 x ⎤
= ∫ −π − sin x cos x⎥ dx π 4 1

2⎢ V = 2π ∫ tan 2 x dx
2

⎣ 2 ⎦ 0 x
π 4 π π

(sec x − 1) dx
π 4
⎡1 sin 2 x sin 2 x ⎤ = 2π ∫ 2 − 12
8 4
= ⎢ x + − ⎥ 0
⎣2 4 2 ⎦ −π 2 π 4 −1
= 2π [tan x − x]0
⎛π 1 1⎞ ⎛ π 1⎞
= ⎜ + − ⎟ − ⎜− − ⎟ π⎞
⎝8 4 4⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎛
= 2π ⎜1 − ⎟ ≈ 1.348
3π 1 ⎝ 4⎠
= +
8 2
π 2 ⎡ 2⎛ x ⎞ 2 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
96. V = π ∫ ⎢cos ⎜ 2 ⎟ − sin ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ dx
0
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
π 2
= π∫ cos x dx
0
π 2
= π [sin x]0 = π

π
π π π π⎡ 1 ⎤ π2
97. (a) V = π ∫ sin 2 x dx = (1 − cos 2 x) dx
2 ∫0
= ⎢ x − sin 2 x⎥ = y
0 2⎣ 2 ⎦0 2
1
π
(b) A =
π
∫ 0 sin x dx = [−cos x]0 =1+1= 2 ( π2 , π8 (
1

Let u = x, dv = sin x dx, du = dx, v = −cos x.

2

1 π 1
x sin x dx = ⎡[− x cos x]0 +
π π
⎤ = 1 [− x cos x + sin x]π = π
A∫0 ∫ 0 cos x dx⎥⎦
x
x = π π
2 ⎢⎣ 2 0
2 2

π
1 π 1 π 1⎡ 1 ⎤ π
sin 2 x dx = ∫ (1 − cos 2 x) dx = ⎢ x − sin 2 x⎥ =
2A∫0
y =
8 0 8⎣ 2 ⎦0 8
⎛π π ⎞
(x, y) = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 8⎠
π 2
π 2 π π 2 π⎡ 1 ⎤ π2
98. (a) V = π ∫ (1 + cos 2 x) dx
2 ∫0
cos 2 x dx = = x + sin 2 x⎥ =
0 2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦0 4
π 2 π 2
(b) A = ∫0 cos x dx = [sin x]0 =1 y

Let u = x, dv = cos x dx, du = dx, v = sin x.

1
π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π π −2 ( π 2− 2 , π8 (
x = ∫0 x cos x dx = [ x sin x]0 − ∫0 sin x dx = [ x sin x + cos x]0 = −1=
2 2 1
2
π 2
1 π2 1 π 2 1⎡ 1 ⎤ π
(1 + cos 2 x) dx =
2∫0
y = cos 2 x dx = ∫ x + sin 2 x⎥ =
4 0 4 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦0 8 π π
x
4 2
⎛π − 2 π ⎞
(x, y) = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 8⎠

99. dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = −cos x

u = sin n −1
x ⇒ du = ( n − 1) sin n − 2 x cos x dx

∫ sin
n
x dx = −sin n −1 x cos x + ( n − 1) ∫ sin n − 2 x cos 2 x dx = −sin n −1 x cos x + ( n − 1)∫ sin n − 2 x(1 − sin 2 x) dx

= −sin n −1 x cos x + ( n − 1) ∫ sin n − 2 x dx − ( n − 1) ∫ sin n x dx

Therefore, n ∫ sin n x dx = −sin n −1 x cos x + ( n − 1) ∫ sin n − 2 x dx

−sin n −1 x cos x n −1
∫ sin x dx = +
n ∫
sin n − 2 x dx.
n
n

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 153

100. dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = sin x

u = cos n −1
x ⇒ du = −( n − 1) cos n − 2 x sin x dx

∫ cos
n
x dx = cos n −1 x sin x + ( n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x sin 2 x dx

= cos n −1 x sin x + ( n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x(1 − cos 2 x) dx = cos n −1 x sin x + ( n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x dx − ( n − 1)∫ cos n x dx

Therefore, n ∫ cos n x dx = cos n −1 x sin x + ( n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x dx

cos n −1 x sin x n −1
∫ cos x dx = +
n ∫
cos n − 2 x dx.
n
n

−cos m + 1 x
101. Let u = sin n −1 x, du = ( n − 1) sin n − 2 x cos x dx, dv = cos m x sin x dx, v = .
m +1

−sin n −1 x cos m + 1 x n −1
∫ cos x sin n x dx = +
m + 1∫
sin n − 2 x cos m + 2 x dx
m
m +1
−sin n −1 x cos m + 1 x n −1
sin n − 2 x cos m x(1 − sin 2 x) dx
m + 1∫
= +
m +1
−sin n −1 x cos m + 1 x n −1 n −1
m + 1∫ m + 1∫
= + sin n − 2 x cos m x dx − sin n x cos m x dx
m +1
m + n −sin n −1 x cos m + 1 x n −1
m +1 ∫ cos m x sin n x dx =
m +1
+
m + 1∫
sin n − 2 x cos m x dx

−cos m + 1 x sin n −1 x n −1
∫ cos x sin x dx = +
m + n∫
cos m x sin n − 2 x dx
m n
m + n

102. Let u = sec n − 2 x, du = ( n − 2) secn − 2 x tan x dx, dv = sec 2 x dx, v = tan x.

∫ sec x dx = sec n − 2 x tan x − ∫ (n − 2) sec x tan x dx

n n−2 2

= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2) ∫ sec n − 2 x(sec 2 x − 1) dx

= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2) ⎡∫ sec n x dx − ∫ sec n − 2 x dx⎤

⎣ ⎦
(n − 1) ∫ sec n x dx = sec n−2
x tan x + ( n − 2) ∫ sec n−2
x dx
1 n − 2
∫ sec x dx = sec n − 2 x tan x +
n − 1∫
sec n − 2 x dx
n
n −1

sin 4 x cos x 4
∫ sin x dx = − + ∫ sin 3 x dx
5
103.
5 5
sin 4 x cos x 4 ⎛ sin 2 x cos x 2 ⎞
= − + ⎜− + ∫ sin x dx ⎟
5 5⎝ 3 3 ⎠
1 4 8
= − sin 4 x cos x − sin 2 x cos x − cos x + C
5 15 15
cos x
= −
15
(3 sin 4 x + 4 sin 2 x + 8) + C
cos3 x sin x 3
∫ cos x dx = + ∫ cos 2 x dx
4
104.
4 4
cos3 x sin x 3 ⎛ cos x sin x 1 ⎞
= + ⎜ + ∫ dx ⎟
4 4⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 3 3
= cos x sin x + cos x sin x + x + C
3
4 8 8
1
= ( 2 cos3 x sin x + 3 cos x sin x + 3 x) + C
8

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

154 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

2π x 5 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2π
∫ sec dx =
2π ∫
4
105. sec 4 ⎜ ⎟ dx
5 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
5 ⎡1 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2π ⎤
= sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟ + ∫ sec ⎜ ⎟ dx⎥
2π ⎢⎣ 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 5 ⎦
5 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞⎤
= sec ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟ + 2 tan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + C
6π ⎢⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦
5 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎡ 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
= tan ⎜ ⎟ ⎢sec ⎜ ⎟+ 2⎥ + C
6π ⎝ 5 ⎠⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎦

cos3 x sin 3 x 1
∫ sin x cos x dx = − + ∫ cos 2 x sin 2 x dx
4 2
106.
6 2
cos3 x sin 3 x 1 ⎛ cos3 x sin x 1 ⎞
= − + ⎜− + ∫ cos 2 x dx ⎟
6 2⎝ 4 4 ⎠
1 1 1 ⎛ cos x sin x x⎞
= − cos3 x sin 3 x − cos3 x sin x + ⎜ + ⎟+ C
6 8 8⎝ 2 2⎠
1
= − (8 cos3 x sin 3 x + 6 cos3 x sin x − 3 cos x sin x − 3x) + C
48

πt πt
107. f (t ) = a0 + a1 cos + b1 sin
6 6
1 12 1 12 πt 1 12 πt
f (t ) dt , a1 = ∫ f (t ) cos dt , b1 = ∫ f (t ) sin
12 ∫ 0
a0 = dt
6 0 6 6 0 6
1 (12 − 0)
(a) a0 ≈ ⋅ [33.5 + 4(35.4) + 2( 44.7) + 4(55.6) + 2(67.4) + 4(76.2) + 2(80.4) + 4(79.0) + 2(72.0)
12 3(12)
+ 4(61.0) + 2( 49.3) + 4(38.6) + 33.5]
≈ 57.72
a1 ≈ −23.36
b1 ≈ −2.75 (Answers will vary.)
⎛πt ⎞ ⎛πt ⎞
H (t ) ≈ 57.72 − 23.36 cos⎜ ⎟ − 2.75 sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
6 ⎝6⎠
⎛πt ⎞ ⎛πt ⎞
(b) L(t ) ≈ 42.04 − 20.91 cos⎜ ⎟ − 4.33 sin ⎜ ⎟
6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝6⎠
90
(c)
H

L
0 14
10

Temperature difference is greatest in the summer (t ≈ 4.9 or end of May).

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.3 Trigonometric Integrals 155

108. (a) n is odd and n ≥ 3.

π 2
π 2 ⎡ cos n −1 x sin x ⎤ n −1 π 2
∫0 cos n x dx = ⎢
⎣ n
⎥
⎦0
+
n ∫0
cos n − 2 x dx

π
n − 1⎛ ⎡ cos n − 3 x sin x ⎤ ⎞
2
n−3 π2
= ⎜⎢
n ⎜⎣ n−2
⎥
⎦0
+ ∫
n−2 0
cos n − 4 x dx ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
π 2
n − 1 n − 3 ⎛ ⎡ cos n − 5 x sin x ⎤ n−5 π2 ⎞
=
n
⋅ ⎜⎢
n − 2⎜ ⎣ n−4
⎥
⎦0
+
n−4 ∫ 0
cos n − 6 x dx ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
n −1 n −3 n −5 π 2
n − 2 n − 4∫0
= ⋅ ⋅ cos n − 6 x dx
n
n −1 n −3 n −5 π 2

n − 2 n − 4 ∫0
= ⋅ ⋅ " cos x dx
n
π 2
⎡n − 1 n − 3 n − 5 ⎤
= ⎢ ⋅ ⋅ " (sin x)⎥
⎣ n n−2 n−4 ⎦0
n −1 n −3 n −5
= ⋅ ⋅ " 1 ( Reverse the order.)
n n−2 n−4
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞
= (1)⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ " ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ " ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
(b) n is even and n ≥ 2.
π 2 n −1 n −3 n −5 π 2
∫0 cos n x dx =
n
⋅
n − 2 n − 4 ∫0
⋅ " cos 2 x dx (From part (a ))
π 2
⎡n − 1 n − 3 n − 5 ⎛ x 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢ ⋅ ⋅ " ⎜ + sin 2 x ⎟⎥
⎣ n n − 2 n − 4 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠⎦ 0
n −1 n −3 n −5 π
= ⋅ ⋅ " (Reverse the order.)
n n−2 n−4 4
⎛ π 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ n − 1 ⎞⎛ π ⎞
= ⎜ ⋅ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ " ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ " ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠

π
π 1 ⎡ sin ( m + n) x sin ( m − n) x ⎤
109. ∫ −π cos( mx) cos( nx) dx = ⎢ + ⎥ = 0, (m ≠ n)
2⎣ m + n m − n ⎦ −π
π 1 π
∫ − π sin(mx) sin(nx) dx = ⎡cos( m − n) x − cos( m + n) x⎤⎦ dx
2 ∫ −π ⎣
π
1 ⎡ sin ( m − n) x sin ( m + n) x ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥ = 0, (m ≠ n)
2⎣ m − n m + n ⎦ −π
π 1 π
∫ − π sin(mx) cos(nx) dx = ⎡sin ( m + n) x + sin ( m − n) x⎤⎦ dx
2 ∫ −π ⎣
π
1 ⎡ cos( m + n) x cos( m − n) x ⎤
= − ⎢ + ⎥ , (m ≠ n)
2⎣ m + n m − n ⎦ −π

1 ⎡⎛ cos( m + n)π cos( m − n)π ⎞ ⎛ cos( m + n)( −π ) cos( m − n)( −π ) ⎞⎤

= − ⎢⎜ + ⎟ −⎜ + ⎟⎥
2 ⎢⎣⎝ m + n m − n ⎠ ⎝ m + n m − n ⎠⎥⎦
= 0, because cos( −θ ) = cos θ .
π
π 1 ⎡ sin 2 ( mx) ⎤
∫ −π sin ( mx) cos( mx) dx = ⎢ ⎥ = 0
m⎣ 2 ⎦ −π

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

156 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

N
110. f ( x) = ∑ ai sin(ix)
i =1

⎡N ⎤
(a) f ( x) sin ( nx) = ⎢∑ ai sin (ix)⎥ sin ( nx)
⎣ i =1 ⎦
π π ⎡N ⎤
∫ −π f ( x) sin(nx) dx = ∫ −π ⎢⎣∑
i =1
ai sin (ix)⎥ sin ( nx) dx
⎦
π
= ∫ −π an sin (nx) dx (by Exercise 109)
2

π
π 1 − cos( 2nx) ⎡a ⎛ sin ( 2nx) ⎞⎤ an
= ∫ −π an dx = ⎢ n ⎜ x − ⎟⎥ = (π + π ) = anπ
2 2
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 n ⎠⎦⎥ −π 2

1 π
f ( x) sin ( nx) dx.
π ∫ −π
So, an =

(b) f ( x) = x

1 π

π ∫ −π
a1 = x sin x dx = 2

1 π

π ∫ −π
a2 = x sin 2 x dx = −1

1 π 2
π ∫ −π
a3 = x sin 3x dx =
3

Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution

1. Use x = 3 tan θ

2. Use x = 2 sin θ

3. Use x = 4 sin θ

4. Use x = 5 sec θ

5. Let x = 4 sin θ , dx = 4 cos θ dθ , 16 − x 2 = 4 cos θ .

4
x

16 − x 2

1 4 cos θ 1 1 1 x
∫ dx = ∫ (4 cos θ )3 dθ =
16 ∫
sec 2 θ dθ = tan θ + C = +C
(16 − x )
32
2 16 16 16 − x 2

6. Same substitution as in Exercise 5.

4 4 cos θ 1 1 1 16 − x 2 − 16 − x 2
∫ x2 16 − x 2
dx = 4∫
(4 sin θ ) (4 cos θ )
2
dθ =
4∫
csc 2 θ dθ = − cot θ + C = −
4 4 x
+C =
4x
+C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 157

7. Same substitution as in Exercise 5

16 − x 2 4 cos θ
∫ x
dx = ∫ 4 sin θ 4 cos θ dθ

cos 2 θ
= 4∫ dθ
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ
= 4∫ dθ
sin θ
= 4∫ (csc θ − sin θ ) dθ
= − 4 ln csc θ + cot θ + 4 cos θ + C

4 16 − x 2 16 − x 2
= − 4 ln + + 4 +C
x x 4

4+ 16 − x 2
= − 4 ln + 16 − x 2 + C
x

4− 16 − x 2
= 4 ln + 16 − x 2 + C
x

8. Same substitution as in Exercise 5. 9. Let x = 5 sec θ , dx = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ ,

x2 (4 sin θ ) 2
x 2 − 25 = 5 tan θ
∫ 16 − x 2
dx = ∫ 4 cos θ
4 cos θ dθ

= 16∫ sin 2 θ dθ x
x 2 − 25

= 8∫ (1 − cos 2θ ) dθ
θ
4

⎛ sin 2θ ⎞ 1 5 sec θ tan θ

= 8⎜θ −
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ + C ∫ x − 25
2
dx = ∫ 5 tan θ
dθ

= 8(θ − sin θ cos θ ) + C = ∫ sec θ dθ

⎛ x x 16 − x ⎞ 2
= ln sec θ + tan θ + C
= 8⎜ arcsin − ⎟ + C
⎜ 4 4 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ x x 2 − 25
= ln + +C
x x 16 − x 2
5 5
= 8 arcsin − + C
4 2
= ln x + x 2 − 25 + C

10. Same substitution as in Exercise 9

x 2 − 25 5 tan θ
∫ x
dx = ∫ 5 sec θ 5 sec θ tan θ dθ

= 5∫ tan 2 θ dθ

= 5∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) dθ
= 5( tan θ − θ ) + C
⎛ x 2 − 25 x⎞
= 5⎜ − arcsec ⎟ + C
⎜ 5 5 ⎟⎠
⎝
x
= x 2 − 25 − 5 arcsec + C
5
⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x 2 − 25 ⎞⎤
⎢Note: arcsec⎜ ⎟ = arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠
5 ⎜ 5 ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

158 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

11. Same substitution as in Exercise 9

∫ (5 sec θ ) (5 tan θ )(5 sec θ tan θ ) dθ

3
∫x x 2 − 25 dx =
3

= 3125∫ sec 4 θ tan 2 θ dθ

= 3125∫ (1 + tan 2 θ ) tan 2 θ sec 2 θ dθ

= 3125∫ ( tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ ) sec 2 θ dθ

⎡ tan 3 θ tan 5 θ ⎤
= 3125⎢ + ⎥ + C
⎣ 3 5 ⎦

( ) + ( x 2 − 25) ⎤⎥ + C
⎡ x 2 − 25 3 2 52

= 3125⎢
⎢ 125(3) 55 (5) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 2
( x − 25) ⎡⎣125 + 3( x2 − 25)⎤⎦ + C
32
=
15
1 2
( x − 25) (50 + 3x 2 ) + C
32
=
15

12. Same substitution as in Exercise 9

x3 (5 sec θ )3
∫ x 2 − 25
dx = ∫ 5 tan θ
5 sec θ tan θ dθ

= 125∫ sec 4 θ dθ

= 125∫ ( tan 2 θ + 1) sec 2 θ dθ

⎛ tan 3 θ ⎞
= 125⎜ + tan θ ⎟ + C
⎝ 3 ⎠

125 ( x − 25)
32
2
x 2 − 25
= + 125 +C
3 125 5
1
= ( x 2 − 25) + 25( x 2 − 25) + C
32 12

3
1
= x 2 − 25 ( x 2 − 25 + 75) + C
3
1
= x 2 − 25 (50 + x 2 ) + C
3

13. Let x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , 1 + x 2 = sec θ .

sec3 θ 1
+ C = (1 + x 2 ) + C
32
∫x 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ tan θ (sec θ ) sec θ dθ =
2
3 3
Note: This integral could have been evaluated with the Power Rule.

1 + x2
x

θ
1

14. Same substitution as in Exercise 13

9 x3 tan 3 θ ⎡ sec3 θ ⎤
∫ dx = 9 ∫ sec2 θ dθ = 9 ∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) sec θ tan θ dθ = 9 ⎢ − sec θ ⎥ + C
1 + x2 sec θ ⎣ 3 ⎦
= 3 sec θ (sec 2 θ − 3) + C = 3 1 + x 2 ⎡⎣(1 + x 2 ) − 3⎤⎦ + C = 3 1 + x 2 ( x 2 − 2) + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 159

15. Same substitution as in Exercise 13

1 1 sec 2 θ dθ
∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫
(1 + x 2 ) ( ) sec 4 θ
2 4
1 + x2

1
∫ cos (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2∫
= 2
θ dθ =

1⎡ sin 2θ ⎤
= ⎢θ +
2⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
1
= [θ + sin θ cos θ ] + C
2
1⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= ⎢arctan x + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ + C
2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 1 + x ⎠⎝ 2
1 + x ⎠⎦⎥2

1⎛ x ⎞
= ⎜ arctan x + ⎟+C
2⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠

16. Same substitution as in Exercise 13

x2 x2 tan 2 θ sec 2 θ dθ
∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ = ∫ sin θ dθ
2

(1 + x 2 ) ( ) sec 4 θ
2 4
1 + x2

sin 2θ ⎤
(1 − cos 2θ ) dθ = ⎡⎢θ −
1 1 1
= [θ − sin θ cos θ ] + C
2∫
=
2⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 2
1⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ x ⎞
= ⎢arctan x − ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ + C = ⎜ arctan x − ⎟+C
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 + x ⎠⎝ 2
1 + x ⎠⎥⎦2 2⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠

17. Let u = 4 x, a = 3, du = 4 dx.

∫ ( 4 x) + 32 ( 4) dx
2
∫ 9 + 16 x 2 dx = 1
4

= 1 ⋅ 12 ⎡4 x 16 x 2 + 9 + 9 ln 4 x + 16 x 2 + 9 ⎤ + C
4 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1x 9
= 2
16 x 2 + 9 + 8
ln 4 x + 16 x 2 + 9 + C

18. Let u = x, a = 2, du = dx.

∫ 4 + x 2 dx = ∫ x 2 + 22 dx
1⎡
= x x 2 + 4 + 4 ln x + x 2 + 4 ⎤ + C
2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
x
= x 2 + 4 + 2 ln x + x 2 + 4 + C
2

25 5
19. ∫ 25 − 4 x 2 dx = ∫2 4
− x 2 dx, a =
2
1 ⎡ 25 ⎛ 2x ⎞ 25 ⎤
= 2 ⎢ arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + x − x2 ⎥ + C
2 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎝ 5⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
25 ⎛ 2x ⎞ x
= arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + 25 − 4 x 2 + C
4 ⎝ ⎠
5 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

160 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

20. Let u = 5 x, a = 1, du = 5 dx.

1
( )
2
∫ 5 x 2 − 1 dx =
5∫
5x −1 5 dx

=
1 1
52
( 5 x 5 x 2 − 1 − ln 5x + )
5x2 − 1 + C

x 5
= 5x2 − 1 − ln 5x + 5x2 − 1 + C
2 10

x 1
( x 2 + 36) ( 2 x) dx 26. Let u = 16 − 4 x 2 , du = −8 x dx.
−1 2
21. ∫ x + 36
2
dx =
2 ∫
1
(16 − 4 x 2 ) (−8x) dx
12

1 ( x + 36)
2
12 ∫x 16 − 4 x 2 dx = −
8∫
= + C
⎛ 1 3 2⎞
2 12 = ⎜ − (16 − 4 x 2 ) ⎟ + C
⎝ 12 ⎠
= x 2 + 36 + C
2
(4 − x2 ) + C
32
= −
x 1 3
(36 − x 2 ) (−2 x) dx
−1 2
22. ∫ 36 − x 2
dx = −
2∫
27. Let x = 2 sec θ , dx = 2 sec θ tan θ dθ ,
1 (36 − x )
12
2
= − +C x 2 − 4 = 2 tan θ .
2 12
= − 36 − x 2 + C x
x2 − 4
θ
1 ⎛ x⎞
23. ∫ 16 − x 2
dx = arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + C
⎝ 4⎠
2

1 2 sec θ tan θ
∫ x2 − 4
dx = ∫ 2 tan θ
dθ
1 ⎛ x⎞
24. ∫ dx = arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + C (a = 7)
49 − x 2
⎝7⎠ = ∫ sec θ dθ
= ln sec θ + tan θ + C
25. Let x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ ,
4 − x 2 = 2 cos θ . x x2 − 4
= ln + +C
2 2
∫ 16 − 4 x 2 dx = 2 ∫ 4 − x 2 dx
= ln x + x2 − 4 + C
= 2 ∫ 2 cos θ ( 2 cos θ dθ )

= 8∫ cos 2 θ dθ 28. Let u = 1 − t 2 , du = −2t dt.

= 4 ∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ t 1
( 4 − t 2 ) ( −2t ) dt
−3 2
∫ dt = − ∫
(4 − t )
32
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
= 4⎜θ + sin 2θ ⎟ + C
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 (4 − t )
−1 2
2

= 4θ + 4 sin θ cos θ + C = − +C
2 ( −1 2)
⎛ x⎞
= 4 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + x 4 − x 2 + C 1
⎝2⎠ = +C
4 − t2
2
x

4 − x2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 161

29. Let x = sin θ , dx = cos θ dθ , 1 − x 2 = cos θ . 32. Let 2 x = 4 tan θ , dx = 2 sec 2 θ dθ ,

1 − x2 cos θ (cos θ dθ ) 4 x 2 + 16 = 4 sec θ .

∫ x4
dx = ∫ sin 4 θ 1 2 sec 2 θ dθ
∫x dx = ∫ 2 tan θ (4 sec θ )
∫ cot 4 x + 16
2
= 2
θ csc 2 θ dθ
1 sec θ 1
1
= − cot 3 θ + C
= ∫
4 tan θ
dθ = ∫ csc θ dθ
4
3
1
(1 − x 2 ) = − ln csc θ + cot θ + C
32

= − +C 4
3x3
1 x2 + 4 + 2
= − ln +C
4 x
1
x

θ x2 + 4
x
1 − x2
θ

3 2
30. Let 2 x = 3 tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ ,
2 33. Let u = x 2 + 3, du = 2 x dx.
4 x 2 + 9 = 3 sec θ . −3x 3
( x 2 + 3) ( 2 x) dx
−3 2
∫ dx = − ∫
( x2 + 3)
32
4x2 + 9 3 sec θ ⎡⎣(3 2) sec θ dθ ⎤⎦
2 2
∫ x4
dx = ∫ (3 2) tan 4 θ
4

3 ( x + 3)
−1 2
2

8 cos θ = − +C
2 ( −1 2)
9 ∫ sin 4 θ
= dθ
3
−8 = +C
= +C x +3
2
27 sin 3 θ
8
= − csc3 θ + C 34. Let x = 5 tan θ , dx = 5 sec2 θ ,
27
x 2 + 5 = 5 sec 2 θ .
− ( 4 x 2 + 9)
32

= +C
27 x 3
5 + x2 x

4x 2 + 9 θ
2x
5
θ
1 5 sec 2 θ
3
∫ dx = ∫ dθ
( x 2 + 5) ( )
32 3
5 sec θ
31. Same substitution as in Exercise 30
1
5∫
3 3 = cos θ dθ
x = tan θ , dx = sec2 θ dθ
2 2 1 x
= sin θ + C = +C
1 (3 2) sec2 θ dθ 5 5 5 + x2
∫x 4 x2 + 9
dx = ∫ (3 2) tan θ 3 sec θ
1 35. Let u = 1 + e 2 x , du = 2e 2 x dx.
3∫
= csc θ dθ
∫ (1 + e ) (2e ) dx
12
∫e 1 + e 2 x dx = 1
2x 2x 2x
1 2
= − ln csc θ + cot θ + C
(1 + e2 x )
32
3 = 1 +C
3
1 4x2 + 9 + 3
= − ln +C
3 2x 36. Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 2, du = ( 2 x + 2) dx.

∫ (x + 2 x + 2)
12
∫ ( x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 2 dx = 1
(2 x + 2) dx
2
4 x2 + 9 2
2x

(x 2 + 2 x + 2)
32
= 1 +C
θ 3
3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

162 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

37. Let e x = sin θ , e x dx = cos θ dθ , 1 − e2 x = cos θ . 38. Let x = sin θ , x = sin 2 θ , dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ ,

1 − x = cos θ .
∫e 1 − e 2 x dx = ∫ cos θ dθ
x 2

1− x cos θ ( 2 sin θ cos θ dθ )

1
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ ∫ dx = ∫
2∫
= x sin θ

1⎛ sin 2θ ⎞ = 2 ∫ cos θ dθ 2
= ⎜θ + ⎟
2⎝ 2 ⎠
1
= ∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
= (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C = (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
2
1
(
= arcsin e x + e x 1 − e2 x + C
2
) = arcsin x + x 1− x +C

1
x
1
ex
θ
θ
1− x
1 − e 2x

39. Let x = 2 tan θ , dx = 2 sec 2 θ dθ , x 2 + 2 = 2 sec 2 θ .

1 1 2 sec2 θ dθ
∫ 4 + 4x2 dx = ∫ dx = ∫
+ x ( x 2 + 2) 4 sec4 θ
4 2

2
4 ∫
= cos 2 θ dθ

2⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠∫
= x2 + 2
x
2⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜θ + sin 2θ ⎟ + C θ
8 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

2
= (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
8
2⎛ x x ⎞
2 1⎛ x 1 x ⎞
= ⎜ arctan + ⋅ ⎟ = ⎜ 2 + arctan ⎟+C
8 ⎜⎝ 2 x + 2
2 ⎟
x + 2⎠
2 4 ⎝ x + 2 2 2⎠

40. Let x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , x 2 + 1 = sec 2 θ .

x3 + x + 1 1 4 x3 + 4 x 1
∫ dx =
4 ∫ x4 + 2 x2 + 1
dx + ∫ dx
x4 + 2x2 + 1 (x + 1)
2
2

1 sec 2 θ dθ
ln ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1) +
x2 + 1
=
4 ∫ sec 4 θ
x

θ
1 1
= ln ( x 2 + 1) + ∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ 1
2 2
1 1
= ln ( x + 1) + (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
2
2 2
1⎛ x ⎞
= ⎜ ln ( x 2 + 1) + arctan x + 2 ⎟+C
2⎝ x + 1⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 163

1
41. Use integration by parts. Because x > ,
2
1
u = arcsec 2 x ⇒ du = dx, dv = dx ⇒ v = x 2x
x 4x2 − 1 4 x2 − 1

1 θ
∫ arcsec 2 x dx = x arcsec 2 x − ∫ 4x − 1
2
dx 1

1
2 x = sec θ , dx = sec θ tan θ dθ , 4 x 2 − 1 = tan θ
2
(1 2) sec θ tan θ dθ 1
∫ arcsec 2 x dx = x arcsec 2 x − ∫ tan θ
= x arcsec 2 x −
2∫
sec θ dθ

1 1
= x arcsec 2 x − ln sec θ + tan θ + C = x arcsec 2 x − ln 2 x + 4 x 2 − 1 + C.
2 2

1 x2
42. u = arcsin x ⇒ du = dx, dv = x dx ⇒ v =
1 − x2 2

x2 1 x2
∫ x arcsin x dx =
2
arcsin x − ∫
2 1 − x2
dx

x = sin θ , dx = cos θ dθ , 1 − x 2 = cos θ

x2
1 sin 2 θ x2 1
∫ x arcsin x dx = arcsin x = ∫ cos θ dθ = arcsin x − ∫ (1 − cos 2θ ) dθ
2 2 cos θ 2 4
x2 1⎛ 1 ⎞ x2 1
= arcsin x − ⎜θ − sin 2θ ⎟ + C = arcsin x − (θ − sin θ cos θ ) + C
2 4⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 4

=
x2
2
1
( 1
)
arcsin x − arcsin x − x 1 − x 2 + C = ⎡( 2 x 2 − 1) arcsin x + x 1 − x 2 ⎤ + C
4 4⎣ ⎦

1 1 ⎛ x − 2⎞
43. ∫ dx = ∫ dx = arcsin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ +C
4x − x 4 − ( x − 2)
2 2

1 − ( x − 1)
2
44. Let x − 1 = sin θ , dx = cos θ dθ , = 2 x − x 2 = cos θ .

x2 x2
∫ dx = ∫ dx
2x − x2 1 − ( x − 1)
2
1
x−1

(1 + sin θ ) (cos θ dθ )
2

∫
θ
=
cos θ 1 − (x − 1)2

= ∫ (1 + 2 sin θ + sin 2 θ ) dθ

⎛3 1 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 sin θ −
2
cos 2θ ⎟ dθ
⎠
3 1
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin 2θ + C
2 4
3 1
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin θ cos θ + C
2 2
3 1
= arcsin ( x − 1) − 2 2 x − x 2 − ( x − 1) 2 x − x 2 + C
2 2
3 1
= arcsin ( x − 1) − 2 x − x2 ( x + 3) + C
2 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

164 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

( 3)
2
45. x 2 + 6 x + 12 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 3 = ( x + 3) +
2

Let x + 3 = 3 tan θ , dx = 3 sec 2 θ dθ .

( 3)
2
(x + 3) +
2
x 2 + 6 x + 12 = = 3 sec θ

x 2 + 6x + 12
x+3

θ
3

x 3 tan θ − 3
∫ x 2 + 6 x + 12
dx = ∫ 3 sec θ
3 sec 2 θ dθ

= ∫ 3 sec θ tan θ dθ − 3∫ sec θ dθ

= 3 sec θ − 3 ln sec θ + tan θ + C

⎛ x 2 + 6 x + 12 ⎞ x 2 + 6 x + 12 x +3
= 3⎜ ⎟ − 3 ln + +C
⎜ 3 ⎟ 3 3
⎝ ⎠
= x 2 + 6 x + 12 − 3 ln x 2 + 6 x + 12 + ( x + 3) + C

(x − 3) − 4 = 2 tan θ .
2
46. Let x − 3 = 2 sec θ , dx = 2 sec θ tan θ dθ ,

x x
∫ dx = ∫ dx
x2 − 6x + 5 (x − 3) − 4
2

(2 sec θ + 3)
= ∫ (2 sec θ tan θ ) dθ
2 tan θ
= ∫ (2 sec θ + 3 sec θ ) dθ
2

= 2 tan θ + 3 ln sec θ + tan θ + C1

⎡ − 3) − 4 ⎥⎤
(x 3
x −3 (x − 3) − 4
2

= 2⎢ + 3 ln + + C1
⎢ 2 ⎥ 2 2
⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
= x 2 − 6 x + 5 + 3 ln ( x − 3) + x2 − 6x + 5 + C

47. Let t = sin θ , dt = cos θ dθ , 1 − t 2 = cos 2 θ .

t2 sin 2 θ cos θ dθ t
∫ dt = ∫ = ∫ tan θ dθ = ∫ (sec θ − 1) dθ = tan θ − θ + C = − arcsin t + C
2 2
(a)
(1 − t 2 ) cos3 θ
32
1 − t2

3 2
3 2 t2 ⎡ t ⎤ 3 2 3 π
So, ∫0 dt = ⎢ − arcsin t ⎥ = − arcsin = 3 − ≈ 0.685.
(1 − t )
32
2
⎣ 1 − t 2
⎦0 14 2 3

1
t

1 − t2

(b) When t = 0, θ = 0. When t = 3 2, θ = π 3. So,

3 2 t2 π 3 π
∫0 dt =[tan θ − θ ]0 = 3 − ≈ 0.685.
(1 − t )
32
2 3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 165

48. Same substitution as in Exercise 47

1 cos θ dθ
∫ dt = ∫ = ∫ sec θ dθ = ∫ ( tan θ + 1) sec2 θ dθ
4 2
(a)
(1 − t ) cos5 θ
52
2

3
1 1⎛ t ⎞ t
= tan 3 θ + tan θ + C = ⎜ ⎟ + + C
3 3⎝ 1−t ⎠
2
1 − t2
3 2
⎡ ⎤
3 2 1 t3 t 3 3 8 3 2
So, ∫0 dt = ⎢ + ⎥ = + = 3 + 3 = 2 3 ≈ 3.464.
(1 − t ) ⎣ 3(1 − t )
⎢ 1 − t2 ⎥ 3(1 4)
52 32 32
2 2 14
⎦0
(b) When t = 0, θ = 0. When t = 3 2, θ = π 3. So,
π 3
1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1
( 3)
3 2 3
∫0 dt = ⎢ tan 3 θ + tan θ ⎥ = + 3 = 2 3 ≈ 3.464.
(1 − t 2 )
52
⎣3 ⎦0 3

49. (a) Let x = 3 tan θ , dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ , x 2 + 9 = 3 sec θ .

x3 (27 tan 3 θ )(3 sec2 θ dθ )

∫ x2 + 9
dx = ∫ 3 sec θ
= 27 ∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) sec θ tan θ dθ

⎡1 ⎤
= 27 ⎢ sec3 θ − sec θ ⎥ + C = 9 ⎡⎣sec3 θ − 3 sec θ ⎤⎦ + C
⎣3 ⎦
⎡⎛ 3
⎤
x2 + 9 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 + 9 ⎞⎥ 1
⎟ + C = ( x 2 + 9) − 9
32
= 9 ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 3⎜ x2 + 9 + C
⎢⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟⎥ 3
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
3
x3 ⎡1 ⎤
dx = ⎢ ( x 2 + 9) − 9
3 32
So, ∫0 x2 + 9 ⎣3
x2 + 9⎥
⎦0
⎛1
⎝3
( )
⎞
= ⎜ 54 2 − 27 2 ⎟ − (9 − 27) = 18 − 9 2 = 9 2 −
⎠
( )
2 ≈ 5.272.

(b) When x = 0, θ = 0. When x = 3, θ = π 4. So,

x3
( ) ( )
3 π 4
∫0 dx = 9 ⎡⎣sec3 θ − 3 sec θ ⎤⎦ = 9 2 2 − 3 2 − 9(1 − 3) = 9 2 − 2 ≈ 5.272.
0
x +9
2

3
50. (a) Let 5 x = 3 sin θ , dx = cos θ dθ , 9 − 25 x 2 = 3 cos θ .
5
3
∫ 9 − 25 x 2 dx = ∫ (3 cos θ ) 5 cos θ dθ
9 1 + cos 2θ
5∫
= dθ
2
9⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜θ + sin 2θ ⎟ + C
10 ⎝ 2 ⎠
9
= (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
10
9⎛ 5x 5x 9 − 25 x 2 ⎞
= ⎜ arcsin + ⋅ ⎟+C
10 ⎜⎝ 3 3 3 ⎟
⎠
35
35 9⎡ 5x 5 x 9 − 25 x 2 ⎤ 9 ⎡π ⎤ 9π
So, ∫0 9 − 25 x 2 dx = ⎢arcsin
10 ⎢⎣ 3
+
9
⎥
⎥⎦
=
10 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
=
20
.
0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

166 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

3 π
(b) When x = 0, θ = 0. When x = ,θ = .
5 2
π 2
35 ⎡9 ⎤ 9 ⎛π ⎞ 9π
So, ∫0 9 − 25 x 2 dx = ⎢ (θ + sin θ cos θ )⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ = .
⎣10 ⎦0 10 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 20

51. (a) Let x = 3 sec θ , dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ , x 2 − 9 = 3 tan θ .

x
x2 − 9
θ
3

x2 9 sec2 θ
∫ x −92
dx = ∫ 3 tan θ
3 sec θ tan θ dθ

= 9 ∫ sec3 θ dθ

⎛1 1 ⎞
= 9⎜ sec θ tan θ + ∫ sec θ dθ ⎟ (8.3 Exercise 102 or Example 5, Section 8.2)
⎝2 2 ⎠
9
= (sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ )
2
9⎛ x x2 − 9 x x2 − 9 ⎞
= ⎜ ⋅ + ln + ⎟
2⎜ 3 3 3 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
So,
6
6 x2 9⎡x x2 − 9 x x2 − 9 ⎤
∫4 x2 − 9
dx = ⎢
2⎢ 9
+ ln
3
+
3
⎥
⎥⎦
⎣ 4

9 ⎡⎛ 6 27 27 ⎞ ⎛4 7 4 7 ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ + ln 2 + ⎟ −⎜ + ln + ⎟⎥
2 ⎣⎢⎜⎝ 9 3 ⎟ ⎜ 9
⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎥
⎠⎦
9 ⎡ ⎛ 6 + 27 ⎞ ⎛ 4 + 7 ⎞⎤
= 9 3 − 2 7 + ⎢ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦
9 ⎛6 + 3 3⎞
= 9 3 − 2 7 + ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 12.644
2 ⎜⎝ 4 + 7 ⎟⎠

⎛ 4⎞ π
(b) When x = 4, θ = arcsec⎜ ⎟. When x = 6, θ = arcsec( 2) = .
⎝ 3⎠ 3
6 x2 9 π 3
∫4 x −92
dx =
2⎣
⎡sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ ⎤⎦ arcsec 4 3
( )

⎛ ⎞
=
9
2
(
2⋅ 3 + ln 2 + 3 ) − 92 ⎜⎜ 34 3
7
+ ln
4
3
+
3
7
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
9 ⎛6 + 3 3⎞
= 9 3 − 2 7 + ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 12.644
2 ⎜⎝ 4 + 7 ⎟⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 167

52. (a) Let x = 3 sec θ , dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ ,

x 2 − 9 = 3 tan θ .

x2 − 9 3 tan θ
∫ x2
dx = ∫ 9 sec2 θ 3 sec θ tan θ dθ

tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= ∫ sec θ
dθ = ∫ cos θ dθ

1 − cos 2 θ
= ∫ cos θ
dθ

= ∫ (sec θ − cos θ ) dθ
= ln sec θ + tan θ − sin θ + C

x x2 − 9 x2 − 9
= ln + − +C
3 3 x

So,
6
6 x2 − 9 ⎡ x x2 − 9 x2 − 9⎤ 3
∫3 x 2
dx = ⎢ln +
⎢⎣ 3 3
−
x
⎥ = ln 2 +
⎥⎦
3 −
2
.
3

π
(b) When x = 3, θ = 0; when x = 6, θ = . So,
3
6 x2 − 9 π 3 3
∫3 x2
dx = ⎡⎣ln sec θ + tan θ − sin θ ⎤⎦ 0 = ln 2 + 3 −
2
.

dy
53. x = x 2 − 9, x ≥ 3, y(3) = 1
dx

x2 − 9
y = ∫ x
dx

Let x = 3, sec θ , dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ , x 2 − 9 = 3 tan θ .

3 tan θ
y = ∫ 3 sec θ 3 sec θ tan θ dθ = 3∫ tan 2 θ dθ

= 3∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) dθ = 3[tan θ − θ ] + C

⎡ x2 − 9 ⎛ x 2 − 9 ⎞⎤
= 3⎢ − arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + C
⎢⎣ 3 ⎜ 3 ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦
⎛ x2 − 9 ⎞
= x 2 − 9 − 3 arctan ⎜ ⎟ + C
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
y(3) = 1: 1 = 0 − 3(0) + C ⇒ C = 1
⎛ x2 − 9 ⎞
y = x 2 − 9 − 3 arctan ⎜ ⎟ +1
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

168 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

dy
54. x2 + 4 = 1, x ≥ −2, y(0) = 4
dx
dy 1
=
dx x + 4
2

1
y = ∫ x2 + 4
dx

Let x = 2 tan θ , x 2 + 4 = 4 sec 2 θ , dx = 2 sec 2 θ dθ .

1 x2 + 4 x
y = ∫ 2 sec θ 2 sec θ dθ = ∫ sec θ dθ = ln sec θ + tan θ + C = ln + + C = ln x 2 + 4 + x + C1
2
2 2
y(0) = 4 ⇒ 4 = ln 2 + C1 ⇒ C1 = 4 − ln 2

y = ln x 2 + 4 + x + 4 − ln 2

x2 1
55. ∫ dx = x 2 + 10 x + 9 ( x − 15) + 33 ln ( x + 5) + x 2 + 10 x + 9 + C
x + 10 x + 9
2 2

∫ (x + 2 x + 11) + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 26)

32
56. 2
dx = 1
4 (x x 2 + 2 x + 11 + 75
2
ln x 2 + 2 x + 11 + ( x + 1) + C

57. ∫ x −1
x2
2
dx =
1
2
x ( x 2 − 1 + ln x + x2 − 1 )+C
1 3 1
∫x x 2 − 4 dx = x2 − 4 − x 2 − 4 − 2 ln x + x2 − 4 + C
2
58. x x
4 2

59. (a) Let u = a sin θ , a 2 − u 2 = a cos θ , where −π 2 ≤ θ ≤ π 2.

(b) Let u = a tan θ , a 2 + u 2 = a sec θ , where −π 2 < θ < π 2.

(c) Let u = a sec θ , u 2 − a 2 = tan θ if u > a and u 2 − a 2 = − tan θ

if u < − a, where 0 ≤ θ < π 2 or π 2 < θ ≤ π .

60. Substitution: u = x 2 + 1, du = 2 x dx

61. Trigonometric substitution: x = sec θ

62. (a) u = x 2 + 9, du = 2 x dx
x 1 du 1 1
∫ x2 dx = ∫ = ln u + C = ln ( x 2 + 9) + C
+9 2 u 2 2
Let x = 3 tan θ , x 2 + 9 = 9 sec 2 θ , dx = 3 sec 2 θ dθ .
x 3 tan θ
∫ x2 dx = ∫ 9 sec2 θ 3 sec θ dθ = ∫ tan θ dθ
2
+9
x2 + 9
= −ln cos θ + C1 x

θ
3
= −ln + C1 3
x2 + 9
1
= −ln 3 + ln x 2 + 9 + C1 = ln ( x 2 + 9) + C2
2
The answers are equivalent.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 169

x2 x2 + 9 − 9 ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ x⎞
(b) ∫ x2 +9
dx = ∫ x2 + 9
dx = ∫ ⎜⎝1 − ⎟ dx = x − 3 arctan ⎜ ⎟ + C
x2 + 9 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

Let x = 3 tan θ , x 2 + 9 = 9 sec 2 θ , dx = 3 sec 2 θ dθ .

x2 9 tan 2 θ
∫ x2 +9
dx = ∫ 9 sec2 θ 3 sec 2 θ dθ

= 3∫ tan 2 θ dθ = 3∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) dθ
= 3 tan θ − 3θ + C1
⎛ x⎞
= x − 3 arctan ⎜ ⎟ + C1
⎝ 3⎠
The answers are equivalent.
(c) x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ , 4 − x 2 = 4 cos 2 θ
4 4 ⋅ 2 cos θ 2
∫4− ∫ dθ = 2∫ sec θ dθ
x
dx =
x 2
4 cos 2 θ θ

= 2 ln sec θ + tan θ + C 4 − x2

2 x
= 2 ln + +C
4 − x2 4 − x2
2
2+ x 2+ x
= ln + C = ln +C
(2 + x)( 2 − x) 2− x

4 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ x + 2
∫ 4 − x2 dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x + 2 − ⎟ dx = ln x + 2 − ln x − 2 + C = ln
x − 2⎠ x−2
+C

The answers are equivalent.

63. True a b
67. A = 4 ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
dx cos θ dθ 0 a
∫ 1 − x2
= ∫
cos θ
= ∫ dθ 4b a
a ∫0
= a 2 − x 2 dx

64. False ⎡ 4b ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛
a
x ⎞⎤
= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎜ a 2 arcsin + x a 2 − x 2 ⎟⎥
x2 − 1 tan θ ⎣ a ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ a ⎠⎦ 0
∫ dx = ∫ sec θ (sec θ tan θ dθ ) = ∫ tan θ dθ
2
x 2b ⎛ 2 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞
= ⎜ a ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = π ab
a ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
65. False
3 dx π 3 sec 2 θ dθ π 3 Note: See Theorem 8.2 for ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx.
∫0 = ∫0 = ∫0 cos θ dθ
( ) sec3 θ
3
1 + x2 y b
y= a a2 − x2

b
66. True
1 1
∫ −1 x 1 − x 2 dx = 2 ∫ x 2 1 − x 2 dx
2 x
−a a
0

(sin 2 θ )(cos θ )(cos θ dθ )

π 2
= 2∫ −b
0
π 2
= 2∫ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ dθ
0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

170 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

69. (a) x 2 + ( y − k ) = 25
2
68. x 2 + y 2 = a 2
x = ± a2 − y2 Radius of circle = 5
a k 2 = 52 + 52 = 50
A = 2∫ a 2 − y 2 dy
h
k = 5 2
a
⎡ ⎛ y⎞ ⎤
(Theorem 8.2)
y
= ⎢a 2 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + y a2 − y 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎝a⎠ ⎦h
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ ⎛h⎞ ⎞
= ⎜ a 2 ⎟ − ⎜ a 2 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + h a 2 − h 2 ⎟ (0, k)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎝a⎠ ⎠
5 5
a 2π ⎛h⎞
= − a 2 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ − h a 2 − h 2
2 ⎝a⎠ 5
x

1
(b) Area = square − (circle)
4
1 ⎛ π⎞
π (5) = 25⎜1 − ⎟
2
= 25 −
4 ⎝ 4⎠
1 2 ⎛ π⎞
(c) Area = r 2 − π r = r 2 ⎜1 − ⎟
4 ⎝ 4⎠

70. (a) Place the center of the circle at (0, 1); x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1. The depth d satisfies 0 ≤ d ≤ 2. The volume is
2

d
1⎡ 2⎤
(Theorem 8.2 (1))
d
1 − ( y − 1) dy = 6 ⋅ ( ) ( ) ( )
2
V = 3 ⋅ 2∫ arcsin y − 1 + y − 1 1 − y − 1
0 2 ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ 0

= 3⎡⎢arcsin ( d − 1) + ( d − 1) 1 − ( d − 1) − arcsin (−1)⎤⎥

2

⎣ ⎦
3π
= + 3 arcsin ( d − 1) + 3( d − 1) 2d − d 2 .
2
(b) 10

0 2
0

(c) The full tank holds 3π ≈ 9.4248 cubic meters. The horizontal lines
3π 3π 9π
y = ,y = ,y =
4 2 4
intersect the curve at d = 0.596, 1.0, 1.404. The dipstick would have these markings on it.
d
1 − ( y − 1) dy
2
(d) V = 6∫
0

dV dV dd 1 1
= 6 1 − ( d − 1) ⋅ d ′(t ) = ⇒ d ′(t ) =
2
= ⋅
dt dd dt 4 24 1 − ( d − 1)
2

(e) 0.3

0 2
0

The minimum occurs at d = 1, which is the widest part of the tank.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 171

1 − ( x − 3)
2
71. Let x − 3 = sin θ , dx = cos θ dθ , = cos θ .

Shell Method:
4
V = 4π ∫ x 1 − ( x − 3) dx
2 y
2
2
π 2
= 4π ∫
−π 2
(3 + sin θ ) cos 2 θ dθ 1

⎡3 π 2 π 2
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ +
x
= 4π ⎢ ∫ ∫ − π 2 cos
2
θ sin θ dθ 1 3
⎣ 2 −π 2 −1

π 2
⎡3⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎤ −2
= 4π ⎢ ⎜θ + sin 2θ ⎟ − cos3 θ ⎥ = 6π 2
⎣ ⎝
2 2 ⎠ 3 ⎦ −π 2

r 2 − ( x − h)
2
72. Let x − h = r sin θ , dx = r cos θ dθ , = r cos θ .

Shell Method:
h+r
x r 2 − ( x − h) dx
2
V = 4π ∫
h−r
π 2 π 2
= 4π ∫
−π 2
(h + r sin θ )r cos θ ( r cos θ ) dθ = 4π r 2 ∫
−π 2
(h + r sin θ ) cos 2 θ dθ

⎡h π 2
(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ + r ∫ − π 2 sin θ cos 2 θ dθ ⎤⎥
π 2
= 4π r 2 ⎢ ∫
π
⎣2 − 2
⎦
π 2 π 2
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ cos3 θ ⎞⎤
= 2π r 2 h ⎢θ + sin 2θ ⎥ − ⎢4π r 3 ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 2π 2 r 2 h
⎣ 2 ⎦ −π 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦ −π 2

r
x−h

x θ
h−r h h+r
r 2 − (x − h)2

1 1 x2 + 1
, 1 + ( y′) = 1 + 2 =
2
73. y = ln x, y′ =
x x x2
Let x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , x 2 + 1 = sec θ .

x2 + 1
5 5 x2 + 1
s = ∫1 x 2
dx = ∫
1 x
dx

b sec θ b sec θ
= ∫ sec 2 θ dθ = ∫ a tan θ (1 + tan θ ) dθ
2
a tan θ

b b
= ∫ a (csc θ + sec θ tan θ ) dθ = ⎡⎣−ln csc θ + cot θ + sec θ ⎤⎦ a
5
⎡ x2 + 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢−ln + + x + 1⎥
2
⎢⎣ x x ⎥⎦
1
x2 + 1
⎡ ⎛ 26 + 1 ⎞ ⎤
( )
x
= ⎢−ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 26 ⎥ − ⎡−ln 2 +1 + 2⎤
5 ⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥ θ

(
⎡5 2 + 1 ⎤ ) ⎡ ⎤
1
26 − 1
= ln ⎢ ⎥ + 26 − 2 ≈ 4.367 or ln ⎢ ⎥ + 26 − 2
⎢ 26 + 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢5 2 − 1
⎣ ( ) ⎥
⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

172 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

y′ = x, 1 + ( y′) = 1 + x 2
1 x2 , 2
74. y = 2

(
4
1 + x 2 dx = ⎡ 12 x x 2 + 1⎤
4
s = ∫0 ⎣⎢
x 2 + 1 + ln x +
⎦⎥ 0
(Theorem 8.2)
= 1 ⎡4
2⎣
17 + ln 4 + ( ⎦ )
17 ⎤ ≈ 9.2936

75. Length of one arch of sine curve: y = sin x, y′ = cos x

π
L1 = ∫0 1 + cos 2 x dx

Length of one arch of cosine curve: y = cos x, y′ = −sin x

π 2
L2 = ∫ −π 2 1 + sin 2 x dx

π 2 ⎛ π⎞ π
= ∫ −π 2 1 + cos 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ dx,
⎝ 2⎠
u = x −
2
, du = dx

0
= ∫ −π 1 + cos 2 u du
π
= ∫0 1 + cos 2 u du = L1

y
76. (a) Along line: d1 = a2 + a4 = a 1 + a2
(a, a 2)
Along parabola: y = x 2 , y′ = 2 x
a
d2 = ∫0 1 + 4 x 2 dx
a y = x2
1 ⎡2 x 4 x2 + 1 ⎤
= 4⎣⎢
4 x 2 + 1 + ln 2 x +
⎦⎥ 0
(Theorem 8.2) x
(0, 0)

= 1 ⎡2a
4⎣⎢
4a 2 + 1 + ln 2a + ( 4a 2 + 1 ⎤
⎦⎥ )
(b) For a = 1, d1 = 2 and d 2 =
2
5 1
+ ln 2 +
4
( )
5 ≈ 1.4789.

For a = 10, d1 = 10 101 ≈ 100.4988, d 2 ≈ 101.0473.

(c) As a increases, d 2 − d1 → 0.

77. (a) 60

−25 250

−10

(b) y = 0 for x = 200 (range)

(c) y = x − 0.005 x 2 , y′ = 1 − 0.01x, 1 + ( y′) = 1 + (1 − 0.01x)
2 2

Let u = 1 − 0.01x, du = −0.01 dx, a = 1. (See Theorem 8.2.)

200 200
1 + (1 − 0.01x) dx = −100∫ (1 − 0.01x) + 1 (−0.01) dx
2 2
s = ∫0 0
200
⎡ ⎤
= −50 ⎢(1 − 0.01x) (1 − 0.01x) + 1 + ln (1 − 0.01x) + (1 − 0.01x) + 1 ⎥
2 2

⎣ ⎦0
⎛ 2 + 1⎞
= −50 ⎡⎢ −
⎣ ( 2 + ln −1 + 2 )−( 2 + ln 1 + )
2 ⎤⎥ = 100 2 + 50 ln ⎜⎜
⎦ ⎝
⎟ ≈ 229.559
2 − 1 ⎟⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 173

78. (a) 25

− 10 80

−5

(b) y = 0 for x = 72
2
x2 x ⎛ x⎞
, 1 + ( y′) = 1 + ⎜1 −
2
(c) y = x − , y′ = 1 − ⎟
72 36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
2 2
72 ⎛ x⎞ 72 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
s = ∫0 1 + ⎜1 −
⎝
⎟ dx = −36∫ 0
36 ⎠
1 + ⎜1 −
⎝
⎟
36 ⎠
⎜ − ⎟ dx
⎝ 36 ⎠
72
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
36 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎥
= − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ 1 + ⎜1 − ⎟ + ln ⎜1 − ⎟ + 1 + ⎜1 − ⎟
2 ⎢⎝ 36 ⎠ ⎝ 36 ⎠ ⎝ 36 ⎠ ⎝ 36 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦0
⎛ 2 + 1⎞
⎣ (
= −18⎡⎢ − 2 + ln −1 + 2 )−( 2 + ln 1 +
⎦ )
2 ⎤⎥ = 36 2 + 18 ln ⎜⎜
⎝
⎟ ≈ 82.641
2 − 1 ⎟⎠

79. Let x = 3 tan θ , dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ , x 2 + 9 = 3 sec θ .

4 3 4 dx b 3 sec 2 θ dθ
A = 2∫ dx = 6 ∫ = 6∫
0
x2 + 9 0
x2 + 9 a 3 sec θ
4
b b ⎡ x2 + 9 + x ⎤
= 6 ∫ sec θ dθ = ⎡⎣6 ln sec θ + tan θ ⎤⎦ a = ⎢6 ln ⎥ = 6 ln 3
a
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
0

x = 0 ( by symmetry)
2 4
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 4 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 9 4 1 3 ⎡1 x⎤ 2 4
2 ⎝ A ⎠∫ − 4 ⎝ ∫
y = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ dx = dx = ⎢ arctan ⎥ = arctan ≈ 0.422
12 ln 3 −4 x + 9
2
4 ln 3 3 3 4 ln 3 3
x + 9⎠
2
⎣ ⎦ −4

⎛ 1 4⎞
(x, y) = ⎜ 0, arctan ⎟ ≈ (0, 0.422)
⎝ 2 ln 3 3⎠
y

3
4

1
2
(0, 0.422)
1
4

x
−4 −2 2 4

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

174 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

80. First find where the curves intersect.

1 4
y 2 = 16 − ( x − 4) =
2
x
16
162 − 16( x − 4) = x 4
2

162 − 16 x 2 + 128 x − 162 = x 4

x 4 + 16 x 2 − 128 x = 0
x( x − 4)( x 2 + 4 x + 32) ⇒ x = 0, 4
4
4 1 2 1 ⎡1 ⎤ 16
x dx + π ( 4) = ⎢ x3 ⎥ + 4π =
2
A = ∫0 4 4 ⎣12 ⎦ 0 3
+ 4π

4 ⎛1 2⎞
8
16 − ( x − 4) dx
2
My = ∫ 0 x⎜⎝ 4 x ⎟ dx +
⎠
∫4 x
4
⎡ x4 ⎤ 8 8
∫ 4 ( x − 4) 16 − ( x − 4) dx + 16 − ( x − 4) dx
2 2
= ⎢ ⎥ +
⎣16 ⎦ 0
∫4 4
32 8 8
⎡ −1
= 16 + ⎢ 16 − ( x − 4)
⎣3
2
( ) ⎤ ⎡ x −4 2⎤
⎥ + 2 ⎢16 arcsin 4 + ( x − 4) 16 − ( x − 4) ⎥
⎦4 ⎣ ⎦4
1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 64 112
= 16 + 163 2 + 2 ⎢16⎜ ⎟⎥ = 16 + + 16π = + 16π
3 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2 3 3
8
⎡ ( x − 4)3 ⎥⎤ = 32 + ⎛ 64 − 64 ⎞ − 32 = 416
2 4

Mx = ∫0
4 1⎛ 1 2 ⎞
⎜ x ⎟ dx +
2⎝ 4 ⎠ ∫4
8 1
2
( ⎡ 1 x5 ⎤
)
16 − ( x − 4) dx = ⎢ ⋅ ⎥ + ⎢8 x −
2

⎣ 32 5 ⎦ 0 ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ 4 5
⎜
⎝ 6⎠
⎟
15

My 112 3 + 16π 112 + 48π 28 + 12π

x = = = = ≈ 4.89
y

A 16 3 + 4π 16 + 12π 4 + 3π 6
(4, 4)
Mx 416 15 104 4 (4.89, 1.55)
y = = = ≈ 1.55
A (16 3) + 4π 5(4 + 3π ) 2
x

(x, y) ≈ ( 4.89, 1.55) −2

−2
2 4 6 10

−4

81. y = x , y′ = 2 x, 1 + ( y′) = 1 + 4 x
2
2 2 −6 y= 16 − (x − 4)

1
2 x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ , 1 + 4 x 2 = sec θ
2

∫ sec θ dθ and ∫ sec θ dθ , see Exercise 102 in Section 8.3.)

5 3
(For
2
b ⎛ tan θ ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞
2
S = 2π ∫ x 2 1 + 4 x 2 dx = 2π ∫ ⎜ ⎟ (sec θ )⎜ sec θ ⎟ dθ
0 a
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π π⎡
θ dθ ⎤
b b b

4 ∫a 4 ⎣⎢∫ a ∫ a sec
= sec3 θ tan 2 θ dθ = sec5 θ dθ − 3
⎦⎥
b
π ⎧1 ⎡ 3 ⎤ 1 ⎫⎤
= ⎨ ⎢sec θ tan θ + (sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ )⎥ − (sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ )⎬⎥
3
4 ⎩4 ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 ⎭⎦ a
2
π ⎡1 ⎡ ⎤
(1 + 4 x 2 ) (2 x)⎤⎥⎦ − 81 ⎢⎣⎡(1 + 4 x 2 ) (2 x) + ln 1 + 4 x 2 + 2 x ⎤⎥
32 12
=
4 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦⎦ 0

π ⎡ 54 2 ⎤
= ⎢
4 ⎣⎢ 4
−
6 2
8
1
− ln 3 + 2 2 ⎥
8 ⎥⎦
( )
⎛
π ⎜ 51 2 (
ln 3 + 2 2 ⎞ )
⎟ = π ⎡102 2 − ln 3 + 2 2 ⎤ ≈ 13.989
=
4⎜ 4
−
8 ⎟ 32 ⎣ ⎦ ( )
⎝ ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 175

82. Let r = L tan θ , dr = L sec 2 θ dθ , r 2 + L2 = L2 sec 2 θ .

b R
1 R 2mL 2mL b L sec 2 θ dθ 2m b ⎡ 2m ⎤ ⎡ 2m r ⎤ 2m
∫
R 0 ( r 2 + L2 ) 3 2
dr =
R ∫ a L3 sec3 θ
=
RL ∫ a
cos θ dθ = ⎢
⎣ RL
sin θ ⎥ = ⎢
⎦a ⎣ RL
⎥ =
r + L ⎦0
2 2
L R 2 + L2

r 2 + L2
r

θ
L

83. (a) Area of representative rectangle: 2 1 − y 2 ∆y

Force: 2(62.4)(3 − y ) 1 − y 2 ∆y
1
F = 124.8∫
−1
(3 − y ) 1 − y 2 dy

= 124.8⎡3∫ 1 − y 2 dy⎤
1 1
⎢⎣ −1
1 − y 2 dy − ∫ −1 y ⎥⎦
1
⎡3
⎣ 2
( 1⎛ 2 ⎞
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
3 2⎤

⎦ −1
)
= 124.8⎢ arcsin y + y 1 − y 2 + ⎜ ⎟(1 − y 2 ) ⎥ = (62.4)3⎡⎣arcsin 1 − arcsin ( −1)⎤⎦ = 187.2π lb
y

2
x= 1 − y2

x
−2 2

1 1 1
(b) F = 124.8∫
−1
(d − y ) 1 − y 2 dy = 124.8d ∫
−1
1 − y 2 dy − 124.8∫
−1
y 1 − y 2 dy

⎛d ⎞ 1
= 124.8⎜ ⎟ ⎡arcsin y + y 1 − y 2 ⎤ − 124.8(0) = 62.4π d lb
⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ ⎦ −1

0.8
84. (a) Finside = 48∫
−1
(0.8 − y )(2) 1 − y 2 dy

= 96 ⎡0.8∫ y 1 − y 2 dy⎤
0.8 0.8

⎣⎢ −1
1 − y 2 dy − ∫ −1 ⎦⎥

( )
0.8
⎡ 0.8 1 3 2⎤
= 96 ⎢ arcsin y + y 1 − y 2 + (1 − y 2 ) ⎥
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ −1
≈ 96(1.263) ≈ 121.3 lb
0.4
(b) Foutside = 64 ∫
−1
(0.4 − y )(2) 1 − y 2 dy

= 128⎡0.4∫ y 1 − y 2 dy⎤
0.4 0.4
⎢⎣ −1
1 − y 2 dy − ∫ −1 ⎥⎦

( )
0.4
⎡ 0.4 1 3 2⎤
= 128⎢ arcsin y + y 1 − y 2 + (1 − y 2 ) ⎥ ≈ 92.98
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ −1

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

176 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

85. Let u = a sin θ , du = a cos θ dθ , a 2 − u 2 = a cos θ .

1 + cos 2 θ
∫ a 2 − u 2 du = ∫a cos 2 θ dθ = a 2 ∫ dθ
2
2
a2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ a2
= ⎜θ + sin 2 θ ⎟ + C = (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

a2 ⎡ u ⎛ u ⎞⎛ a 2 + u 2 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ u ⎞
= ⎢arcsin + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ + C = ⎜ a 2 arcsin + u a2 − u2 ⎟ + C
2⎢ a ⎝ a ⎠⎜⎝ a ⎟⎥
⎠⎦ 2 ⎝ a ⎠
⎣

Let u = a sec θ , du = a sec θ tan θ dθ , u 2 − a 2 = a tan θ .

∫ u 2 − a 2 du = ∫ a tan θ (a sec θ tan θ ) dθ = a ∫ tan θ sec θ dθ

2 2

= a 2 ∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) sec θ dθ = a 2 ∫ (sec3 θ − sec θ ) dθ

⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤
= a 2 ⎢ sec θ tan θ + ∫ sec θ dθ ⎥ − a 2 ∫ sec θ dθ = a 2 ⎢ sec θ tan θ − ln sec θ + tan θ ⎥
⎣2 2 ⎦ ⎣2 2 ⎦
a2 ⎡u u 2 − a2 u u2 − a2 ⎤ 1
= ⎢ ⋅ − ln + ⎥ + C1 = ⎡u u 2 − a 2 − a 2 ln u + u2 − a2 ⎤ + C
2 ⎢a a a a ⎥⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎣

Let u = a tan θ , du = a sec 2 θ dθ , u 2 + a 2 = a sec θ .

∫ u 2 + a 2 du = ∫ (a sec θ )(a sec θ ) dθ

2

⎡1 1 ⎤
= a 2 ∫ sec3 θ dθ = a 2 ⎢ sec θ tan θ + ln sec θ + tan θ ⎥ + C1
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
a2 ⎡ u 2 + a2 u u 2 + a2 u⎤ 1
= ⎢ ⋅ + ln + ⎥ + C1 = ⎡u u 2 + a 2 + a 2 ln u + u 2 + a2 ⎤ + C
2⎢ a a a a⎥ 2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦

86. y = sin x on [0, 2]

y′ = cos x
π
s1 = 2 ∫
0
1 + cos 2 x dx (≈ 3.820197789)

Ellipse: x 2 + 2 y 2 = 2

1 2
Upper half: y = 1− x , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
−x
y′ =
2 1 − (1 2) x 2

2 x2 2 x2
s2 = 2 ∫ 1+ dx = 2∫ 1+ dx
− 2 4(1 − (1 2) x 2 ) − 2 4 − 2 x2

Let x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ , x 2 = 2 sin 2 θ , 4 − 2 x 2 = 4 − 4 sin 2 θ = 4 cos 2 θ .

π 2 2 sin 2 θ
s2 = 2 ∫ 1+ 2 cos θ dθ
−π 2 4 cos 2 θ
π 2 4 cos 2 θ + 2 sin 2 θ
= 2∫ 2 cos θ dθ
−π 2 2 cos θ
π 2 2 + 2 cos 2 θ π 2 π
= 2∫ dθ = 2∫ 1 + cos 2 θ dθ = 2∫ 1 + cos 2 θ dθ = s1
−π 2 2 −π 2 0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.4 Trigonometric Substitution 177

87. Large circle: x 2 + y 2 = 25

y = 25 − x 2 , upper half
From the right triangle, the center of the small circle is (0, 4).

x 2 + ( y − 4) = 9
2

y = 4+ 9 − x2 , upper half

A = 2∫ ⎡ 4 +
3
⎢
0 ⎣ ( 9 − x2 − ) 25 − x 2 ⎤ dx
⎦⎥
3
⎡ 1⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎤ 1⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎤⎤
= 2 ⎢4 x + ⎢9 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + x 9 − x 2 ⎥ − ⎢25 arcsin⎜ ⎟ + x 25 − x 2 ⎥ ⎥
⎣ 2⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 2⎣ ⎝5⎠ ⎦⎦ 0
⎡ 9 25 3 ⎤
= 2 ⎢12 + arcsin (1) − arcsin − 6⎥
⎣ 2 2 5 ⎦
9π 3
= 12 + − 25 arcsin ≈ 10.050
2 5
y

4 (3, 4)

x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2

−4

88. The left circle has equation ( x + 2) + y 2 = 9. The shaded area is four times the area in the first quadrant, under the curve
2

9 − ( x + 2) .
2
y =
1
9 − ( x + 2) dx
2
A = 4∫
0

9 − ( x + 2)
2
Let x + 2 = 3 sin θ , dx = 3 cos θ dθ , = 3 cos θ

3 x+2

9 − (x + 2)2

1 + cos 2θ
9 − ( x + 2) dx = ∫ 3 cos θ (3 cos θ ) dθ
2
∫ = 9∫
2
dθ

9⎛ sin 2θ ⎞ 9
= ⎜θ + ⎟ + C = (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ ⎛ 9 − ( x + 2) ⎞⎟
2
9 ⎛ x + 2 ⎞ ⎛ x + 2 ⎞⎜
= ⎜ arcsin ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +C
2 ⎜⎜ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
1
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎤
9⎢ ⎛ x + 2 ⎞ ⎛ x + 2 ⎞⎜ 9 − ( x + 2) ⎞⎟⎥ ⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 2 2 5 ⎞⎤ 2
A=4 arcsin ⎜ +
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 18⎢⎜ ⎟ + 0 ⎟ − ⎜⎜ arcsin + ⎟⎟⎥ = 9π − 18 arcsin − 4 5
2⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎜⎜ 3 ⎟
⎟⎥ ⎢
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠ ⎥
⎦ 3
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ 0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

178 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 ln ( x + 1)
89. Let I =
x2 + 1∫0
dx

1−u −2
Let x = , dx = du
1+u (1 + u )2
2 2 + 2u 2
x +1 = , x2 + 1 =
1+u (1 + u )2
⎛ 2 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
I = ∫
0 ⎝ 1 + u ⎠ ⎛⎜ −2 ⎞⎟ du
2 + 2u 2 ⎞ ⎝⎜ (1 + u ) ⎠⎟
1 ⎛ 2

⎜ ⎟
⎜ (1 + u ) ⎟
2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
−ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
0 ⎝ 1 + u⎠ 1 ⎝ 1 + u⎠ 1 ln 2 1 ln (1 + u )
du = (ln 2)[arctan u]0 − I
1
= ∫ du = ∫ du = ∫ 0 1 + u2 − ∫ 0
1 1+u 2 0 1+u 2
1 + u2
⎛π ⎞
⇒ 2 I = ln 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
π
I = ln 2 ≈ 0.272198
8

Section 8.5 Partial Fractions

4 4 A B 1 1 A B
1. = = + 7. = = +
x2 − 8x x( x − 8) x x −8 x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x + 3 x − 3
1 = A( x − 3) + B( x + 3)
2 x2 + 1 A B C
2. = + + 1
(x − 3)
3
x − 3 ( x − 3)2 ( x − 3)3 When x = 3, 1 = 6B ⇒ B =
6
.

1
2x − 3 2x − 3 A Bx + C When x = −3, 1 = −6 A ⇒ A = − .
3. = = + 2 6
x3 + 10 x x( x 2 + 10) x x + 10
1 1 1 1 1
∫ x 2 − 9 dx = − 6 ∫ x + 3 dx + 6 ∫ x − 3 dx
x − 4 x − 4 A B
4. = = + 1 1
x2 + 6x + 5 ( x + 1)( x + 5) x + 1 x + 5 = − ln x + 3 + ln x − 3 + C
6 6
x −9 x −9 A B 1 x −3
5. = = + = ln +C
x2 − 6x x( x − 6) x x −6 6 x +3

1 1 A B
2x − 1 A Bx + C Dx + E 8. = = +
6. = + 2 + 4x − 1
2
( 2 x − 1)(2 x + 1) 2x + 1 2x − 1
x( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2
x x +1 2

1 = A( 2 x − 1) + B( 2 x + 1)
1 1
When x = , 1 = 2B ⇒ B = .
2 2
1 1
When x = − , 1 = −2 A ⇒ A = − .
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
∫ 4 x 2 − 1 dx = − 2 ∫ 2 x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ 2 x − 1 dx
1 1
= − ln 2 x + 1 + ln 2 x − 1 + C
4 4
1 2x − 1
= ln +C
4 2x + 1

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 179

5 5 A B 5− x 5− x A B
9. = = + 11. = = +
x + 3x − 4
2
( x + 4)( x − 1) x + 4 x − 1 2x + x − 1
2
(2 x − 1)( x + 1) 2 x − 1 x + 1
5 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 4) 5 − x = A( x + 1) + B( 2 x − 1)
When x = 1, 5 = 5 B ⇒ B = 1. 1 9 3
When x = , = A ⇒ A = 3.
When x = − 4, 5 = −5 A ⇒ A = −1. 2 2 2
When x = −1, 6 = −3B ⇒ B = −2.
5 −1 1
∫ x2 + 3x − 4
dx = ∫
x + 4
dx + ∫
x −1
dx
5− x 1 1
= −ln x + 4 + ln x − 1 + C
∫ 2x2 + x −1
dx = 3∫
2x − 1
dx − 2 ∫
x +1
dx

3
x −1 = ln 2 x − 1 − 2 ln x + 1 + C
= ln +C 2
x + 4
5 x 2 − 12 x − 12 A B C
x+ 2 x+ 2 1 12. = + +
10. 2 = = x( x − 2)( x + 2) x x−2 x+2
x + 11x + 18 ( x + 9)( x + 2) x + 9
x+ 2 1 5 x 2 − 12 x − 12 = A( x 2 − 4) + Bx( x + 2) + Cx( x − 2)
∫ x 2 + 11x + 18
dx = ∫ x +9
dx = ln x + 9 + C
When x = 0, −12 = −4 A ⇒ A = 3.
When x = 2, −16 = 8B ⇒ B = −2.
When x = −2, 32 = 8C ⇒ C = 4.

5 x 2 − 12 x − 12
∫ x3 − 4 x
dx

3 −2 4
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x x − 2 x + 2
= 3 ln x − 2 ln x − 2 + 4 ln x + 2 + C

x 2 + 12 x + 12 A B C
13. = + +
x( x + 2)( x − 2) x x+ 2 x−2
x 2 + 12 x + 12 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) + Bx( x − 2) + Cx( x + 2)
When x = 0, 12 = − 4 A ⇒ A = −3.
When x = −2, − 8 = 8 B ⇒ B = −1.
When x = 2, 40 = 8C ⇒ C = 5.

x 2 + 12 x + 12 1 1 1
∫ x − 4x
3
dx = 5∫
x −2
dx − ∫ x + 2 dx − 3∫ x dx = 5 ln x − 2 − ln x + 2 − 3 ln x + C

x3 − x + 3 2x + 1 A B
14. = x −1+ = x −1+ +
x2 + x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 1) x + 2 x −1
2 x + 1 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 2)
When x = −2, − 3 = −3 A ⇒ A = 1.
When x = 1, 3 = 3B ⇒ B = 1.

x3 − x + 3 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ x2 x2
∫ x2 + x −2
dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x − 1 + x+ 2
+ ⎟ dx =
x − 1⎠ 2
− x + ln x + 2 + ln x − 1 + C =
2
− x + ln x 2 + x − 2 + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

180 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 x +5 A B
15. = 2x + = 2x + +
x2 − 2x − 8 ( x − 4)( x + 2) x−4 x+ 2
x + 5 = A( x + 2) + B( x − 4)
3
When x = 4, 9 = 6 A ⇒ A = .
2
1
When x = −2, 3 = −6 B ⇒ B = − .
2
2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 ⎛ 32 12 ⎞ 3 1
∫ dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x + − ⎟ dx = x + ln x − 4 − ln x + 2 + C
2
x2 − 2x − 8 x −4 x + 2⎠ 2 2

x + 2 A B 4 x2 + 2 x − 1 A B C
16. = + 17. = + 2 +
x ( x − 4) x − 4 x x 2 ( x + 1) x x x +1
x + 2 = Ax + B( x − 4) 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = Ax( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2

3 When x = 0, B = −1.
When x = 4, 6 = 4 A ⇒ A = .
2 When x = −1, C = 1.
1
When x = 0, 2 = − 4 B ⇒ B = − . When x = 1, A = 3.
2
x + 2 4x2 + 2x − 1 ⎛3 1 1 ⎞
∫ dx =
⎛ 32 1 2⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ x − 4 − x ⎟⎠ dx ∫ x3 + x 2
dx = ∫ ⎝⎜ x
x2
−
+ ⎟ dx
x + 1⎠
x2 − 4x
1
3 1 = 3 ln x + + ln x + 1 + C
= ln x − 4 − ln x + C x
2 2
1
= + ln x + x3 + C
4
x

3x − 4 A B
18. = +
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2

3x − 4 = A( x − 1) + B
When x = 1, −1 = B.
When x = 0, − 4 = − A − 1 ⇒ A = 3.
3x − 4 3 1 1
∫ ( x − 1)2 dx = ∫ x − 1 dx − ∫ ( x − 1)2 dx = 3 ln x − 1 +
x −1
+C

x 2 + 3x − 4 x 2 + 3x − 4 A B C
19. = = + +
x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x x( x − 2)
2
x ( x − 2) ( x − 2)2
x 2 + 3x − 4 = A( x − 2) + Bx( x − 2) + Cx
2

When x = 0, − 4 = 4 A ⇒ A = −1.
When x = 2, 6 = 2C ⇒ C = 3.
When x = 1, 0 = −1 − B + 3 ⇒ B = 2.

x 2 + 3x − 4 −1 2 3 3
∫ x3 − 4 x 2 + 4x
dx = ∫ x
dx + ∫ ( x − 2) dx + ∫ ( x − 2)2 dx = −ln x + 2 ln x − 2 −
(x − 2)
+C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 181

4 x2 4x2 4 x2 A B C
20. = 2 = 2 = + +
x + x − x −1
32
x ( x + 1) − ( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
4 x 2 = A( x + 1) + B( x − 1)( x + 1) + C ( x − 1)
2

When x = −1, 4 = −2C ⇒ C = −2.

When x = 1, 4 = 4 A ⇒ A = 1.
When x = 0, 0 = 1 − B + 2 ⇒ B = 3.

4x2 1 3 2 2
∫ x3 + x 2 − x − 1
dx = ∫ x − 1 dx + ∫ x + 1 dx − ∫ ( x + 1)2 dx = ln x − 1 + 3 ln x + 1 +
( + 1)
x
+C

x2 − 1 A Bx + C
21. = + 2
x( x 2 + 1) x x +1

x 2 − 1 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x

When x = 0, A = −1.
When x = 1, 0 = −2 + B + C.
When x = −1, 0 = −2 + B − C.
Solving these equations you have A = −1, B = 2, C = 0.

x2 − 1 1 2x x2 + 1
∫ x3 + x
dx = − ∫ dx +
x ∫ x2+1
dx = −ln x + ln x 2 + 1 + C = ln
x
+C

6x 6x A Bx + C
22. = = + 2
x3 − 8 ( x − 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
2
x − 2 x + 2x + 4

6 x = A( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x − 2)

When x = 2, 12 = 12 A ⇒ A = 1.
When x = 0, 0 = 4 − 2C ⇒ C = 2.
When x = 1, 6 = 7 + ( B + 2)(−1) ⇒ B = −1.

6x 1 −x + 2
∫ x3 −8
dx = ∫ x − 2 dx + ∫ x 2 + 2x + 4
dx

1 −x − 1 3
= ∫ x − 2 dx + ∫ x2 + 2x + 4
dx + ∫ ( x2 + 2 x + 1) + 3
dx

1 3 ⎛ x + 1⎞
= ln x − 2 − ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 + arctan ⎜ ⎟ +C
2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 ⎛ 3 ( x + 1) ⎞
= ln x − 2 − ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 + 3 arctan ⎜ ⎟+ C
2 ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

182 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

x2 A B Cx + D
23. = + + 2
x − 2x2 − 8
4
x − 2 x + 2 x + 2
x 2 = A( x + 2)( x 2 + 2) + B( x − 2)( x 2 + 2) + (Cx + D )( x + 2)( x − 2)

When x = 2, 4 = 24 A.
When x = −2, 4 = −24 B.
When x = 0, 0 = 4 A − 4 B − 4 D.
When x = 1, 1 = 9 A − 3B − 3C − 3D.
1 1 1
Solving these equations you have A = , B = − , C = 0, D = .
6 6 3
x2 1⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 1⎛ x − 2 x ⎞
∫ x4 − 2 x2 − 8
dx = ⎜ ∫
6⎝ x − 2
dx − ∫ x + 2 dx + 2∫ x2 dx ⎟ = ⎜ ln
+ 2 ⎠ 6⎝ x + 2
+ 2 arctan ⎟+C
2⎠

x2 − x + 9 Ax + B Cx + D
24. = +
(x + 9) x +9 ( x 2 + 9)
2 2 2
2

x 2 − x + 9 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 9) + Cx + D
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + (9 A + C ) x + (9 B + D)
By equating coefficients of like terms, you have A = 0, B = 1, D = 0, and C = −1.

x2 − x − 9 1 x 1 ⎛ x⎞ 1
∫ = ∫ x2 dx − ∫ dx = arctan ⎜ ⎟ +
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2( x + 9)
+C
(x + 9) +9 (x + 9)
2 2 2
2 2 3

x A B Cx + D
25. = + +
(2 x − 1)( 2 x + 1)( 4 x 2 + 1) 2x − 1 2x + 1 4x2 + 1

x = A( 2 x + 1)( 4 x 2 + 1) + B( 2 x − 1)( 4 x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)( 2 x − 1)( 2 x + 1)

1 1
When x = , = 4 A.
2 2
1 1
When x = − , − = −4 B.
2 2
When x = 0, 0 = A − B − D.
When x = 1, 1 = 15 A + 5 B + 3C + 3D.
1 1 1
Solving these equations you have A = , B = , C = − , D = 0.
8 8 2
x 1⎛ 1 1 x ⎞ 1 4x2 − 1
∫ 16 x 4 −1
dx =
8⎝ ∫ 2x − 1
⎜ dx + ∫ 2 x + 1 dx − 4∫ 4 x 2 dx ⎟ =
+ 1 ⎠ 16
ln
4x2 + 1
+ C

x2 − 4x + 7 A Bx + C
26. = +
(x + 1)( x − 2 x + 3)
2
x + 1 x2 − 2x + 3

x 2 − 4 x + 7 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)

When x = −1, 12 = 6 A.
When x = 0, 7 = 3 A + C.
When x = 1, 4 = 2 A + 2 B + 2C.
Solving these equations you have A = 2, B = −1, C = 1.

x2 − 4x + 7 1 −x + 1 1
∫ x3 − x2 + x + 3
dx = 2∫
x +1
dx + ∫ x2 − 2x + 3
dx = 2 ln x + 1 − ln x 2 − 2 x + 3 + C
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 183

x2 + 5 A Bx + C
27. = +
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x 2 + 5 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
= ( A + B ) x 2 + ( −2 A + B + C ) x + ( 3 A + C )
When x = −1, A = 1.
By equating coefficients of like terms, you have A + B = 1, − 2 A + B + C = 0, 3 A + C = 5.
Solving these equations you have A = 1, B = 0, C = 2.

x2 + 5 1 1 ⎛ x − 1⎞
∫ x3 − x 2 + x+3
dx = ∫ x + 1 dx + 2∫ ( x − 1)2 + 2
dx = ln x + 1 + 2 arctan ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟+C

x2 + x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D x −1 A B C
28. = + 30. = + 2 +
x 2 ( x + 1)
(x + 3) ( x 2 + 3) x +1
2 2
2 x2 + 3 x x
x − 1 = Ax( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2
x + x + 3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 3) + Cx + D
2

When x = 0, B = −1.
= Ax 3 + Bx 2 + (3 A + C ) x + (3B + D )
When x = −1, C = −2.
By equating coefficients of like terms, you have
A = 0, B = 1, 3 A + C = 1, 3B + D = 3. When x = 1, 0 = 2 A + 2 B + C.
Solving these equations you have Solving these equations you have
A = 0, B = 1, C = 1, D = 0. A = 2, B = −1, C = −2.

⎛ ⎞ 5 x −1 5 1 5 1 5 1
x2 + x + 3 1 x ∫ 1 x 2 ( x + 1) dx = 2∫ 1 dx − ∫1 dx − 2∫ dx
∫ dx = ∫ ⎜⎜⎜ x 2 + 3 + x 2 + 3 2 ⎟⎟⎟ dx x x2 1 x +1
x4 + 6x2 + 9
⎝ ( )⎠ ⎡ 1 ⎤
5

1 x 1 = ⎢2 ln x + − 2 ln x + 1⎥
= arctan − +C ⎣ x ⎦1
3 3 2( x + 3)
2
5
⎡ x 1⎤
= ⎢2 ln + ⎥
⎣ x + 1 x ⎦1
3 3 A B
29. = = +
4 x2 + 5x + 1 (4 x + 1)( x + 1) 4 x + 1 x + 1 5 4
= 2 ln −
3 5
3 = A( x + 1) + B( 4 x + 1)
When x = −1, 3 = −3B ⇒ B = −1. x +1 A Bx + C
31. = + 2
x( x 2 + 1) x x +1
1 3
When − , 3 = A ⇒ A = 4.
4 4 x + 1 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
2 3 2 4 2 −1 When x = 0, A = 1.
∫ 0 4x2 + 5x + 1
dx = ∫ 0 4 x + 1 dx + ∫ 0 x +1
dx
2
When x = 1, 2 = 2 A + B + C.
= ⎡⎣ln 4 x + 1 − ln x + 1 ⎤⎦ 0
When x = −1, 0 = 2 A + B − C.
= ln 9 − ln 3
Solving these equations we have
= 2 ln 3 − ln 3 = ln 3
A = 1, B = −1, C = 1.
2 x +1 21 2 x 2 1
∫ 1 x( x 2 + 1) dx = ∫ 1 x
dx − ∫1 x2 + 1
dx + ∫1 x2 + 1
dx

2
⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢ln x − ln( x 2 + 1) + arctan x⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦1
1 8 π
= ln − + arctan 2
2 5 4
≈ 0.557

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

184 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 x2 − x 1 1 2x + 1 5x 5x
32. ∫ 0 x2 + x +1
dx = ∫ 0 dx − ∫ 0 x 2 + x +1
dx 33. ∫ x2 − 10 x + 25
dx = 5 ln x − 5 −
x −5
+C

1 30
= ⎡⎣ x − ln x 2 + x + 1 ⎤⎦ (6, 0): 5 ln(1) − + C = 0 ⇒ C = 30
0 1
= 1 − ln 3 5x
y = 5 ln x − 5 − + 30
x −5
80

−1 10
(6, 0)
− 20

6x2 + 1 x −1 1 2 7
34. ∫ x 2 ( x − 1)3 dx = 3 ln
x
+ +
x
−
x − 1 2( x − 1)2
+ C

1 1 2 7 1
(2, 1): 3 ln + + − + C = 1 ⇒ C = 2 − 3 ln
2 2 1 2 2
4

(2, 1)
− 4.7 4.7

−4

x2 + x + 2 2 x 1
35. ∫ dx = arctan −
2( x 2 + 2)
+C
(x + 2)
2
2 2 2

1 5
(0, 1): 0− + C =1⇒ C =
4 4
3

(0, 1)

−3 3

−1

x3 1 2
36. ∫ dx = ln x 2 − 4 − 2 + C
(x − 4) x − 4
2
2 2

1 2 22 1
(3, 4): ln 5 − + C = 4 ⇒ C = − ln 5
2 5 5 2
8

(3, 4)

−8 8

−2

2 x2 − 2 x + 3 1 ⎛ 2 x + 1⎞
37. ∫ x3 − x2 − x − 2
dx = ln x − 2 + ln x 2 + x + 1 −
2
3 arctan ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎟+ C

1 7 1 7
(3, 10): 0 + ln 13 − 3 arctan + C = 10 ⇒ C = 10 − ln 13 + 3 arctan
2 3 2 3
20

(3, 10)

−2 6

−5

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 185

x( 2 x − 9) 1 5
38. ∫ x3 − 6 x 2 + 12 x − 8
dx = 2 ln x − 2 + +
x − 2 ( x − 2)2
+C

(3, 2): 0 + 1 + 5 + C = 2 ⇒ C = −4
10

(3, 2)
− 10 10

−3

1 1 x −5 41. Let u = cos x du = −sin x dx.

39. ∫ x2 − 25
dx =
10
ln
x +5
+C
1 A B
= +
1 2 u (u − 1) u u −1
(7, 2): ln + C = 2
10 12 1 = A(u − 1) + Bu
1 ⎛1⎞
C = 2 − ln ⎜ ⎟ When u = 0, A = −1.
10 ⎝ 6 ⎠
1 When u = 1, B = 1.
= 2 + ln 6
10 sin x 1
∫ cos x(cos x − 1) dx = −∫
u (u − 1)
du
1 x −5 1
y = ln + 2+ ln 6
10 x +5 10 1 1
4
= ∫ u du − ∫ u − 1 du
= ln u − ln u − 1 + C
(7, 2)
u
= ln +C
− 10 10 u −1
−1 cos x
= ln +C
cos x − 1
x2 − x + 2
40. ∫ x3 − x2 + x − 1
dx = −arctan x + ln x − 1 + C
42. Let u = cos x, du = −sin x dx.
(2, 6): −arctan 2 + 0 + C = 6 ⇒ C = 6 + arctan 2 1 A B
= +
10 u (u + 1) u u +1
1 = A(u + 1) + Bu
(2, 6)
When u = 0, A = 1.
−2 5

−2
When u = −1, B = −1.
sin x 1
∫ cos x + cos2 x dx = −∫
u (u + 1)
du

1 1
= ∫ u + 1 du − ∫ u du
= ln u + 1 − ln u + C
u +1
= ln +C
u
cos x + 1
= ln +C
cos x
= ln 1 + sec x + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

186 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

43. Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx 1 A B

46. = + , u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx
1 1 A B u (u + 1) u u +1
= = +
u + u2 u (1 + u ) u u +1 1 = A(u + 1) + Bu
1 = A(u + 1) + Bu When u = 0, A = 1.
When u = 0, 1 = A. When u = −1, 1 = − B ⇒ B = −1.
When u = −1, 1 = − B ⇒ B = −1. sec 2 x dx 1
∫ tan x( tan x + 1) = ∫ u(u + 1) du
cos x 1
∫ sin x + sin 2 x dx = ∫ u + u 2 du ⎛1 1 ⎞
1 1
= ∫ ⎜⎝ u − ⎟ du
u + 1⎠
= ∫ u du − ∫ u + 1 du = ln u − ln u + 1 + C
= ln u − ln u + 1 + C u
= ln +C
sin x u +1
= ln +C
sin x + 1 tan x
= ln +C
tan x + 1
5 cos x 1
44. ∫ sin 2 x + 3 sin x − 4 dx = 5∫
u 2 + 3u − 4
du
47. Let u = e x , du = e x dx.
u −1
= ln +C 1 A B
u + 4 = +
(u − 1)(u + 4) u −1 u + 4
−1 + sin x
= ln +C 1 = A(u + 4) + B(u − 1)
4 + sin x
1
(From Exercise 9 with u = sin x, du = cos x dx ) When u = 1, A = .
5
45. Let u = tan x, du = sec 2 x dx. 1
When u = −4, B = − .
5
1 1 A B
= = + ex 1
u 2 + 5u + 6 (u + 3)(u + 2) u + 3 u + 2 ∫ (e x dx = ∫ (u − 1)(u + 4) du
− 1)(e x + 4)
1 = A(u + 2) + B(u + 3)
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
5⎝ ∫ u − 1 ∫ u + 4 du ⎟⎠
When u = −2, 1 = B. = ⎜ du −
When u = −3, 1 = − A ⇒ A = −1. 1 u −1
= ln +C
sec 2 x 1 5 u + 4
∫ tan 2 x + 5 tan x + 6 dx = ∫ u 2 + 5u + 6 du 1 ex − 1
= ln x +C
−1 1 5 e + 4
= ∫ u + 3 du + ∫ u + 2 du
= −ln u + 3 + ln u + 2 + C
tan x + 2
= ln +C
tan x + 3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 187

48. Let u = e x , du = e x dx.

1 A Bu + C
= + 2
(u 2
+ 1)( )
u − 1 u − 1 u +1

1 = A(u 2 + 1) + ( Bu + C )(u − 1)

1
When u = 1, A = .
2
When u = 0, 1 = A − C.
When u = −1, 1 = 2 A + 2 B − 2C.
1 1 1
Solving these equations you have A = , B = − , and C = − .
2 2 2
ex 1
∫ (e 2 x + 1)(e x − 1)
dx = ∫ (u 2 + 1)(u − 1)
du

1⎛ 1 u +1 ⎞
= ⎜∫ du − ∫ u2 du ⎟
2⎝ u − 1 +1 ⎠
1⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ln u − 1 − ln u + 1 − arctan u ⎟ + C
2
2⎝ 2 ⎠

=
1
4
(
2 ln e − 1 − ln e + 1 − 2 arctan e x + C
x 2x
)
49. Let u = x , u 2 = x, 2u du = dx.

x u ( 2u )du ⎛ 2u 2 − 8 8 ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
∫ x − 4 dx = ∫ u2 − 4
= ∫ ⎜⎝ u 2−4
+ 2 ⎟ du =
u − 4⎠ ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 + ⎟ du
u2 − 4 ⎠
8 8 A B
= = +
u2 − 4 (u − 2)(u + 2) u − 2 u + 2
8 = A(u + 2) + B(u − 2)
When u = −2, 8 = −4 B ⇒ B = −2.
When u = 2, 8 = 4 A ⇒ A = 2.

⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ 2 + ⎟ du = 2u +
u2 − 4 ⎠ ∫ ⎜⎝ u − 2 − ⎟ du
u + 2⎠
= 2u + 2 ln u − 2 − 2 ln u + 2 + C

x − 2
= 2 x + 2 ln +C
x + 2

50. Let u = x1 6 , u 2 = x1 3 , u 3 = x1 2 , u 6 = x, 6u 5 du = dx.

1 6u 5 du u 3 du
∫ x − 3
x
dx = ∫ u3 − u2
= 6 ∫ u −1
⎛ 1 ⎞
= 6∫ ⎜ u 2 + u + 1 + ⎟ du (long division )
⎝ u − 1⎠
⎛ u3 u2 ⎞
= 6⎜ + + u + ln u − 1 ⎟ + C
⎝ 3 2 ⎠
= 2 x + 3 x1 3 + 6 x1 6 + 6 ln x1 6 − 1 + C

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

188 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 A B 1 A B C
51. = + 54. = + 2 +
x( a + bx) x a + bx x ( a + bx)
2
x x a + bx
1 = A( a + bx) + Bx 1 = Ax( a + bx) + B( a + bx) + Cx 2
When x = 0, 1 = aA ⇒ A = 1 a. When x = 0, 1 = Ba ⇒ B = 1 a. When x = − a b,
When x = − a b, 1 = −( a b) B ⇒ B = −b a. 1 = C ( a 2 b 2 ) ⇒ C = b 2 a 2 . When x = 1,
1 1 ⎛1 b ⎞ 1 = ( a + b ) A + ( a + b ) B + C ⇒ A = −b a 2 .
∫ x(a + bx) dx =
a∫ ⎝ x
⎜ − ⎟ dx
a + bx ⎠
1 ⎛ −b a 2 1 a b2 a 2 ⎞
1
= (ln x − ln a + bx )+C ∫ x 2 (a + bx) dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ x
+ 2 +
x
⎟ dx
a + bx ⎠
a
1 x b 1 b
= ln +C = − ln x − + ln a + bx + C
a a + bx a2 ax a 2
1 b a + bx
= − + ln +C
1 A B ax a 2 x
52. = +
a2 − x2 a − x a + x 1 b x
= − − 2 ln +C
1 = A( a + x) + B( a − x) ax a a + bx
When x = a, A = 1 2a.
dy 6
55. = , y ( 0) = 3
When x = − a, B = 1 2a. dx 4 − x2
1 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3 2+ x
∫ a2 − x 2
dx = ∫ ⎜
2a ⎝ a − x
+ ⎟ dx
a + x⎠
y =
2
ln
2− x
+3

1
(−ln a − x + ln a + x )+C
10
=
2a
1 a + x
= ln + C
2a a − x −2 2

−4
x A B
53. = +
(a + bx) ( a + bx)
2
a + bx 2
dy 4
56. = 2 , y(0) = 5
x = A( a + bx) + B dx ( x − 2 x − 3)
When x = − a b, B = − a b.
x −3
y = ln +5
When x = 0, 0 = aA + B ⇒ A = 1 b. 3( x + 1)

x ⎛ 1b ⎞
−a b
∫ (a + bx)2 dx ∫ ⎜⎜ a + bx ⎟ dx
8
= +
⎝ (a + bx) ⎠⎟ 2

1 1 a 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
b a + bx b ( a + bx)2 −1 3

−2
1 a⎛ 1 ⎞
= ln a + bx + 2 ⎜ ⎟ +C
b2 b ⎝ a + bx ⎠ 57. Dividing x3 by x − 5
1⎛ a ⎞
= ⎜ + ln a + bx ⎟ + C
b 2 ⎝ a + bx ⎠ N ( x) A1 A2 Am
58. (a) = + +"+
D( x ) px + q ( px + q ) 2
( + q)m
px

N ( x) A1 + B1 x An + Bn x
(b) = +"+
D( x ) (ax 2 + bx + c) ( + bx + c)
ax 2
n

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 189

12 1 15 15 A B
59. A =
+ 5x + 6∫ 0 x2
dx 60.
x + 7 x + 12
2
= = +
( x + 3)( x + 4) x + 3 x + 4
12 12 A B 15 = A( x + 4) + B( x + 3)
= = +
x2 + 5x + 6 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 2 x + 3
When x = − 4, 15 = − B ⇒ B = −15.
12 = A( x + 3) + B( x + 2)
When x = −3, 15 = A.
Let x = −3: 12 = B( −1) ⇒ B = −12
2 15 2⎛ 15 15 ⎞
Let x = −2: 12 = A(1) ⇒ A = 12 Area = ∫0 x 2 + 7 x + 12
dx = ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ x + 3 − ⎟ dx
x + 4⎠
2
1⎛ 12 12 ⎞ ⎡ x+3⎤
A = ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ x + 2 − ⎟ dx
x + 3⎠
= ⎢15 ln
x + 4 ⎥⎦ 0
⎣
1
= ⎣⎡12 ln x + 2 − 12 ln x + 3 ⎦⎤ 0 5 3
= 15 ln − 15 ln
6 4
= 12(ln 3 − ln 4 − ln 2 + ln 3)
56 10
⎛9⎞ = 15 ln = 15 ln
= 12 ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.4134 34 9
⎝8⎠

3⎛ 7 ⎞ 3 3 1
61. A = 2∫ ⎜1 − ⎟ dx = 2 ∫ 0 dx − 14 ∫ 0 dx
0
⎝ 16 − x 2 ⎠ 16 − x 2
3
⎡ 14 4+ x⎤
= ⎢2 x − ln ( From Exercise 52)
⎣ 8 4 − x ⎥⎦ 0
7
= 6− ln 7 ≈ 2.595
4
y

5
2

2
3
2

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

62. (a) Substitution: u = x 2 + 2 x − 8

(b) Partial fractions
(c) Trigonometric substitution (tan) or inverse tangent rule

1 80 124 p
80 − 75 ∫ 75 (10 + p )(100 − p )
63. Average cost = dp

1 80 ⎛ −124 1240 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ dp
5 ⎝ (10 + p )11 (100 − p)11 ⎠
75

80
1 ⎡ −124 1240 ⎤
= ln (10 + p) − ln (100 − p)⎥
5 ⎢⎣ 11 11 ⎦ 75
1
≈ (24.51) = 4.9
5
Approximately $490,000

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

190 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

64. (a) y

1
t
1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) The slope is negative because the function is decreasing.

(c) For y > 0, lim y(t ) = 3.
t →∞

dy A B
(d) = +
y( L − y) y L − y
1 1
1 = A( L − y ) + By ⇒ A = ,B =
L L
dy
∫ y( L − y) = ∫ k dt
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
L ⎣∫ y ∫L− ∫ k dt
⎢ dy + dy⎥ =
y ⎦
1
⎡ln y − ln L − y ⎤⎦ = kt + C1
L⎣
y
ln = kLt + LC1
L − y
y
C2e kLt =
L − y
y0 y y0
When t = 0, = C2 ⇒ = e kLt .
L − y0 L − y L − y0
y0 L
Solving for y, you obtain y = .
y0 + ( L − y0 )e − kLt
(e) k = 1, L = 3
15
(i) y(0) = 5: y =
5 − 2e −3t
1 32 3
(ii) y(0) = : y = =
2 (1 2) + (5 2)e−3t 1 + 5e−3t
5

0 5
0

dy
(f ) = ky( L − y )
dt
d2y ⎡ ⎛ − dy ⎞ dy ⎤
= k ⎢ y⎜ ⎟ + ( L − y) ⎥ = 0
dt 2 ⎣ ⎝ dt ⎠ dt ⎦
dy dy
⇒ y = ( L − y)
dt dt
L
⇒ y =
2
From the first derivative test, this is a maximum.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 191

2
3⎛ 2x ⎞ 3 x2
65. V = π ∫ ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx = 4π ∫ 0 2 dx
0 x +
( x + 1)
2
⎝ 1⎠

⎛ ⎞
1 1
= 4π ∫ ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
3

0 ⎜x + 1
− 2⎟ (partial fractions)
⎜
⎝ ( x + 1) ⎟⎠
2

3
⎡ 1⎛ x ⎞⎤
= 4π ⎢arctan x − ⎜ arctan x + 2 ⎟ ( trigonometric substitution )
⎣ 2 ⎝ x + 1 ⎠⎥⎦ 0
3
⎡ x ⎤ ⎛ 3⎞
= 2π ⎢arctan x − 2 = 2π ⎜ arctan 3 − ⎟ ≈ 5.963
⎣ x + 1⎥⎦ 0 ⎝ 10 ⎠
2x
dx = ⎡⎣ln ( x 2 + 1)⎤⎦ = ln 10
3 3
A = ∫ 0 x2 +1 0

1 3 2x2 1 3⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 2
[2 x − 2 arctan x]30 = (3 − arctan 3) ≈ 1.521
A ∫ 0 x2 + 1 ln 10 ∫ 0 ⎝
x = dx = ⎜2 − 2 ⎟ dx =
x + 1⎠ ln 10 ln 10
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 ⎛ 2x ⎞ 2 3 x2
A⎝ 2 ⎠∫ 0 ⎝ x2 + ∫
y = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ dx = dx
1⎠ ln 10 0 ( x 2 + 1)2

⎛ ⎞
2 3
⎜ 1 1 ⎟ dx (partial fractions)
ln 10 ∫ 0 ⎜⎜ x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2 ⎟⎟
= −
⎝ ⎠
3
2 ⎡ 1⎛ x ⎞⎤
= arctan x − ⎜ arctan x + 2 ⎟ ( trigonometric substitution )
ln 10 ⎢⎣ 2⎝ x + 1 ⎠⎥⎦ 0
3
2 ⎡1 ⎤ 3
x 1 ⎡ x ⎤ 1 ⎛ 3⎞
= ⎢ arctan x − ⎥ = arctan x − = ⎜ arctan 3 − ⎟ ≈ 0.412
ln 10 ⎢ 2 2( x 2
+ 1) ⎥ ln 10 ⎢⎣ x 2 + 1⎥⎦ 0 ln 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠
⎣ ⎦0
(x, y) ≈ (1.521, 0.412)
y

2
(1.521, 0.412)
1

x
1 2 3

−1

(2 − x)2 , 0, 1
66. y 2 = [ ]
(1 + x)2
1 ( 2 − x)2
V = ∫ 0 π (1 + x)2 dx

⎡ 1 4 1 4x 1 x2 ⎤ y

= π ⎢∫ dx − ∫ 0 (1 + x)2 dx + ∫ 0 (1 + x)2 dx⎥ 2−x

⎢⎣ 0 (1 + x)
2
⎥⎦ 2 y=
1+x

⎡ 3 ⎤
= π ⎢2 − ( 4 ln 2 − 2) + − 2 ln 2⎥ x
⎣ 2 ⎦ −2 2

⎛ 11 ⎞ π
= π ⎜ − 6 ln 2 ⎟ = (11 − 12 ln 2) −2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

192 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 A B 1
67. = + ,A = B =
(x + 1)( n − x) x +1 n − x n +1
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
n + 1∫ ⎝ x + 1 n − x ⎠
⎜ + ⎟ dx = kt + C

1 x +1
ln = kt + C
n +1 n − x
1 1
When t = 0, x = 0, C = ln .
n +1 n
1 x +1 1 1
ln = kt + ln
n +1 n − x n +1 n
1 ⎡ x +1 1⎤
ln − ln ⎥ = kt
n + 1 ⎢⎣ n − x n⎦
nx + n
ln = ( n + 1)kt
n − x
nx + n
= e(n + 1)kt
n − x
n ⎡e(n + 1)kt − 1⎤
x = ⎣ ⎦ Note: lim x = n
n + e(n + 1)kt t →∞

1 A B
68. (a) = + ,
( y0 − x)( z0 − x) y0 − x z0 − x
1 1
A = ,B = − , (Assume y0 ≠ z0 .)
z0 − y0 z 0 − y0

1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
z 0 − y0 ∫ ⎝ y0 − x
⎜ − ⎟ dx = kt + C
z0 − x ⎠
1 z − x
ln 0 = kt + C , when t = 0, x = 0
z 0 − y0 y0 − x
1 z
C = ln 0
z0 − y0 y0
1 ⎡ z0 − x ⎛ z ⎞⎤
⎢ln − ln ⎜ 0 ⎟⎥ = kt
z 0 − y0 ⎣ y0 − x ⎝ y0 ⎠⎦
⎡ y0 ( z 0 − x ) ⎤
ln ⎢ ⎥ = ( z0 − y0 )kt
⎣⎢ z0 ( y0 − x) ⎦⎥
y0 ( z 0 − x )
= e( z0 − y0 )kt
z0 ( y0 − x)

y0 z0 ⎡e( z0 − y0 )kt − 1⎤
x = ⎣ ⎦
z0e( z0 − y0 )kt − y0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.5 Partial Fractions 193

(b) (1) If y0 < z0 , lim x = y0 .

t →∞

(2) If y0 > z0 , lim x = z0 .

t →∞

(3) If y0 = z0 , then the original equation is:

1
∫ (y − x)
2
dx = ∫ k dt
0

( y0 − x)
−1
= kt + C1
1
x = 0 when t = 0 ⇒ = C1
y0
1 1 kty0 + 1
= kt + =
y0 − x y0 y0
y0
y0 − x =
kty0 + 1
y0
x = y0 −
kty0 + 1
As t → ∞, x → y0 = x0 .

x Ax + B Cx + D
69. = 2 +
1 + x4 x + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1
x = ( Ax + B) x 2 − ( )
2 x + 1 + (Cx + D) x 2 + ( 2x + 1 )
= ( A + C)x + B + D − 3
( 2A + 2C ) x 2
(
+ A+ C − 2B + )
2 D x + ( B + D)

0 = A + C ⇒ C = −A
0 = B + D − 2A + 2C −2 2 A = 0 ⇒ A = 0 and C = 0
2 2
1= A+C − 2B + 2D −2 2 B = 1 ⇒ B = − and D =
4 4
0 = B + D ⇒ D = −B
So,
1 x 1⎛ − 2 4 2 4 ⎞
∫0 1 + x 4
dx = ∫ 0 ⎜⎜ x 2 +
+
2 x + 1 x2 − 2 x +
⎟ dx
1 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎡ ⎤
2 1⎢ −1 1 ⎥
4 ∫ 0 ⎢⎢ ⎡ x +
= + ⎥ dx
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 ⎤ + (1 2) ⎡x − 2 2 ⎤ + (1 2) ⎥
⎣⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦

( ) ( )
1
⎡ ⎛x + 2 2 ⎞ ⎛x − 2 2 ⎞⎤
2 1 ⎢ ⎟⎥
= ⋅ −arctan ⎜ ⎟ + arctan ⎜
4 1 2⎢ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥ 0
1⎡
( ) ( )
1
= −arctan 2 x + 1 + arctan 2x − 1 ⎤
2⎣ ⎦0
1
= ⎡⎢ −arctan
2⎣
( ( )
2 + 1 + arctan ( ))
2 − 1 − ( −arctan 1 + arctan (−1))⎤⎥
⎦
π π⎤
=
1⎡
2 ⎢⎣
arctan ( )
2 − 1 − arctan ( 2 +1 + ) 4
+
4 ⎥⎦
.

Because arctan x − arctan y = arctan ⎡⎣( x − y ) (1 + xy )⎤⎦, you have:

1 x 1⎢
⎡ ⎛
arctan ⎜
2 −1 − ( ) ( 2 + 1 ⎞ π⎤ )
⎟ + ⎥ = 1 ⎡arctan ⎛ −2 ⎞ + π ⎤ = 1 ⎛ − π + π ⎞ = π
∫ 0 1 + x4 dx =
2 ⎣⎢
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎦⎥
⎜ ⎟
2⎢
⎢⎣
⎜1 +
⎝
2 −1 ( )( 2 +1⎟
⎠
2⎥
⎥⎦) ⎝ 2⎠ 2⎝ 4 2⎠ 8

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

194 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

70. The partial fraction decomposition is:

x 4 (1 − x)
4
4
= x 6 − 4 x5 + 5 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 4 −
1 + x2 1 + x2
x 4 (1 − x)
4 1
1 ⎡ x7 2 x6 4 ⎤
∫0 1+ x 2
dx = ⎢
⎣ 7
−
3
+ x5 − x3 + 4 x − 4 arctan x⎥
3 ⎦0
1 2 4 ⎛π ⎞
= − + 1 − + 4 − 4⎜ ⎟
7 3 3 ⎝4⎠
22
= −π
7
Note: You can easily verify this calculation with a graphing utility.

Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques

1. By Formula 6: ( a = 5, b = 1)

x2 ⎡ x ⎤
∫5 + dx = ⎢− (10 − x) + 25 ln 5 + x ⎥ + C
x ⎣ 2 ⎦

2. By Formula 13: (b = 2, a = −5)

2 1 2 ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎡ −5 + 4 x 4 x ⎤
3 ∫ x 2 ( 2 x − 5)2
dx = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ + ln ⎥ +C
3 ⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎣⎢ x( −5 + 2 x) −5 2 x − 5 ⎥⎦

8 x 2 ( 4 x − 5)
= ln − + C
375 2x − 5 75 x( 2 x − 5)

3. By Formula 26: ∫e
x
1 + e 2 x dx =
1⎡ x
2 ⎣⎢
e (
e 2 x + 1 + ln e x + )
e2 x + 1 ⎤ + C
⎦⎥
u = e x , du = e x dx

4. By Formula 29: ( a = 6)

x 2 − 36 1⎡ x⎤
∫ 6x
dx = ⎢ x 2 − 36 − 6 arcsec ⎥ + C
6⎣ 6⎦

1 1 − x2
5. By Formula 44: ∫ x2 1 − x2
dx = −
x
+C

6. By Formula 41: (u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, a = 10)

x 1 2x
∫ dx =
2∫
dx
100 − x 102 − ( x 2 )
4 2

1 ⎛ x2 ⎞
= arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + C
2 ⎝ 10 ⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques 195

7. By Formulas 51 and 49:

1
∫ cos cos 4 3 x (3) dx
3∫
4
3 x dx =

1 ⎡ cos3 3x sin 3 x 3 ⎤
= ⎢ + ∫ cos 2 3 x dx⎥
3⎣ 4 4 ⎦
1 1 1
cos 2 3 x (3) dx
4 3∫
= cos3 3 x sin 3x + ⋅
12
1 1 1
= cos3 3 x sin 3x + ⋅ (3 x + sin 3 x cos 3 x) + C
12 12 2
1
=
24
(2 cos3 3x sin 3x + 3 x + sin 3 x cos 3x) + C

8. By Formulas 50 and 46:

sin 3 x ⎛ 1 ⎞
∫ x
dx = 2∫ sin 3 x⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝2 x ⎠
⎡ −sin 2 x cos x 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
3∫
= 2⎢ + sin x⎜ ⎟ dx⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎝ 2 x ⎠ ⎦⎥
2 4
= −
sin 2 x cos x − cos x +C
3 3
1
u = x , du = dx
2 x

9. By Formula 57: ∫
1
dx = 2 ∫
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ (
⎟ dx = −2 cot x + csc )
x +C
(
x 1 − cos x ) 1 − cos x⎝2 x ⎠

1
u = x , du = dx
2 x

10. By Formula 71:

(5) dx = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟(u − ln cos u − sin u

1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 1 − tan 5 x dx =
5 ∫ 1 − tan 5 x 5⎝ 2 ⎠
)+C =
10
(5 x − ln cos 5 x − sin 5 x ) + C
u = 5 x, du = 5 dx

11. By Formula 84:

1 1
∫ 1 + e2 x dx = x − ln (1 + e 2 x ) + C
2

⎛ 1 ⎞
12. By Formula 85: ⎜ a = − , b = 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
e−x 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4 −x 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∫e
−x 2
sin 2 x dx = − sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x ⎟ + C = e ⎜ − sin 2 x − 2 cos 2 x ⎟ + C
(1 4) + 4 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠ 17 ⎝ 2 ⎠

13. By Formula 89: ( n = 7)

x8 1
∫x
7
ln x dx = [−1 + 8 ln x] + C = x8 (8 ln x − 1) + C
64 64

∫ (ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 3∫ (ln x) dx

3 3 2
14. By Formulas 90 and 91:

= x(ln x) − 3 x ⎡2 − 2 ln x + (ln x) ⎤ + C
3 2
⎣ ⎦
= x ⎡(ln x) − 3(ln x) + 6 ln x − 6⎤ + C
3 2
⎣ ⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

196 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

u 17. (a) By Formula 12: ( a = b = 1, u = x)

15. (a) Let u = 3 x, x = , du = 3 dx.
3
1 −1⎛ 1 1 x ⎞
⎛u⎞ 1
2
1 ∫ x 2 ( x + 1) dx = ⎜ + ln ⎟ +C
1 ⎝x 1 1 + x ⎠
∫x e dx = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ eu du = ∫ u e du
2 3x 2 u
⎝ ⎠
3 3 27
−1 x
= − ln +C
By Formulas 83 and 82: x 1+ x
1⎡ 2 u −1 x +1
∫x e
2 3x
dx = u e − 2∫ ueu du ⎤ = + ln +C
27 ⎣ ⎦
x x
1⎡ 2 u
= u e − 2((u − 1)eu )⎤⎦ + C (b) Partial fractions:
27 ⎣
1 A B C
1 3x 2 = + 2 +
= e (9 x − 6 x + 2) + C x ( x + 1)
2
x x x +1
27
(b) Integration by parts: 1 = Ax( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2
1 3x x = 0: 1 = B
u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx, dv = e3 x dx, v = e
3
x = −1: 1 = C
2 1 3x 2 3x
∫ x e dx = x 3 e − ∫ x = 1: 1 = 2 A + 2 + 1 ⇒ A = −1
2 3x
xe dx
3
1 ⎡ −1 1 1 ⎤
Parts again: u = x, du = dx, dv = e3 x , v =
1 3x
e ∫ x 2 ( x + 1) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x +
x2
+
x + 1⎥⎦
dx
3
1
1 2 3x 2⎡x 1 ⎤ = −ln x − + ln x + 1 + C
∫x e dx = x e − ⎢ e3 x − ∫ e3 x dx⎥
2 3x
x
3 3 ⎣3 3 ⎦
1 x
1 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x = − − ln +C
= x e − xe + e +C x x +1
3 9 27

=
1 3x
e ⎡9 x 2 − 6 x + 2⎤⎦ + C
27 ⎣
18. (a) By Formula 24: a = ( 48 = 4 3 )
1 1 x − 48
16. (a) By Formula 89: ( n = 6) ∫ x2 dx = ln + C
− 48 2 48 x + 48
x7
∫x
6
ln x dx = [−1 + 7 ln x] + C =
3
ln
3 x − 12
+C
49
24 3 x + 12
1 7 x7
= x ln x − +C
7 49 (b) Partial fractions:
(b) Integration by parts: 1 A B
= +
1 x7 x 2 − 48 x + 48 x − 48
u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x 6 dx, v =
x 7 (
1= Ax − )
48 + B x + ( 48 )
x7 x7 1
∫ x ln x dx = 7 ln x − ∫ When
6
dx
7 x
1
x7 x7 x = 48, 1 = 2 48 B = 8 3 B ⇒ B = .
= ln x − +C 8 3
7 49
−1
When x = − 48, 1 = −2 48 A ⇒ A = .
8 3
1 −1 dx 1 dx
∫ x 2 − 48 dx = 8 3 ∫ x + 48 8 3 ∫ x − 48
+

1 x− 48
= ln +C
8 3 x+ 48

3 3 x − 12
= ln +C
24 3x + 12

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques 197

19. By Formula 80:

1
∫ x arccsc( x + 1) dx =
2∫
arccsc( x 2 + 1)( 2 x) dx
2

1⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢( x + 1)arccsc( x + 1) + ln x + 1 + ( x2 + 1) − 1 ⎥ + C
2
= 2 2
2⎣ ⎦

=
1 2
2
( 1
x + 1)arccsc( x 2 + 1) + ln x 2 + 1 +
2
( x4 + 2x2 + C )
1⎡
20. By Formula 79: ∫ arcsec 2 x dx =
2 x arcsec 2 x − ln 2 x + 4x2 − 1 ⎤ + C
2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
u = 2 x, du = 2 dx

1 x2 − 4 25. By Formula 76:

21. By Formula 35: ∫ x2 dx = +C
x − 4 4x
∫e arccos e x dx = e x arccos e x − 1 − e2 x + C
2 x

u = e x , du = e x dx
22. By Formula 14: ( a = 8, b = 4, c = 1, b 2 < 4ac)

1 2 2x + 4 26. By Formula 71:

∫ x2 + 4x + 8
dx = arctan +C
ex
1
16
⎛ x + 2⎞
16
∫ 1 − tan e x dx =
2
(
1 x
e − ln cos e x − sin e x )+C
= arctan ⎜ ⎟ +C
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ u = e x , du = e x dx

23. By Formula 4: ( a = 2, b = −5) 27. By Formula 73:

x 1 2x
4x
∫ (2 − 5 x)2 dx
⎡1⎛ 2
= 4⎢ ⎜
⎞⎤
+ ln 2 − 5 x ⎟⎥ + C ∫ 1 − sec x 2 dx =
2 ∫ 1 − sec x 2
dx
⎣ 25 ⎝ 2 − 5 x ⎠⎦
1 2
=
4 ⎛ 2 ⎞
+ ln 2 − 5 x ⎟ + C
=
2
( x + cot x 2 + csc x 2 ) + C
⎜
25 ⎝ 2 − 5 x ⎠

24. By Formula 56:

θ2 1 1
∫ 1 − sin θ 3 dθ =
3 ∫ 1 − sin θ 3
3θ 2 dθ

1
=
3
(tan θ 3 + sec θ 3 ) + C
1 1 ⎛1⎞
28. By Formula 23: ∫ t ⎡1 + (ln t )2 ⎤ dt = ∫ 1 + (ln t )2 ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ dt = arctan (ln t ) + C
⎣ ⎦
1
u = ln t , du = dt
t

cos θ 2 ⎛ 1 + sin θ ⎞
29. By Formula 14: ∫ 3 + 2 sin θ + sin 2 θ
dθ =
2
arctan ⎜ ⎟ +C (b 2 = 4 < 12 = 4ac)
⎝ 2 ⎠
u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ

1
( )
2
2 + (3 x) dx = (3 x ) 2 + (3 x) 3 dx
2 2 2
∫x ∫
2
30. By Formula 27:
27
1 ⎡
= 3 x(18 x 2 + 2) 2 + 9 x 2 − 4 ln 3 x + 2 + 9x2 ⎤ + C
8( 27) ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

1 3 3 2 + 9 x2 2 + 9x2
31. By Formula 35: ∫ x2 dx = 3∫ dx = − +C = − +C
2 + 9 x2
( 2) 6x 2x
2
(3 x ) + (3 x )
2 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

198 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

∫ x arctan ( x3 2 ) dx = 2
∫ arctan( x )( 23 )
x dx = 2 ⎡ x3 2 arctan ( x3 2 ) − ln 1 + x3 ⎤ + C
32
32. By Formula 77: 3⎣
3 ⎦

33. By Formula 3:
ln x
∫ x(3 + 2 ln x) dx =
1
4
(
2 ln x − 3 ln 3 + 2 ln x )+C
1
u = ln x, du = dx
x

ex ex
34. By Formula 45: ∫ dx = +C
(1 − e2 x )
32
1 − e2 x

u = e x , du = e x dx

x 1 2x − 6 + 6
35. By Formulas 1, 25, and 33: ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(x − 6 x + 10) 2 ( x − 6 x + 10)2
2
2 2

1 1
( x 2 − 6 x + 10) ( 2 x − 6) dx + 3∫
−2
=
2 ∫ ⎡( x − 3)2 + 1⎤
2
dx
⎣ ⎦
1 3⎡ x −3 ⎤
= − + ⎢ + arctan ( x − 3)⎥ + C
2( x − 6 x + 10)
2
2 ⎣ x − 6 x + 10
2
⎦
3 x − 10 3
= + arctan ( x − 3) + C
2( x 2 − 6 x + 10) 2

36. By Formula 27:

∫ (2 x − 3) (2 x − 3) ∫ (2 x − 3) (2 x − 3) + 4 ( 2) dx
2 2 1 2 2
+ 4 dx = 2

(2 x − 3) ⎡( 2 x − 3) + 2⎤ (2 x − 3) + 4 − ln 2 x − 3 + (2 x − 3) + 4 + C
1 2 2 2
= 8 ⎣ ⎦
u = 2 x − 3, du = 2 dx

x 1 2x 1
37. By Formula 31: ∫ dx =
2∫
dx = ln x 2 − 3 + x4 − 6x2 + 5 + C
x − 6x + 5 (x − 3) − 4
2
4 2 2
2

u = x − 3, du = 2 x dx
2

cos x
38. By Formula 31: ∫ sin 2 x + 1
dx = ln sin x + sin 2 x + 1 + C

u = sin x, du = cos x dx

x3 8 sin 3 θ ( 2 cos θ dθ )
39. ∫ 4 − x2
dx = ∫ 2 cos θ
= 8∫ (1 − cos 2 θ )sin θ dθ

= 8∫ ⎡⎣sin θ − cos 2 θ (sin θ )⎤⎦ dθ

8 cos3 θ
= −8 cos θ + +C
3
3
4 − x2 8⎛ 4 − x2 ⎞
= −8 + ⎜ ⎟ +C
2 3 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎠
⎡ 1 ⎤ − 4 − x2 2
= 4 − x 2 ⎢−4 + ( 4 − x 2 )⎥ + C = ( x + 8) + C 2
x
⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
θ
x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ , 4 − x 2 = 2 cos θ 4 − x2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques 199

40. By Formula 41: 44. By Formula 21: ( a = 9, b = 1)

5− x 5− x 5− x
⎡−2(18 − x)
7
∫ dx = ∫ ⋅ dx 7 x ⎤
5+ x 5+ x 5− x ∫0 9+ x
dx = ⎢
⎣ 3
9 + x⎥
⎦0
5− x
= ∫ 25 − x 2
dx
= −
22
16 + 12 9
3
5 dx x
= ∫ 25 − x 2
− ∫ 25 − x 2
dx
= −
88
+ 36 =
20
3 3
⎛ x⎞
= 5 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + 25 − x 2 + C
⎝5⎠ 45. By Formula 89: ( n = 4)

41. By Formula 8: 2 x5
∫1 x 4 ln x dx = [−1 + 5 ln x]12
25
(e x )
2
e3 x
∫ dx = ∫ (e x ) dx =
32 1
[−1 + 5 ln 2] − [−1 + 0]
(1 + e ) (1 + e )
3 3
x x
25 25
2 1 31 32
= − + ln 1 + e x + C = − + ln 2 ≈ 3.1961
25 5
1 + ex 2(1 + e )
2
x

46. By Formula 53:

u = e x , du = e x dx
π 2 π 2
∫0 x cos x dx = [cos x + x sin x]0
42. By Formulas 68 and 64:
π
cot 3 θ = −1
∫ cot θ dθ = − − ∫ cot θ dθ
4 2 2
3
cot 3 θ 47. By Formula 23, and letting u = sin x :
= − + θ + cot θ + C
3 π 2 cos x π 2
∫ − π 2 1 + sin 2 x dx = ⎡⎣arctan (sin x)⎤⎦ −π 2
43. By Formula 81:
π
1 1 = arctan (1) − arctan ( −1) =
∫ 0 xe dx = ⎡⎣⎢ 12 e ⎤⎦⎥ 0 = (e − 1) ≈ 0.8591
x2 x2 1
2 2

48. By Formula 7: ( a = 7, b = 2)
6
6 x2 ⎡1 ⎛ 49 ⎞⎤
∫ 4 ( 2 x − 7) 2 dx = ⎢ ⎜ 2 x −
⎣ ⎝
8 2 x − 7
+ 14 ln 2 x − 7 ⎟⎥
⎠⎦ 4
1⎛ 49 ⎞ 1
= ⎜12 − + 14 ln 5 ⎟ − (8 − 49)
8⎝ 5 ⎠ 8
27 7
= + ln 5 ≈ 8.2165
5 4
49. By Formulas 54 and 55:

∫t cos t dt = t 3 sin t − 3∫ t 2 sin t dt

3

(
= t 3 sin t − 3 −t 2 cos t + 2∫ t cos t dt )
= t 3 sin t + 3t 2 cos t − 6 t sin t − ( ∫ sin t dt )
= t 3 sin t + 3t 2 cos t − 6t sin t − 6 cos t + C
So,
π 2 3 π 2
∫0 t cos t dt = ⎡⎣t 3 sin t + 3t 2 cos t − 6t sin t − 6 cos t ⎤⎦
0

⎛π 3 ⎞ π3
= ⎜ − 3π ⎟ + 6 = + 6 − 3π ≈ 0.4510
⎝ 8 ⎠ 8

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

200 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

50. By Formula 26:

( )
1
1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1 3
∫0 3 + x 2 dx = ⎢ x x 2 + 3 + 3 ln x + x 2 + 3 ⎥ = ⎡⎣( 2) + 3 ln 3 − 3 ln 3 ⎤⎦ = 1 + ln 3
⎣2 ⎦0 2 4

u2 1 (2a b)u + (a 2 b 2 ) 1 A B
51. = − = 2 + +
(a + bu )
2
b2 (a + bu )2 b a + bu (a + bu )2
2a a2
− u − 2 = A( a + bu ) + B = ( aA + B) + bAu
b b
Equating the coefficients of like terms you have aA + B = − a 2 b 2 and bA = − 2a b. Solving these equations you have
A = − 2a b 2 and B = a 2 b 2 .

u2 1 2a ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 a2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 2a a2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∫ (a + bu )2 du =
b2 ∫
du −
b 2 ⎝ b ⎠ ∫ a + bu
⎜ ⎟ b du +
b 2 ⎝ b ⎠ ∫ ( a + bu )2
⎜ ⎟ b du =
b2
u −
b3
ln a + bu − ⎜ ⎟ +C
b3 ⎝ a + bu ⎠

1⎛ a2 ⎞
= ⎜ bu − − 2a ln a + bu ⎟ + C
b3 ⎝ a + bu ⎠

du 2
52. Integration by parts: w = u n , dw = nu n −1 du , dv = ,v = a + bu
a + bu b
un 2u n 2n n − 1
∫ a + bu
du =
b
a + bu −
b ∫
u a + bu du

2u n 2n n − 1 a + bu
b ∫
= a + bu − u a + bu ⋅ du
b a + bu
2u n 2n au n −1 + bu n
b ∫
= a + bu − du
b a + bu
2u n 2na u n −1 un
b ∫
= a + bu − du − 2n ∫ du
b a + bu a + bu
un 2⎡ u n −1 ⎤
Therefore, ( 2n + 1) ∫ du = ⎢u n a + bu − na ∫ du ⎥ and
a + bu b⎣ a + bu ⎦
un 2 ⎡ n u n −1 ⎤
∫ a + bu
=
(2n + 1)b ⎢⎣
u a + bu − na ∫
a + bu
du ⎥.
⎦

53. When you have u 2 + a 2 :

u = a tan θ u2 + a2
du = a sec θ dθ
2 u

θ
u 2 + a 2 = a 2 sec 2 θ a

1 a sec 2 θ dθ 1 1 u
∫ du = ∫ 3 = 2 ∫ cos θ dθ = 2 sin θ + C = +C
(u ) a sec θ
32 3
2
+ a 2 a a a2 u 2 + a2

When you have u 2 − a 2 :

u = a sec θ u
u2 − a2
du = a sec θ tan θ dθ
θ
u 2 − a 2 = a 2 tan 2 θ a

1 a sec θ tan θ dθ 1 cos θ 1 1 −u

∫ du = ∫ = 2 ∫ 2 dθ = 2 ∫ csc θ cot θ dθ = − 2 csc θ + C = +C
(u ) a 3 tan 3 θ a sin θ
32
2
−a 2 a a a2 u 2 − a2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques 201

∫ u (cos u ) du = u n sin u − n ∫ u n −1 (sin u ) du n −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞

n
54.
∫ (ln u ) du = u (ln u ) − ∫ n(ln u )
n n
56. ⎜ ⎟u du
n −1 ⎝u⎠
w = u , dv = cos u du , dw = nu
n
du , v = sin u
= u (ln u ) − n ∫ (ln u )
n n −1
du
1 2u
55. ∫ (arctan u ) du = u arctan u − ∫ du n −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
w = (ln u ) , dv = du , dw = n(ln u )
n
2 1 + u2 ⎜ ⎟ du ,
⎝u⎠
1
= u arctan u − ln (1 + u 2 ) + C v = u
2
= u arctan u − ln 1 + u2 + C 1 −2 1 − x
57. ∫ x3 2 1− x
dx =
x
+C
du
w = arctan u , dv = du , dw = ,v = u
1 + u2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −2 1 2
⎜ , 5 ⎟: +C = 5 ⇒ C = 7
⎝2 ⎠ 12
−2 1 − x
y = +7
x
8

( 12, 5(
−0.5 1.5

−2

1 ⎡2
( x2 + 2 x) x2 + 2 x ⎤ + C
32
58. ∫x x 2 + 2 x dx = − 3( x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 3 ln x + 1 +
6⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
(0, 0): 1 ⎡3 ln
6⎣
1 ⎤⎦ + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0
15

−6 6
(0, 0)

− 15

1 1⎡ x −3 ⎤
∫ dx = arctan ( x − 3) + 2 +C
2
59.
( x 2 − 6 x + 10)
2
2 ⎢⎣ x − 6 x + 10 ⎥⎦
−8
1⎡ 0⎤
8

(3, 0):
(3, 0)
0+ ⎥ +C = 0 ⇒ C = 0
2 ⎢⎣ 10 ⎦
1⎡ x −3 ⎤
−2
y = arctan ( x − 3) + 2
2 ⎢⎣ x − 6 x + 10 ⎥⎦

2 − 2x − x2 3 + 2 − 2x − x2
60. ∫ x +1
dx = 2 − 2 x − x2 − 3 ln
x +1
+C

(0, )
2 : 2 − 3 ln ( 3 + )
2 +C = 2 ⇒ C = 3 ln ( 3 + 2 )
3
(0, 2 )
− 2.5 1

−6

1 10
61. ∫ sin θ tan θ dθ = −csc θ + C

⎛π ⎞ 2 (π2 , 2(
⎜ , 2 ⎟: − +C = 2 ⇒ C = 2+ 2 ␲
⎝4 ⎠ 2 −
2
2␲

y = −csc θ + 2 + 2 −2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

202 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

sin θ 1 ⎡ −sin θ 1 + sin θ ⎤

62. ∫ (cos θ )(1 + sin θ ) dθ = ⎢
2 ⎣1 + sin θ
+ ln
cos θ ⎦
⎥ +C

1 ⎡ −sin θ 1 + sin θ ⎤
(0, 1): C =1⇒ y = ⎢ + ln ⎥ +1
2 ⎣1 + sin θ cos θ ⎦
10

−8 8
(0, 1)
−2

⎡ 2 du ⎤ ⎡ 2u ⎤
1 ⎢ ⎥ θ ⎢ ⎥
1 + u 2 π 2 1
∫ 0 ⎢⎢ 12+(1 u− u 2 ) ⎥⎥
2
∫ ∫ ⎢⎢
1
dθ = ⎥, u = tan
63.
2 − 3 sin θ ⎛ 2u ⎞ ⎥ 2
66. ∫0 3 − 2 cos θ
dθ =
⎢ 2 − 3⎝⎜ 1 + u 2 ⎠⎟ ⎥ ⎢3 − ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 + u2 ⎦
2
= ∫ du = 2∫
1 1
2(1 + u 2 ) − 6u 0 5u 2 + 1
du
1
1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
= ∫ u2− 3u + 1
du = ⎢
⎣ 5
arctan ( 5u⎥
⎦0
)
1
= ∫ du 2
2 = arctan 5
⎛ 3⎞ 5 5
⎜ u − ⎟ −
⎝ 2⎠ 4
θ
⎛ 3⎞ 5 u = tan
⎜u − ⎟ − 2
1
ln ⎝
2 ⎠ 2
= + C
5 ⎛ 3⎞ 5 sin θ 1 2 sin θ
⎜u − ⎟ +
⎝ 2⎠ 2
67. ∫ 3 − 2 cos θ dθ = ∫
2 3 − 2 cos θ
dθ

1 2u − 3 − 5 1
= ln +C = ln u + C
5 2u − 3 + 5 2
1
⎛θ ⎞ = ln (3 − 2 cos θ ) + C
2 tan ⎜ ⎟ − 3 − 5 2
1 ⎝ 2⎠
= ln +C u = 3 − 2 cos θ , du = 2 sin θ dθ
5 ⎛θ ⎞
2 tan ⎜ ⎟ − 3 + 5
⎝ 2⎠
cos θ cos θ (1 − cos θ )
68. ∫ 1 + cos θ dθ = ∫ (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) dθ
sin θ −sin θ
64. ∫ 1 + cos2 θ dθ = − ∫
1 + (cos θ )
2
dθ
cos θ − cos 2 θ
= ∫ sin 2 θ
dθ
= −arctan(cos θ ) + C
= ∫ (csc θ cot θ − cot θ ) dθ
2

⎡ ⎤
∫ (csc θ cot θ − (csc θ − 1)) dθ
2 du
π 2 1 1⎢ ⎥ = 2
1 + u 2
65. ∫0 1 + sin θ + cos θ
dθ = ∫ ⎢
0
⎢1 + 2u + 1 − u ⎥
2⎥
= −csc θ + cot θ + θ + C
⎢⎣ 1 + u 2 1 + u 2 ⎦⎥
1 1 sin θ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= ∫
01 + u
du 69. ∫ θ
dθ = 2 ∫ sin θ⎜ ⎟ dθ
⎝2 θ ⎠
1
= ⎣⎡ln 1 + u ⎦⎤ 0 = −2 cos θ +C
= ln 2 1
u = θ , du = dθ
θ 2 θ
u = tan
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.6 Integration by Tables and Other Integration Techniques 203

4 4 2 x
70. ∫ csc θ − cot θ
dθ = ∫⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ cos θ ⎞
dθ 72. A = ∫ 0 1 + e x2 dx
⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin θ ⎠ ⎝ sin θ ⎠ 1 2 2 x dx
2 ∫ 0 1 + e x2
=
sin θ
= 4∫ dθ
1 − cos θ
( )
2
1⎡ 2
x − ln 1 + e x ⎤
2
=
= 4 ln 1 − cos θ + C 2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 0
1 1
u = 1 − cos θ , du = sin θ dθ = ⎡⎣4 − ln (1 + e 4 )⎤⎦ + ln 2
2 2
71. By Formula 21: ( a = 3, b = 1) ≈ 0.337 square units
y

⎡−2(6 − x)
6
6 x ⎤
A = ∫0 x +3
dx = ⎢
⎣ 3
x + 3⎥
⎦0
1
2

= 4 3 ≈ 6.928 square units 1

4

4 x
1 2
2

x
−4 −2 2 4
−2

−4

−6

1 x2
73. (a) n = 1: u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x dx, v =
x 2
x2 x2 1 x2 x2
∫ x ln x dx =
2
ln x − ∫ 2 x
dx =
2
ln x −
4
+C

1 x3
n = 2: u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x 2 dx, v =
x 3
x3 x3 1 x3 x3
∫x ln x dx = ln x − ∫ dx = ln x − +C
2
3 3 x 3 9
1 x4
n = 3: u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x3 dx, v =
x 4
x4 x4 1 x4 x4
∫x ln x dx = ln x − ∫ dx = ln x − +C
3
4 4 x 4 16
x n +1 x n +1
∫ x ln x dx = ln x − + C
n
(b)
n +1 (n + 1)2
74. A reduction formula reduces an integral to the sum of a function and a simpler integral. For example, see Formula 50, 54.

75. False. You might need to convert your integral using substitution or algebra.

76. True.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

204 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

77. y
5 500 x
8
80. W = ∫0 26 − x 2
dx

(26 − x 2 ) (−2 x) dx
5 −1 2
= −250 ∫
6
0
4
5
= ⎡−500 26 − x 2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦0
2

( )
x
2 4 6 8 = 500 26 − 1
≈ 2049.51 ft-lb
4
(
V = 2π ∫ x x 16 − x 2 dx
0 )
3 2
81. (a) V = 20( 2) ∫
4
= 2π ∫ x 2 16 − x 2 dx 0
dy
0 1 + y2
By Formula 38: ( a = 4) 3
= ⎡80 ln y + 1 + y2 ⎤
4
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
⎡1 ⎛ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎞⎤
V = 2π ⎢ ⎜ x( 2 x 2 − 16) 16 − x 2 + 256 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
8
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎠⎦ 0
= 80 ln 3 + ( 10 )
≈ 145.5 ft 3
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
= 2π ⎢32⎜ ⎟⎥ = 32π 2
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ (
(
W = 148 80 ln 3 + 10 ))
78. (a) Arctangent Formula, Formula 23, = 11,840 ln (3 + 10 )
1 ≈ 21,530.4 lb
∫ u2 +1
du , u = e x
(b) By symmetry, x = 0.
1
∫ u du, u = e + 1
x
(b) Log Rule: 3 2
M = ρ ( 2) ∫ dy
0
1 + y2
(c) Substitution: u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx
3
Then Formula 81. = ⎡4 ρ ln y + 1 + y2 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
(d) Integration by parts
(e) Cannot be integrated.
= 4 ρ ln 3 + ( 10 )
3 2y
(f ) Formula 16 with u = e 2 x M x = 2ρ ∫ dy
0
1 + y2
5 3
∫ 0 2000 xe
−x
79. W = dx = ⎡4 ρ 1 + y 2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦0
( )
5
= −2000 ∫ − xe − x dx = 4ρ 10 − 1
0

4 ρ ( 10 − 1)
5
= 2000 ∫ (− x)e− x (−1) dx Mx
0 y = = ≈ 1.19
5 M 4 ρ ln (3 + 10 )
= 2000 ⎡⎣( − x)e −x
− e − x ⎤⎦
0
Centroid: ( x , y ) ≈ (0, 1.19)
⎛ 6 ⎞
= 2000⎜ − 5 + 1⎟
⎝ e ⎠
≈ 1919.145 ft-lb

1 2 5000 2500 2 −1.9 dt

2 − 0 ∫ 0 1 + e 4.8 −1.9t −1.9 ∫ 0 1 + e 4.8 −1.9t
82. dt =

2500 ⎡
(4.8 − 1.9t ) − ln(1 + e4.8 −1.9t )⎤⎦ 0
2
= − ⎣
1.9

= −
2500 ⎡
1.9 ⎣
(1 − ln(1 + e)) − 4.8 − ln(1 + e4.8 ) ⎤⎦ ( )
2500 ⎡ ⎛ 1 + e ⎞⎤
= 3.8 + ln ⎜ 4.8 ⎟⎥
≈ 401.4
1.9 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 + e ⎠⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 205

4 k k
∫ 0 6x e
2 −x 2
83. (a) ∫ 0 2 + 3x dx = 10 84. (a) dx = 50

10 10 10 By trial and error, k = 5.51897.

k = = ≈
4 1 1 0.6486
∫0 2 + 3x
dx
3
ln 7 (b) ∫0
5.51897
6 x 2e − x 2 dx
⎛ 30 ⎞
= 15.417⎜ =
20
⎟
⎝ ln 7 ⎠

4 15.417
(b) ∫ 0 2 + 3x dx 0 5.52
−1
8

0 4

−1

π 2 dx
85. Let I = ∫0 1 + ( tan x)
2
.

π
For x = − u , dx = − du , and
2

( tan u )
2
0 − du π 2 du π 2
I = ∫π 2 = ∫0 = ∫0 du.
1 + ( tan (π 2 − u )) 1 + (cot u ) ( tan u )
2 2 2
+1

π 2 dx π 2 ( tan x) 2
π 2 π
2I = ∫0 1 + ( tan x)
+ ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx =
2
( tan x) 2 +1 2

π
So, I = .
4

Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L'Hôpital's Rule

sin 4 x ⎛ 4⎞
1. lim ≈ 1.3333 ⎜ exact: ⎟ 3
x→0 sin 3x ⎝ 3 ⎠

x – 0.1 – 0.01 – 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 −1 1

f ( x) 1.3177 1.3332 1.3333 1.3333 1.3332 1.3177 −1

1 − ex 1
2. lim ≈ −1
x→0 x
−1 1

x – 0.1 – 0.01 – 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x) – 0.9516 – 0.9950 – 0.9995 –1.00005 –1.005 –1.0517 −2

3. lim x5e − x 100 ≈ 0 3 ⫻ 10 11

x→∞

x 1 10 102 103 104 105

f ( x) 0.9900 90,484 3.7 × 109 4.5 × 1010 0 0

0 1500
0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

206 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

6x ⎛ 6 ⎞
4. lim ≈ 3.4641 ⎜ exact: ⎟
x→∞
3x 2 − 2 x ⎝ 3⎠

x 1 10 102 103 104 105

f ( x) 6 3.5857 3.4757 3.4653 3.4642 3.4641

5

0 100
0

3( x − 4) 3( x − 4) 3 3
5. (a) lim = lim = lim =
x→4 x − 16
2 x→4 (x − 4)( x + 4) x→4 x + 4 8

3( x − 4) d dx ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦ 3 3
(b) lim = lim = lim =
x→4 x − 16
2 x→4 d dx ⎡⎣ x 2 − 16⎤⎦ x → 4 2x 8

2x2 + x − 6 (2 x − 3)( x + 2) = lim 2 x − 3 = −7

6. (a) lim = lim ( )
x →−2 x+ 2 x → −2 x+ 2 x → −2

2x2 + x − 6 d dx ⎡⎣2 x 2 + x − 6⎤⎦ 4x + 1

(b) lim = lim = lim = −7
x →−2 x + 2 x → −2 d dx[ x + 2] x → −2 1

7. (a) lim
x + 10 − 4
= lim
x + 10 − 4
⋅
x + 10 + 4
= lim
( x + 10) − 16 = lim
1
=
1
x →6 x −6 x→6 x−6 x + 10 + 4 x → 6
( )
( x − 6) x + 10 + 4 x → 6 x + 10 + 4 8

1
x + 10 − 4 d dx ⎡⎣ x + 10 − 4⎤⎦ ( x + 10)−1 2
(b) lim = lim = lim 2 = 18
x →6 x −6 x →6 d dx[ x − 6] x→6 1

sin 6 x ⎛ 3 sin 6 x ⎞ 3 3
8. (a) lim = lim ⎜ ⎟ = (1) =
x→0 4x x → 0⎝ 2 6 x ⎠ 2 2

sin 6 x d dx[sin 6 x] 6 cos 6 x 3

(b) lim = lim = lim =
x→0 4x x → 0 d dx[4 x] x→0 4 2

5 x 2 − 3x + 1 5 − (3 x) + (1 x 2 ) 5
9. (a) lim = lim =
x→∞ 3x 2 − 5 x→∞ 3 − (5 x 2 ) 3

5 x 2 − 3x + 1 (d dx)⎡⎣5 x 2 − 3x + 1⎤⎦ 10 x − 3 (d dx)[10 x − 3] = lim 10 = 5

(b) lim = lim = lim = lim
x→∞ 3x − 5
2 x→∞ ( d dx )⎣
⎡3 x 2
− 5⎤
⎦
x → ∞ 6 x x → ∞ ( d dx)[6 x] x→∞ 6 3

2x + 1 (2 x) + (1 x 2 ) 0
10. (a) lim = lim = = 0
x→∞ 4x2 + x x→∞ 4 + (1 x) 4

(b) lim
2x + 1
= lim
(d dx)[2 x + 1] = lim 2 = 0
x→∞ 4x2 + x x → ∞ ( d dx ) ⎡4 x 2 + x⎤ x → ∞ 8x + 1
⎣ ⎦

x2 − 2 x − 3 2x − 2 1
(25 − x 2 ) (−2 x)
−1 2
11. lim = lim = 4 25 − x 2 − 5
x →3 x −3 x →3 1 13. lim = lim 2
x→0 x x→0 1
x2 − 2 x − 3 2x − 2 −x
12. lim = lim = −4 = lim = 0
x → −1 x +1 x → −1 1 x→0
25 − x 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 207

1 x2 + 4x + 7 2x + 4
(25 − x 2 ) (−2 x)
−1 2
25 − x 2 27. lim = lim = ∞
14. lim = lim 2 x →∞ x −6 x →∞ 1
x → 5− x −5 x → 5− 1
−x x3 3x 2
= lim = −∞ 28. lim = lim = ∞
x → 5− 25 − x 2 x→∞ x +1 x→∞ 1

e x − (1 − x) ex + 1 29. lim
x3
= lim
3x 2
15. lim = lim = 2 x→∞ e x2 x → ∞ (1 2)e x 2
x→0 x x→0 1
6x 6
ln x 2 = lim = lim = 0
16. lim 2 = lim 2
2 ln x
= lim
2 x 1
= lim 2 = 1 x→∞ ( )
1 4 e x 2 x → ∞ ( )e x 2
1 8
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 2 x x →1 x

x3 3x2
e x − (1 + x) ex − 1 ex 30. lim
x2
= lim 2
17. lim 3
= lim 2
= lim = ∞ x→∞
e x→∞
2 xe x
x →0 + x x →0 + 3x x→0 6x
+
6x
= lim
18. Case 1: n = 1 x→∞
(4 x 2
+ 2) e x
2

e x − (1 + x) ex − 1 6
lim = lim = 0 = lim = 0
4 x( 2 x + 3)e x
2
x → 0+ x x → 0+ 1 x→∞ 2

Case 2: n = 2
e x − (1 + x) x 1
ex − 1 ex 1 31. lim = lim =1
= lim = lim =
1 + (1 x 2 )
lim x→∞
x +12 x→∞
x → 0+ x2 x → 0+ 2x x→0 + 2 2
Case 3: n ≥ 3 Note: L'Hôpital's Rule does not work on this limit. See
e − (1 + x)
x Exercise 89.
e −1 x
lim = lim n −1
x → 0+ xn x → 0+ nx
x2 x
ex 32. lim = lim = ∞
x +1 1 + (1 x)
x→∞ 2 x→∞ 2
= lim = ∞
x → 0 n( n − 1) x
+ n−2

cos x
x11 − 1 11x10 11 33. lim = 0 by Squeeze Theorem
19. lim = lim = x→∞ x
x →1 x −1
4 x →1 4 x 3 4
⎛ cos x 1 ⎞
⎜ ≤ , for x > 0 ⎟
xa − 1 ax a −1 a ⎝ x x ⎠
20. lim b = lim b −1 =
x →1 x − 1 x →1 bx b
sin x
34. lim = 0
sin 3 x 3 cos 3x 3 x→∞ x −π
21. lim = lim =
x → 0 sin 5 x x → 0 5 cos 5 x 5 Note: Use the Squeeze Theorem for x > π .
1 sin x 1
sin ax a cos ax a − ≤ ≤
22. lim = lim = x −π x −π x −π
x→0 sin bx x → 0 b cos bx b
ln x 1x 1
arcsin x 1 1 − x2 35. lim 2
= lim = lim = 0
23. lim = lim =1 x→∞ x x → ∞ 2x x → ∞ 2 x2
x→0 x x→0 1
ln x 4 4 ln x 4 x 4
36. lim = lim = lim 2 = lim 3 = 0
arctan x − (π 4) 1 (1 + x 2
) 1 x →∞ x3 x →∞ x3 x →∞ 3 x x →∞ 3 x
24. lim = lim =
x →1 x −1 x →1 1 2
ex ex
37. lim = lim
5 x + 3x − 1
2
10 x + 3 10 5 x→∞ x 4 x → ∞ 4 x3
25. lim = lim = lim =
x →∞ 4x2 + 5 x →∞ 8x x →∞ 8 4 ex
= lim
x→∞ 12 x 2
x −6 1
26. lim = lim = 0 ex
x →∞ x2 + 4x + 7 x →∞ 2 x + 4 = lim
x→∞ 24 x
ex
= lim = ∞
x→∞ 24

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

208 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

38. lim
ex 2
= lim
(1 2)e x 2 = ∞ ⎛ 1⎞
47. (a) lim ⎜ x sin ⎟ = (∞)(0)
x→∞ x x→∞ 1 x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
1 sin (1 x)
sin 5 x 5 cos 5 x 5 (b) lim x sin = lim
39. lim = lim 2
= x→∞ x x→∞ 1x
x→0 tan 9 x x → 0 9 sec 9 x 9

= lim
(−1 x 2 ) cos(1 x)
ln x 1x 1 x→∞ −1 x 2
40. lim = lim = −
x →1 sin π x x → 1 π cos π x π
⎛1⎞
= lim cos⎜ ⎟ = 1
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
arctan x 1 (1 + x 2 )
41. lim = lim =1 (c) 1.5
x→0 sin x x→0 cos x

x 1
42. lim = lim =12
2 (1 + 4 x 2 )
−1 1
x→0 arctan 2 x x → 0

−0.5

∫1 ln (e ) dt
x
4t −1
⎛ 1⎞
43. lim
x→∞ x 48. (a) lim ⎜ x tan ⎟ = (∞)(0)
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
x

= lim
∫1 (4t − 1) dt
(b) lim x tan
1
= lim
tan (1 x)
x→∞ x x→∞ x x → ∞ 1x

= lim
4x − 1
= ∞ −(1 x 2 ) sec2 (1 x)
x→∞ 1 = lim
x→∞ −(1 x 2 )
x

44. lim
∫1 cos θ dθ
= lim
cos x
= cos(1)
⎛1⎞
= lim sec 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 1
x →1+ x −1 x →1+ 1
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
(c) 2

45. (a) lim x ln x, not indeterminate

x→∞

(b) lim x ln x = (∞)(∞) = ∞ 1 10

x→∞

(c) 3
−1

49. (a) lim x1 x = 0∞ = 0, not indeterminate

0 4 x → 0+
(See Exercise 116).
−1

(b) Let y = x1 x
46. (a) lim x3 cot x = (0)(∞) 1
x → 0+ ln y = ln x1 x = ln x.
x
x3 3x 2
(b) lim x3 cot x = lim = lim = 0 1
ln x → (∞)( −∞ ) = − ∞. So,
2
x → 0+ x → 0+ tan x x → 0+ sec x Because x → 0+ ,
x
(c) 1
ln y → −∞ ⇒ y → 0+.
0 3 Therefore, lim x1 x = 0.
x → 0+

(c) 2
−1

−0.5 2

−0.5

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 209

lim (e x + x ) (c)
2 x 5
50. (a) = 1∞
x → 0+

(b) Let y = lim (e x + x) .

2 x

x → 0+ 0 10

2 ln (e + x)
x −1
ln y = lim
x → 0+ x
lim (1 + x)
1x
2(e x + 1) (e x + x) 53. (a) = 1∞
x → 0+
= lim = 4
x → 0+ 1
(b) Let y = lim (1 + x) .
1x

x → 0+
So, ln y = 4 ⇒ y = e ≈ 54.598. 4

ln (1 + x)
(c) 60 ln y = lim
x → 0+ x
⎛ 1 (1 + x ) ⎞
= lim ⎜ ⎟ =1
x → 0+ ⎝ 1 ⎠
0 2
0 So, ln y = 1 ⇒ y = e1 = e.

Therefore, lim (1 + x)
1x
= e.
51. (a) lim x1 x = ∞ 0 x → 0+
x→∞
(c) 6
(b) Let y = lim x1 x .
x→∞

ln x ⎛1 x ⎞
ln y = lim = lim ⎜ ⎟ = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ ⎝ 1 ⎠ −1 4

−1
So, ln y = 0 ⇒ y = e0 = 1. Therefore,

lim x1 x = 1. 54. (a) lim (1 + x)

1x
= ∞0
x→∞
x→∞
(c) 2
(b) Let y = lim (1 + x) .
1x
x →∞

ln (1 + x) ⎛ 1 (1 + x) ⎞
ln y = lim = lim ⎜ ⎟ = 0
−5 20 x →∞ x x →∞
⎝ 1 ⎠
−0.5

So, ln y = 0 ⇒ y = e0 = 1.
x
⎛ 1⎞
Therefore, lim (1 + x)
1x
= 1.
52. (a) lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1∞
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠ x→∞

x (c) 5

⎛ 1⎞
(b) Let y = lim ⎜1 + ⎟ .
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ln ⎡1 + (1 x )⎤⎦
ln y = lim ⎢ x ln ⎜1 + ⎟⎥ = lim ⎣ 0 10
x→∞
⎣ ⎝ x ⎠⎦ x→∞ 1x −1

⎡ ( −1 x 2 ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 + (1 x ) ⎥⎦ 1
= lim = lim =1
x→∞
( )
−1 x 2 x → ∞ 1 + (1 x )

So, ln y = 1 ⇒ y = et = e. Threrefore,
x
⎛ 1⎞
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e.
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

210 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

57. (a) lim (ln x)

x −1
lim ⎡3( x) ⎤ = 00
x2
55. (a) = 00
x → 0+ ⎣ ⎦ x →1+

(b) Let y = (ln x)

x −1
(b) Let y = lim 3( x) .
x2
.
x → 0+
ln y = ln ⎡(ln x) ⎤ = ( x − 1) ln (ln x)
x −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎣ ⎦
ln y = lim ⎢ln 3 + ln x⎥
x → 0+ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ln (ln x)
=
⎡ ln x ⎤ (x − 1)
−1
= lim ⎢ln 3 + ⎥
x → 0+ ⎣ 2 x⎦
ln (ln x)
1x lim ln y = lim
= lim ln 3 + lim x →1+ x →1+ (x − 1)
−1
x → 0+ x → 0+ −2 x 2
x 1 ( x ln x)
= lim ln 3 − lim = lim
−( x − 1)
−2
x → 0+ x → 0+ 2 x →1+

= ln 3 −( x − 1)
2
= lim
So, lim 3( x)
x2
= 3. x →1+ x ln x
x → 0+
−2( x − 1)
(c) 7 = lim = 0
x →1+ 1 + ln x
Because lim ln y = 0, lim y = 1.
x →1+ x →1+

−6 6 (c) 6

−1

x−4
56. (a) lim ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦ = 00 −4 8
x → 4+
−2
x−4
(b) Let y = lim ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦ .
x → 4+
⎛π ⎞
ln y = lim ( x − 4) ln ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦ 58. cos⎜ − x ⎟ = sin x
x → 4+ ⎝2 ⎠
ln ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦ x
= lim ⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
lim ⎢cos⎜ − x ⎟⎥ = lim [sin x] = 00
x
x → 4+ 1 ( x − 4) (a)
x → 0+ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ x → 0 +

1 ( x − 4)
(b) Let y = (sin x)
x
= lim
−1 ( x − 4)
2
x → 4+
ln (sin x)
ln y = x ln (sin x) =
= lim ⎡−
x → 4+
⎣ ( x − 4)⎤⎦ = 0 1x

So, lim ⎡⎣3( x − 4)⎤⎦

x−4
= 1.
ln (sin x) cos x sin x
lim = lim
x → 4+ x → 0+ 1x x → 0+ −1 x 2
(c) 2
− x 2 cos x
= lim
x → 0+ sin x
x ⎛ − x cos x ⎞
= lim ⎜ ⎟
4 7 x → 0+ sin x ⎝ 1 ⎠
0
= 0
x
⎡ ⎛π ⎞⎤
So, lim ⎢cos⎜ − x ⎟⎥ = 1.
x → 0+ ⎣ ⎝2 ⎠⎦
(c) 2

0 3
0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 211

⎛ 8 x ⎞ ⎛ 10 3⎞
59. (a) lim ⎜ − ⎟ = ∞ −∞ 62. (a) lim ⎜ − 2⎟ = ∞ − ∞
x → 2+ ⎝ x2 − 4 x − 2⎠ x → 0+ ⎝ x x ⎠
⎛ 8 x ⎞ 8 − x( x + 2) ⎛ 10 3⎞ ⎛ 10 x − 3 ⎞
(b) lim ⎜ 2 − ⎟ = lim+ (b) lim ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = lim ⎜ ⎟ = −∞
x → 2+ ⎝ x − 4 x − 2⎠ x→2 x2 − 4 x → 0+ ⎝ x x ⎠ x → 0+ ⎝ x2 ⎠

= lim
(2 − x)(4 + x) (c) 10

x → 2+ ( x + 2)( x − 2) 0 5
−( x + 4) −3
= lim =
x → 2+ x + 2 2
−20
(c) 4

63. (a) 3
−7 5

−4
−1 7

−1
⎛ 1 x − 1⎞
60. (a) lim ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ = ∞ −∞
x→2 ⎝ x − 4
+ x − 4 ⎟⎠ (b) lim
x −3
= lim
1
x →3 ln ( 2 x − 5) x → 3 2 ( 2 x − 5)
⎛ 1 x − 1⎞ 1− x −1
(b) lim ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ = lim 2x − 5 1
x → 2+ ⎝ x − 4 x − 4 ⎟⎠ x → 2+ x 2 − 4 = lim =
x→3 2 2

= lim
(
−1 2 )
x −1
64. (a) 2

x → 2+ 2x
−1 −1
= lim =
x → 2+ 4 x x −1 8 −
␲
2
␲

(c) 0.25
−1

(b) Let y = (sin x) , then ln y = x ln (sin x).

x
2 4

ln (sin x) cos x sin x

− 0.25 lim = lim
x → 0+ 1x x → 0+ −1 x 2
− x2
⎛ 3 2 ⎞ = lim
61. (a) lim ⎜ − ⎟ = ∞ −∞ x → 0+ tan x
x →1+ ⎝ ln x x − 1⎠
−2 x
= lim = 0
⎛ 3 2 ⎞ 3x − 3 − 2 ln x x → 0+ sec 2 x
(b) lim ⎜ − ⎟ = lim
x →1+ ⎝ ln x x − 1 ⎠ x →1+ ( x − 1)ln x
Therefore, because ln y = 0, y = 1 and
3 − ( 2 x)
lim (sin x) = 1.
x
= lim =∞
⎣(
x →1+ ⎡ x − 1) x⎤⎦ + ln x x → 0+

(c) 8

−1 4

−4

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

212 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

65. (a) 10

−8 10

( )
−2

x2 + 5x + 2 + x
(b) lim ( x 2 + 5 x + 2 − x = lim ) ( x2 + 5x + 2 − x ) + 5 x + 2 + x)
x→∞ x→∞
( x 2

= lim
( x2 + 5 x + 2) − x 2
x→∞
x2 + 5x + 2 + x
5x + 2
= lim
x→∞
x2 + 5x + 2 + x
5 + ( 2 x) 5
= lim =
x→∞
1 + (5 x ) + ( 2 x 2
) +1 2

66. (a) 1

−1 5

−3

x3 3x 2 6x 6
(b) lim 2x
= lim 2 x = lim 2 x = lim 2 x = 0
x→∞ e x → ∞ 2e x → ∞ 4e x → ∞ 8e

0 ∞
67. , , 0 ⋅ ∞, 1∞ , 00 , ∞ − ∞, ∞ 0
0 ∞

68. See Theorem 8.4.

69. (a) Let f ( x) = x 2 − 25 and g ( x) = x − 5.

(b) Let f ( x) = ( x − 5) and g ( x) = x 2 − 25.

2

(c) Let f ( x) = x 2 − 25 and g ( x) = ( x − 5) .

3

(Answers will vary.)

70. Let f ( x) = x + 25 and g ( x) = x.

(Answers will vary.)

71.
x 10 102 104 106 108 1010

(ln x)
4
2.811 4.498 0.720 0.036 0.001 0.000
x

72.
x 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
x
e
2.718 0.047 0.220 151.614 4.40 × 105 2.30 × 109 1.66 × 1013 2.69 × 1033
x5

x2 2x 2
73. lim = lim 5 x = lim = 0
x→∞ e5 x x → ∞ 5e x → ∞ 25e5 x

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and LHôpital’s Rule 213

x3 3x 2 6x 6 79. y = x1 x , x > 0
74. lim 2x
= lim 2 x = lim 2 x = lim 2 x = 0
x→∞ e x → ∞ 2e x → ∞ 4e x → ∞ 8e
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 (See Exercise 51.)

(ln x)3 3(ln x) (1 x)

2 1
75. lim = lim ln y = ln x
x→∞ x x→∞ 1 x
1 dy 1⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
3(ln x) = ⎜ ⎟ + (ln x)⎜ − 2 ⎟
2
= lim y dx x⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
x→∞ x
6(ln x)(1 x)
dy ⎛1⎞
= x1 x ⎜ 2 ⎟(1 − ln x) = x(1 x) − 2 (1 − ln x) = 0
= lim dx ⎝x ⎠
x→∞ 1
6(ln x) 6 Critical number: x = e
= lim = lim = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ x Intervals: (0, e) (e, ∞)
Sign of dy dx : + –
76. lim
(ln x)2 = lim
( 2 ln x) x
x→∞ x3 x→∞ 3x 2 y = f ( x): Increasing Decreasing

= lim
2 ln x
x → ∞ 3x3
Relative maximum: (e, e1 e )
2 x 2 4
= lim = lim = 0
x → ∞ 9x2 x → ∞ 9 x3

(e, e1/e)

77. lim
(ln x) n

= lim
n(ln x)
n −1
x
x→∞ xm x→∞ mx m −1 0
0
6

n(ln x)
n −1

= lim 80. y = x x , x > 0

x→∞ mx m
n( n − 1)(ln x)
n−2 lim x x = ∞ and lim x x = 1
= lim x→∞ x → 0+
x→∞ m2 x m
No horizontal asymptotes
n!
= = lim n m = 0 ln y = x ln x
x→∞ m x
1 dy ⎛1⎞
m −1
= x⎜ ⎟ + ln x
xm
mx y dx ⎝ x⎠
78. lim = lim
x→∞ e nx x → ∞ ne nx dy
= x x (1 + ln x) = 0
m( m − 1) x m − 2 dx
= lim
x→∞ n 2e nx Critical number: x = e −1
m!
= = lim m nx = 0
x→∞ n e
Intervals: (0, e−1 ) (e−1, 0)
Sign of dy dx : – +
y = f ( x): Decreasing Increasing

⎛ −1 −1 e−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎞
1e
Relative maximum: ⎜ e , (e ) ⎟ = ⎜⎜ , ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝e ⎝e⎠ ⎠
4

−1
( ((
1, 1 e
e e
1
( 4

−1

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

214 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

81. y = 2 xe − x sin π x − 1
85. lim = 0 ( Numerator is bounded)
x→∞ x
2x 2
lim = lim x = 0 Limit is not of the form 0 0 or ∞ ∞.
x →∞ ex x→∞ e

Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply.

1
dy 86. lim x cos = ∞(1) = ∞
= 2 x ( − e − x ) + 2e − x x→∞ x
dx
Limit is not of the form 0 0 or ∞ ∞.
= 2e − x (1 − x) = 0
L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply.
Critical number: x =1
Intervals: (−∞, 1) (1, ∞) e− x 0
87. lim = = 0
x → ∞ 1 + e− x 1+ 0
Sign of dy dx : + –
Limit is not of the form 0 0 or ∞ ∞.
y = f ( x): Increasing Decreasing L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply.
⎛ 2⎞ 0
Relative maximum: ⎜1, ⎟ 88. (a) Yes:
⎝ e⎠ 0
3
0
(1, 2e ( (b) No:
−2 10 −1
∞
(c) Yes:
∞
−5
0
(d) Yes:
ln x 0
82. y =
x −1
(e) No:
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 (See Exercise 31.) 0

dy x(1 x) − (ln x)(1) 1 − ln x 0

= = = 0 (f) Yes:
dx x2 x2 0

Critical number: x = e 89. (a) Applying L'Hôpital's Rule twice results in the
Intervals: (0, e) (e, ∞) original limit, so L'Hôpital's Rule fails:
x 1
Sign of dy dx : + – lim = lim
x→∞
x +1
2 x→∞
x x2 + 1
y = f ( x): Increasing Decreasing
x2 + 1
= lim
⎛ 1⎞ x→∞ x
Relative maximum: ⎜ e, ⎟
⎝ e⎠ x x2 + 1
1 = lim
x→∞ 1
−1 4
x
(e, 1e ( = lim
x→∞
x2 + 1
x x x
−4 (b) lim = lim
x →∞ x2 + 1 x →∞ x2 + 1 x
1 1
83. lim (3x 2 + 4 x + 1) = ∞ = lim = =1
x→2 x →∞
1 + 1 x2 1+0
0 ∞
Limit is not of the form or . (c) 1.5
0 ∞
L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply.
−6 6

e2 x − 1 0
84. lim = = 0
x→0 ex 1 −1.5

Limit is not of the form 0 0 or ∞ ∞.

L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and LHôpital’s Rule 215

90. (a) Applying L'Hôpital's Rule twice results in the 91. f ( x) = sin (3 x), g ( x) = sin ( 4 x)
original limit, so L'Hôpital's Rule fails:
f ′( x) = 3 cos(3 x), g ′( x) = 4 cos( 4 x)
tan x ∞
lim is indeterminant: f ( x)
x → π 2− sec x ∞ sin 3x
y1 = = , sin 3x 3 cos 3x
g ( x)
y= y=
2
sin 4 x sin 4x 1.5
4 cos 4x
tan x sec x
lim = lim f ′( x) 3 cos 3x
x → π 2− sec x x → π 2− sec x tan x y2 = =
g ′( x) 4 cos 4 x
sec x ⎛∞⎞
= lim ⎜ ⎟
x → π 2− tan x ⎝∞⎠ As x → 0, y1 → 0.75 and − 0.5 0.5
0.5
sec x tan x y2 → 0.75
= lim
x → π 2− sec2 x By L'Hôpital's Rule,
tan x sin 3x 3 cos 3 x 3
= lim lim = lim =
x → π 2− sec x x→0 sin 4 x x → 0 4 cos 4 x 4
tan x sin x
(b) lim = lim (cos x) 92. f ( x) = e3 x − 1, g ( x) = x
x → π 2− sec x x → π 2− cos x y = 3e
3x

f ′( x) = 3e3 x , g ′( x) = 1
5
= lim sin x = 1 3x
x → π 2− e −1
y=
f ( x)
x
e3 x − 1
(c) 2 y1 = = ,
g ( x) x
− 0.5
f ′( x)
0.5
0
y2 = = 3e3 x
0 π
g ′( x)
−1 As x → 0, y1 → 3 and y2 → 3
By L'Hôpital's Rule,

e3 x − 1 3e3 x
lim = lim = 3
x →0 x x →0 1

⎛ v ke − kt ⎞
32⎜1 − e − kt + 0 ⎟
32 ⎠ = lim 32(1 − e ) + lim (v e − kt ) = lim 32(0 + te ) + lim ⎛ v0 ⎞ = 32t + v
− kt − kt
93. lim ⎝ 0 ⎜ ⎟ 0
k →0 k k →0 k k →0 k →0 1 k → 0 ⎝ e kt ⎠

nt
⎛ r⎞
94. A = P⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠
⎛ r⎞
ln ⎜1 + ⎟
⎛ r⎞ ⎝ n⎠
ln A = ln P + nt ln ⎜1 + ⎟ = ln P +
⎝ n⎠ 1
nt
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞⎤ ⎡ r⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
⎢ ln ⎜⎝1 + n ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎢ − n 2 ⎜ 1 + ( r n) ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ 1 ⎟⎥
⎥ = lim ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥ = lim ⎢rt ⎜
lim ⎢ ⎟⎥ = rt
1 n→∞⎢ ⎥
n →∞⎢ ⎥ ⎛ 1 ⎞
−⎜ 2 ⎟
n→∞
⎢ ⎜⎜ 1 + r ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
nt ⎣ ⎝n t⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎝ n ⎠⎦⎥

Because lim ln A = ln P + rt , you have lim A = e(ln P + rt ) = eln P e rt = Pe rt . Alternatively,

n→∞ n→∞

rt
⎛ r⎞
nt
⎡⎛ r⎞ ⎤
nr
lim A = lim P⎜1 + ⎟ = lim P ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥ = Pert .
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠
n→∞ n→∞
⎢⎣⎝ n ⎠ ⎥⎦

95. Let N be a fixed value for n. Then

x N −1
= lim
( N − 1) x N − 2 = lim ( N − 1)( N − 2) x N − 3 = ⎡ ( N − 1)!⎤
= lim ⎢
lim x ⎥ = 0. (See Exercise 78.)
x→∞ e x→∞ ex x→∞ ex x→∞
⎣ e
x
⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

216 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

96. (a) m =
dy
=
y − y + 144 − x 2 ( )=− 144 − x 2
dx x−0 x
y ( 0, y + 144 − x 2 (
12

144 − x 2 12

( x, y )
y x
x
2 4 6 8 10 12

144 − x 2
(b) y = − ∫ dx
x
Let x = 12 sin θ , dx = 12 cos θ dθ , 144 − x 2 = 12 cos θ .
12 cos θ 1 − sin 2θ
y = −∫ 12 cos θ dθ = −12 ∫ dθ
12 sin θ sin θ
= −12∫ (csc θ − sin θ ) dθ = −12 ln csc θ − cot θ − 12 cos θ + C

12 144 − x 2 ⎛ 144 − x 2 ⎞ 12 − 144 − x 2

= −12 ln − − 12⎜ ⎟ + C = −12 ln − 144 − x 2 + C
x x ⎜ 12 ⎟ x
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 12 − 144 − x 2 ⎞
When x = 12, y = 0 ⇒ C = 0. So, y = −12 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 144 − x 2 .
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
12 − 144 − x 2
Note: > 0 for 0 < x ≤ 12
x
30

12
x

144 − x 2 0 12
0

(c) Vertical asymptote: x = 0

(d) y + 144 − x 2 = 12 ⇒ y = 12 − 144 − x 2
⎛ 12 − 144 − x 2 ⎞
So, 12 − 144 − x 2 = −12 ln ⎜ ⎟− 144 − x 2
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 12 − 144 − x 2 ⎞
−1 = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
xe −1 = 12 − 144 − x 2

( )
2
( xe−1 − 12)
2
= − 144 − x 2

x 2e −2 − 24 xe −1 + 144 = 144 − x 2
x 2 (e −2 + 1) − 24 xe −1 = 0
x ⎡⎣ x(e −2 + 1) − 24e −1 ⎤⎦ = 0
24e −1
x = 0 or x = ≈ 7.77665.
e −2 + 1

x 2 + (144 − x 2 )
2
12 ⎛ 144 − x 2 ⎞ 12
Therefore, s = ∫ 7.77665 1 + ⎜
⎜
−
x
⎟
⎟
dx = ∫ 7.77665 x2
dx
⎝ ⎠
12 12 12
= ∫ dx = ⎣⎡12 ln x ⎦⎤ 7.77665 = 12(ln 12 − ln 7.77665) ≈ 5.2 meters.
7.77665 x

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and LHôpital’s Rule 217

97. f ( x) = x3 , g ( x) = x 2 + 1, [0, 1] ⎡ π⎤
99. f ( x) = sin x, g ( x) = cos x, ⎢0, ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
f (b ) − f ( a ) f ′(c)
= f (π 2) − f (0) f ′(c)
g (b ) − g ( a ) g ′(c) =
g (π 2) − g (0) g ′(c)
f (1) − f (0) 3c 2
= 1 cos c
g (1) − g (0) 2c =
−1 −sin c
1 3c
= −1 = − cot c
1 2
2 π
c = c =
3 4

1 100. f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = x3 , [1, 4]
98. f ( x) = , g ( x) = x 2 − 4, [1, 2]
x f ( 4) − f (1) f ′(c)
=
f ( 2) − f (1) f ′(c) g ( 4) − g (1) g ′(c)
=
g ( 2) − g (1) g ′(c) ln 4 1c 1
= = 3
−1 2 −1 c 2 63 3c 2 3c
=
3 2c 3c3 ln 4 = 63
1 1 21
− = − 3 c3 =
6 2c ln 4
2c3 = 6 21
c = 3 ≈ 2.474
c = 3
3 ln 4

101. False. L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply because

lim ( x 2 + x + 1) ≠ 0.
x→0

x2 + x + 1 ⎛ 1⎞
lim = lim ⎜ x + 1 + ⎟ = 1 + ∞ = ∞
x → 0+ x x → 0+ ⎝ x⎠

x 2e x − 2 xe x xe x ( x − 2) e x ( x − 2)
102. False. If y = e x x 2 , then y′ = 4
= 4
= .
x x x3

103. True

104. False. Let f ( x) = x and g ( x) = x + 1. Then

x
lim = 1, but lim ⎡⎣ x − ( x + 1)⎤⎦ = −1.
x→∞ x +1 x→∞

1
105. Area of triangle: (2 x)(1 − cos x) = x − x cos x
2
Shaded area: Area of rectangle − Area under curve
x
2 x(1 − cos x) − 2 ∫ (1 − cos t )dt = 2 x(1 − cos x) − 2[t − sin t]0
x
0

= 2 x(1 − cos x) − 2( x − sin x)

= 2 sin x − 2 x cos x
x − x cos x 1 + x sin x − cos x
Ratio: lim = lim
x →0 2 sin x − 2 x cos x x → 0 2 cos x + 2 x sin x − 2 cos x

1 + x sin x − cos x
= lim
x→0 2 x sin x
x cos x + sin x + sin x
= lim
x→0 2 x cos x + 2 sin x
x cos x + 2 sin x 1 cos x x + 2 tan x 1 + 2 sec2 x 3
= lim ⋅ = lim = lim =
x→0 2 x cos x + 2 sin x 1 cos x x → 0 2 x + 2 tan x x → 0 2 + 2 sec 2 x 4

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

218 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

106. (a) sin θ = BD

cos θ = DO ⇒ AD = 1 − cos θ
1 1 1 1
Area ∆ABD = bh = (1 − cos θ ) sin θ = sin θ − sin θ cos θ
2 2 2 2
1
(b) Area of sector: θ
2
1 1 1 1 1
Shaded area: θ − Area ∆OBD = θ − (cos θ )(sin θ ) = θ − sin θ cos θ
2 2 2 2 2

(c) R =
(1 2) sin θ − (1 2) sin θ cos θ =
sin θ − sin θ cos θ
(1 2) θ − (1 2) sin θ cos θ θ − sin θ cos θ
sin θ − (1 2) sin 2θ cos θ − cos 2θ −sin θ + 2 sin 2θ −cos θ + 4 cos 2θ 3
(d) lim R = lim = lim = lim = lim =
θ →0 θ →0 θ − (1 2) sin 2θ θ →0 1 − cos 2θ θ →0 2 sin 2θ θ →0 4 cos 2θ 4

4 x − 2 sin 2 x 4 − 4 cos 2 x 8 sin 2 x 16 cos 2 x 16 4

107. lim = lim = lim = lim = =
x →0 2 x3 x→0 6x2 x→0 12 x x→0 12 12 3
4
Let c = .
3

108. Let y = (e x + x) . 110. Use mathematical induction.

1x

x1 1
1 ln (e x + x) For n = 1, lim = lim x = 0.
ln y = ln (e x + x) = ex
x→∞ x→∞ e

x x
xk
ln (e x + x) e +1x
2
Assume that lim
x→∞ ex
= 0.
lim = lim = = 2
x→0 x x→0 ex + x 1
Then, lim
xk +1
= lim
(k + 1) x k
So, lim (e + x)
1x
x
= e . 2
x→∞ ex x→∞ ex
x→0
xk
Let c = e 2 ≈ 7.389. = ( k + 1) lim
x →0 ex

109. lim
a − cos bx
= 2 = ( k + 1)(0) = 0.
x→0 x2
Near x = 0, cos bx ≈ 1 and x 2 ≈ 0 ⇒ a = 1.
Using L'Hôpital's Rule,
1 − cos bx b sin bx b 2 cos bx
lim 2
= lim = lim = 2.
x →0 x x→0 2x x →0 2
So, b 2 = 4 and b = ± 2.
Answer: a = 1, b = ± 2

f ( x + h) − f ( x − h) f ′( x + h)(1) − f ′( x − h)( −1) ⎡ f ′( x + h) + f ′( x − h) ⎤ f ′( x) + f ′( x)

111. (a) lim = lim = lim ⎢ ⎥ = = f ′( x)
h →0 2h h →0 2 h→0
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
(b) y

x
x−h x x+h

Graphically, the slope of the line joining ( x − h, f ( x − h)) and ( x + h, f ( x + h)) is approximately f ′( x). And, as
f ( x + h) − f ( x − h)
h → 0, lim = f ′( x).
h→0 2h

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.7 Indeterminate Forms and LHôpital’s Rule 219

f ( x + h) − 2 f ( x ) + f ( x − h) f ′( x + h)(1) + f ′( x − h)( −1)

112. lim 2
= lim
h→0 h h→0 2h
f ′( x + h) − f ′( x − h)
= lim
h→0 2h
f ′′( x + h)(1) − f ′′( x − h)( −1)
= lim
h→0 2
f ′′( x + h) + f ′′( x − h)
= lim
h→0 2
f ′′( x) + f ′′( x)
= = f ′′( x)
2

⎧⎪e −1 x2
, x ≠ 0
113. g ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩0, x = 0

g ( x ) − g ( 0)
2
e −1 x
g ′(0) = lim = lim
x→0 x −0 x→0 x

e −1 x
2
⎛ e −1 x2 ⎞ 1 −1 − x 2 ln x
Let y = , then ln y = ln ⎜ ⎟ = − 2 − ln x = . Because
x ⎜ x ⎟ x x2
⎝ ⎠
ln x 1x ⎛ x2 ⎞
lim x 2 ln x = lim = lim = lim ⎜ − ⎟ = 0
x→0 x→0 1x 2 x → 0 −2 x 3 x → 0
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ −1 − x 2 ln x ⎞
you have lim ⎜ ⎟ = − ∞. So, xlim y = e −∞ = 0 ⇒ g ′(0) = 0.
x→0
⎝ x2 ⎠ →0

Note: The graph appears to support this conclusion—the tangent line is horizontal at (0, 0).
y

1.5

0.5

x
−2 −1 1 2
−0.5

xk − 1 115. (a) lim ( − x ln x) is the form 0 ⋅ ∞.

114. f ( x ) = x → 0+
k
−ln x −1 x
k = 1, f ( x) = x − 1 (b) lim = lim 2
= lim ( x) = 0
x → 0+ 1x x → 0 −1 x
+ x → 0+
x 0.1 − 1
k = 0.1, f ( x) = = 10( x 0.1 − 1) 1
0.1
−1 5
x 0.01 − 1
k = 0.01, f ( x) = = 100( x 0.01 − 1)
0.01
xk − 1 x k (ln x)
lim = lim = ln x −3
k → 0+ k k → 0+ 1
6

k=1
k = 0.1
k = 0.01
−2 10

−2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

220 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

g ( x) g ( x)
116. lim f ( x) 117. lim f ( x)
x→a x→a

g ( x) g ( x)
y = f ( x) y = f ( x)
ln y = g ( x) ln f ( x) ln y = g ( x) ln f ( x)

lim g ( x) ln f ( x) = (∞)( −∞ ) = − ∞ lim g ( x) ln f ( x) = ( −∞)( −∞) = ∞

x→a x→a

As x → a, ln y ⇒ −∞, and therefore y = 0. So, As x → a, ln y ⇒ ∞, and therefore y = ∞. So,

g ( x) g ( x)
lim f ( x) = 0. lim f ( x) = ∞.
x→a x→a

118. f ′( a )(b − a ) −
b
∫ a f ′′(t )(t − b) dt {
= f ′( a )(b − a ) − ⎡⎣ f ′(t )(t − b)⎤⎦ a −
b
∫ a f ′(t ) dt}
b

b
= f ′( a )(b − a ) + f ′( a )( a − b) + ⎡⎣ f (t )⎦⎤ a = f (b) − f ( a )

dv = f ′′(t ) dt ⇒ v = f ′(t )
u = t −b ⇒ du = dt

119. (a) lim x(ln 2) (1 + ln x) is of form 00. 2a 3 x − x 4 − a 3 a 2 x

x → 0+ 120. lim
x→a
a − 4 ax3
Let y = x(ln 2) (1 + ln x)
1 3
(2a x − x 4 ) (2a3 − 4 x3 ) − a3 (a 2 x) a 2
−1 2 −2 3

ln 2 = lim 2
ln y = ln x 1
− ( ax3 )
−3 4
1 + ln x x→a

4
ln 2(1 x)
lim ln y = = ln 2. 1 4 −1 2 a3
( a ) ( −2a 3 ) − ( a 3 )
−2 3
x → 0+ 1x
= 2 3
So, lim x(ln 2) (1 + ln x) = 2. 1
− ( ax3 ) (3ax 2 )
−3 4
x → 0+
4
(b) lim x(ln 2) (1 + ln x) is of form ∞ 0 . a+
a
x→∞
= 3
Let y = x(ln 2) (1 + ln x) 1 −3
4
( )(3a3 )
a
ln 2
ln y = ln x 4
1 + ln x a
16
= 3 = a
ln 2(1 x) 3 9
lim ln y = = ln 2.
x→∞ 1x 4

So, lim x(ln 2) (1 + ln x) = 2. x + sin x

x→∞ 121. (a) h( x) =
(ln 2) ( x)
x
(c) lim ( x + 1) is of form 1∞.
x→0 lim h( x) = 1
x→∞
(ln 2) ( x)
Let y = ( x + 1) 3

ln 2
ln y = ln ( x + 1)
x

lim ln y = lim
(ln 2)1 ( x + 1) = ln 2. −2 20
x→0 x→0 1 0

(ln 2) ( x)
So, lim ( x + 1) = 2. (b) h( x) =
x + sin x x sin x
= + =1+
sin x
,x > 0
x→0
x x x x
⎡ sin x ⎤
So, lim h( x) = lim ⎢1 + = 1 + 0 = 1.
x→∞ x→∞⎣ x ⎥⎦
(c) No. h( x) is not an indeterminate form.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 221

f ( x) x + x sin x 1 + sin x
122. (a) lim = lim = lim =0
x →∞ g ( x) x →∞ x 2 − 4 x →∞ x − 4 x

(Because 1 + sin x ≤ 1 and x → ∞.)

(b) lim f ( x) = lim x(1 + sin x) = ∞

x→∞ x→∞

lim g ( x) = lim ( x 2 − 4) = ∞
x→∞ x→∞

f ′( x) 1 + sin x + x cos x
(c) lim = lim undefined
x→∞ g ( x)
′ x → ∞ 2x

f ′( x) f ( x)
(d) No. If lim does not exist, then you cannot assume anything about lim .
x→∞ g ( x)
′ x → ∞ g ( x)

1x
⎡ 1 a x − 1⎤
123. Let f ( x) = ⎢ ⋅ ⎥ .
⎣x a − 1 ⎦
For a > 1 and x > 0,

1⎡ 1 ⎤ ln x ln ( a x − 1) ln ( a − 1)
ln f ( x) = ⎢ln + ln ( a x − 1) − ln ( a − 1)⎥ = − + − .
x⎣ x ⎦ x x x

ln x ln ( a − 1) ln ( a x − 1) ln ⎡(1 − a − x )a x ⎤⎦ ln (1 − a − x )
As x → ∞, → 0, → 0, and = ⎣ = + ln a → ln a.
x x x x x
So, ln f ( x) → ln a.
For 0 < a < 1 and x > 0,

−ln x ln (1 − a x ) ln (1 − a )
ln f ( x) = + − → 0 as x → ∞.
x x x
⎧a if a >1
Combining these results, lim f ( x) = ⎨ .
x→∞
⎩1 if 0 < a <1

Section 8.8 Improper Integrals

dx 2
dx is not improper because f ( x) = e − x is
1
∫0 e
−x
1. ∫ 0 5 x − 3 is improper because 5x − 3 = 0 when 5.

3 3 continuous on [0, 2].

x = , and 0 ≤ ≤ 1.
5 5
∞

dx
2 1
6. ∫0 cos x dx is improper because the upper limit of
2. ∫ 3 is not improper because f ( x) = 3 is continuous
1 x x integration is ∞.
on [1, 2].
∞ sin x
7. ∫ −∞ 4 + x2
dx is improper because the limits of
1 2x − 5 1 2x − 5
3. ∫ 0 x2 − 5x + 6
dx = ∫ 0 ( x − 2)( x − 3) dx is not integration are −∞ and ∞.

improper because π 4
8. ∫0 csc x dx is improper because f ( x) = csc x is
2x − 5
is continuous on [0, 1]. undefined at x = 0
( x − 2)( x − 3)

∫ 1 ln( x ) dx is improper because the upper limit of

∞
2
4.
integration is ∞.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

222 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

9. Infinite discontinuity at x = 0. 11. Infinite discontinuity at x = 1.

4 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
∫0 x
dx = lim
b → 0+
∫b x
dx ∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 dx = ∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 dx + ∫ 1 ( x − 1)2 dx
4
= lim ⎡⎣2 x ⎤⎦ b 1 2 1
b → 0+ b = lim
b →1−
∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 dx + clim ∫
→1+ c ( x − 1)
2
dx

b → 0+
(
= lim 4 − 2 b = 4 ) ⎡ 1 ⎤
b
⎡ 1 ⎤
2
= lim ⎢− ⎥ + clim ⎢− ⎥
Converges b →1− ⎣ x − 1⎦ 0 →1+ ⎣ x − 1⎦ c

= (∞ − 1) + (−1 + ∞)
10. Infinite discontinuity at x = 3.
Diverges
4 1 4
∫ ( x − 3)
−3 2
∫ 3 ( x − 3)3 2 dx = lim
b → 3+ b
dx

4
= lim ⎡−2( x − 3) ⎤
−1 2

b → 3+ ⎣ ⎦b
⎡ 2 ⎤
= lim ⎢−2 + ⎥ = ∞
+
b →3 ⎣ b − 3⎦
Diverges

12. Infinite discontinuity at x = 1.

2 1 1 1 2 1
∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 3 dx = ∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 3 dx + ∫ 1 ( x − 1)2 3 dx
b 1 2 1
= lim
b →1−
∫ 0 ( x − 1)2 3 dx + clim ∫
→1+ c ( x − 1)
23
dx

b 2
= lim ⎡⎣3 3 x − 1⎤⎦ + lim ⎡⎣3 3 x − 1⎤⎦ = (0 + 3) + (3 − 0) = 6
b →1− 0 c →1+ c

Converges

13. Infinite limit of integration. 2 −2 8

∞ b
16. ∫ − 2 ( x − 1)3 dx ≠
9
∫0 e −4 x dx = lim ∫0 e
−4 x
dx
b →∞
b because the integral is not defined at x = 1. The
= lim ⎡⎣− 14 e −4 x ⎤⎦ integral diverges.
b →∞ 0

= lim ⎡⎣− 14 e −4b + 14 ⎤⎦ = 1

∞
∫0
4
b →∞ 17. e − x dx ≠ 0. You need to evaluate the limit.
Converges
b b
∫0 e dx = lim ⎡⎣−e − x ⎤⎦
−x
lim
14. Infinite limit of integration. b→∞ b→∞ 0

0 0 = lim ⎡⎣−e− b + 1⎤⎦ = 1

∫ −∞ e b → −∞ ∫ b
dx = lim
3x 3x
e dx b→∞

0 π
= lim ⎡⎣ 13 e3 x ⎤⎦
b → −∞ b
18. ∫ 0 sec x dx ≠ 0 because sec x is not defined at

= lim ⎡⎣ 13 − 13 e3b ⎤⎦ = 1 x = π 2.
b → −∞ 3
The integral diverges.
Converges
∞ 1 b

15. ∫
1 1
dx ≠ −2
19. ∫1 x3
dx = lim
b→∞ ∫1 x −3 dx
−1 x 2
b
⎡ x −2 ⎤
because the integrand is not defined at x = 0. = lim ⎢ ⎥
b → ∞ −2
⎣ ⎦1
The integral diverges.
⎡ −1 1⎤ 1
= lim ⎢ 2 + ⎥ =
b → ∞ ⎣ 2b 2⎦ 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 223

∞ 3 b ∞ 3 b
∫1 dx = lim 3∫ x −5 dx ∫1 ∫ 1 3x
−1 3
20. 5
21. 3
dx = lim dx
x b → ∞ 1 x b→∞
b b
⎡ x −4 ⎤ ⎡9 ⎤
= lim 3⎢− ⎥ = lim ⎢ x 2 3 ⎥ = ∞
b→∞
⎣ 4 ⎦1 b→∞⎣2 ⎦1
⎡ −3 3⎤ 3 Diverges
= lim ⎢ 4 + ⎥ =
b → ∞ ⎣ 4b 4⎦ 4
∞ 4 b
∫1 ∫1 4x
−1 4
22. 4
dx = lim dx
x b→∞

b
⎡16 ⎤
= lim ⎢ x3 4 ⎥ = ∞ Diverges
b→∞⎣ 3 ⎦1

0 0
∫ − ∞ xe ∫ b xe
−4x −4x
23. dx = lim dx
b → −∞
0
⎡⎛ − x 1 ⎞ −4x ⎤
= lim ⎢⎜
b → −∞ ⎝ 4
− ⎟e ⎥ ( Integration by parts)
⎣ 16 ⎠ ⎦b
⎡ 1 b 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢− + + e − 4b ⎥ = −∞
b → −∞ ⎣ 16 4 16 ⎦
Diverges

∞ b
∫0 xe − x 4 dx = lim ∫ 0 xe
−x 4
24. dx
b→∞
b
= lim ⎡⎣( − 4 x − 16)e − x 4 ⎤⎦ (Integration by parts)
b→∞ 0

= lim ⎡⎣( − 4b − 16)e − b 4 + 16⎤⎦ = 16

b→∞

∞ b c
25. ∫0 x 2e − x dx = lim ∫0 x e
2 −x
dx ∞ ⎡ e − ax ( − a sin bx − b cos bx) ⎤
b →∞ 28. ∫0 e − ax sin bx dx = lim ⎢
c→∞ a 2 + b2
⎥
⎣ ⎦0
= lim ⎡⎣−e − x ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)⎤⎦
b

b →∞ 0 −b b
= 0− = 2
⎛ b 2 + 2b + 2 ⎞ a 2 + b2 a + b2
= lim ⎜ − b
+ 2⎟ = 2
b →∞
⎝ e ⎠ ∞ 1 b −3 1

⎛ b 2 + 2b + 2 ⎞
29. ∫ 4 x(ln x)3 dx = lim
b→∞ ∫ 4 (ln x) x
dx
Because lim ⎜ − ⎟ = 0 by L'Hôpital's Rule.
b→∞
⎝ eb ⎠ b
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤
= lim ⎢− (ln x) ⎥
b→∞⎣ 2 ⎦4
∞ b
∫ 0 ( x − 1)e dx ∫ 0 ( x − 1)e
−x −x
26. = lim dx
b →∞ ⎡ 1 1 −2 ⎤
= lim ⎢− (ln b) + (ln 4) ⎥
−2
b b→∞⎣ 2
= lim ⎡− xe − x ⎤⎦ 2 ⎦
b →∞ ⎣ 0
1 1 1
⎛ −b ⎞ = =
= lim ⎜ b + 0 ⎟ = 0 2 ( 2 ln 2)2 2(ln 4)
2
b →∞⎝ e ⎠
by L'Hôpital's Rule. ∞ ln x b ln x
30. ∫1 x
dx = lim
b→∞ ∫1 x
dx
∞ b
27. ∫0 e − x cos x dx = lim
b→∞ 2 ⎣
1 ⎡e − x
(−cos x + sin x)⎤⎦
0 ⎡ (ln x)2 ⎤
b

= lim ⎢ ⎥ = ∞
= 1
2⎣
⎡0 − ( −1)⎤⎦ = 1
b→∞⎢ 2 ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦1
Diverges

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

224 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

∞ 4 0 4 ∞ 4
31. ∫ − ∞ 16 + x 2
dx = ∫ − ∞ 16 + x 2
dx + ∫0 16 + x 2
dx

0 4 c 4
b → −∞ ∫ b 16 + c → ∞ ∫ 0 16 +
= lim 2
dx + lim dx
x x2
0 c
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢arctan⎜ ⎟⎥
b → −∞
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ b c → ∞ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 0
⎡ ⎛ b ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛c⎞ ⎤
= lim ⎢0 − arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢arctan⎜ ⎟ − 0⎥
b → −∞
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
4 c → ∞
⎣ ⎝ ⎠
4 ⎦
⎛ π⎞ π
= −⎜ − ⎟ + = π
⎝ 2⎠ 2

b
x3 x x ⎡1 1 ⎤ 1
dx = lim ⎢ ln ( x 2 + 1) +
∞ b b
32. ∫0 dx = lim ∫0 dx − lim ∫
( )
⎥ = ∞−
( x 2 + 1) x +1 ( x + 1)
2 2 2
b →∞ b →∞ 0 2 b →∞ ⎢ 2
⎣ 2 x 2
+ 1 ⎥
⎦0
2

Diverges

∞ 1 b ex 8 1 b 1
33. ∫0 e + e− x
x
dx = lim
b→∞ ∫ 0 1 + e2 x dx 39. ∫0 3
8− x
dx = lim
b → 8−
∫0 3
8− x
dx

= lim ⎡⎣arctan (e x )⎤⎦

b b
⎡ −3 2 3⎤
b→∞ 0 = lim ⎢ (8 − x) ⎥ = 6
b → 8− ⎣ 2 ⎦0
π π π
= − =
2 4 4 12 9 b
∫ 0 9(12 − x) dx
−1 2
40. ∫0 12 − x
dx = lim
b →12−
ex
dx = lim ⎡⎣ ln (1 + e x )⎤⎦ = ∞ − ln 2
∞ b
34. ∫0 1+ e x b → ∞ 0 = lim ⎡⎣−18 12 − x ⎤⎦
b

b →12− 0
Diverges
= 18 12 = 36 3
b
∞ ⎡1 ⎤
35. ∫0 cos π x dx = lim ⎢ sin π x⎥
b → ∞ ⎣π
1 ⎡ x2 x2 ⎤
1
⎦0 41. ∫ 0 x ln x dx = blim ⎢ ln x −
→0 ⎣ 2
+
⎥
4 ⎦b
Diverges because sin π b does not approach a limit as
⎛ −1 b 2 ln b b2 ⎞ −1
b → ∞. = lim ⎜ − + ⎟ =
+
b→0 ⎝ 4 2 4 ⎠ 4
b
x ⎡ x⎤ because lim (b 2 ln b) = 0 by L'Hôpital's Rule.
∞
36. ∫0 sin
2
dx = lim ⎢−2 cos ⎥
b → ∞ ⎣ 2⎦0 b → 0+

x e e
Diverges because cos does not approach a limit as ∫ 0 ln x dx = lim ∫ 0 2 ln x dx
2
42.
2 b → 0+
x → ∞.
= lim [2 x ln x − 2 x]b
e

b → 0+
1
1 1 ⎡ −1⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ = lim ⎡⎣( 2e − 2e) − ( 2b ln b − 2b)⎤⎦
37. ∫0 x2
dx = lim ⎢ ⎥ = lim ⎜ −1 + ⎟ = −1 + ∞
b → 0+ ⎣ x ⎦ b b → 0+ ⎝ b⎠ b → 0+

= 0
Diverges
π 2 b
5 10 5 10 43. ∫0 tan θ dθ = lim ⎣⎡ln sec θ ⎦⎤ 0 = ∞
38. ∫0 x
dx = lim
b → 0+
∫b x
dx −
b → (π 2)

Diverges
= lim [10 ln x]b
5

b → 0+
π 2 b
= lim (10 ln 5 − 10 ln b) = ∞
b → 0+
44. ∫0 sec θ dθ = lim ⎡ln sec θ + tan θ ⎦⎤ 0 = ∞
b → (π 2) ⎣

Diverges Diverges

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 225

4 2 4 2 5 1 b 1
45. ∫2 x x − 4
2
dx = lim
b → 2+
∫b x x − 4
2
dx 46. ∫0 25 − x 2
dx = lim
b → 5−
∫0 25 − x 2
dx

4 b
⎡ x⎤ ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢arcsec ⎥ = lim ⎢arcsin ⎜ ⎟⎥
b → 2+ ⎣ 2 ⎦b b → 5− ⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ 0
⎛ ⎛ b ⎞⎞ π
= lim ⎜ arcsec 2 − arcsec⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = arcsin (1) − 0 =
b → 2+ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ 2
π π
= −0 = 1 4
= lim ⎡ln x + x2 − 4 ⎤
4
3 3 47. ∫2 x2 − 4 b → 2+ ⎢
⎣ ⎥⎦ b

(
= ln 4 + 2 3 − ln 2 )
= ln ( 2 + )
3 ≈ 1.317

5 1 b 1
48. ∫ 0 25 − x2
dx = lim
b → 5−
∫ 0 25 −
x2
dx

b 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= lim ∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dx (partial fractions)
b →5 − 0 10 ⎝ x + 5 x − 5⎠
b
⎡1 x +5⎤
= lim ⎢ ln
b → 5− ⎣10 x − 5 ⎥⎦ 0
= ∞ −0 Diverges

b 2
2 1 1 1 2 1 ⎡3 2 3⎤ ⎡3 2 3⎤ −3 3
49. ∫0 dx = ∫0 dx + ∫1 dx = lim ⎢ ( x − 1) ⎥ + lim ⎢ ( x − 1) ⎥ = + = 0
3
x −1 3
x −1 3
x −1 b →1− ⎣ 2 ⎦ 0 c →1+ ⎣ 2 ⎦c 2 2

3 2 2 3
∫ 1 2( x − 2) ∫ 2 2( x − 2)
−8 3 −8 3
50. ∫ 1 ( x − 2)8 3 dx = dx + dx

b 3
b 3 ⎡ 6 −5 3 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −5 3 ⎤
2( x − 2) 2( x − 2) dx = lim ⎢− ( x − 2) ⎥ + lim ⎢− ( x − 2) ⎥ = ∞
−8 3 −8 3
= lim
b → 2−
∫1 dx + lim
c → 2+
∫c b → 2− ⎣ 5 ⎦1 c → 2+ ⎣ 5 ⎦c
Diverges

∞ 1 5 1 ∞ 1
51. ∫3 x x −92
dx = lim
b → 3+
∫b x x −9
2
dx + lim
c→∞ ∫5 x x2 − 9
dx

5 ∞
⎡1 x⎤ ⎡1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢ arcsec ⎥ + lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥
b → 3+ ⎣ 3 3 ⎦b c → ∞ ⎣3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 5
⎡1 ⎛5⎞ 1 ⎛ b ⎞⎤ ⎡1 ⎛c⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ π ⎞ π
= lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟ − arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟ − arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥ = −0 + ⎜ ⎟ =
+
b→3 ⎣ 3 ⎝ ⎠
3 3 ⎝ ⎠⎦
3 c → ∞
⎣ 3 ⎝ ⎠
3 3 ⎝ ⎠⎦
3 3 ⎝ ⎠
2 6

∞ 1 6 dx c dx
52. ∫5 x x − 25
2
dx = lim
b → 5+
∫b x x − 25
2
+ lim
c→∞ ∫6 x x 2 − 25
6 c
⎡1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤ 1 ⎛6⎞ 1 1⎛ π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 6⎞ π
= lim ⎢ arcsec ⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥ = arcsec⎜ ⎟ − ( 0) + ⎜ ⎟ − arcsec⎜ ⎟ =
b → 5+ ⎣ 5 ⎝ ⎠⎦ b
5 c → ∞
⎣ 5 ⎝ ⎠⎦ 6
5 5 ⎝ ⎠
5 5 5 ⎝ ⎠
2 5 ⎝ ⎠
5 10

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226 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

∞ 4 1 4 ∞ 4
53. ∫0 x ( x + 6)
dx = ∫0 x ( x + 6)
dx + ∫1 x ( x + 6)
dx

Let u = x , u 2 = x, 2u du = dx.

4 4( 2u du ) du 8 ⎛ u ⎞ 8 ⎛ x⎞
∫ x ( x + 6)
dx = ∫ u(u 2 + 6)
= 8∫
u + 6
2
=
6
arctan ⎜
⎝ 6⎠
⎟ + C =
6
arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟ + C
6 ⎟⎠
⎝
1 c
∞ 4 ⎡ 8 ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
So, ∫0 x ( x + 6)
dx = lim ⎢
+
arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ + lim ⎢ arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎥
6 ⎟⎠⎦⎥1
⎣ 6 6 ⎠⎦⎥ b ⎢⎣ 6
b→0 ⎢ c →∞
⎝ ⎝
⎡ 8 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⎤ ⎡ 8 π 8 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 8π 2π 6
= ⎢ arctan ⎜ ⎟− (0)⎥ + ⎢ − arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ = = .
⎣ 6 ⎝ 6⎠ 6 ⎦ ⎣ 6 2 6 ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦ 2 6 3

1
54. ∫ dx = ln ln x + C
x ln x
So,
∞ 1 e 1 ∞ 1 ∞
dx = lim ⎡⎣ln (ln x)⎤⎦1 + lim ⎡⎣ln (ln x)⎤⎦ e .
e
∫1 x ln x
dx = ∫1 x ln x
dx + ∫e x ln x b →1+ c →∞

Diverges

∞ 1 b 1 1 1
dx = lim [ln x]1 dx = lim [ln x]a = lim − ln a = ∞.
b 1
55. If p = 1, ∫ dx = lim ∫ 56. If p = 1, ∫
1 x b→∞ 1 x b→∞ 0 x a → 0+ a → 0+

= lim (ln b) = ∞. Diverges. If p ≠ 1,

b→∞
1
Diverges. For p ≠ 1, 1 1 ⎡ x1 − p ⎤ ⎛ 1 a1 − p ⎞
b
∫0 x p
dx = lim ⎢
a → 0+ ⎣1 − p ⎦
⎥ = lim ⎜
a → 0+ ⎝ 1 − p
−
1 − p⎠
⎟.
∞ 1 ⎡ x1 − p ⎤ ⎛ b1 − p 1 ⎞ a

∫1 x p
dx = lim ⎢
b → ∞
⎣1 − p ⎦1
⎥ = blim
→ ∞
⎜ − ⎟.
⎝1 − p 1 − p ⎠ 1
This converges to if 1 − p > 0 or p < 1.
1− p
1
This converges to if 1 − p < 0 or p > 1.
p −1

57. For n = 1:
∞ b
∫0 xe − x dx = lim ∫ 0 xe
−x
dx
b→∞

(Parts: u = x, dv = e − x dx)
b
= lim ⎡⎣−e − x x − e − x ⎤⎦
b→∞ 0

= lim ( −e −bb − e− b + 1)
b→∞

⎛ −b 1 ⎞
= lim ⎜ b − b + 1⎟ = 1
b → ∞⎝ e
( L'Hôpital's Rule)
e ⎠
∞
Assume that ∫0 x ne − x dx converges. Then for n + 1 you have

∫x
n +1 − x
e dx = − x n + 1e − x + ( n + 1) ∫ x ne − x dx

by parts (u = x n + 1 , du = ( n + 1) x n dx, dv = e − x dx, v = −e − x ).

So,
∞ b ∞ ∞
∫0 x n + 1e − x dx = lim ⎡⎣− x n + 1e − x ⎤⎦ + ( n + 1) ∫ x ne − x dx = 0 + ( n + 1)∫ x ne − x dx, which converges.
b→∞ 0 0 0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 227

∞ b b 2 + e− x 2 ∞ 2
∫1 e − x dx = lim ∫1 e dx = lim ⎡⎣−e − b ⎤⎦ = 1
−x
58. (a)
b→∞ b→∞ 1 67. Because ≥ on [1, ∞) and ∫ dx diverges
x x 1 x
2 ∞ 2 + e− x
Because e − x ≤ e − x on [1, ∞) by Exercise 55, ∫ dx diverges.
and
1 x
∞
∫1 e − x dx 68. ∫0
∞ 1
dx = ∫0
∞
e − x dx converges, and
1
≥ x
1
on
ex ex e + x
converges, then so does ∞ 1
∞ 2 [0, ∞), so ∫0 dx converges.
∫1 e − x dx. ex + x

∞ 1 ∞ 2 1 − sin x 2
(b) ∫1 x5
dx converges (see Exercise 55). 69. ∫1 x2
dx converges, and
x2
≤ 2 on [1, ∞), so
x
∞ 1 − sin x
Because
1 1
< 5 on [1, ∞), then ∫ 1 x 2 dx converges.
x5 + 1 x
∞ 1
∫1 x5 + 1
dx also converges.
70.
1 1
≥ because x ln x < x on [2, ∞). Because
x ln x x
1 1 ∞ 1
59. ∫ 0 x5 dx diverges by Exercise 56. ( p = 5) ∫2 x
dx diverges by Exercise 55,

∞ 1
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ∫ 2 x ln x dx diverges.
60. ∫ 0 x1 5 dx converges by Exercise 56. ⎜⎝ p = ⎟
5⎠
71. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
∞ 1
61. ∫1 dx converges by Exercise 55. ( p = 5) An integral with infinite integration limits or an integral
x5
with an infinite discontinuity at or between the
∞ integration limits
62. ∫0 x 4e − x dx converges by Exercise 57. ( n = 4)
72. See the definitions, pages 580, 583.
1 1
63. Because 2 ≤ 2 on [1, ∞) and 1 1 0 1 1 1
x +5
∞ 1
x 73. ∫ −1 x3 dx = ∫ −1 x3 dx + ∫ 0 x3 dx
∫ 1 x 2 dx converges by Exercise 55, These two integrals diverge by Exercise 56.
∞ 1
∫ 1 x 2 + 5 dx converges. 74.
10
=
10
⇒ x = 0, 2.
x2 − 2x x( x − 2)
1 1 ∞ 1
64. Because ≥ on [2, ∞) and ∫ dx diverges You must analyze three improper integrals, and each
x −1 x 2 x must converge in order for the original integral to
∞ 1 converge.
by Exercise 55, ∫ dx diverges.
2 x −1 3 1 2 3
∫ 0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 0 f ( x) dx + ∫ 1 f ( x) dx + ∫ 2 f ( x) dx
1 1
65. Because ≥ on [2, ∞) and
x( x − 1) 3 1
x2 ∫ −∞ e
3
75. A = x
dx
∞ 1
∫2
1
dx diverges by Exercise 55, = lim ∫b e
x
3 dx
x2 b → −∞
∞ 1 = lim ⎡⎣e x ⎤⎦
1
∫2 3 x( x − 1)
dx diverges. b → −∞ b

= lim (e − eb ) = e
b → −∞
1 1
66. Because ≤ 3 2 on [1, ∞) and
x (1 + x) x
∞ 1
∫1 x3 2
dx converges by Exercise 55,

∞ 1
∫1 x (1 + x)
dx converges.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

228 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 ∞
76. A = ∫ 0 − ln x dx 79. (a) A = ∫0 e − x dx
1 b
= − lim ∫ b ln x dx = lim ⎡⎣−e − x ⎤⎦ = 0 − (−1) = 1
b → 0+ b→∞ 0

= − lim [ x ln x − x]b (b) Disk:

1

b → 0+
(e − x )
∞ 2
V = π∫ dx
= − lim ⎡⎣(0 − 1) − b ln b + b⎤⎦ 0
b → 0+
b
=1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ π
= lim π ⎢− e −2 x ⎥ =
b→∞ ⎣ 2 ⎦0 2
ln b 1b
Note: lim b ln b = lim = lim = 0
b → 0+ b → 0+ 1b b → 0+ −1 b
2 (c) Shell:
∞
V = 2π ∫ xe − x dx
∞1 0
77. A = ∫ dx
− ∞ x2 + 1 b
= lim 2π ⎡⎣−e − x ( x + 1)⎤⎦ = 2π
0
0 1 b 1 b→∞
= lim ∫ 2 dx + lim ∫ 2 dx
b → −∞ b x + 1 b→∞ 0 x + 1
∞
∞ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
= lim ⎡⎣arctan ( x)⎤⎦ b + lim ⎡⎣arctan ( x)⎤⎦ 0 ∫1
0 b
80. (a) A = dx = ⎢− ⎥ = 1
b → −∞ b→∞ x2 ⎣ x ⎦1
= lim ⎡⎣0 − arctan (b)⎤⎦ + lim ⎡⎣arctan (b) − 0⎤⎦ (b) Disk:
b → −∞ b→∞
b
⎛ π⎞ π ∞ 1 ⎡ π ⎤ π
= −⎜ − ⎟ + = π V = π∫ 4
dx = lim ⎢− 3 ⎥ =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 1 x b → ∞ ⎣ 3 x ⎦1 3
(c) Shell:
∞ 8
78. A = ∫ − ∞ x2 + 4 dx ∞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ b
V = 2π ∫ x⎜ 2 ⎟ dx = lim ⎡⎣2π (ln x)⎤⎦1 = ∞
0 8 b 8
1
⎝x ⎠ b→∞
= lim ∫ 2 dx + lim ∫ 2 dx
b → −∞ b x + 4 b→∞ 0 x + 4 Diverges
0 b
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢4 arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢4 arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥
b → −∞
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ b b → ∞ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 0
⎡ ⎛ b ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛b⎞ ⎤
= lim ⎢0 − 4 arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢4 arctan ⎜ ⎟ − 0⎥
b → −∞
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2 b → ∞
⎣ ⎝ ⎠
2 ⎦
⎛ −π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= − 4⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟ = 4π
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠

81. x2 3 + y2 3 = 4 y

2 −1 3 2 (0, 8)
+ y −1 3 y′ = 0
8
x
3 3
− y1 3 (−8, 0) 2 (8, 0)
y′ = x
x1 3 −8 −2 2 8

y2 3 x2 3 + y 2 3 4 2
1 + ( y′) (x > 0)
2
= 1+ = = = 13, −8 (0, −8)
x2 3 x2 3 x2 3 x
8
8 2 ⎡ 3 ⎤
s = 4∫ dx = lim ⎢8 ⋅ x 2 3 ⎥ = 48
0 x1 3 b → 0+ ⎣ 2 ⎦b

82. y = 16 − x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
−x
y′ =
16 − x 2
t
4 x2 4 4 t 4 ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎛t⎞
s = ∫0 1+
16 − x 2
dx = ∫0 16 − x 2
dx = lim ∫
t → 4− 0 16 − x 2
dx = lim ⎢4 arcsin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = lim 4 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ = 2π
t → 4− ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 0 t → 4− ⎝ 4⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 229

83. ( x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 1
2( x − 2) + 2 yy′ = 0
− ( x − 2)
y′ =
y
1
1 + ( y′) 1 + ⎡( x − 2) y 2 ⎤ = ( Assume y > 0.)
2 2
=
⎣ ⎦ y
⎡ ⎤
3 x 3 x 3 x − 2 2
S = 4π ∫ dx = 4π ∫ dx = 4π ∫ ⎢ + ⎥ dx
y 1 ⎢ 2⎥
1 − ( x − 2) ( ) 1 − ( x − 2) ⎦⎥
1 1 2 2
⎣⎢ 1 − x − 2
b
= lim 4π ⎡⎢− 1 − ( x − 2) + 2 arcsin ( x − 2)⎤⎥ = 4π ⎡⎣0 + 2 arcsin (1) − 2 arcsin (−1)⎤⎦ = 8π 2
2

a →1+ ⎣ ⎦a
b → 3−

84. y = 2e − x
y′ = −2e − x

(2e− x )
∞
S = 2π ∫ 1 + 4e −2 x dx
0

Let u = e − x , du = −e − x dx.

∫e 1 + 4e −2 x dx = − ∫
−x
1 + 4u 2 du

= − 14 ⎡2u 4u 2 + 1 + ln 2u + 4u 2 + 1 ⎤ + C
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
= − 14 ⎡2e − x 4e−2 x + 1 + ln 2e − x + 4e −2 x + 1 ⎤ + C
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

(e − x )
b
S = 4π lim ∫ 1 + 4e −2 x dx
b →∞ 0

( )
b
= −π lim ⎡2e− x 4e −2 x + 1 + ln 2e− x + 4e−2 x + 1 ⎤ = π ⎡2 5 + ln 2 + 5 ⎤ ≈ 18.5849
⎢
b →∞ ⎣ ⎦⎥ 0 ⎣ ⎦
y

2
y = 2e−x

x
3 4

−2

K K
85. (a) F ( x) = ,5 = , K = 80,000,000
x2 (4000)2
b
∞ 80,000,000 ⎡ −80,000,000 ⎤
W = ∫ 4000 x 2 dx = blim
→∞⎢⎣ x ⎥
⎦ 4000
= 20,000 mi-ton

b
W ⎡ −80,000,000 ⎤ −80,000,000
(b) = 10,000 = ⎢ ⎥ = + 20,000
2 ⎣ x ⎦ 4000 b
80,000,000
= 10,000
b
b = 8000
Therefore, 4000 miles above the earth's surface.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

230 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

k k ∞ ∞
, k = 10( 40002 )
b
86. (a) F ( x) = ∫ − ∞ 17 e ∫0 dt = lim ⎣⎡−e −t 7 ⎦⎤ = 1
−t 7 1 e −t 7
, 10 = 87. (a) dt = 7
2
x 40002 b→∞ 0

10( 40002 ) ⎡ −10( 40002 ) ⎤

b 4 4
∫ 0 17 e dt = ⎣⎡−e −t 7 ⎦⎤ = −e −4 7 + 1
−t 7
∞ (b)
W = ∫ 4000 x2
dx = lim ⎢
b→∞⎢ x
⎥
⎥⎦
0

⎣ 4000 ≈ 0.4353 = 43.53%

10( 4000 2
) ∞ b
= = 40,000 mi-ton
(c) ∫0 t ⎡⎣ 17 e −t 7 ⎤⎦ dt = lim ⎡⎣−te −t 7 − 7e −t 7 ⎤⎦
b→∞ 0
4000
= 0+ 7 = 7
⎡ −10( 40002 ) ⎤
b
W
(b) = 20,000 = ⎢ ⎥ ∞ ∞ b
∫ − ∞ 52 e ∫0 dt = lim ⎡⎣−e −2t 5 ⎤⎦ = 1
−2 t 5 2 e −2t 5
2 ⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦ 88. (a) dt = 5 b→∞ 0
4000

−10( 40002 ) 4 4
∫ 0 52 e dt = ⎣⎡−e −2t 5 ⎦⎤ = −e −8 5 + 1
−2t 5
= + 40,000 (b)
0
b
≈ 0.7981 = 79.81%
10( 4000 2
) ∞ b
= 20,000
b
(c) ∫0 t ⎣⎡ 52 e −2t 5 ⎦⎤ dt = lim ⎣⎡−te 2t 5 − 52 e−2t 5 ⎦⎤ =
b→∞ 0
5
2

b = 8000
Therefore, 4000 miles above the earth's surface.

5
5 ⎡ 25,000 −0.06t ⎤
89. (a) C = 650,000 + ∫0 25,000 e −0.06t dt = 650,000 − ⎢
⎣ 0.06
e ⎥ ≈ $757,992.41
⎦0
10
(b) C = 650,000 + ∫0 25,000e −0.06t dt ≈ $837,995.15

b
∞ ⎡ 25,000 −0.06t ⎤
(c) C = 650,000 + ∫0 25,000e −0.06t dt = 650,000 − lim ⎢
b → ∞ ⎣ 0.06
e ⎥ ≈ $1,066,666.67
⎦0

5
∫ 0 25,000(1 + 0.08t )e
−0.06t
90. (a) C = 650,000 + dt
5
⎡ 1 ⎛ t 1 ⎞⎤
= 650,000 + 25,000 ⎢− e −0.06t − 0.08⎜ e −0.06t + e −0.06t ⎟⎥ ≈ $778,512.58
⎢ 0.06 ⎜ 0.06 (0.06) 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 0
10
(b) C = 650,000 + ∫0 25,000(1 + 0.08t )e −0.06t dt
10
⎡ 1 ⎛ t 1 ⎞⎤
= 650,000 + 25,000 ⎢− e −0.06t − 0.08⎜ e −0.06t + e −0.06t ⎟⎥ ≈ $905,718.14
⎢ 0.06 ⎜ 0.06 (0.06) 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 0
∞
(c) C = 650,000 + ∫0 25,000(1 + 0.08t )e −0.06t dt
b
⎡ 1 ⎛ t 1 ⎞⎤
= 650,000 + 25,000 lim ⎢− e −0.06t − 0.08⎜ e −0.06t + e −0.06t ⎟⎥ ≈ $1,622,222.22
b → ∞ ⎢ 0.06 ⎜ 0.06 (0.06) 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 231

2π NI r ∞ 0 ∞
91. Let K =
k
. Then 97. (a) ∫ − ∞ sin x dx = ∫ − ∞ sin x dx + ∫ 0 sin x dx
0 c

P = K∫
∞ 1
dx.
= lim
b → −∞ b ∫ sin x dx + lim ∫ sin x dx
c→∞ 0
(r 2 + x2 )
c 32

= lim [−cos x]b + lim [−cos x]0

0 c
b → −∞ c→∞
Let
Because lim [−cos b] diverges, as does lim [−cos c],
x = r tan θ , dx = r sec 2 θ dθ , r 2 + x 2 = r sec θ . b → −∞ c→∞

∞
1 r sec 2 θ dθ 1 ∫ − ∞ sin x dx diverges.
∫ dx = ∫ = 2 ∫ cos θ dθ
(r 2 + x 2 ) r 3 sec3 θ
32
r
a
sin x dx = lim [−cos x]− a
a
(b) lim ∫
1 1 x a→∞ −a a→∞
= 2 sin θ + C = 2 +C
r r r 2 + x2 = lim ⎡− cos( a ) + cos( − a)⎤⎦ = 0
a →∞⎣
So, ∞

1 ⎡ ⎤ x
b (c) The definition of ∫ − ∞ f ( x) dx is not
P = K lim
2 b →∞⎢ ⎥
r ⎣ r + x ⎦c
2 2
lim ∫
a
f ( x) dx.
a→∞ −a
K⎡ c ⎤
= 2 ⎢1 − ⎥
r ⎣ r + c ⎦
2 2 98. (a) b = 3 (infinite discontinuity at 3)

=
K ( r 2 + c2 − c ) (b) b = 4 (infinite discontinuity at 4)
(c) b = 3 (or b = 4 ) (infinite discontinuity at 3)
r2 r 2 + c2
(d) b = 0 (infinite discontinuity at 0)

=
2π NI ( r 2 + c2 − c ). (e) b = π 4 (infinite discontinuity at π 4 )
kr r + c
2 2
(f) b = π 2 (infinite discontinuity at π 2 )

r 2 + x2 ∞ 1 b
x 99. (a) ∫1 x
dx = lim ⎣⎡ln x ⎦⎤1 = ∞
b → ∞
θ b
∞ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
∫1 dx = lim ⎢− ⎥ = 1
r
2
x b → ∞ ⎣ x ⎦1
∞ GM δ
92. F = ∫ 0 (a + x)2 dx ∞1
∫1 xn
dx will converge if n > 1 and will diverge if
b
⎡ −GM δ ⎤ n ≤ 1.
= lim ⎢
b →∞⎣ a + x ⎥
⎦0 (b) It would appear to converge.
GM δ
= y

a 1.00

93. False. f ( x) = 1 ( x + 1) is continuous on

0.75

0.50

[0, ∞), xlim

→∞
1 (x + 1) = 0, but 0.25

x
−5
∞ 1 b
15 20

∫0 x +1
dx = lim ⎡⎣ln x + 1 ⎤⎦ 0 = ∞.
b→∞
− 0.25

Diverges (c) Let dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = −cos x

94. False. This is equivalent to Exercise 93. 1 1

u = ⇒ du = − dx.
x x2
95. True b
∞sin x ⎡ cos x ⎤ ∞ cos x

96. True
∫1 x
dx = lim ⎢−
b → 0⎣ x ⎥⎦1
− ∫
1 x2
dx

∞ cos x
= cos 1 − ∫ dx
1 x2
Converges

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

232 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

100. (a) Yes, the integrand is not defined at x = π 2.

(b) 5

␲
0
2

−2

(c) As n → ∞, the integral approaches 4(π 4) = π .

π 2 4
(d) I n = ∫0 1 + ( tan x)
n
dx

I 2 ≈ 3.14159
I 4 ≈ 3.14159
I 8 ≈ 3.14159
I12 ≈ 3.14159

∞
101. Γ( n) = ∫0 x n −1e − x dx

∞ b
(a) Γ(1) = ∫0 e − x dx = lim ⎡⎣−e − x ⎤⎦ = 1
b→∞ 0
∞ b
Γ( 2) = ∫0 xe − x dx = lim ⎡⎣−e − x ( x + 1)⎤⎦ = 1
b→∞ 0
∞ b
Γ(3) = ∫0 x 2e − x dx = lim ⎡⎣− x 2e − x − 2 xe − x − 2e − x ⎤⎦ = 2
b→∞ 0

(u = x n , dv = e − x dx)
∞ b b
(b) Γ( n + 1) = ∫0 x ne − x dx = lim ⎡⎣− x ne − x ⎤⎦ + lim n ∫ x n −1e − x dx = 0 + nΓ( n)
b→∞ 0 b→∞ 0

(c) Γ( n) = ( n − 1)!

102. For n = 1,
b
⎡ ⎤
x 1 b 1 1 ⎥ = 1.
dx = lim ∫ ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x dx) = lim ⎢−
∞ −4
I1 = ∫0
( x2 + 1) ⎣ ( x + 1) ⎦ 0
b →∞⎢ 6
4 b→∞ 2 0 3⎥
2 6

For n > 1,
b
⎡ ⎤
∞ x 2 n −1 − x2n − 2 ⎥ + n −1 ∞ x 2n − 3 n −1
In = ∫0 dx = lim ⎢ ∫ dx = 0 + ( I n −1 )
( x2 + 1) b→∞⎢
( ) ⎥
( )
n+3 + 2 n+2
2( n + 2) x 2
+ 1
n
n + 2 0
x 2
+ 1 n + 2
⎣ ⎦0
⎛ ⎞
⎜ Parts: u = x 2 n − 2 , du = ( 2n − 2) x 2 n − 3 dx, dv = x −1 ⎟
dx , v =
⎜⎜
n+2 ⎟
( x + 1) 2( n + 2)( x + 1) ⎟⎠
n+3
2 2
⎝
b
⎡ ⎤
∞ x 1 ⎥ = 1
(a) ∫0 dx = lim ⎢−
( x2 + 1) b→∞⎢
⎣ 6( x + 1) ⎦ 0
4 3⎥
2 6

∞ x3 1 ∞ x 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(b) ∫0 dx =
4 ∫ 0 ( x 2 + 1) 4
dx = ⎜ ⎟ =
(x + 1)
5
2 4⎝ 6 ⎠ 24

∞ x5 2 ∞ x3 2⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(c) ∫0 = ∫ dx = ⎜ ⎟ =
( x2 + 1) 5 0 ( x 2 + 1)5
6
5 ⎝ 24 ⎠ 60

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 233

103. f (t ) = 1 107. f (t ) = cos at

b ∞
F ( s) =
∞ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 F (s) = ∫0 e − st cos at dt
∫0 e − st dt = lim ⎢− e − st ⎥ = , s > 0
b →∞⎣ s ⎦0 s
b
⎡ e − st ⎤
= lim ⎢ 2 (− s cos at + a sin at )⎥
104. f (t ) = t b → ∞ s + a2
⎣ ⎦0
b
∞ ⎡1 ⎤ s s
F (s) = te − st dt = lim ⎢ 2 ( − st − 1)e − st ⎥ = 0+ = 2 ,s > 0
∫0 b→∞⎣ s ⎦0 s2 + a2 s + a2
1 108. f (t ) = sin at
= ,s > 0
s2 ∞
F (s) = ∫0 e − st sin at dt
105. f (t ) = t 2
b
⎡ e − st ⎤
⎡1 ⎤
b
= lim ⎢ 2 (− s sin at − a cos at )⎥
dt = lim ⎢ 3 ( − s 2t 2 − 2 st − 2)e − st ⎥
∞
F (s) = ∫0 t 2e − st b → ∞ s + a2
⎣ ⎦0
b →∞⎣ s ⎦0
a a
2 = 0+ = 2 ,s > 0
= ,s > 0 s + a
2 2
s + a2
s3

106. f (t ) = eat
∞ ∞
F ( s) = ∫0 e at e− st dt = ∫0 et(a − s) dt
b
⎡ 1 t(a − s) ⎤
= lim ⎢ e ⎥
b →∞⎣a − s ⎦0
1 1
= 0− = ,s > a
a − s s − a

109. f (t ) = cosh at
∞ ∞ ⎛ e at + e − at ⎞ 1 ∞ t (− s + a)
F (s) = ∫0 e − st cosh at dt = ∫0 e − st ⎜ ⎟ dt = ∫ 0 ⎣⎡e + et (− s − a) ⎦⎤ dt
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
b
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ et ( − s + a ) + et ( − s − a ) ⎥ = 0 − ⎢ + ⎥
b→∞ 2 ⎣⎢ ( − s + a ) (− s − a) ⎦⎥ 0 2 ⎢⎣ ( − s + a ) ( − s − a ) ⎥⎦
−1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ s
= ⎢ + ⎥ = 2 ,s > a
2 ⎣⎢ ( − s + a ) ( − s − a ) ⎥⎦ s − a2

110. f (t ) = sinh at
∞ ∞ ⎛ e at − e − at ⎞ 1 ∞ t (− s + a)
F (s) = ∫0 e − st sinh at dt = ∫0 e − st ⎜ ⎟ dt = ∫ 0 ⎡⎣e − et (− s − a) ⎤⎦ dt
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
b
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ et ( − s + a ) − et ( − s − a ) ⎥ = 0 − ⎢ − ⎥
b → ∞ 2 ⎢ (− s + a) ( − s − a ) 2 ⎢⎣ ( − s + a ) ( − s − a ) ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦⎥ 0
−1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ a
= ⎢ − ⎥ = 2 ,s > a
2 ⎣⎢ ( − s + a ) ( − s − a ) ⎦⎥ s − a2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

234 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 2 112. (a) y
111. (a) f ( x) = e −( x − 70) 18

3 2π 3

90
∫ 50 f ( x) dx ≈ 1.0
1
0.4
x
−2 −1 1 2
−1

50 90

1
π ( 2) = 2π
2
(b) Area =
−0.2
2
1
(b) P(72 ≤ x < ∞) ≈ 0.2525 Arc length is also
2
(2π (2)) = 2π .
(c) 0.5 − P(70 ≤ x ≤ 72) ≈ 0.5 − 0.2475 = 0.2525 So, the corresponding integrals are equal.
These are the same answers because of symmetry, −x
Let y = 4 − x 2 , y′ =
P(70 ≤ x < ∞) = 0.5 4 − x2
and 4 2
1 + ( y′) = 1 + ( y′)
2 2
⇒ = .
0.5 = P(70 ≤ x < ∞) 4 − x2 4 − x2
= P(70 ≤ x ≤ 72) + P(72 ≤ x < ∞). 2 2 2
So, ∫−2 4 − x 2 dx = ∫ −2 4 − x2
dx.

(area ) (arc length )

∞⎛ 1 c ⎞ b⎛ 1 c ⎞
113. ∫0 ⎜
⎝ x +12
− ⎟ dx = blim
x + 1⎠ → ∞ ∫ 0
⎜
⎝ x +12
− ⎟ dx
x + 1⎠
b
= lim ⎡ln x + x 2 + 1 − c ln x + 1 ⎤
b→∞⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
⎡b + b2 + 1⎤
b→∞⎣⎢ (
= lim ⎡ln b + )
b 2 + 1 − ln (b + 1) ⎤ = lim ln ⎢
c
⎦⎥
⎥
⎣ (b + 1)
b→∞ ⎢ c
⎦⎥
This limit exists for c = 1, and you have
⎡b + b2 + 1⎤
lim ln ⎢ ⎥ = ln 2.
b→∞
⎢⎣ (b + 1) ⎥⎦

∞⎛ cx 1⎞ b⎛ cx 1⎞
114. ∫1 ⎜ 2
⎝ x + 2
−
3 x
⎟ dx = blim
⎠ →∞ ∫ 1 ⎜ x2 + 2
⎝
−
3
⎟ dx
x⎠
b
⎡c 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ln ( x 2 + 2) − ln x⎥
b →∞ ⎣ 2 3 ⎦1
b
( ) ⎥
⎡ x2 + 2 c 2 ⎤
= lim ln ⎢
b →∞ ⎢ x13 ⎥
⎣ ⎦1

( ) − ln 3c 2 ⎤⎥
⎡ b2 + 2 c 2
= lim ⎢ln
b →∞ ⎢ b1 3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
This limit exists if c = 1 3, and you have

( ) − ln 31 6 ⎤⎥ = −ln 31 6 = −ln 3.
⎡ b2 + 2 1 6
lim ⎢ln
b →∞⎢ b1 3 ⎥ 6
⎣ ⎦

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Section 8.8 Improper Integrals 235

⎧x ln x, 0 < x ≤ 2 117. u = x , u 2 = x, 2u du = dx
115. f ( x) = ⎨
⎩0, x = 0
sin x sin (u 2 )
∫ 0 2 sin(u ) du
1 1 1
∫ 0 x dx = ∫0 ( 2u du ) = 2
2 u
( x ln x)
2
V = π∫ dx
0
Trapezoidal Rule ( n = 5): 0.6278
Let u = ln x, eu = x, eu du = dx.
118. u = 1 − x , 1 − x = u 2 , 2u du = −dx
e 2u u 2 (e4 du )
ln 2
V = π∫
−∞
1 cos x 0 cos(1 − u 2 )
= π∫
ln 2
3u 2
e u du ∫0 dx = ∫1 (−2u du )
−∞ 1− x u

∫ 0 2 cos(1 − u ) du
ln 2 1
⎡ ⎡u 2 2u 2 ⎤ 3u ⎤ = 2
= lim ⎢π ⎢ − + ⎥e ⎥
⎣ ⎣3
b → −∞ ⎢ 9 27 ⎦ ⎥⎦ b
Trapezoidal Rule ( n = 5): 1.4997
⎡ (ln 2) 2 2 ln 2 2⎤
= 8π ⎢ − + ⎥ ≈ 2.0155
3 9 27 ⎥ 119. (a) 3
⎣⎢ ⎦
y

2 −3 3

y = x ln x
−1
1
2
(b) Let y = e − x , 0 ≤ x < ∞.
x
1 2
ln y = − x 2
−1
x = −ln y for 0 < y ≤ 1
−2 2
The area bounded by y = e − x , x = 0 and y = 0 is

∞ 2 1 ⎛ π⎞
116. V = π ∫
1
(−ln x)2 dx ∫0 e − x dx = ∫0 −ln y dy, ⎜⎜ = ⎟.
2 ⎟⎠
0 ⎝
1
= lim π ∫ (ln x) dx
2

b → 0+ b

1
= lim π x ⎡(ln x) − 2 ln x + 2⎤
2

b → 0+ ⎣ ⎦b

= lim π ⎡2 − b(ln b) − 2b ln b − 2b⎤

2

b → 0+ ⎣ ⎦
= 2π
y

y = −ln x

x
1 2

−3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

236 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

120. Assume a < b. The proof is similar if a > b.

a ∞ a d
∫ −∞ f ( x) dx + ∫ a f ( x) dx = lim ∫ f ( x) dx + dlim
c → −∞ c →∞ ∫ a
f ( x) dx
y

f ( x) dx + lim ⎡∫ f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx⎤
a b d
= lim ∫
c → −∞ c d →∞ ⎢
⎣ a ∫b ⎥⎦ 3

2
a b d
f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx + lim ∫ f ( x) dx
c → −∞ ∫ c
= lim 1
a d →∞ b
x
= lim ⎡∫ f ( x) dx + ⎤
a b d
∫ a f ( x) dx⎥⎦ + dlim
→∞ ∫ b
f ( x) dx a b

c → −∞ ⎢
⎣ c −1

b d −2
f ( x) dx + lim ∫ f ( x) dx
c → −∞ ∫ c
= lim
d →∞ b
b ∞
= ∫ −∞ f ( x) dx + ∫ b f ( x) dx
Review Exercises for Chapter 8
1 1
( x 2 − 36) ( 2 x) dx
12
1. ∫x x 2 − 36 dx = ∫ 6. Let u = 2 x − 3, du = 2 dx, x = (u + 3).
2 2

1 ( x − 36)
32
121
2 2 1
= +C ∫ 3 2 2x 2 x − 3 dx = ∫ 0 (u + 3)u 2
du
2 32
1 1 32
=
1 3
( x − 36) + C
32 =
2∫0
(u + 3u1 2 ) du
3 1
1 ⎡2 5 2 ⎤
= u + 2u 3 2 ⎥
1 x2 −1 1 2 2 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎦0
2. ∫ xe
x 2 −1
dx = ∫ e (2 x) dx = e x −1 + C
2 2 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 6
= ⎜ + 2⎟ =
x 1 2x 1 2⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
3. ∫ x2 − 49
dx = ∫ 2
2 x − 49
dx = ln x 2 − 49 + C
2
100 ⎛ x⎞
x 1
7. ∫ 100 − x 2
dx = 100 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + C
⎝ 10 ⎠
dx = − ∫ ( 25 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) dx
−1 2
4. ∫ 25 − x 2 2
x4 + 2 x2 + x + 1 x
1 ( 25 − x )
2
12 8. =1+
x4 + 2 x2 + 1 ( x + 1)
2
2
= − + C
2 12
x4 + 2x2 + x + 1 1 2x
= − 25 − x 2 + C ∫ dx = ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2
2 2

1
5. Let u = ln ( 2 x), du = dx. = x −
1
+C
x 2( x 2 + 1)
e ln ( 2 x) 1 + ln 2
∫1 x
dx = ∫ ln 2 u du
x 3x 1
∫ xe dx = e − ∫ e3 x dx
3x
9.
2 1 + ln 2 3 3
u ⎤
= ⎥ x 3x 1 3x
2 ⎦ ln 2 = e − e +C
3 9
1⎡
1 + 2 ln 2 + (ln 2) − (ln 2) ⎤
2 2
= 1 3x
2⎣ ⎦ = e (3 x − 1) + C
9
1
= + ln 2 ≈ 1.1931 1 3x
2 dv = e3 x dx ⇒ v =
e
3
u = x ⇒ du = dx

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 237

∫xe dx = x3e x − ∫ 3x e
3 x 2 x
10. dx

= x3e x − 3 x 2e x −( ∫ 6 xe dx)
x

= x3e x − 3x 2e x + ∫ 6 xe x dx

= x3e x − 3x 2e x + (6 xe x − ∫ 6e x dx)

= x3e x − 3x 2e x + 6 xe x − 6e x + C
= ( x3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 6)e x + C

(1) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex
u = x3 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx
(2) dv = e dx ⇒ v = ex
x

u = 3x 2
⇒ du = 6 x dx
(3) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex
u = 6x ⇒ du = 6 dx

1 2
∫e sin 3 x dx = − e 2 x cos 3 x + ∫ e 2 x cos 3 x dx
2x
11.
3 3
1 2⎛ 1 2 ⎞
= − e 2 x cos 3 x + ⎜ e 2 x sin 3 x − ∫ e 2 x sin 3 x dx ⎟
3 3⎝ 3 3 ⎠
13 2 x 1 2x 2 2x
9∫
e sin 3 x dx = − e cos 3 x + e sin 3x
3 9
e2 x
∫e
2x
(2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + C
sin 3 x dx =
13
1
(1) dv = sin 3 x dx ⇒ v = − cos 3 x
3
u = e2 x ⇒ du = 2e 2 x dx
1
(2) dv = cos 3x dx ⇒ v =
sin 3 x
3
u = e2 x ⇒ du = 2e 2 x dx

∫ (x − 3 x)e x dx = ( x 2 − 3 x)e x − ∫ (2 x − 3)e

2 x
12. dx

= ( x 2 − 3 x)e x − ⎡( 2 x − 3)e x − ∫ 2e
x
dx⎤
⎣ ⎦
= ( x 2 − 3 x)e x − ( 2 x − 3)e x + 2e x + C

= ( x 2 − 5 x + 5)e x + C

(1) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex
u = x − 3 x ⇒ du = ( 2 x − 3) dx
2

(2) dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex
u = 2 x − 3 ⇒ du = 2 dx

13. ∫x x − 1 dx = 2x
3 (x − 1)
32
− ∫ 23 ( x − 1)
32
dx 14. ∫ arctan 2 x dx = x arctan 2 x −
2x
∫ 1 + 4 x 2 dx
(x − 1) (x − 1)
2x 32 4 52
= − +C 1
ln (1 + 4 x 2 ) + C
3 15
= x arctan 2 x −
= 2
15 (x − 1)
32
(5 x − 2( x − 1)) + C 4
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
= 2
15
(x − 1)
32
(3 x + 2) + C
2
u = arctan 2 x ⇒ du = dx
dv = ( x − 1) ( x − 1)3 2
12 2
dx ⇒ v = 3
1 + 4 x2
h = x ⇒ du = dx

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

238 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

1 1
∫ ln ln ( x 2 − 4) dx
∫x ∫ x cos 2 x dx 2∫
15. 2
sin 2 x dx = − x 2 cos 2 x + 16. x 2 − 4 dx =
2
1 2 1 1 1⎡ 2x2 ⎤
= − x cos 2 x + x sin 2 x − ∫ sin 2 x dx = ⎢ x ln ( x − 4) − ∫ x 2 − 4 dx⎥⎦
2
2 2 2 2⎣
1 2 x 1
= − x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + cos 2 x + C 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞
2 2 4 = x ln ( x 2 − 4) − ∫ ⎜1 + 2 ⎟ dx
2 ⎝ x − 4⎠
1
(1) dv = sin 2 x dx ⇒ v = − 1 x−2
x ln ( x 2 − 4) − x − ln
cos 2 x
2 = +C
2 x+2
u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
1
(2) dv = cos 2 x dx ⇒ v = sin 2 x 2x
2 u = ln ( x 2 − 4) ⇒ du = dx
x2 − 4
u = x ⇒ du = dx
x2 x2
17. ∫ x arcsin 2 x dx =
2
arcsin 2 x − ∫ 1 − 4x2
dx

2( 2 x)
2
x2 1
= arcsin 2 x − ∫ dx
2 8 1 − ( 2 x)
2

x2 1⎛ 1 ⎞
= arcsin 2 x − ⎜ ⎟ ⎡−( 2 x) 1 − 4 x 2 + arcsin 2 x⎤ + C ( by Formula 43 of Integration Tables)
2 8⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ ⎦
1⎡ 2
=
16 ⎣
(8x − 1)arcsin 2 x + 2 x 1 − 4 x 2 ⎤⎦ + C
x2
dv = x dx ⇒ v =
2
2
u = arcsin 2 x ⇒ du = dx
1 − 4x2

e2 x
∫ e arctan (e ) dx = e arctan(e ) − ∫ 1 + e2 x dx
x x x x
18.

1
= e x arctan (e x ) − ln (1 + e 2 x ) + C
2
dv = e x dx ⇒ v = ex
ex
u = arctan e x ⇒ du = dx
1 + e2 x

∫ cos (π x − 1) dx = ∫ ⎡⎣1 − sin (π x − 1)⎤⎦cos(π x − 1) dx

3 2
19.
1⎡ 1 ⎤
= sin (π x − 1) − sin 3 (π x − 1)⎥ + C
π ⎢⎣ 3 ⎦
1
= sin (π x − 1) ⎡⎣3 − sin (π x − 1)⎤⎦ + C
2
3π
1
= sin (π x − 1) ⎡⎣3 − (1 − cos 2 (π x − 1))⎤⎦ + C
3π
1
= sin (π x − 1) ⎡⎣2 + cos 2 (π x − 1)⎤⎦ + C
3π

πx 1 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
∫ sin dx = ∫ 2 (1 − cos π x) dx = ⎜ x − sin π x ⎟ + C = (π x − sin π x) + C
2
20.
2 2⎝ π ⎠ 2π

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 239

4⎛ x⎞ ⎡ 2⎛ x⎞ ⎤ 2⎛ x ⎞
21. ∫ sec ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣tan ⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥ sec ⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
2⎛x⎞ 2⎛ x ⎞ 2⎛ x⎞
= ∫ tan ⎜ ⎟ sec ⎜ ⎟ dx +
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
∫ sec ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ dx
2 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ 2⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= tan 3 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 tan ⎜ ⎟ + C = ⎢tan 3 ⎜ ⎟ + 3 tan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + C
3 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 3⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

∫ tan θ sec θ dθ = ∫ ( tan θ + tan θ ) sec 2 θ dθ + 1 tan 4 θ + 1 tan 2 θ + C1

4 3
22. 4 2

or

∫ tan θ sec θ dθ = ∫ sec θ (sec θ tan θ ) dθ + 1 sec 4 θ + C2

4 3
4

1 1 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
∫ 1 − sin θ dθ = ∫ 1 − sin θ ⋅ dθ = ∫ dθ = ∫ (sec θ + sec θ tan θ ) dθ = tan θ + sec θ + C
2
23.
1 + sin θ cos 2 θ

∫ cos 2θ (sin θ + cos θ ) dθ = ∫ (cos θ − sin θ )(sin θ + cos θ ) dθ

2 2 2 2
24.

∫ (sin θ + cos θ ) (cos θ − sin θ ) dθ = 14 (sin θ + cos θ ) + C

3 4
=

3π 4
25. A = ∫π 4 sin 4 x dx. Using the Table of Integrals,

sin 3 x cos x 3 −sin 3 x cos x 3 ⎡1 ⎤

∫ sin 4 x dx = − + ∫ sin 2 x dx = + ⎢ ( x − sin x cos x)⎥ + C
4 4 4 4 ⎣2 ⎦
3π 4
3π 4 ⎡ −sin 3 x cos x 3 3 ⎤ ⎛1 9π 3 ⎞ ⎛ −1 3π 3⎞ 3π 1
∫π 4 sin 4 x dx = ⎢
⎣ 4
+ x − sin x cos x⎥
8 8 ⎦π 4
= ⎜
⎝ 16
+ + ⎟−⎜
32 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16
+ − ⎟ =
32 16 ⎠ 16
+
2
≈ 1.0890

π 4
x2 − 9 3 tan θ
26. A = ∫0 sin 3 x cos 2 x dx 28. ∫ dx = ∫ 3 sec θ (3 sec θ tan θ dθ )
x
1 π /4
[sin x + sin 5 x] dx
2∫0
= = 3∫ tan 2 θ dθ

= 3∫ (sec 2 θ − 1) dθ
π 4
1⎡ 1 ⎤
= −cos x − cos 5 x⎥
2 ⎢⎣ 5 ⎦0 = 3( tan θ − θ ) + C
1⎡ 2 1⎛ 2⎞ 1⎤ ⎛ x⎞
= ⎢− − ⎜− ⎟ +1+ ⎥ = x 2 − 9 − 3 arcsec⎜ ⎟ + C
2⎣ 2 5⎝ 2 ⎠ 5⎦ ⎝ 3⎠
3 2
= − ≈ 0.317 x = 3 sec θ , dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ , x 2 − 9 = 3 tan θ
5 5

−12 −24 cos θ dθ x

27. ∫ x2 4− x 2
dx = ∫ (4 sin 2 θ )(2 cos θ ) x2 − 9
θ

= −3∫ csc θ dθ 2 3

= 3 cot θ + C
3 4 − x2
= +C
x
x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ , 4 − x 2 = 2 cos θ

2
x

4 − x2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

240 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

29. x = 2 tan θ
dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ
4 + x 2 = 4 sec2 θ

x3 8 tan 3θ
∫ 4+ x 2
dx = ∫ 2 sec θ 2 sec2 θ dθ

= 8∫ tan 3 θ sec θ dθ

= 8∫ (sec2 θ − 1) tan θ sec θ dθ

⎡ sec3θ ⎤
= 8⎢ − sec θ ⎥ + C
⎣ 3 ⎦
⎡ ( x 2 + 4)3 2 x2 + 4 ⎤
= 8⎢ − ⎥ +C
⎣ 24 2 ⎦
⎡1 ⎤
= x 2 + 4 ⎢ ( x 2 + 4) − 4⎥ + C
⎣3 ⎦
1 2 8
= x x2 + 4 − x2 + 4 +C
3 3
1
= ( x 2 + 4) ( x 2 − 8) +
12
C
3

x2 + 4
x

θ
2

1 2
∫ 52 − (3x) (3) dx
3∫
30. 25 − 9 x 2 dx =

1 1⎡ ⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎤ 25 ⎛ 3x ⎞ x
= 25 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + 3 x 25 − 9 x 2 ⎥ + C = arcsin⎜ ⎟ + 25 − 9 x 2 + C
3 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝5⎠ ⎦ 6 ⎝5⎠ 2
(Theorem 8.2)

0
0 1⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎤ 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ −π ⎞⎤
31. ∫ −2 4 − x 2 dx = 4 arcsin ⎜ ⎟ + x 4 − x 2 ⎥ = ⎡⎣0 − 4 arcsin ( −1)⎤⎦ = ⎢−4⎜ ⎟ = π
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ −2 2 2 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥⎦
1( 2)
Note: The integral represents the area of a quarter circle of radius 2: A = π 2 = π.
4

32. Let u = cos θ , du = −sin θ dθ .

π 2 sin θ 0 1
∫0 1 + 2 cos 2 θ
dθ = ∫ 1 1 + 2u 2 (−du )
1 1
= ∫ 0 1 + 2u 2 du
1 1 1 1
= ∫
2 (1 2) + u 2
0
du , a =
2
1
⎡1 ⎤
= ⎢ 2 arctan ( 2u )⎥
⎣2 ⎦0
2
= arctan 2
2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 241

33. (a) Let x = 2 tan θ , dx = 2 sec 2 θ dθ .

x3 8 tan 3 θ
∫ dx = ∫ 2 sec θ 2 sec θ dθ
2

4 + x2
= 8∫ tan 3θ sec θ dθ
sin 3 θ
= 8∫ dθ
cos 4 θ
= 8∫ (1 − cos 2 θ ) cos −4θ sin θ dθ

= 8∫ (cos −4 θ − cos −2 θ ) sin θ dθ

⎡ cos −3 θ cos −1 θ ⎤
= 8⎢ − ⎥ +C
⎣ 3 −1 ⎦
8
= sec θ (sec2θ − 3) + C
3
8 4 + x2 ⎛ 4 + x2 ⎞
= ⎜ − 3⎟ + C
3 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
1
= 4 + x 2 ( x 2 − 8) + C
3

4 + x2
x

θ
2

x3 x2
(b) ∫ 4+ x 2
dx = ∫ 4 + x2
x dx

(u 2 − 4)u du
= ∫ u
= ∫ (u 2 − 4) du
1 3
= u − 4u + C
3
u
= (u 2 − 12) + C
3
4 + x2 ( 2
= x − 8) + C
3
u 2 = 4 + x 2 , 2u du = 2 x dx

x3
(c) ∫ 4 + x2
dx = x 2 4 + x2 − ∫ 2x 4 + x 2 dx

2( 4 + x2 ( 2
4 + x2 ) + C = x − 8) + C
32
= x2 4 + x2 −
3 3
x
dv = dx ⇒ v = 4 + x2
4+ x 2

u = x2 ⇒ du = 2 x dx

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

242 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

34. (a) ∫x 4 + x dx = 64∫ tan 3 θ sec3 θ dθ

= 64∫ (sec 4 θ − sec 2 θ ) sec θ tan θ dθ

64 sec3 θ
= (3 sec3 θ − 5) + C
15
32
2( 4 + x)
= (3 x − 8) + C
15
x = 4 tan 2 θ , dx = 8 tan θ sec2 θ dθ ,
4 + x = 2 sec θ

(b) ∫x 4 + x dx = 2∫ (u 4 − 4u 2 ) du
2u 3 ( 2
= 3u − 20) + C
15
32
2( 4 + x)
= (3 x − 8) + C
15
u 2 = 4 + x, dx = 2u du

∫x 4 + x dx = ∫ (u − 4u1 2 ) du
32
(c)
2u 3 2
= (3u − 20) + C
15
32
2( 4 + x)
= (3 x − 8) + C
15
u = 4 + x, du = dx
2x
(d) ∫x 4 + x dx = ( 4 + x)3 2 − 2 ∫ ( 4 + x)3 2 dx
3 3
2x
= ( 4 + x ) − 4 ( 4 + x )5 2 + C
32

3 15
32
2( 4 + x)
= (3 x − 8) + C
15
2
dv = 4 + x dx ⇒ ( 4 + x )3 2
v =
3
u = x ⇒ du = dx

x − 39 x − 39 A B
35. = = +
x 2 − x − 12 ( x − 4)( x + 3) x − 4 x + 3
x − 39 = A( x + 3) + B( x − 4)
Let x = −3: −42 = −7 B ⇒ B = 6
Let x = 4: −35 = 7 A ⇒ A = −5
x − 39 −5 6
∫ x2 − x − 12
dx = ∫
x − 4
dx + ∫
x + 3
dx

= −5 ln x − 4 + 6 ln x + 3 + C

2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x − 4 4 3
36. = 2x − 3 + −
x2 − x x x −1
2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x − 4 ⎛ 4 3 ⎞
∫ dx = ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x − 3 + − ⎟ dx = x − 3 x + 4 ln x − 3 ln x − 1 + C
2
x2 − x x x − 1⎠

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 243

x2 + 2x A Bx + C
37. = + 2
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) x −1 x +1
x 2 + 2 x = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
3 3 1
Let x = 1: 3 = 2 A ⇒ A = Let x = 0: 0 = A − C ⇒ C = Let x = 2: 8 = 5 A + 2 B + C ⇒ B = −
2 2 2
x2 + 2 x 3 1 1 x −3
∫ x3 − x2 + x − 1
dx = ∫
2 x −1
dx − ∫ 2
2 x +1
dx

3 1 1 2x 3 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx
2 x −1 4 x +1 2 x +1
3 1 3
= ln x − 1 − ln x 2 + 1 + arctan x + C
2 4 2
1
= ⎡⎣6 ln x − 1 − ln ( x 2 + 1) + 6 arctan x⎤⎦ + C
4

4x − 2 A B
38. 2
= +
3( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
4 x − 2 = 3 A( x − 1) + 3B
2
Let x = 1: 2 = 3B ⇒ B =
3
4
Let x = 2: 6 = 3 A + 3B ⇒ A =
3
4x − 2 4 1 2 1 4 2 2⎛ 1 ⎞
∫ 3( x − 1)2 dx =
3∫ x − 1
dx + ∫
3 ( x − 1)2
dx = ln x − 1 −
3 3( x − 1)
+ C = ⎜ 2 ln x − 1 −
3⎝
⎟+ C
x − 1⎠

x2 5 x − 24 5 x − 24
39. =1− 2 =1−
x + 5 x − 24
2
x + 5 x − 24 ( x + 8)( x − 3)
5 x − 24 A B
= +
( x + 8)( x − 3) x +8 x −3
5 x − 24 = A( x − 3) + B( x + 8)
Let x = 3: −9 = 11B ⇒ B = −9 11
Let x = −8: −64 = −11A ⇒ A = 64 11

x2 ⎡ 64 11 9 11 ⎤
∫ x2 + 5 x − 24
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣1 −
x +8
+
x − 3 ⎥⎦
dx

64 9
= x − ln x + 8 + ln x − 3 + C
11 11

40. u = tan θ , du = sec 2 θ dθ

1 A B
= +
(
uu −1) u u −1
1 = A(u − 1) + Bu
Let u = 0: 1 = − A ⇒ A = −1
Let u = 1: 1 = B

sec 2 θ 1 1 1
tan θ ( tan θ − 1)
dθ = ∫ u(u − 1) du = ∫ u − 1 du − ∫ u du
tan θ − 1
= ln u − 1 − ln u + C = ln + C = ln 1 − cot θ + C
tan θ

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

244 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

41. Using Formula 4: ( a = 4, b = 5) 44. Let u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx.

x 1⎛ 4 ⎞ 1 x 1 1 1
∫ ( 4 + 5 x)2 dx = ⎜
25 ⎝ 4 + 5 x
+ ln 4 + 5 x ⎟ + C
⎠ ∫ 0 1 + e x2 dx =
2 ∫ 0 1 + eu
du

1⎡ 1
= ⎣u − ln (1 + e )⎤⎦ 0
u
42. Using Formula 21: ( a = 4, b = 5) 2
x −2(8 − 5 x) 1
= ⎣⎡(1 − ln (1 + e)) + ln 2⎦⎤
∫ 4 + 5x
dx =
75
4 + 5x + C
2
10 x − 16 1⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
= 4 + 5x + C = 1 + ln ⎜ ⎟⎥
75 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 + e ⎠⎦

43. Let u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx.

π 2 x 1 π4 1
∫0 1 + sin x 2
dx = ∫
2 0 1 + sin u
du

1
= [tan u − sec u]π0 4
2
1⎡
= ⎣(1 − 2 ) − (0 − 1)⎦⎤
2
2
=1−
2

x 1⎡ 1 ⎤
45. ∫ x2 + 4 x + 8
dx = ⎢ln x 2 + 4 x + 8 − 4∫ 2
2⎣
dx
x + 4 x + 8 ⎥⎦
(Formula 15)

1 ⎡ 2 ⎛ 2 x + 4 ⎞⎤
= ⎡ln x 2 + 4 x + 8 ⎤ − 2 ⎢ arctan ⎜ ⎟⎥ + C (Formula 14)
2⎣ ⎦
⎣ 32 − 16 ⎝ 32 − 16 ⎠⎦
1 ⎛ x⎞
= ln x 2 + 4 x + 8 − arctan ⎜1 + ⎟ + C
2 ⎝ 2⎠

3 3 1
∫ (u = 3 x)
2 ∫ 3 x (3 x ) 2 − 1
46. dx = 3 dx
2 x 9 x2 − 1
3
= arcsec 3x + C (Formula 33)
2

1 1 1
∫ sin π x cos π x dx (π ) dx (u = π x)
π ∫ sin π x cos π x
47. =

1
= ln tan π x + C (Formula 58)
π

1 1 1
∫ 1 + tan π x dx (π ) dx (u = π x)
π ∫ 1 + tan π x
48. =

11
= ⎡π x + ln cos π x + sin π x ⎤⎦ + C (Formula 71)
π 2⎣

49. dv = dx ⇒ v = x
n −1 1
u = (ln x) ⇒ du = n(ln x)
n
dx
x
n −1
∫ (ln x) dx = x(ln x) − n ∫ (ln x)
n n
dx

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 245

∫ tan ∫ tan x(sec x − 1) dx

n−2
50. n
x dx = 2

∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan x dx

n−2 n−2
= 2

1
tan n −1 x − ∫ tan
n−2
= x dx
n −1

1
51. ∫ θ sin θ cos θ dθ =
2∫
θ sin 2θ dθ

1 1 1 1 1
= − θ cos 2θ + ∫ cos 2θ dθ = − θ cos 2θ + sin 2θ + C = (sin 2θ − 2θ cos 2θ ) + C
4 4 4 8 8
1
dv = sin 2θ dθ ⇒ v = − cos 2θ
2
u =θ ⇒ du = dθ

csc 2 x ⎛ 1 ⎞
52. ∫ x
dx = 2 ∫ csc 2 x ⎜ ⎟ dx = −
⎝ 2x ⎠
2 ln csc 2 x + cot 2x + C

1
u = 2 x , du = dx
2x

x1 4 u (u 3 )
53. ∫ 1 + x1 2 dx = 4 ∫ 1 + u 2 du
⎛ 1 ⎞
= 4∫ ⎜ u 2 − 1 + 2 ⎟ du
⎝ u + 1⎠
⎛1 ⎞
= 4⎜ u 3 − u + arctan u ⎟ + C
⎝3 ⎠
4 ⎡ 34
= ⎣ x − 3 x1 4 + 3 arctan ( x1 4 )⎤⎦ + C
3
u = 4
x , x = u 4 , dx = 4u 3 du

4u 5 4u 3 4
(1 + x) (3 x − 2) + C
32
∫ u(4u − 4u ) du = ( 2)
∫ 1+ x dx = ∫ − = − +C =
3 4
54. 4u 4u du
5 3 15
u = 1+ x , x = u 4 − 2u 2 + 1, dx = ( 4u 3 − 4u ) du

1 + cos x 1 − cos x
55. ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ 1
⋅
1 − cos x
dx

sin x
= ∫ 1 − cos x
dx

−1 2
= ∫ (1 − cos x) (sin x) dx
= 2 1 − cos x + C
u = 1 − cos x, du = sin x dx

3x3 + 4 x Ax + B Cx + D
56. = +
( x 2 + 1)2 x2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
3x3 + 4 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 1) + Cx + D = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( A + C ) x + ( B + D )
A = 3, B = 0, A + C = 4 ⇒ C = 1,
B + D = 0 ⇒ D = 0
3x3 + 4 x x x 3 1
∫ ( x2 dx = 3∫ dx + ∫ dx = ln ( x 2 + 1) − +C
+ 1)
2
x2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2 2 2( x 2 + 1)

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

246 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

57. ∫ cos x ln(sin x) dx = sin x ln (sin x) − ∫ cos x dx = sin x ln (sin x) − sin x + C

dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = sin x
cos x
u = ln (sin x) ⇒ du = dx
sin x

∫ (sin θ + cos θ ) dθ = ∫ (sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ ) dθ

2 2
58.
1 1
= ∫ (1 + sin 2θ ) dθ =θ −
2
cos 2θ + C = ( 2θ − cos 2θ ) + C
2

25 ⎛1⎞ x −5
59. y = ∫ x2 − 25
dx = 25⎜ ⎟ ln
⎝ 10 ⎠ x+5
+C

5 x −5
= ln +C
2 x +5
(Formula 24)

4 − x2 2 cos θ ( 2 cos θ ) dθ
60. y = ∫ 2x
dx = ∫ 4 sin θ
= ∫ (csc θ − sin θ ) dθ

= ⎡⎣−ln csc θ + cos θ + cos θ ⎤⎦ + C

2+ 4 − x2 4 − x2
= −ln + + C
x 2

x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cos θ dθ , 4 − x 2 = 2 cos θ

2x2 + x
61. y = ∫ ln( x + x) dx = x ln x 2 + x − ∫
2
dx
x2 + x
2x + 1
= x ln x 2 + x − ∫ dx
x +1
1
= x ln x 2 + x − ∫ 2 dx + ∫ x + 1 dx
= x ln x 2 + x − 2 x + ln x + 1 + C

dv = dx ⇒ v = x
2x + 1
u = ln ( x 2 + x) ⇒ du = dx
x2 + x

62. y = ∫ 1 − cos θ dθ 64.

1 x
∫ 0 ( x − 2)( x − 4) dx = ⎣⎡2 ln x − 4 − ln x − 2 ⎦⎤ 0
1

sin θ
= ∫ 1 + cos θ
dθ = 2 ln 3 − 2 ln 4 + ln 2
9
= − ∫ (1 + cos θ )
−1 2
(−sin θ ) dθ = ln ≈ 0.118
8
= −2 1 + cos θ + C 4
4 ln x ⎡1 2⎤ 1
dx = ⎢ (ln x) ⎥ = (ln 4) ≈ 0.961
2
u = 1 + cos θ , du = −sin θ dθ 65. ∫1 x ⎣2 ⎦1 2
5
x( x 2 − 4) dx = ⎡⎣ 15 ( x 2 − 4) ⎤⎦
5 32 52
∫2 1 2
63. = ⎡ e3 x ⎤ 1
dx = ⎢ (3 x − 1)⎥ = (5e6 + 1) ≈ 224.238
2
5
∫ 0 xe
3x
2 66.
⎣ 9 ⎦0 9

π π
67. ∫0 x sin x dx = [− x cos x + sin x]0 = π

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Review Exercises for Chapter 8 247

5 x ⎡ 2 x − 16 ⎤
5 72. By symmetry, y = 0.
68. ∫0 4+ x
dx = ⎢
⎣ 3
4 + x⎥
⎦0 A = π + 4π = 5π
16 14 1(π ) + 4( 4π )
= −2(3) + ( 2) = x =
3 3 π + 4π
17π
= = 3.4
∫ 2 (4 − u ) u (−2u ) du
4 0
69. A = ∫0 x 4 − x dx = 5π
2

( x , y ) = (3.4, 0)
∫ 2 2(u − 4u 2 ) du
0
= 4
y

0
⎡ ⎛ u5 4u 3 ⎞⎤ 128 3
= ⎢2⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 2
⎣ ⎝5 3 ⎠⎦ 2 15 1
(3.4, 0)
u = 4 − x , x = 4 − u 2 , dx = −2u du 1 3 4 5
x

−1
−2
4 1
70. A = ∫0 25 − x 2
dx −3

4
⎡ 1 x−5⎤ 1 1 1 π
= ⎢− ln
10 x + 5 ⎥ = − 10 ln 9 = 10 ln 9 ≈ 0.220 73. s = ∫0 1 + cos 2 x dx ≈ 3.82
⎣ ⎦0
π
1
71. By symmetry, x = 0, A = π .
74. s = ∫0 1 + sin 2 2 x dx ≈ 3.82
2

2⎛1⎞ 1 (
1 ⎡ (ln x)2 ⎤ ⎡ 2(1 x)ln x ⎤
⎜ ⎟ ∫ −1 1 − x ) dx = ⎢ x − x ⎥ =
2 1⎡ 1 3⎤ 4
y = 2
75. lim ⎢ ⎥ = lim ⎢ ⎥ = 0
π ⎝ 2⎠ π⎣ 3 ⎦ −1 3π x → 1⎣ x − 1 ⎦ x → 1⎣ 1 ⎦

( x , y ) = ⎛⎜ 0,
4 ⎞
⎟ sin π x π cos π x 1
⎝ 3π ⎠ 76. lim = lim =
y
x→0 sin 5π x x → 0 5π cos π x 5

e2 x 2e 2 x 4e 2 x
2
77. lim 2
= lim = lim = ∞
x→∞ x x →∞ 2x x→∞ 2

2 x 1
(0, 34π ( 78. lim xe − x = lim = lim = 0
x→∞ x→∞ x2 x→∞ 2
x e 2 xe x
−1 1

79. y = lim (ln x)

2 x
x→∞

2 ln (ln x) ⎡ 2 ( x ln x) ⎤
ln y = lim = lim ⎢ ⎥ = 0
x→∞ x x →∞⎣ 1 ⎦
Because ln y = 0, y = 1.

ln x
80. y = lim ( x − 1)
x →1+

ln y = lim ⎣⎡(ln x) ln ( x − 1)⎦⎤

+ x →1

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
⎢ ln ( x − 1) ⎥ ⎢ x −1 ⎥ ⎢ −ln 2 x ⎥ ⎢ −2⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠(ln x) ⎥
= lim ⎢ ⎥ = lim ⎢ ⎥ = lim+ ⎢ x − 1 ⎥ = lim+ ⎢ ⎥
x →1+ ⎢ 1 ⎥ x →1+ ⎢ ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎥ x →1 ⎢ ⎥ x →1 ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ ln x ⎥⎦ ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ x ⎠ ln 2 x ⎥⎦ ⎣ x ⎦ ⎣⎢ x2 ⎦⎥
= lim 2 x(ln x) = 0
x →1+

Because ln y = 0, y = 1.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

248 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

n n
⎛ 0.09 ⎞ ⎛ 0.09 ⎞
81. lim 1000⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000 nlim ⎜1 + ⎟
n→∞ ⎝ n ⎠ → ∞⎝ n ⎠
n
⎛ 0.09 ⎞
Let y = lim ⎜1 + ⎟ .
n → ∞⎝ n ⎠

⎛ 0.09 ⎞ ⎛ −0.09 n 2 ⎞
ln ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛
ln y = lim n ln ⎜1 +
0.09 ⎞
= lim ⎝ n ⎠ = lim ⎜ 1 + (0.09 n) ⎟ = lim 0.09
= 0.09
⎟ 1 n → ∞⎜ 1 ⎟
n→∞ ⎝ n ⎠ n→∞
− 2
n→∞ ⎛ 0.09 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 1+⎜ ⎟
n ⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
n
⎛ 0.09 ⎞
So, ln y = 0.09 ⇒ y = e0.09 and lim 1000⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000e
0.09
≈ 1094.17.
n→∞ ⎝ n ⎠

⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎡ 2 x − 2 − 2 ln x ⎤ ∞ e −1 x
dx = lim [e −1 x ]a = 1 − 0 = 1
b
82. lim ⎜
x →1+ ⎝ ln x
−
x − 1 ⎠⎟
= lim ⎢ ⎥
x →1+ ⎣ ( ln x )( x − 1) ⎦
86. ∫0 x2 a → 0+
b→∞
⎡ 2 − ( 2 x) ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⎥ 1
x →1+ ⎣ ( x − 1)(1 x ) + ln x⎦ 87. Let u = ln x, du = dx, dv = x −2 dx, v = − x −1.
x
2x − 2
= lim ln x −ln x 1 −ln x 1
x →1+ ( x − 1) + x ln x
∫ x2
dx =
x
+ ∫ x 2 dx =
x
− + C
x
2
= lim =1 b
x →1+ 1 + 1 + ln x ∞ ln x ⎡ −ln x 1⎤
∫1 x2
dx = lim ⎢
b→∞⎣ x
− ⎥
x ⎦1
1 ⎡4 ⎤ 32
16
⎛ −ln b 1⎞
− ⎟ − (−1)
16
= lim ⎜
83. ∫0 4
x
dx = lim ⎢ x3 4 ⎥ =
b→0 ⎣3
+ ⎦b 3 b → ∞⎝ b b⎠
= 0+1 =1
2 7 b
84. ∫0 x − 2
dx = lim ⎣⎡7 ln x − 2 ⎦⎤ 0
b → 2−
∞ 1 b
∫1 ∫1 x
−1 4
88. 4
dx = lim dx
= −∞ Diverges x b→∞

b
⎡4 ⎤
b = lim ⎢ x3 4 ⎥
∞ ⎡x 3
⎤ b→∞⎣3 ⎦1
85. ∫1 x 2 ln x dx = lim ⎢ ( −1 + 3 ln x)⎥ = ∞
b →∞⎣ 9 ⎦1 ⎡4 4⎤
= lim ⎢ b3 4 − ⎥
Diverges b→∞⎣3 3⎦
Diverges
∞ 1 3 1 ∞ 1
89. ∫2 x x2 − 4
dx = ∫2 x x2 − 4
dx + ∫3 x x2 − 4
dx

3 c
⎡1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡1 ⎛ x ⎞⎤
= lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥ + lim ⎢ arcsec⎜ ⎟⎥
b → 2+ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ b c → ∞ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 3
1 ⎛ 3⎞ 1 1⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 3⎞
= arcsec⎜ ⎟ − (0) + ⎜ ⎟ − arcsec⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠
π
=
4

1
90. Let u = x , du = dx ⇒ dx = 2u du.
2 x

2 2 4 ⎛u ⎞ ⎛ x⎞
∫ x ( x + 4)
dx = ∫ u(u 2 + 4)
2u du = ∫ u2 + 4
du = 2 arctan ⎜ ⎟ + C = 2 arctan ⎜
⎝2⎠
⎟+C
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 c
∞ 2 ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 1
∫0 x ( x + 4)
dx = lim ⎢2 arctan ⎜
b→0 ⎣
+
⎟⎥ + lim ⎢2 arctan ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ b c →∞ ⎣
⎟⎥ = ⎜ 2 arctan − 0 ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ − 2 arctan = π
⎝ 2 ⎠⎦1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 249

t ∞
92. V = π ∫ ( xe− x ) dx
0 2
t0 ⎡ 500,000 −0.05t ⎤
91. ∫0 500,000e −0.05t dt = ⎢
⎣ −0.05
e ⎥
⎦0
0
∞
−500,000 ( −0.05t0 = π ∫ x 2e−2 x dx
= e − 1) 0
0.05 b
⎡ π e −2 x
= 10,000,000(1 − e−0.05t0 ) = lim ⎢− (2 x 2 + 2 x + 1)⎤⎥ = π
b →∞⎣ 4 ⎦0 4
(a) t0 = 20: $6,321,205.59
(b) t0 → ∞ : $10,000,000

1 ∞
−( x − 12.9)2 2(0.95)2
93. (a) P(13 ≤ x < ∞) = ∫ 13 e dx ≈ 0.4581
0.95 2π
1 ∞
−( x −12.9)2 2(0.95)2
(b) P(15 ≤ x < ∞ ) = ∫ 15 e dx ≈ 0.0135
0.95 2π

Problem Solving for Chapter 8

1
⎡ x3 ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 4
( 2)
1
1. (a) ∫ −1 1 − x dx = ⎢
⎣
x −
3⎦
⎥
−1
= 2⎜1 − ⎟ =
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
1
⎡ 2 x3 x5 ⎤ ⎛ 2 1⎞ 16
∫ −1 (1 − x ) dx = ∫ −1 (1 − 2 x + x ) dx = ⎢⎣x − 3 + 5 ⎥⎦ −1 = 2⎝⎜1 − 3 + 5 ⎠⎟ = 15
1 1
2 2 2 4

(b) Let x = sin u , dx = cos u du , 1 − x 2 = 1 − sin 2 u = cos 2 u.

π 2
∫ −1 (1 − x 2 ) dx = ∫ − π 2 (cos u ) cos u du
1 n n
2

π 2
∫ − π 2 cos
2 n +1
= u du

⎡2 4 6 ( 2n ) ⎤
= 2⎢ ⋅ ⋅ (Wallis's Formula)
⎣3 5 7 ( 2n + 1) ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 2 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 6 2 ( 2 n)
2
⎤
= 2⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ( )( )
2n 2n + 1 ⎥⎦
2( 22 n )( n!)
2 2
22 n + 1 ( n!)
= =
( 2n + 1)! ( 2n + 1)!

1
= lim [ x ln − x]b
1
2. (a) ∫ 0 ln x dx b → 0+

= ( −1) − lim (b ln b − b) = −1
b → 0+

ln b 1b
Note: lim b ln b = lim = lim = 0
b → 0+ b → 0+ b −1 b → 0+ −1 b
2

1 1
∫ 0 (ln x) dx = lim ⎡⎣ x(ln x) − 2 x ln x + 2 x⎤⎦ b
2 2
+ b→0

(
= 2 − lim b (ln b) − 2b ln b + 2b = 2
b → 0+
2
)
(b) Note first that lim b(ln b) = 0 (Mathematical induction).
n

b → 0+

n +1 n +1
∫ (ln x) dx = x(ln x) − ( n + 1) ∫ (ln x) dx.
n
Also,
1
∫ 0 (ln x)
n
dx = ( −1) n!.
n
Assume

1 1 1
dx = lim ⎡⎣ x(ln x) ⎤⎦ b − ( n + 1) ∫ (ln x) dx = 0 − ( n + 1)(−1) n! = ( −1) ( n + 1)!.
n +1 n +1 n +1
∫ 0 (ln x)
n n
Then,
b → 0+ 0

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

250 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

⎛ x + c⎞
x PB
5. sin θ = = PB, cos θ = OB
3. lim ⎜ ⎟ = 9
x → ∞⎝ x − c ⎠ OP
⎛ x + c⎞ AQ = AP = θ
lim x ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 9
x→∞ ⎝ x − c⎠ BR = OR + OB = OR + cos θ
ln ( x + c) − ln ( x − c) The triangles ∆AQR and ∆BPR are similar:
lim = ln 9
x→∞ 1x
AR BR OR + 1 OR + cos θ
1 1 = ⇒ =
− AQ BP θ sin θ
lim x + c x − c = ln 9
x→∞ 1 sin θ (OR) + sin θ = (OR)θ + θ cos θ
− 2
x θ cos θ − sin θ
OR =
−2c sin θ − θ
lim (− x 2 ) = ln 9
x → ∞ ( x + c )( x − c )
θ cos θ − sin θ
lim OR = lim
⎛ 2cx 2 ⎞ θ → 0+ θ → 0+ sin θ − θ
lim ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ln 9
x → ∞⎝ x − c 2 ⎠
−θ sin θ + cos θ − cos θ
2c = ln 9 = lim
θ → 0+ cos θ − 1
2c = 2 ln 3 −θ sin θ
= lim
c = ln 3 θ → 0+ cos θ − 1
−sin θ − θ cos θ
x = lim
⎛ x − c⎞ 1 θ → 0+ −sin θ
4. lim ⎜ ⎟ =
x → ∞⎝ x + c ⎠ 4 cos θ + cos θ − θ sin θ
= lim
⎛ x − c⎞ 1 θ → 0+ cos θ
lim x ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln
x→∞ ⎝ x + c⎠ 4 = 2
ln ( x − c) − ln ( x + c)
lim = −ln 4 y
x→∞ 1x
Q
1 1 P
−
lim x − c x + c = −ln 4
x→∞ 1
− 2 θ
x R O B A (1, 0)
x

2c (− x 2 ) = −ln 4
lim
x → ∞ ( x − c )( x + c )

2cx 2
lim = ln 4
x→∞ x − c2
2

2c = ln 4
2 x = 2 ln 2
c = ln 2

6. sin θ = BD, cos θ = OD

1 ( )( ) 1
Area ∆DAB = DA BD = (1 − cos θ ) sin θ
2 2
θ 1 ( )( ) θ 1
Shaded area = − 1 BD = − sin θ
2 2 2 2
∆DAB 1 2(1 − cos θ ) sin θ
R = =
Shaded area 1 2(θ − sin θ )

lim R = lim
(1 −cos θ ) sin θ
= lim
(1 − cos θ ) cos θ + sin 2θ
θ → 0+ θ → 0+ θ − sin θ θ → 0+ 1 − cos θ

= lim
(1 − cos θ )( −sin θ ) + cos θ sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
θ → 0+ sin θ
−sin θ − 4 cos θ sin θ 4 cos θ − 1
= lim = lim = 3
θ → 0+ sin θ θ →0 1

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 251

7. (a) 0.2

0 4
0

Area ≈ 0.2986
(b) Let x = 3 tan θ , dx = 3 sec 2 θ dθ , x 2 + 9 = 9 sec 2 θ .

x2 9 tan 2 θ
∫ ( x2 dx = ∫ (9 sec2 θ )3 2 (3 sec θ dθ )
2

+ 9)
32

tan 2 θ
= ∫ sec θ
dθ

sin 2 θ
= ∫ cos θ dθ

1 − cos 2 θ
= ∫ cos θ
dθ

= ln sec θ + tan θ − sin θ + C

2
4 x tan −1( 4 3)
Area = ∫0 ( x + 9)
2 32
dx = ⎣⎡ln sec θ + tan θ − sin θ ⎦⎤ 0

4
⎡ ⎛ x2 + 9 x⎞ x ⎤
= ⎢ln ⎜ + ⎟ − ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 3⎠ x 2 + 9 ⎦⎥ 0
⎛5 4⎞ 4 4
= ln ⎜ + ⎟ − = ln 3 −
⎝3 3⎠ 5 5

x2 + 9
x

θ
3

(c) x = 3 sinh u , dx = 3 cosh u du , x 2 + 9 = 9 sinh 2 u + 9 = 9 cosh 2 u

4 x2 sinh −1( 4 3) 9 sinh 2 u sinh −1( 4 3)
A = ∫ 0 ( x2 dx = ∫0 (3 cosh u du ) = ∫0 tanh 2 u du
+ 9) (9 cosh u )
32 2 32

sinh −1( 4 3) tsinh −1( 4 3)

= ∫0 (1 − sech 2 u ) du = [u − tanh u]0

⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞ ⎛4 16 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛4 16 ⎞⎤
= sinh −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tanh ⎜ sinh −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ln ⎜ + + 1 ⎟ − tanh ⎢ln ⎜ + + 1 ⎟⎥
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝3 9 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝3 9 ⎠⎦
⎛ 4 5⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 4 5 ⎞⎞
= ln ⎜ + ⎟ − tanh ⎜ ln ⎜ + ⎟ ⎟ = ln 3 − tanh (ln 3)
⎝3 3⎠ ⎝ ⎝3 3 ⎠⎠
3 − (1 3) 4
= ln 3 − = ln 3 −
3 + (1 3) 5

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

252 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

x 1 − u2 10. Let u = cx, du = c dx.

8. u = tan , cos x = ,
2 1 + u2 b cb du 1 cb 2
− c2 x2 2
1 − u2 3 + u2 ∫0 e dx = ∫0 e−u
c
= ∫ e −u du
c 0
2 + cos x = 2 + =
1+u 2
1 + u2 ∞ 2 x2 1 ∞ − x2
dx =
2 du As b → ∞, cb → ∞. So, ∫0 e−c dx =
c∫0
e dx.
1 + u2
x = 0 by symmetry.
π 2 1 1⎛1 + u 2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
∫0 2 + cos x
dx = ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 3 + u 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ du
⎠⎝ 1 + u 2 ⎠
2∫
∞ (e ) dx
− c2 x2

1 2 Mx 0 2
y = =
= ∫ 0 3 + u 2 du m ∞ 2 2
2 ∫ e − c x dx
0
1
⎡ 1 ⎛ u ⎞⎤ ∞ 2 2
= ⎢2
1 ∫0 e
arctan ⎜ −2 c x
⎟⎥ dx
⎣ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 0 = ∞ 2 2
2
∫ e dx
−c x
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= arctan ⎜ ⎟
0
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 1 ∞ 2

2c ∫ 0
e− x dx
2 π π 3 1
= = ≈ 0.6046 =
36 9 2 1 ∞ − x2
c∫0
e dx

−2 x 1 2
9. y = ln (1 − x 2 ), y′ = = =
1 − x2 2 2 4
4 x2 ⎛ 2⎞
1 + ( y′) = 1 +
2

(1 − x 2 )2 So, ( x , y ) = ⎜ 0, ⎟.
⎝ 4 ⎠
1 − 2x2 + x4 + 4x2
= 1
(1 − x 2 )2 11. Consider ∫ ln x dx.
2
⎛1 + x2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 1
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ Let u = ln x, du = dx, x = eu . Then
x
12
1 + ( y′) dx eu
2
Arc length = ∫0 1 1 u
∫ ln x dx = ∫ u e du = ∫ u du.
1 2 ⎛1 + x2 ⎞
= ∫0 ⎜ ⎟ dx 1 eu
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠ If ∫ ln x
dx were elementary, then ∫ u
du would be
12⎛ 2 ⎞
= ∫0 ⎜ −1 +
⎝
⎟ dx
1 − x2 ⎠
too, which is false.
1
=
12⎛
∫0 ⎜ −1 +
1
+
1 ⎞
⎟ dx
So, ∫ ln x dx is not elementary.
⎝ x + 1 1 − x⎠
= [− x + ln (1 + x) − ln (1 − x)]0
12

⎛ 1 3 1⎞
= ⎜ − + ln − ln ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2⎠
1
= − + ln 3 − ln 2 + ln 2
2
1
= ln 3 − ≈ 0.5986
2

12. (a) Let y = f −1 ( x), f ( y ) = x, dx = f ′( y ) dy.

∫ yf ′( y) dy
−1 (
∫f x) dx =
⎡u = y, du = dy ⎤
= yf ( y ) − ∫ f ( y ) dy ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣dv = f ′( y ) dy, v = f ( y )⎥⎦
= xf −1 ( x) − ∫ f ( y ) dy

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 253

(b) f −1 ( x) = arcsin x = y, f ( x) = sin x

∫ arcsin x dx = x arcsin x − ∫ sin y dy = x arcsin x + cos y + C = x arcsin x + 1 − x2 + C

1
x

1 − x2

(c) f ( x) = e x , f −1 ( x) = ln x = y x = 1 ⇔ y = 0; x = e ⇔ y = 1

= e − [e y ]0 = e − (e − 1) = 1
e 1 1
∫ 1 ln x dx = [ x ln x]1 − ∫ 0 e dy
e y

13. x 4 + 1 = ( x 2 + ax + b)( x 2 + cx + d )
= x 4 + ( a + c) x3 + ( ac + b + d ) x 2 + ( ad + bc) x + bd

a = −c, b = d = 1, a = 2
x4 + 1 = ( x2 + 2 x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
1 1 1 Ax + B 1 Cx + D
∫0 x4 + 1
dx = ∫ 0 x2 + 2x + 1
dx + ∫ 0 x2 − 2x + 1
dx

1 2 1 2
1
+ x 1
− + x
2 4 2 4
= ∫0 x2 + 2x + 1
dx − ∫0 x2 + 2x + 1
dx

2⎡ 2⎡
⎣arctan ( 2 x + 1) + arctan ( 2 x − 1)⎤⎦ 0 + ⎣ln ( x + 2 x + 1) − ln ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)⎤⎦ 0
1 1
= 2
4 8
2⎡ 2⎡ 2 ⎡π π⎤ 2
= ⎣arctan ( 2 + 1) + arctan ( 2 − 1)⎤⎦ + ⎣ln ( 2 + 2 ) − ln ( 2 − 2 )⎤⎦ − − ⎥ − [0]
4 8 4 ⎣⎢ 4 4⎦ 8
≈ 0.5554 + 0.3116
≈ 0.8670

π
14. (a) Let x = − u , dx = du.
2
⎛π ⎞
sin ⎜ − u ⎟
π 2 sin x 0 ⎝2 ⎠ (− du ) =
π 2 cos u
I = ∫0 cos x + sin x
dx = ∫π 2 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ∫0 sin u + cos u
du
cos⎜ − u ⎟ + sin ⎜ − u ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
So,
π 2 sin x π 2 cos x π 2 π π
2I = ∫0 cos x + sin x
dx + ∫0 sin x + cos x
dx = ∫0 1 dx =
2
⇒ I =
4
.

⎛π ⎞
sin n ⎜ − u ⎟
0 ⎝2 ⎠ ( − du ) =
π 2 cos n u
(b) I = ∫π 2 n⎛π ⎞ n⎛π ⎞ ∫0 sin u + cos n u
n
du
cos ⎜ − u ⎟ + sin ⎜ − u ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
π 2 π π
So, 2 I = ∫0 1 dx =
2
⇒ I =
4
.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

254 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

15. Using a graphing utility,

⎛ 1⎞
(a) lim ⎜ cot x + ⎟ = ∞
x → 0+ ⎝ x⎠
⎛ 1⎞
(b) lim ⎜ cot x − ⎟ = 0
x→0 ⎝
+ x⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 2
(c) lim ⎜ cot x + ⎟⎜ cot x − ⎟ ≈ − .
x → 0+ ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x⎠ 3
Analytically,
⎛ 1⎞
(a) lim ⎜ cot x + ⎟ = ∞ + ∞ = ∞
x→0 ⎝
+ x⎠
⎛ 1⎞ x cot x − 1 x cos x − sin x
(b) lim ⎜ cot x − ⎟ = lim = lim
x → 0+ ⎝ x⎠ x → 0+ x x → 0+ x sin x
cos x − x sin x − cos x
= lim
x → 0+ sin x + x cos x
− x sin x
= lim
x → 0+ sin x + x cos x
−sin x − x cos x
= lim = 0.
x → 0+ cos x + cos x − x sin x

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 1
(c) ⎜ cot x + ⎟⎜ cot x − ⎟ = cot 2 x − 2
⎝ x ⎠⎝ x⎠ x
x 2 cot 2 x − 1
=
x2
x 2 cot 2 x − 1 2 x cot 2 x − 2 x 2 cot x csc 2 x
lim 2
= lim
x → 0+ x x → 0+ 2x
cot 2 x − x cot x csc 2 x
= lim
x → 0+ 1
cos 2 x sin x − x cos x
= lim
x → 0+ sin 3 x

= lim
(1 − sin 2 x)sin x − x cos x
x → 0+ sin 3 x
sin x − x cos x
= lim −1
x → 0+ sin 3 x
sin x − x cos x cos x − cos x + x sin x
Now, lim = lim
x → 0+ sin 3 x x → 0+ 3 sin 2 x cos x
x
= lim
x → 0+ 3 sin x ⋅ cos x
⎛ x ⎞ 1 1
= lim ⎜ ⎟ = .
x → 0+ ⎝ sin x ⎠ 3 cos x 3

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 1 2
So, lim ⎜ cot x + ⎟⎜ cot x − ⎟ = − 1 = − .
x → 0+ ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x⎠ 3 3
The form 0 ⋅ ∞ is indeterminant.

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

 Problem Solving for Chapter 8 255

N ( x) P1 P2 Pn
16. = + + +
D( x) x − c1 x − c2 x − cn
N ( x) = P1 ( x − c2 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn ) + P2 ( x − c1 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn ) + + Pn ( x − c1 )( x − c2 ) … ( x − cn −1 )

Let x = c1 : N (c1 ) = P1 (c1 − c2 )(c1 − c3 ) … (c1 − cn )

N (c1 )
P1 =
(c1 − c2 )(c1 − c3 ) … (c1 − cn )
Let x = c2 : N (c2 ) = P2 (c2 − c1 )(c2 − c3 ) … (c2 − cn )
N (c2 )
P2 =
(c2 − c1 )(c2 − c3 ) … (c2 − cn )

Let x = cn : N (cn ) = Pn (cn − c1 )(cn − c2 ) … (cn − cn −1 )

N (cn )
Pn =
(cn − c1 )(cn − c2 ) … (cn − cn −1 )
If D( x) = ( x − c1 )( x − c2 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn ), then by the Product Rule
D′( x) = ( x − c2 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn ) + ( x − c1 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn ) + + ( x − c1 )( x − c2 )( x − c3 ) … ( x − cn −1 )
and
D′(c1 ) = (c1 − c2 )(c1 − c3 ) … (c1 − cn )
D′(c2 ) = (c2 − c1 )(c2 − c3 ) … (c2 − cn )

D′(cn ) = (cn − c1 )(cn − c2 ) … (cn − cn −1 ).

So, Pk = N (ck ) D′(ck ) for k = 1, 2, …, n.

x3 − 3x 2 + 1 P P2 P3 P4
17. = 1 + + + ⇒ c1 = 0, c2 = 1, c3 = − 4, c4 = 3
x − 13 x 2 + 12 x
4
x x −1 x + 4 x −3
N ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 1
D′( x) = 4 x3 − 26 x + 12
N ( 0) 1
P1 = =
D′(0) 12
N (1) −1 1
P2 = = =
D′(1) −10 10
N ( −4) −111 111
P3 = = =
D′( −4) −140 140
N (3) 1
P4 = =
D′(3) 42
x3 − 3x 2 + 1 1 12 1 10 111 140 1 42
So, = + + + .
x − 13 x 2 + 12 x
4
x x −1 x + 4 x −3

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

256 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L'Hôpital's Rule, and Improper Integrals

⎡ 50,000 ⎤
18. s(t ) = ∫ ⎢⎣−32t + 12,000 ln dt = −16t 2 + 12,000 ∫ ⎡⎣ln 50,000 − ln (50,000 − 400t )⎤⎦ dt
50,000 − 400t ⎥⎦
⎡ − 400t ⎤
= 16t 2 + 12,000t ln 50,000 − 12,000 ⎢t ln (50,000 − 400t ) − ∫ dt
⎣ 50,000 − 400t ⎥⎦
50,000 ⎡ 50,000 ⎤
= −16t 2 + 12,000t ln + 12,000t ∫ ⎢1 − ⎥ dt
50,000 − 400t ⎣ 50,000 − 400t ⎦
50,000
= −16t 2 + 12,000t ln + 12,000t + 1,500,000 ln (50,000 − 400t ) + C
50,000 − 400t
s(0) = 1,500,000 ln 50,000 + C = 0
C = −1,500,000 ln 50,000
⎡ 50,000 ⎤ 50,000 − 400t
s(t ) = −16t 2 + 12,000t ⎢1 + ln ⎥ + 1,500,000 ln
⎣ 50,000 − 400t ⎦ 50,000
When t = 100, s(100) ≈ 557,168.626 feet.

19. By parts,

f ( x) g ′′( x) dx = [ f ( x) g ′( x)]a −
b b b
∫a ∫a f ′( x) g ′( x) dx ⎣⎡u = f ( x), dv = g ′′( x) dx⎦⎤
b
= − ∫ f ′( x) g ′( x) dx
a

= [− f ′( x) g ( x)]a +
b b
∫ a g ( x) f ′′( x) dx ⎡⎣u = f ′( x), dv = g ′( x) dx⎤⎦
b
= ∫a f ′′( x) g ( x) dx.

20. Let u = ( x − a)( x − b), du = [( x − a ) + ( x − b)] dx, dv = f ′′( x) dx, v = f ′( x).

∫ a ( x − a)( x − b) dx = [( x − a)( x − b) f ′( x)]a − ∫ a [( x − a) + ( x − b)] f ′( x) dx

b b b

b ⎛u = 2x − a − b⎞
= − ∫ ( 2 x − a − b) f ′( x) dx ⎜ ⎟
a
⎝ dv = f ′( x) dx ⎠
= [−( 2 x − a − b) f ( x)]a +
b b b
∫ a 2 f ( x) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x) dx
a

∞ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ∞ 1 ∞ ⎡1 1 2 ⎤
21. ∫2 ⎢⎣ x5 + x10 + x15 ⎥⎦ dx < ∫2 x −1
5
dx < ∫2 ⎢⎣ x5 + x10 + x15 ⎥⎦ dx
b b
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ∞ 1 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
lim ⎢− 4 − 9 −
b →∞ ⎣ 4x 9x 14 x14 ⎥⎦ 2
< ∫2 x5 − 1
dx < lim ⎢− 4 − 9 − 14 ⎥
b →∞ ⎣ 4 x 9x 7x ⎦2
∞ 2
0.015846 < ∫2 x5 − 1
dx < 0.015851

1 arcsin(c) π 2 2c 2π − 8c + π
π (c − sin x) dx + ∫ arcsin(c) π (sin x − c)
2 2
22. V = ∫0 dx = π = f (c )
2 4
4cπ − 8 2
f ′(c) = π = 0 ⇒ c =
4 π
1 π2
For c = 0, V = ≈ 2.4674
2 4
1 π
For c = 1, V = (3π − 8) ≈ 1.1190
2 4
2 1 π2 − 8
For c = , V = ≈ 0.4674
π 2 4
(a) Maximum: c = 0
2
(b) Minimum: c =
π

© 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning