a Be ; a5 PAKISTAN STUDIES for Grade National Book Foundation “ . < Vi eee ada cemeuheTextbook of Pakistan Studies for Grade National Book Foundation as Federal Textbook Board IslamabadUR MOTTO, ae © Standards © Outcomes © Access © Style © 2021 National Book Foundation as Federal Textbook Board, Islamabad. ‘All rights reserved. This volume may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (abridged, photo copy, electronic ete.) without prior written permission from the publisher. Textbook of eee : i Muhammad Refique Tahir Paibis Stuties Grede 2 (int Baucotorl Adviser), NCC ¥ Ee ‘Ministry of Federal Education ike 4 oe & Professional Training | PAKISTAN STUDIES | | | | 1 4006 Authors Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan, Abdul Rafay Khan Designer + G. Mustafa, Shahzad Ahmed, Zulfiqar Ahmed Desk Officer, NCC : Mrs, Saima Abbas, Education Officer Management of ‘National Book Foundation Incharge Textbooks Muhammad Rafique, Assistant Director, NBF First Edition 2021 Qty: 50,000 2nd Edition’ July 2021 Qty: 19,000 Price Rs. 80/- Code STE-604 ISBN 1 978-969-37-1234-6 Printer : M/s Ali Imran Rajput Printers, Labore, for Information about other National Book Foundation Publications, Visit our Web site http:/www.nbf.org.pk or call 92-51-9261124, 9261125 orEmail usat: [email protected] / [email protected]PREFACE This Grade-IX Textbook of Pakistan Studies has been written and designed in accordance with National Curriculum 2006, objectives teaching, learning strategies and guidelines. This book aims at providing the student and the general reader precise and authentic information about the ideology, history and geo- political setting of the country and seeks to inculcate in the reader a genuine spirit of nationhood and patriotism. Although the book has been thoroughly checked, rechecked edited and designed by a team of experts yet we do not claim perfection. With a view to make the book more interesting, informative and helpful for the students suggestions are always welcome with gratitude. It's a combined effort of all engaged in its production. However, there is always room for further improvement. In the books of 2021, it is ensured that the Notification issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs, concerning the Muslim faith and beliefs regarding Hazrat Muhammad Rasoolullah dibscizs Completely embedded and implemented. May Allah guide and help us (Ameen) Dr. Raja Mazhar Hameed Managing DirectorPep yeplabl aay ennP rere th adiCre LIST OF CONTENT Chapter 1 IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF PAKISTAN.. Ideology: Meanin; Ideology: Definition. Sources of Ideology... Significance of Ideology Pakistan Ideology; Explained .... Fundamentals of Pakistan Ideology . Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Two Nation Theory Pakistan Ideology: Iqbal’s Pronouncements.... Pakistan Ideology: Quaid-e-Azam’s Pronouncements .. Exercise. Chapter 2 THE MAKING OF PAKISTAN. Background .... The Lahore Resolution (1940) The Cripps Proposals (1942) . Jinnah-Gandhi Talks / Correspondence (1944) The Simla Conference (1945) . Elections (1945 - 1946) The Muslim Representatives’ Convention and the Delhi Resolution (1946) The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) ... The Interim Government (1946-1947) .. The Third June Plan and the Creation of Pakistan (1947) British Colonialism: Its Objectives and Strategies in India a Quaid-e-Azam’s’ Role ......... : : 24 Exercise .. Chapter 3 PAKISTAN: LAND AND ENVIRONMENT 28 Location .. Neighbours . Geographic Features Physical FeaturesClimate and Weather Factors Responsible for Climat ‘Temperature Zones Climatic Regions Glaciers and Drainage System . em Natural Vegetation and Wildlife .... Natural Vegetation . Vegetation and its Areas Kinds of Vegetation Wildlife Major Natural Regions: Characteristics, Potentials and Problems Plains... Deserts Coastal Are: Humid and Semi-humid Mountainous Regions Arid and Semi-Arid Mountainous Regions ...... Environment Hazards and Remedies Environment Pollution and its Forms... Measures to Prevent Environmental Pollution .. Impact of Climate and Environmental Pollution on Human Lif Hazards of Environmental Pollution .. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming... Exercise .... Changes Chapter 4 HISTORY OF PAKISTAN Consolidation of a State and Search for a Constitution 1947-58... Early Problems Quaid-e-Azam’s'Role as the First Governor-General of Pakistan . Service of Liaquat Ali Khan for the Muslims of Sub-continent Accession of States and Tribal Areas Constitution Making in Pakistan Constitutional Evolution (a brief survey) The Objectives Resolution (1949) .. The 1956 Constitution ofthe Islamic Republic of Pakistan Islamic Provisions . ‘Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969) Political Background; From Quaid’s Death to Ayub’s Martial Law The BD System The Muslim Family Law Ordinance (1959)The 1962 Constitution Salient Features of the 1962 Constitution. Islamic Provisions (Constitution 1962) . The Presidential Elections (January 1965) Indo-Pak War 1965 .... Economic Progress .. Land Reforms End of the Ayub Era .. ‘Yahya Era (1969-1971) .. Elections 1970 Separation of the East Pakistan Exercise SK 56 59 59 cH Oo 61 ol 62 62 63 63IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF PAKISTAN This is — (period includi ‘© Define the term ideology. ‘© Identify the major sources of Pakistan Ideology. * Explain the Ideology of Pakistan with reference to the basic values of Islam, and socio-cultural ‘milieu of Muslim India. ‘© Trace the origins and evolution of the Two Nation Theory, with specific reference to economic and social deprivation of Muslims in India. ‘© Identify the concepts relating to Pakistan Ideology in the pronouncements of Allama Iqbal’ and the Quaid-e-Azam’, Ideology: Meaning Ideology represents the collective consciousness of a group of people in a particular phase of history. The ideology keeps people united and shows them a direction to move forward. Since the Muslims constitute overwhelming majority of the people of Pakistan, Islam forms the basis of the collective consciousness of the Pakistani people, which is called “Pakistan Ideolo; Ideology: Definition Ideology is a set of ideas and beliefs shared by a large group of people. Ideology forms the basis ofa political, cultural, social or economic system. People of the world identify a nation as a distinct entity on the basis of its ideology. Sources of Ideology: Ideology is not formed in a day; it is shaped after a long process of development and evolution. It can neither be implemented through an executive order nor imposed as law. It has its root in a nation’s history, traditions, customs and religion; these are the major source of ideology. Significance of Ideology: All nations agree upon certain basic principles and undertake to be guided by these principles. ‘They fix their targets in the light of these principles. This set of principles, forms their ideology. Ideology motivates a nation to move forward with a sense of direction.ee. Pakistan Studies 9: Chapler 4, Ideological Basis of Pakistan eee ee Pakistan Ideotogy; Explained ‘After the British occupation, the Muslims of India were taken by a setback. They were given 2 new sense of direction by the able leadership of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and later by Allama {qbal and Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Muslims of India moved forward into the light of their fim Islamic belief under the guidance of their leadership and were able to establish an independent Mustim state- Pakistan. ‘The course of action adopted by the Muslims of India independent for the achievement of an Muslim state, is called “Pakistan Movement” and the philosophy guiding this movement in known as “Pakistan Ideology”. Fundamentals of Pakistan Ideology: Pakistan Idelogy is devised from Islam, Islamic faith is based on two fundamental principles. Tauheed (Oneness of Allah) and Risalat (finality of Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W). Economic Deprivation of the Muslims: In the beginning the impact of Sir Sayyid’s efforts to spread modem education among Muslims was very limited. Majority of the Muslims, under the influence of emotional leaders cherished the dreams of reviving the glorious Muslim past and ignored Sir Sayyids’ appeals to learn English and join modern educational institutions. The result was Muslims’ backwardness in all walks of life. They had lagged far behind of the Hindus who had taken early initiative by adopting British education system and by entering into the services of the British government, With the passage of time the Muslims were utterly deprived of their share in agriculture, industry and commerce. They were greatly suffering at the hands of Hindu money-lenders. Leaders like the Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal. believed that the Muslims would not progress economically unless they were emancipated from the Hindu exploitation and were allowed to flourish in an atmosphere of political independence, Two Nation Theory Two Nation Theory means that there are two nations living in the subcontinent which are Hindus and Muslims, These two nations are totally different from each other on the basis of their customs, religions and social and moral values. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Two } Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) was the first person who warned the British rulers that the British system of democracy was not suitable for Indian conditions. He argued that the two major nations of India the Hindus and the Muslims had different religious and cultural backgrounds. Sir Sayyid warned the Muslims not to let their identity as a Muslim nation lost into a multi-national Indian identity. He wanted the Muslims to assert themselves as a separate and distinct nation. Sir Sayyid’s idea of separate Muslim nationhood, developed into two nation theory was later, able to guide the Muslims to the attainment of a homeland for them. This homeland was named “Pakistan”, and for that matter, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan deserves the merit of being the real originator of the two-nation theory and the founder of the initiative which subsequently developed into Pakistan movement.G rasan sruss 8: have eiogeal Bois of Paistn Pakistan Ideology: Iqbal’s Pronouncements Iqbal’s struggle for the cause of the Muslim nation in India, his revolutionary poetry and his philosophy of action and sustained effort, made him the beloved leader of the Indian Muslims. Following are the salient points of Iqbal’s philosophy of Muslim nationhood: ‘Muslim Nationhood is Based on Islam:1qbal said that the force that binds ‘Muslim nationhood into a unity was not based on colour, race or geography; it was based on faith and Iman. He said: “Islam is something more than a creed, it is also a community, a nation. The membership of Islam as a community is not determined by birth.” (March 9, 1938) Patriotism is an Islamic Trait: Igbal had always rejected the Congress notion of secular nationalism, on this some critics blamed iqbal of being unpatriotic; repudiating this he said: “Nationalism in the sense of love of one’s country and even to die for its honour is a part of the Muslim’s faith. It comes into conflict with Islam only when it begins to play the role of political concepts and aims to be a principle of human solidarity.”(March 9, 1938) Iitihad is a Pre-requisite of Progress: Iqbal believed that scholars of a Muslim society should, on the basis of their enlightened judgments, solve the problems arising in the modem age in the light of the Quran and Sunnah. Iqbal suggests that: “The only course open to us is to approach modem knowledge with a respect but independent attitude and to appreciate the teachings of Islam in the light of this knowledge, even though we may be led to differ with those who have gone before us.”(December 13, 1928) Islamic System is based on Democracy and Equality: Iqbal outlined two basic principles of an Islamic constitution in the following words: (a) “The law of Allah is absolutely supreme, Authority (state authority) except an interpreter of the law has no place in the social structure of Islam”. (b) All the members of the community have a right of being dealt with on the basis of absolute equality. Muslim Independence is the only Solution of India’s Problems: \qbal believed that if the nations of India remain constantly at war with each other, they will destroy their entire cultural heritage. Economic conditions of their people will deteriorate to an unimaginable extent and they will not be able to find an honourable place in the comity of nations. Later developments testified that Iqbal’s apprehensions were right. In his famous presidential address delivered in 1930 at the Muslim League session held at Allahabad, Iqbal said: “The formation of a consolidated Muslim North-West Indian state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North-West India.”“Solution of the Muslims’ Economic Problems lies in the Implementation Islamic Law: 7 a letter written to the Quaid-e-Azam on May 28, 1937, Iqbal showed great concem over the economic hardships of the Muslims of India. He said that the problem of the Muslims’ economic distress can be solved by the implementation of the Islamic economic system in a practicable form. The political, economic and social .em of Islam, he believed, can only flourish in an independent Muslim state. Pakistan Ideology: Quaid-e-Azam’s 3 Pronouncements The Quaid-e-Azam’ did not look at the Indian problem as communal; he rather believed that the problem was of intemational character. The Congress leadership blamed the Muslims of being a reactionary community and accused the Quaid of being factionalist and sectarian. This allegation was stupid and unfair for a moderate and positive thinking statesman like him. The Quaid~ Azam’s demand for Pakistan was not based on the sentiment of Hindu hatred. For years together he had worked hard to bring the two nations to the mutually agreeable terms of constitutional agreement, but the Hindu extremists thwarted all the efforts made by him in this direction. The Quaid-e-Azam’s’ vision of Pakistan and his ideas on Muslim nationhood can be understood in the light of the following abstracts taken from his speeches and statements: ‘The Muslims will not accede to Hindu Domination: Addressing the historical 23rd March 1940 Muslim League session the Quaid-e-Azam made it clear: “The Muslims of India will never accede to a constitutional scheme which results in the establishment of the Hindu domination in India”. Muslims are a Separate Nation: The Quaid-e-Azam” said: “Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word but are in fact different and distinct social orders and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, socials, customs and religions, They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. To yoke together two such nations under a single state must lead to destruction. Muslims are a nation by any definition of a nation. Therefore there is a need of separate state where they could lead their lives by their own values and religion”. (Presidential Address, The All India Muslim League Lahore Session 22nd March1940) Independent State; a Pre-requ ¢ of the Muslim Progress: The Quaid-e-Azam ” said: “Mussalmans are a nation according to any defi their homelands, their territory, with our neighbours as a free an to the fullest our spiritual, cultu nition of a nation, and they must have and their state, We wish to live in peace and harmony nd independent people. We wish our people to develop ral, economic, social, and political life, in a way that wethink best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people” (Presidential Address, The All India Muslim League Lahore Session 23rd March 1940) Istam is the Basis of our National Unity: Affer the creation of Pakistan the Quaid-e-Azam “ gave a call {to the nation to unite on the basis of Muslim brotherhood he said: slam has taught us this, and I think you will agree with me, whatever you may be and wherever you are, you are a Muslim, You belong to a nation now. You have carved out aterritory, vast territory, it is all yours; it docs not belong to a Punjabi or a Sindhi or a Pathan or a Bengali, it is yours.” (Address to a three hundred thousand crowd in Decea; March 21, 1948) Democracy, Equality and_Justice: Foundations of Islamic Constitution: Explaining the guiding principles of the future constitution of Pakistan the Quaid-e-Azam ” said: “The constitution of Pakistan has yet to be framed by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today they are as applicable in actual life as these were 1330 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught us equality of man, justice and fairplay to everybody. We are the inheritors of the glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.” (Radio Address tothe People of the USA recorded in February 1948) Sovereignty Belongs to Almighty Allah; Quran is the Source of Ultimate Guidance: Enlisting the guiding principles of an Islamic state the Quaid-e-Azam’” said: “Fundamentally, in an Islamic state all authority rests with Almighty Allah. The working of an Islamic government is conducted according to the Quranic principles and injunctions. In an Islamic state, neither its head nor any parliament or an institution or an individual can act absolutely in any matter. Only the Quranic injunctions control our behaviour in the society and in the politics.” (Address at the Othmania University Hayderabad; August 1941) Fighting Poverty and Exploitation; Our National Objective: Addressing the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan the Quaid-e-Azam ” observed: “...Now, if we want to make this great state of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people and especially of the Noite eee Poor.” (Augost, 11 1947) ; ‘Non-Muslin Citizen will be Treated on the Basis of Equality: Addressing the same session the Quaid- o Azim Pronounced the guiding principles of the state policy. He emphasized that the rights of the non- Muslim minorities inthe state of Pakistan will be equal to those of the Muslim majority. The Quaid sai ---YoUare free; you are free to go to your temples. You are free to go to your mosques 9t to any other places of worship in this state of Pakistan, You may belong to any regionvi. xii. Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 1, Ideological Basis of Pakistan & ‘or caste or creed -that has nothing to do with the business of the state....... We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one state.” (August 11, 1947) ill in the blanks by picking up the most appropriate choice from the brackets. The Quaid-e-Azam’ addressed the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 1947. A) ll B) 12 ce ee | D) 14 The Quaid-e-Azam said that in an Islamic state, is the sole centre of allegiance. A) Allah B) Prophets C) angles D) humans Allama Igbal said: “State authority except an interpreter of has no place in the social structure of Islam. A) law —_B) system of government“ C) religion D) orders Basic principles of the state policy were set forth by the Quaid-e-Azam in his address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. A) first B) second ©) third D) fourth The set of ideas that unites a people a called . A) ideology B) culture ©) philosophy D) psychology Islam identifies human groups on the basis of. A) faith B) language C)race D) geography Geographically, Pakistan is a part of. . A) south Asia B) central Asia C) north Asia D) Eastren Asia session ofthe All-India Muslim League was presided over by Allama Iqbal. A) 1920 B) 1925 C) 1930 D) 1935 Allama Iqbal said is the basis of our progress A) iijtehad B) nationhood ©) poetry D) state Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan died in : A) 1896 B) 1897 ©) 1898 D)1899 Islamic ideology has two basic principles Tauheed and A) faith B) iman C) raisalat D) ideology was the first person who wami - ed the British rulers that the British democratic System is not suited for India.© ntanstuses Chap etl asst Palin cae B) Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan C) Quaid-e-Azam’ —_D) Liaqat Ali Khan A) Allama Iqbal xii, Quaid-e-Azam’ pronounced the guiding principles of state policy that there would be no discrimination in Pakistan. A) religious B) political C) economic D) social xiv, Allama Iqbal delivered a historic address as the president of all India Muslim Leage allah abad session, : A) 1930 B) 1933 C) 1934 D) 1935 Q.No2 Answer each question in 3 to 5 lines. Give definition of ideology. Explain source of Ideology. Describe and explain Pakistan Ideology. iv. Explain fundamental principles of Pakistan Ideology. v. Write a short note on the economic basis of the Pakistan movement. vi. State briefly Sir Sayyid role regarding the two-nation theory. vii. Explain role of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan with reference to two nation theory. viii. Give statement of Quaid-e-Azam ” in relation to non-Muslim minorities in Pakistan. Q.No3_ Answer the following questions in detail. i, What is meant by "Two Nation Theory"? Define and explain. ii, Explain pronouncement of Allama Iqbal on Ideology of Pakistan. iii, _ Explain pronouncement of Quaid-e-Azam “ on Ideology of Pakistan.This is —- days lesson (period including homework) Trace the antecedents of the Pakistan Resolution 1940. Discuss the Congress alternative to Pakistan: C.R. Formula and Jinnah-Gandhi talks. State the key features of the first Simla Conference (1945), Describe the impact of the 1945-46 general elections on the creation of Pakistan Compare and contrast the Cripps’ offer and Cabinet Mission Plan. Discuss the Muslim League Legislators’ Convention in the light of Lahore Resolution and the Madras Amendment. Discuss the role of Interim Government in advancing the Pakistan cause. e Analyze the 3rd June Plan and the creation of Pakistan. © Discuss the role of the Quaid-i-Azam ” in the making of Pakistan. Define British colonialism and its impact on various aspects of life in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. ° . ° Background: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. Its founder was a retired British Civil Servant Allan Octavian Hume who took this initiative with the blessing of the British government, Vamesh Chandra Banerji, was its first president. The Congress claimed to be an organization meant for epresenting the entire Indian population. It further claimed that it will look after the interests of all the ‘communities living in India to whatever religion, cast, creed or arca they belonged to. Sir Sayyid, the most prominent Muslim leader of the time, was of the opinion that the Muslim community of India should adopt modern British Education System. In order to educate the Muslims in the modem British tradition he established many educational institutions, the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) School Aligarh , established in 1875, was the most important of these and was uppraded as MAO College two years later in 1877. Mohammadan Educational Conference was instituted in 1886. Sir Sayyid also published a magazine, Tebzeeb-ul-Akhlaq and for many years this served as his organ of social reform. Inspired by Sir Sayyid’ 8 initiative for the uplift of the Educational standard of the Indian Muslims other institutions were established in different parts of India. Islamia College Lahore, Sindh Madrasa-tul-Islam Karachi and Islamia College Peshawar are the most well-known, Sir Sayyid was @ staunch advocate of Hindu-Musfim collaboration, which he believed, was a pre-requisite of the progress of India, but he did not agree with the Congress philosophy of a single Indian nationhood and disagreed with its polities of agitation. He criticized the Indian National Congress and advised the Muslims to abstaia._ from joining the Congress, he clearly said that the Congress represented only the Hindu community andWE recnn sues 0 Crater? he Making of Patton 6 ae “sas by no means a representative of the entire Indian population. He wanted the Muslims to acquire ‘ellence in the field of modem education and to address the government directly for the safeguard of exc ould secure a place for themselves in the newly emerging their rights. He believed that the Muslims sh {merit and capability. The time proved the tuth and wisdom of Sir Sayyid foresight, system on the basis of ‘The partition of Bengal was a great tuming point in the history of Muslim India; it gave a spur to the Muslim awakening movement. Bengal was a vast British Indian province and it was very difficult fora single governor to manage the remote parts of the province from the capital Calcutta. Sometimes it took weeks time to travel from one part of the province to another. Keeping in view the administrative difficulties, the viceroy Lord Curzen decided to partition the province into two parts. In 1905 the eastem part of the province was demarcated into a new province namely the Province of East Bengal and Asam with its headquarters at Dacea. The partition was made on purely administrative grounds but its consequence proved greatly beneficial for the Muslims. The newly demarcated province of East Bengal had an overwhelmingly Muslim population. Hindus were outraged over the partition and they demanded the annulment of the partition, With the passage of time the Hindu movement got more violent and anti-partition Hindu extremists started terrorist activities to get the partition annulled. The government was cowed and annulled the partition in 1911: the two provinces were again amalgamated .me 2s a great setback to the Muslims; however, it ey could trust neither the Hindus, nor the British ss claimed to into one large province of Bengal. The annulment cai gave them a lesson. The Muslims came to realize thet thi for the protection of their rights; they must leam to rely on their own strength. The Congres: ‘be a national party but on the question of partition it behaved like a sectarian Hindu organization. Shortly after the partition of Bengal, a deputation consisting of thirty five eminent Muslim leaders had a meeting with Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on October 1, 1906. The deputation briefed the viceroy about the demands of the Muslim community of India. The Viceroy’s attitude was very encouraging. He sympathized with the Muslim demands and promised to take them up with the British government, Most of the Muslim demands, including the demand for joint electorate, were granted in the goverament of India Act 1909, also known as the Minto-Morley Reforms. This marked the political beginning of Two- Nation-Theory. ‘The All India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka on December 30, 1906 with the prime objective of safeguarding and protecting the interests of the Indian Muslims and to convey their demands to the British government in a peaceful manner and through constitutional means. The second objective of the Muslim League was to foster feelings of goodwill and understanding between the Muslims and other Indian communities. The founders of the Muslim League believed that the party should not indulge in the politics of agitation, as the Congress had done. But in the following years, the Muslim League leadership started feeling that the government was not (mist vorthy and the changed circumstances demanded that the Muslim League should join hands with the Congress to get rid of the foreign rule. Following events led to this change of mind: ‘The partition of Bengal was annulled in 191 Tater” 1, although the government had declared it as a“On August Muslims were killed at Cawnpore; these Muslims were s ing a agitation to express their grief over the demolition of a part of a mosque. Muslim demands were taj, ignored The Khilafat of Turkey was greatly venerated by the Indian Muslims as the centre of global Mustiny fratemity and the leader of the Muslim Ummah In the World War I Turkey sided with Germany and opposed the Britain. The Indian Muslims were grieved over the anti-Khilafat British policy which was likely to cnd in total disaster of the Turkish Empire. Tripoli was an important part of the Turkish Empire. In the year 1911, Italy occupied Tripoli and talian troops committed indiscriminate slaughter of the Muslim population. The Indian Muslims observed all these developments very keenly; they were gloomy and depressed over the plight of their Muslim brethren and were infuriated against the British rulers. kistan Stud 1913 man Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’ who was up till that time a member of the Indian National Congress, was a great advocate of the Indians’ right of self-determination. This principle, at that time, was known as ‘home rule’, The Quaid-e-Azam believed that the goal of Indian independence would be achieved within no time if the Congress and the Muslim League join hands to struggle for it. In order to bring the two parties closer the Quaid-e-Azam joined the Muslim League in 1913. As a member of India's ‘two most influential political parties Muhammad Ali Jinnah started to work for his long cherished objective of Hindu- Muslim Unity, and consequently the independence of India. On Quaid-e-Azam’s suggestion and due to his efforts the Muslim League and the Congress held their session jointly at Bombay in December 1915 and later at Lucknow on 30th and 3st of December 1916. It was decided that both the Muslim League and the Congress would submit to the goverment, a jointly agreed scheme of constitutional reforms for India. The scheme known as the “Lucknow Pact 1916” was based on the Principle of self-government for India, Under this scheme the Indian National Congress, for the first time, agreed to accept Muslim demand for separate electorate. It was on this occasion that Mrs, Sarojini Naidu an eminent Indian leader gave Jinnah the title of the “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity”, and he really deserved it. The spirit of the Lucknow Pact, however, did not last long, the friendly atmosphere created by the Pact soon disappeared and an extremist Hindu element took over the Congress. Under the extremist influence the Congress started deviating from the Lucknow Pact in general and the Muslim demand for separate electorate in particular. Under the changed circumstances a committee was formed for the review of the Lucknow Pact and for framing new constitutional proposals. After its president Pandit Motilal Nehru’s name, the Committee's proposals were named “Nehru Report”. The Report was published is August 1928. Nehru Report toually ignored the Muslim demands put forward by the Quaid-e- “Delhi Proposals”, The Quaid-c-Azam was greatly disappointed at the Nehru Report, He called a meeting ofthe All India Muslim League at Delhi (1929) and presented a fourteen point formula, which he declared. were the minimum demands of the Muslims. The Muslim Lea, resolution and made it an official document by adopting it as ‘Azam’ 3s igue framed Jinnah’s fourteen points into 4 a resolution Quaid-e-Azam's’ Fourteen Points provided good ground for Hindu-Muslim unity but the congres* arrogantly refused to accept them aru! kept insisting on the Nehru Report@ Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan a The Simon Commission was sent to India by the British government with a purpose to prepare a constitutional formula acceptable for both the Hindus and the Muslims. The Congress and the Muslim League rejected the Commission’s proposals. The Quaid-e- ‘Azam addressed a proposal to the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to call the Indian leaders to London for a round table conference. The British government agreed and the Conference was convened. Three rounds of talks were held in 1930, 1931 and 1932. Quaid-e- Round table Conference (( Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah; Allama Iqbal and other ‘Allama Iqbal seen in circles) — Prominent leaders represented the Muslims in different sessions of the Conference. The Congress boycotted the first session. Gandhi attended the second session, he tried to convince the parties to accept the Nehru Report, failing which he returned to India and did not participate in the third session, The NWFP and Sind were given the status of full provinces; this was the only substantial Muslim achievement resulting from the Conference. After the second session of the Round Table Conference the findings and recommendations of the British government were formulated into a “Communal Award”. These proposals formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1935. The Government of India Act did not satisfy Congress demands. In the session of the Central Legistive it was bitterly criticized. The Assembly, however, on Quaid-e-Azam’s’ proposal resolved to adopt the provincial part of the Act. Elections of the provincial assemblies under the government of India Act 1935 were held in February 1937.The election results were not very encouraging for the Muslim League. The Muslim League could win only 109 out of the 485 Muslim seats. Muslim League’s performance in the Muslim majority provinces was even more disappointing. The Congress won absolute majority in five out of the eleven provinces, in three other provinces the party was able to form coalition govemments in collaboration with other parties. ‘The Congress ruled badly. This period was marked with political corruption and high handedness of the party over the government. These governments introduced schemes like Viddya Mandir and Gandhiji’s Wardha. The schemes were not acceptable for the Muslims. The Congress government took steps to replace Urdu with Hindi and tried to introduce “Bande Matram” as official anthem. This song had anti-Mustim background and provoked hatred against the Muslims, Certain developments in international politics, during this period had deep impact on Indian politics, World War II started on September 3, 1939 with Britain’s declaration of war against Germany. British Indian government followed suit two days later. Viceroy Lord Linlithgow requested the Indian Political parties, especially the Congress and the Muslim League, to cooperate with the war efforts of the British government, Gandhi and Nehru imposed pre-conditions they wanted an assurance that the Indian government will be handed over to the Congress as soon as the War ends. The Viceroy refused to assure, The Quaid-e-Azam’ said that the Muslim League was ready to cooperate if the government assures thatfar, and Muslim League’s demands will be incorporateg i: ie Wi ini wl be given independence 2 ore assurance te Maslim League pledd © SUPFO th aa eee Core aevernments resigned in protest. The All India Muslim League marked te eee Consress resignation by observing 9 “Deliverance Day” on December 22, 1939-The ‘uslims expressed relief atthe termination of the oppressive Congress rule. The Lahore Resolution 1940 The Muslim League met for its 27th annual session in Lahore from 22nd to 24th March 1940. A resolution was introduced by the Bengal premier A.K. Fazl-ul-Haq on 23rd March and was unanimously and enthusiastically approved by the general body of the participants on March 24th. The participants represented the entire Muslim community of India. The most important part of the resolution read: “Geographically contiguous units be demarcated imo regions... in which the Muslims are The Quaid-e-Azam presides over the 1940 All numerically a majority, as in the north-westem. ‘Muslim League Lahore session and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.” The resolution was originally called ‘Lahore Resolution’ but later it came to be known as “Pakistan Resolution”. This name was given by the hostile Hindu press and readily picked up by the Quaid-e-Azam: In the following seven years the Lahore Resolution was referred to as the sole document formulating Indian Muslims’ unanimous national aspirations. In April 1940, All India Muslim League Madras session adopted the Lahore Resolution verbatim (without ny amendment in the text) as Muslim League's official ‘mission statement’ and it was made a part of the All India Muslim League Manifesto. Some people objected that the Lahore Resolution was based on the demand of ‘states’, not a single state and it was absolutely silent on the question of uniting the northwestern Muslim majority areas of India with northeastern Muslim majority areas, into one state. (These areas were later called West Pakistan and East Pakistan respectively). The confusion was resolved in the Muslim Legislatures’ Convention held in Delhi on April 9, 1946. Involvement in the World War-II impelled the British to make an all out effort for the solution of the Indian problem. Since the Congress represented the majority community and was in a better position to dictate her terms on the British rulers and exploit matters to her benefit. It was only through the Quaié- e-Azam’s leadership, his exceptional negotiation skills and his wise timely decisions that the Muslims were able to overcome all obstacles and make their way to independence successfully and triumphantly. The Cripps Proposals (1942) The British had to face military setbacks during the early years of the World War Il. This made the need for Indian support more pressing. Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the British cabinet and an old personal friend of Gandhi and Nehru, was sent to India in the year 1942. His purpose was to explore the possibilities of a compromise with the Indian political parties. The crux of the British proposals which1an Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan Cripps carried was the creation of an Indian Union after the end of war. The Union ‘dominion status’, which implied complete internal independence within the framework of the British Commonwealth. It was proposed that the provinces will be given a right to opt out of the proposed Indian Union and establish independent governments of their own. This provision was not acceptable for the Congress as it amounted to disintegrating India which Congress could not tolerate, The Muslim League also rejected the scheme simply because it did not concede her demand for Pakistan in clear terms. ‘The Congress knew that the British were negotiating from a weaker position. It was written on the wall that the British were now going to leave India. In August 1942, the Congress Working Committee, taking advantage of the government's weaknesses, made a call for immediate withdrawal of the British government from India. A warning was given that if the ‘Quit India’ call was not conceded, the Congress will resort to civil disobedience and call the people to resist and violate government authority. The government reacted firmly. The Congress was banned and the highest Congress leaders, including Gandhi, were arrested the very next day. The Muslim League adopted a moderate stance. Anticipating the Allied Forces’ victory and its aftermath, like a great visionary, the Quaid-e-Azam decided to co-operate with the British. He knew that if the British left India without dividing her, the Muslims will be left helpless and entirely on the mercy of the hostile Hindu majority. He said that the ‘Quit India’ movement was a blackmail tactic and that the Muslim League would not allow the Congress to dictate its terms to the government and would not allow the British to quit India without dividing her. Jinnah-Gandhi Talks /Correspondence (1944) Gandhi, the most influential of all the Hindu leaders, was released in May 1944 on health grounds. Soon afier his release Gandhi requested the Quaid-e-Azam’ to hold talks with him on the question of Muslim demands and the future political system which was to be established in India after the impending British departure. The Quaid- e-Azam agreed and a series of meetings took place between the 9th and 27th of September at the Quaid’s residence in Bombay. Unfortunately these negotiations ended without agreement, The Quaid failed to convince Gandhi on the Muslim demand for a separate homeland and the philosophy of the Lahore Resolution. Gandhi insisted that the Muslim League should join hands with the Congress unconditionally in its struggle for independence against the British and both the parties should solve internal problems through mutual consultation after independence has been achieved. The ‘Quaid argued that the problem of Muslim. independent homeland should be decided before the British leave India, World War Il ended in August 1945 leaving the British militarily victorious but financially bankrupt. The new British government expressed its desire to entrust Indian government to the Indian hands without unnecessary delay. ‘The Quaid-c-Azam and Mahatma Gandhia Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan g The Simla Conference (1945) Viceroy Lord Wavell had already declared that he intended to establish an Executive Council in India which will act as interim government. This Council will be all Indian except the Defense Member anj the Viceroy himself. The Hindus and the Muslims will be given equal representation in the Council, T, discuss the formation of the proposed Council as well as the programme of transfer of power, the Viceroy ret the leading Indian politicians in a Conference held at Simla in June 1945. The Muslim League delegation was headed by the Quaid-e-Azam’ himself. The Congress delegation included number of Muslim leaders, ‘The Congress claimed that it was a national party and represented all the Indian communities including the Muslims. The Congress demanded that it should be given a right to appoint members on seats reserved for Muslims in the Viceroy’s proposed Executive Council. The Quaid said that the Muslim League had won al the by-election, held on the Muslim seat, during last two years. He asserted that only the Muslim League had a right to nominate members against the quota specified for the Muslims in the Viceroy’s Executiv Council. Lord Wavell announced failure and the Conference broke on 14th July. Elections (1945-1946) Elections of the central and provincial assemblies were held in the winter 1945-46. The results manifested a complete upset for the Congress so far as the ‘Muslim seats were concemed. The Congress won an overwhelming majority of the non-Muslim vote. Muslim vote turned out in great majority in support of the Muslim League’s demand for a separate homeland. Surprisingly, the Muslim League won all the Muslim seats in the central legislature and 446 out of a total 495 Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies. The Muslim voter, thus, shattered the Congress claim that it was the only and the sole representative of all the Indian people. Election results, which according to Nehru, manifested “religious hysteria”, Muhmmad Al nmsh virtually divided India into two. The Muslim League was able to form governments in Muslim majority > provinces except the Punjab and the NWFP. In the Punjab, the leader of the government-supported Unionist Party; Khizar Hayat Tiwana was able to form government with the help of the Sikhs and the Congress members. Congress government in the NWFP was headed by Dr. Khan Sahib; he was able to form government with the help of Hindu members. The Muslim Representatives’ Convention and the Delhi Resolution (1946) ‘An All India Muslim League Legislators’ Convention was held in Delhi from 7 to 9" April 1946, Abot 500 central and provincial assembly members elected on Muslim League's ticket attended the Convention The Convention adopted a resolution. The Delhi Resolution demanded that the Muslim majority province be integrated into a completely sovereign, independent state, Pakistan, From the Muslim League, this Wa!the first resolution of its kind which spoke unambiguously about the state of Pakistan comprising all Muslim provinces of the subcontinent. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) In 1946, the British government sent three senior members of the British Cabinet as a last attempt to preserve the unity of the Indian federation. These members were Lord Pethic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander. The Mission was entrusted with the difficult task of reconciliation between the Congress and the Muslim League. Members of the mission discussed matters with the high ranking Congress and Muslim League leaders including the Quaid-c-Azam. Offers made by the Mission members to the leaders of the two major parties were turned down one after the other. On May 16, 1946, the Cabinet Mission announced its Plan with the assertion that the proposals were final and could not be amended or negotiated upon. The two major Indian political parties were free to accept or reject the Plan as a whole Following were the salient features of the Plan: Establishment of an All India Union: India will be a federation consisting of the British India and the princely states. The federal government will control foreign affairs, defense and taxation. Union will have its own Parliament and executive. Provincial Grouping: The Provinces were divided into three groups; group A was to consist of the six Hindu majority provinces, group B of the three Muslim majority provinces of the west i.e. Sind, the Punjab and the NWEP and group C of the two Muslim majority provinces of the East i.e. Bengal and Asam. Internal independence of the Provinces: \i was proposed that the members of the Constituent Assembly will meet in three separate groups to make the constitution of their respective provincial groups. Ten years after the first elections, held under this constitution, the legislative assemblies of the provinces will be free to decide whether the province wanted to maintain its status or it wanted to opt out of the provincial group Formation of the Interim Government: The Cabinet Mission also proposed that a provisional government be established to run India till the making and implementation of the Constitution. The Cabinet was to be all Indian. The Muslim League accepted the Plan with the hope that the Grouping Scheme will ultimately lead towards Pakistan. Nehru interpreted the Plan as “an appeal and an advice”. He said that the constituent assembly, as a sovereign body (having a Congress majority, obviously) shall have the power to amend the Plan. Looking at the Congress intentions the Muslim League also decided to withdraw its acceptance. Interim Government (1946-1947) ‘Next step was the formation of an interim government for the implementation of the Cabinet Mission Plan, This government was to consist of the Indian representatives. Negotiation to form the interim government proved difficult beyond expectation. The Muslim League, betrayed by the Viceroy, time and again, had decided to withdraw her approval of the Plan. Congress immediately. on Mi decision of withdrawal, announced its willingness to join the interim government. The Viceroy them invited the Muslim League to join the interim government. The Muslim League accepted the offer in the im League'sPakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan. @ i 5 eason tha Targer Muslim interest. This government, however, did not function well; simply for the reason th : both ae ; h : operate, eac| ri major partners (The Muslim League and the Congress) had no willingness to coop n had joined the government only to let the opponent down. The Third June Plan and the C . The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee made a statement in the Parliament on 20' aie declaring that India will be given independence by June 1948. Viceroy Wavell was replac with Mountbatten. He was entrusted with a mission to make a peaceful transfer of power from the British to the Indian hands. After prolonged negotiations withthe Indian leaders Lord Mountbatten was able to work out a partition plan. The Muslim League and the Congress both gave their approval to the proposed partition plan. Mountbatten flew to England to get the approval of the British government on the plan which was readily accorded. The Partition Plan was announced on 3° June 1947 by the Viceroy. The day after the Third June Plan was announced Mountbatten announced that the British will transfer power to the newly created states of India and Pakistan on 15 iJ August 1947 and not in June 1948 as fixed earlier. Both the Muslim League and the Lord Mountbatten, Congress announced their acceptance of the plan officially by the mid of June. The Indians decided to accept ‘Mountbatten as their first Governor-General. The Quaid-e-Azam, however, decided to keep the office of the Governor-General for himself. This decision annoyed Mountbatten whose revenge on the state of Pakistan caused serious troubles for our state in the years to come. The Punjab and Bengal Assemblies voted for the partition of their respective provinces, Sindh Assembly and Balochistan Jirga decided to opt for Pakistan. A referendum was held in the North West Frontier Province from 6" to 17 of July. Majority of the voters were reported to have voted in favor of Pakistan, Dr. Khan Sahib and his party, the Red Shirts, which had ruled the NWFP with Congress support, in the past, boycotted the referendum. The British government passed the Indian Independence Act on 15 July 1947, The Act reaffirmed the principles envisaged in the Third June Plan, Mountbatten appointed a Boundary Commission headed by Cyril Radcliffe for demarcation of boundaries in the Punjab and Bengal. The Boundary Commission Award, also known as the Radcliffe Award, was completed and submitted to the viceroy on 10of August and announced on 17" of August, three days after the creation of Pakistan, During this peri Lord Mountbatten made substantial changes to the Award and deprived Pakistan of cei majority areas in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. In this way the original scheme of shamefully betrayed only with a purpose to please the Congress leadership, Mountbatten flew to Karachi to transfer power to the new! Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was swom in as Ali Khan took od viceroy tain Muslim partition was ly created state of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. the first Governor-General of Pakistan. Liaquat over as the first Prime Minister. Territory of the state of Pakistan was divided into twoPakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan [ae paris, These two parts, known as East Pakistan and West Pakistan, were separated by thousands miles of hostile Indian land, British Colonialism: Its Objectives and Strategies in India Before the advent of the British, the Muslim rulers had concentrated all their efforts to improve their internal governance, they paid little attention to develop a strong naval force as the British and the other European powers had done. At that time seafaring was emerging as the most effective means of international communication. The Indian rulers failed to understand its importance and did nothing to develop naval force or sea trade. The European powers had developed great military might and were controlling the high seas. Powerful western countries conquered many Asian and African countries. The British entered the Indian sub-continent in the guise of traders, gradually tured their trading posts ~ yswat Sirjuddolah into arsenals, conspired against the local rulers, and defeated them with the help of local traitors. The British East India Company established trading posts on the southern shores of India in the early years of the seventeenth century; these trading posts grew in number and size and turned into arsenals with the passage of time. ‘The East India Company had started its operations as a trading company, but its conspiracies against the Indian rulers soon revealed its political ambitions. Nawab Siraj ud Dolah of Bengal (martyred 1757) and Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu of Maysore (martyred 1799) were its fist victims. These freedom loving Muslim rulers of South India had offered resistance to the expansionist British designs In 1857 the British East India Company ruthlessly suppressed the uprising of Indian soldiers. These brave Hindu and Muslim freedom fighters, who were extremely disorganized and had no central command, were easily defeated by the British armed Forces. ‘The British deposed the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, arrested him andl sent him to Rangoon, In 1958 the East Indian Company was dissolved by the British government and India came under the direct rule of the British Queen. Sultan Fateb Ali Tipo Two terms commonly used with reference to the British rule in India deserve special consideration ie “colonialism” and “imperialism”. Colony is a country or area ruled by another country, the practice of occupying other countries for rule is called “colonialism.” The policy of extending the rule o over other countries is called imperialism. Since the people of colonized countries never accept foreign cccupation willingly the colonizing or imperial powers have to apply brutal force to subdue the colonized people, Suppression and economic exploitation are the natural outcomes ofthe colonial system. People of the colonized countries resist foreign rule, the ruthless force applied for the suppression of the resistance turns the colonial system into imperialism. The British colonizers applied all imperialistic tactics in the governance of India, once the richest country of the world and referred to as “the gold sparrow”, was plundered continuously for a period of three hundred years by the British. The British army banked on India for the best lot of its soldiers. British profits from India were so exorbitant that the British wanted to fa countryPakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan, stay for the longest possible time in this land. For this purpose they used many tactics, they adopted the policy of “divide and rule”. To weaken the Hindu Muslim unity from time to time they played up one community against the other by assuring the one their support and backing. In the following passages iye will try to understand the imperial British Indian policy under different heads: jent: The British deprived the Muslims of their centuries old authority by means of treachery ang conspiracy. The British felt that the Muslims would not welcome this change, they were probably right On the other hand there were Hindus who thought the British were their emancipators. The Hindus were the majority community and it was in the best interest of the British to win their support. Education: The British rooted up the centuries old Muslim education system and replaced it with a system of their own. The new system was designed with a purpose of producing clerks and low grade staff to work in the offices of the government. This new system of education was a strong tool for the strengthening of the British control over India. Doors of the government services were open only to those who had gone though the new British education system. The conservative Muslims resisted the new western education system, they believed that the modern education system would make the younger generation of Muslims utterly ignorant of their history and their glorious past. The Hindus welcomed the British education system aS a great opportunity; they joined the British educational institutions and started entering into government services in great numbers. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, was a great Muslim leader of the time, he felt the gravity of the situation. He warned the Muslims that by shutting the doors of western education on them, the Muslims would, as a nation, lose their position in the future of India. Another important thing to remember is that during the Muslim rule, literacy rate in India had been extremely high, in the British period it dropped to a level which was terribly low. Politics: The British remained in India nearly for three and a half century (1600-1947). During all this period the highest recorded number of the British nationals present in India was 40,000. The British ruled a vast and populous country with this meager presence is a miracle of history; this was made possible only due to their superb techniques of governance. Building of Infrastructure: The British rulers paid great attention to the building of basic infra structure in India. They gave India an irrigation system, which is best of its kind in the world. Metalled roads, railways and telegraph were for the first time introduced in India during this time. Printing press, machine driven industry and mining techniques were introduced in the sub-continent during the British era, Quaid-e-Azam’s *% Role Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s name stands on the top of the Muslim leaders who led the Muslim independence movement in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. The nation gave him the title of the Quaid-e-Azam. Muhammad Ali Jinnah entered into active politics in 1897. In that year he Participated the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. He joined Muslim League in 1913 but did not resign Congress membership. At that time he was of the opinion that Hindu-Muslim unity was a pre-requisite of the Indian| pakistan Ses 9 Chace 2 he Making of Pais Za liberation from foreign rule. He tried hard to bring the leaders of the two parties closer. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the outcome of his efforts. The success which the Quaid-e-Azam’achieved in the shape of Lucknow Pact was short-lived Extremist Hindus, who were not prepared to yield any concession to the Muslim, soon overpowered the Congress The Quaid-e-Azam was utterly disappointed over the Congress attitude and at last resigned Congress membership in 1920, Another reason was the Civil Disobedience Movement the Congress had launched. After quitting the Congress he devoted all his energies for the advocacy of the Muslim rights. He reached the conclusion that only the Muslim League was in a position to safeguard the Muslim rights, because it was the only political party working under a progressive and enlightened manifesto and representing the entire Muslim community of India. The Quaid was also disappointed by the attitude of extremist Congress leadership. In a moment of utter disappointment he once said “The Muslims can never expect justice and fair treatment from the Congress government.” Despite all this the Quaid maintained a compromising attitude towards the Congress. Disregarding all Hindu extremism, the Quaid-e-Azam took lead in accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan; the Plan was based on the principle of a federal India. Cabinet Mission’s Plan was interpreted by the Congress leaders like Nehru and Patel in such a way that it becomes unacceptable both for the Muslim League and the British and it had to be abandoned. The Congress leaders did not accept the claim of separate Muslim nationhood; they blamed the Quaid-e-Azam" of being communalist. In reality the Quaid was a broad minded Muslim statesman. For a long period of time he was a strong advocate of Hindu Muslim unity. His demand for a separate Muslim homeland, was not at all based on Hindu antagonism, he rather forwarded this demand as he did not see any solution of the India’s multi-national problem, short of separation. According to him the only solution of the Indian problem was a constitutional settlement by earmarking separate homelands for the Hindus and the Muslims. The achievement of a separate homeland for the Muslims was not an easy thing to do. In order to reach this destination the Quaid had to fight valiantly against the united might of the Hindus and the British. The Quaid-e-Azam applied his exceptional qualities of leadership to overcome all the ordeals and emerged triumphant with the grace of Allah Almighty.Q.No.t Fill iti, vi. vii. viii. xi. xiii. xiv. xv. The Making of Pay 9: Chaptor : 9: Chap isan vent in the blanks to make appropriate staten Viceroy Lord divided the province of Bengal into two parts A)Curcon BY Minto ©) Wavel D) Mount Batten Simla Deputtion demands were granted in the shape of the government of Tay 4, A) 1892 B) 1909 ©) 1919 D) 1935 Muhammad Ali Jinnah’ joined the Muslim League in the year A)1906 B) 1909 1913 D) 1916 ‘A Conference of the Indian leaders was held at Simla in June A) 1940 B) 1942 ©) 1944 D) 1946 Convention of the Muslim Representatives was held in in 1946. A) Karachi —-B) Madras ©) Lahore D) Delhi Indian National Congress was established in the year: A) 1857 B) 1885 C) 1886 D) 1888 The All-India Muslim League was founded in A) Dhaka B) Karachi C) Lahore D) Delhi ‘The manifesto of the Muslim League was revised and amended in the year A) 1920 B) 1921 ©) 1922 D) 1923 ‘The Congress Committee which prepared the Nehru Report (1928) was headed by A) Motilal Nehru B) Jawaharlal Nehru C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Rajgopal ‘The Cripps Mission came to India in the year A) 1940 B) 1942 ©) 1944 D) 1946 In Quaid-e-Azam resigned from Congress. A) 1913 B) 1916 C) 1920 D) 1922 Mohammadan Educational conference was established in A) 1875 B) 1877 C) 1886 D) 1890 Lucknow Pact was signed in . A) 1912 B) 1916 C1918 D) 1920 Communal Award was announced in . A) 1930 B) 1933 ©) 1937 D) 1938 Maisur’s Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu was martyred in A) 1795 B) 1799 C) 1800 D) 1805Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 2, The Making of Pakistan (Q. No.2 Answer the following questions in three to five lines, What was Sir Sayyid’s" attitude towards the Indian National Congress? ii, Write a short note on Simla Deputation. iii, What were the primary objectives of the Muslim League at the time of its formation? iv, Write a short note on Delhi Convention. v. Write a short note on Jinnah Gandhi talks. vi. Why Quaid-e-Azam’ was given title of Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity and who gave him the title. Q. No.3 Answer the following questions in detail. i ii. iv. Write a note on “The Lahore Resolution”. Write a detailed note on the Cabinet Mission Plan. Enlist and explain important events taking place from Third June Plan to the creation of Pakistan. Write a note on the objectives and policy of the British Imperialism in India. Give an account of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s’ role in the creation of Pakistan.- > ol PAKISTAN: LAND AND ENVIRONMENT PERCE Che tic This is—days lesson le to: (period Including homework) . y the location of Pakistan with reference to latitudes and longitudes and with respects to its neighbors. © Describe the major landform features of Pakistan. * Explain the temperature and precipitation conditions in different parts and in different seasons of Pakistan ‘* Divide Pakistan into major climatic regions and briefly describe climatic characteristics of each region. © Describe the pattern of drainage system of Pakistan. * Discuss the major forest types and their distribution, © Identify the wild life of Pakistan and their habitat. ‘* Identify major natural regions and their distinguishing characteristics, * Discuss major contrasts and potentials of these regions, * Explain the impact of these reasons on human environment. * Discuss the nature and importance of major environmental hazards, © Describe the problems associated with the use and conservation strategies for water, land, natural vegetation and wild- life. Location Pakistan is one of the large countries of South Asian region. It has an area of 796096 km? and a population of 207,774,520 according to 2017 census. Pakistan is a federation comprising four provinces. Islamabad, the federal capital of Pakistan, is one of the most modem and elegantly planned capitals of the world. According to 3% June 1947 plan every area of the country became a part of Pakistan first and then it became a part of federation. Pakistan lies between the latitudes of 23.45° to 37.05° north and between the longitudes of 60,50° to 77.50” cast. The land of Pakistan stretches over 1600 km north to South and it is about 850 km wide from east to west.WG asin sus 9. Cape 2, Pastn- Land NEIGHBOURS Pakistan occupies a significant position in the region. In the north and north-east, Pakistan shares a 592 km long border with the Peoples Republic of China. In the north-west a narrow strip of Afghanistan's wakhan area about 16 km wide at its narrowest point, separates Pakistan from the area which is now a part of the independent Central Asian Muslim state of Tajikistan. In the west nearly 2250 km long borderline known as the Durand Line (demarcated in 1893 by the British government) separates Pakistan from Afghanistan. Pakistan shares 850 km border line with Iran, Pakistan has about 1600 km long common border with India. Arabian Sea lies in the south of Pakistan. Importance of location Pakistan is surrounded by the three very important countries of the world - Russia, China and India. Most. of the world trade between east and west countries passes through Indian Ocean, Therefore, Karachi and Gwadar sea ports are considered very important ports of the region. Western powers attach great importance to Pakistan. Only Pakistan is in a position to provide transit trade to Afghanistan and the Central Asian States, as these countries are either landlocked or have no warm water seaports. Pakistan commands the sea lanes from oil rich gulf states including Saudi Arabia to the Arabian Sea and most of the air traffic between East and West. Most of the airplanes use Pakistan’s air space to travel between east and west.ies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environmer RES Pakistan Studi GEOGRAPHIC FEA Physical features On the basis of physical features, ‘Mountainous Region: ‘This division include ranges. 1. Plateaus: There are two big plate Balochistan Plateau. ii, Plains: The plains area of Pakistan is divided into two main parts, first is called Upper Indus Plain and the second one is Lower Indus Plain. iii, Deserts: Thal Cholistan, Nara, Tharparkar and Kharan deserts extend over large areas of Pakistan, iv. Coastal Region: This division includes the coastal areas of Sind and Balochistan. Climate and Weather Weather: Weather is the daily state of atmosphere in a particular area with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions. Climate: Climate is the average weather or the regular variation in weather in a particular area (normally determined by the meteorologist after a study extended over 30 years). the land of Pakistan is divided into five different regions. « the northern, north-western and south-western mountain au regions in Pakistan these are the Potwar Plateau and the PAKISTAN'S AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE.Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan’ Land and Environment Factors Responsible for Climatic Changes ‘There are many factors responsible for determining the climate of an area and bringing about climatic changes i.€. i. Location: Distance from the equator, poles, sea and mountaitis ete. “Altitude: Height above sea level ‘dir: General behaviour of the air which causes winds, cyclones thunderstorms, dust storms and monsoon, air pressure and humidity. iv. Other factors: Water courses like rivers and streams, forests, properties of the soil and the earth crust. Density of the population, industrial establishments, town planning and energy consumption behaviour of the people living in the area. y. Precipitation (rain, snow or hail): Precipitation phenomena are indirectly related with the factors mentioned above. Temperature Zones Pakistan is divided into FOUR major zones on the basis of temperature variation: i. Highlands (Northern and North-Western Mountains Region): This region consists of the areas of very high altitude. It is the coldest region of the country. On very high altitudes mountain peaks remain snow-capped throughout the year. These mountains are 4000 to 6000 meters high, and have ‘Arctic Climate (an average temperature of minus 0° Celsius). The valleys located in the midst of these mountains have an average altitude of 2000 meters. Winters sustain from 6 to 8 months. But summer season is of small period but is very pleasant one. : ii. Plains (Upper and Lower Indus Plains): The Upper Indus Basin has a sub-tropical climate. ‘Summers are extremely hot but winters are moderately cold. Temperature Teaches its climax in the month of June. Temperature in the peak summer months (May, June and July) varies from 25°C to 40°C. iii, Balochistan Plateau and Thar Desert: The Balochistan Plateau and the Desert of Thar are extremely hot and dry in summers. Sibbi and Jacobabad are placed among the hottest points on the surface of the globe. Temperature raises up to 50°C, and even more, occasionally. Nights are comparatively cool and there is a marked difference between the day and night temperatures. Winters are moderately cold, but very short lived. Certain points, like the valley of Quetta, have an extremely cold weather and receive occasional snowfalls. South eastern Balochistan and south ‘western desert area has a markedly dry and hot arid climate. Hot dusty wind blows continuously from mid-May to mid-September. Temperature is very high iv. Coastal Areas: This region comprises the Indus Delta and the entire coastal area including Karachi and Makran coastline. This area, naturally, has a maritime climate, Maritime climate is always marked with moderate level of temperature but high level of humidity. Cool breeze blows from the sea towards the land. This helps to keep the temperature low in the hot summer months. Mean monthly temperature is 32°C. May, June and October are the hottest months. High temperature in October is caused due to dry winds from the south-eastern desertPakistan Studies 9; Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment 8 Climatic Regions On the basis of climatic conditions the land of Pakistan is divided into four major regions: 1. Sub-tropical continental highland type. Sub-tropical continental plateau type. Sub-tropical continental plain/ low-land type. Sub-tropical coastal type. auwp Glaciers and Drainage S: Glaciers: Most of the major rivers of Pakistan receive water or originate from the glaciers of Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges. Glaciers of the Karakoram Range: Largest glaciers of the Pakistan are located in Karakoram Range Siachen is 72 miles long. The glacier's melt-waters are the main source of Shyok River. River Braldy originates from Biafo and River Hunza from Batura glaciers respectively. Glaciers of the Hindu Kush Range: River Kunath receives water from Tirchmir and Rich and other glaciers of Hindu Khush Range. Glacier of the Himalaya Range: Southern Rupakis a glacier of the Himalaya range, its water falls in the River Astore and Northern Rupal falls in the River Indus. Drainage System Pakistan's drainage system is divided into three parts: i River Indus and its tributaries. ii, Internal irrigation system. iii, Irrigation system of the Southem Balochistan. River Indus and its Tributaries: The Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world. It originates in Tibet from Lake Mansarowar, cuts kilometers deep gorges into the world’s highest mountain ranges, Karakoram and Himalaya. Flowing in east-west direction the river reaches a point named Sazin and takes a southward tum. The course of river Indus from Sazin to Kalabagh, according to experts, is the world’s most tortuous and intricate one, itis in this area thatthe Indus has cut a gigantic 6500 meters deep gorge at Dasu (district Kohistan). In this area the river flows in an extremely deep but narrow channel of 400 meter (0.4 km) Which expands to an average of 16 km as the river moves downward from Kalabagh and passes through the plains, Tributaries of the River Indus: Flowing, mostly in north-south direction from Kalabagh to the Arabian Sea the River Indus receives water from a number of its tributaries from east (left) and west (right) bank. Right bank rivers, comparatively small in size, are the following (in descending order); River Gilgit, River Kabul, River Kurram and River Gomal. Indus receives the largest part of its water from left bank tributaries, these rivers deposit enormous quantities of water and sediment in the Indus. Sediment deposited by these tributaries has played important role in the formation of the Indus plain. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej are the five left bank tributaries from which the Indus receives most of its water, but the Beas does not flow on the land ofg Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environmont Pakistan as the Sutlej before the Sutlej enters into Pakistan area. Other left bank tributaries join ‘one another at different points and form one great mainstream at Mithankot. This enormous body of water is now called Panjnad. The Panjnad flows 72 kilometers downstream and falls into the Indus. From this point onward no other tributary joins the Indus till it falls in the Arabian Sea. IRRIGATION OF PAKISTAN Inland Drainage System: The drainage system covering the northem parts of the south-western Balochistan, including Chaghi and Ras Koh mountains in the north and Siahan Mountain in the south, is called the Inland Drainage System. This area is dry and arid; the rivers are not very big in size and do not fall in the sea. Some of these rivers remain dry throughout the year except for a small period of time when they receive rain water and flow for sometimes; others get absorbed in the desert sand and very few are able to complete their journey and fall in lakes. Salt water lakes, locally called Hamuns, are shallow and marshy. The most well-known Hamuns of the area are Hamun Mashkel, Hamun Lora and Hamun MurghoRB a Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment 2 Drainage System of Southern Balochistan: The rivers of Southern Balochistan form their independeny drainage systems, Following are the most important river systems of the area: Hab, Porali, Hingol ang Dasht, All these rivers originate from the mountain ranges of the southem Balochistan, some of these die inthe desert sand while the others are able to make way to the Arabian Sea. Since this region has extremely hot and dry weather the mountain peaks in this region receive no snowfall, the streams flow only when the rain falls on mountain peaks. The Kirthar mountain range is located in the east of the River Hab; Pab range lies to the west of the river. Hab Dam built across the river supplies water to the adjoining areas of the province (Balochistan) as well as the city of Karachi. The Porali River flows in the valley between the Pub and the Hala Mountain ranges; the River ends where the fertile Lasbela Plain starts and extends northward, The Hingol River originates in the Central Brahvi Hills. Hala hills lie in the east of the River Hingo}, The Central Makran and Makran Coast Hills lie in the west of the River Hingol. This river flows only in the rainy season. Flowing between the Central Makran and Makran Coast ranges Rivers Ketch and Nihing join at a point located at a distance of 50 km west of Turbat, henceforth this stream is called River Dasht. Mirani Dam has been built on this river. Natural Vegetation é Natura! Vegetation ‘Vegetation has vast meaning. Everything which grows from the soil is included in it e.g. trees, small plants, bushes and climbers ete, The plants which grow from the soil are of two kinds. One kind of plants is grown by human beings, other kinds grow naturally; later category is called natural vegetation, ‘What type of plants grow naturally in an area, depends on many factors e.g. nature of the soil, altitude (height from sea level), weather, behavior of winds and precipitation. We cannot gain complete knowledge of the plants grown in any area because these are thousands in number, what we can do is to restrict our Jasmine: The National Flower of Pakistan study only to those plants which are very common and important for human life. As we have studied earlier, the geographical regions of Pakistan differ in their characteristics; accordingly the plants grown in these areas are different in nature. The characteristics of the forests and the vegetation differ from region to region.Vegetation and its i, Climate of the Indus plain type ii, Inthe northem mountainous regions the climate is wet, il, Altitude (height from sea level)) has direct effect on vegetation. and the Balochistan Plateau is mostly dry and of desert and semi-desert The land of Pakistan offers all stages of altitude, from low-lying plains to the snowcapped mountain peaks. our Poplar trees Forests of Northem Mountainous - National animal Region Kinds of Vegetation Pakistan’s northem mountainous region is full of forests. These forests have variety of trees, these trees are locally known as deodar, sanober (juniper), diar, cheer, partal etc. Southern Himalayan region is located at a lower altitude as compared to the northem regions. This region receives heavy rainfall and is thickly covered with deodar, juniper, poplar and willow trees. In the comparatively arid regions of Kohe- Suleman and Kohistan-e-Namak (Salt Range), shisham trees are found. These are of deciduous type and are sparsely populated. Dry and moderate regions, for instance, the vast regions of Balochistan Plateau, are covered with different types of wild grass, small bushes and the dwarf palm. In the arid westem hills juniper, jhao, and pistachio trees are found in abundance. Junipers of Ziarat (Balochistan) are the world’s oldest trees of their kind. Some of these very precious trees are 5000 years old, but unfortunately this treasure is diminishing With the passage of time due to indiscriminate cutting and disease. In the Indus plain dwarf thomy trees are found in abundance, these trees can survive under 45° C temperatures. In the flood regions of the Indus Plain, forests can sustain dry ‘Weather only if they receive abundant supply of rain-water at least for six weeks in the monsoon. Different types of mangrove {tees are found in the coastal forests.Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment & = ‘Witdtife ‘There is a large variety of birds and animals found in the different areas well-known are the following: different kinds of deer, wild boar, bear, leopard, lion, wolf, fox, jackal, p monkey, crocodile and birds especially the water-birds. The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan In the marshy coastal regions many kinds of mammals are found i.e. uddhars, indus dolphins, fish-eater \é boar. During the migratory period about one million birds of different kinds arrive je breeding places both of Pakistan most important and cats, hog deer, and wil ; in Pakistan’s deltas and marshy regions. Our rivers and coastal areas provide suitable for salt water and fresh water fish. Herring, mackerel, shark and shellfish are among the most well known varieties. Ice leopard, Marco Polo sheep and stag are among the most endangered species of our animals; these have been preserved in the sanctuaries provided for them in the remote Himalaya areas. Hunting of Houbara Bustard talore (a Cholistan bird of the size of big hen), which was ruthlessly hunted in the past, has now been banned. Chakore is our national bird, other common birds found in Pakistan include; pigeon, dove, parrot, mena, eagle, quail, partridge, pheasant, peacock and domestic sparrow. Major Natural Regions: Their Characteristics, Potentials and Problems The land of Pakistan is divided into five main physical regions, these are: Plains. Deserts. Coastal Regions. iv. Humid and Semi-humid Mountain Regions. v. _ Arid and Semi-arid Mountain Regions. | Plains «The Upper Indus Plain: The Upper Indus Plain consists of the area from Attock to Mithankot. Most of the area of Punjab is covered by this category. This plain is about, 180 to 300 meters high from the sea level. The five big rivers of the Punjab irrigate this plain. Soil of the plain is mostly fertile and alluvial, and it is rated among the most fertile regions on the globe. * The Lower Indus Plain: The area in the south of Mithankot down to the Arabian Sea is called the Lower Indus Plain. Most of the area of the Sind province forms a part of the Lower Indus Plain. Easter™ tributaries of the River Indus join it near Mithankot and make a large stream, From ber? downstream the Indus carries an enormous amount of water. The river flows very slowly and thtg Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment silt carried by it is largely deposited on its bed, thereby raising it above the sandy plain. The land on either side is, therefore, protected by the construction of embankments and bunds. If any of these bunds give way during floods, large areas are inundated by the river water and there is great loss of life and property. Areas of the plain irrigated by canals taken from River Indus are extremely fertile. The Indus is divided into many branches near Thatta, forms a delta and falls in the Arabian Sea. 1. Deserts = Thal: A vast area of the Sindh Sagar Doab, stretched over the districts of Mianwali, Bhakkar, Khushab, Lieah and Muzzafar Garh is called Thal. Large tracts of land in this area are arid due to scarcity of water, rainfall is very low. Dust storms are frequent especially during the summer, large crescent shaped sand dunes are abundant. Some area of the desert has been irrigated with canals and tube wells but a larger portion is still barren. * Cholistan: The area lying on the southem border of the former Bahawalpur Division (Districts of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, and Rahimyarkhan) is formed of vast tracts of barren land, marked with sand dunes. This area is called cholistan and this is in fact an extension of the Rajputana desert lying adjacent to it in the Indian territory. Rainfall is scanty and agriculture, absolutely poor due to scarcity of water, but the canal irrigated areas are fertile. * The Nara and Tharparker Deserts: The southern border of district Khairpur in Sindh is known as Nara desert and a vast area in Mirpur Khas and Sangarh districts is known as Tharparker desert. Rainfall is extremely low; the area is full of crescent shaped yellow sand dunes. Vegetation is almost absent; nothing is seen except thomy bushes. Extremely hot winds blow at day time, these winds, locally called /oo, make life uncomfortable, * Kharan Desert: Kharan Desert is located between the Ras Koh and Siahan hills and Khargoshkan Desert between the Ras Koh and Chaghi hills. Local people call them Dasht, Sometimes these areas do not receive rainfall for several consecutive years. 2. Coastal Areas * Pakistan’s coastline is 700 kilometers long. Five hundred kilometer coast from Karachi in the east to Jiwani in the west is called Makran Coast. This coastline, mostly straight, is indented on some points near Somniani, Urmara, Gawadar and Pasni. "On the back of the narrow coastal strip of the Makran Beach there are 15 to 65 meters high rock cliffs, Behind these cliffs is 16 to 32 kilometers wide coastal plain which is largely covered with sand dunes but small hills are also found here and there. Some points at Makran Coast have been developed as tourist attractions i.e. Clifton, Manora, Hawks Bay, Rasmalan, Urmara, Gawadar, Jiwani.n: Land and Environment ee eS Pakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3. Pakista 3. Humid and Semi-humid Mountain Regions vided into different categories ‘Mountainows regions of Pakistan are di — Se terns “The Northern Mountains: World's hig Mountains of this range form & 2700 kilometer long natural bor Himalaya range runs in east-west direction formit sn this area. The range is further divided into four sub-ranges. i. The Shiwalik Range ii, The Pir Panjal Range iii, The Central Himalayas iv. The Karakoram Range Murree and Hazara Hills are a part of the Pir Panjal Mountain Range. Throughout the winter season the peaks remain snow-capped. Abundant vegetation and forests add to the scenic beauty and can provide good source of foreign exchange eamings by developing tourism on international standards. Nanga Parbat is the highest and most famous peak of the Central Himalaya Range. Beautiful Kashmir Valley is located between the Pir Panjal and Greater Himalaya Ranges. Karakoram Range located in the north of the Central Himalayas, includes some parts of northem Kashmir and Gilgit ‘Average altitude of the Karakoram Mountains is 7000 meters. This range extends 400 kilometers from Hunza to Shayok. World's second highest mountain peak and a great tourist and mountaineers attraction- the Mount Godwin Austin commonly known as K2, lies inthis range. Major part ofthe Pakistan's natural and ‘man-made forests is found in this area, these forests are a good source of firewood and timber. People in the northern areas wear heavy dress, outdoor games like goat-killing (buz kushi), golf and polo are played only in specific seasons and in the areas where 7] playgrounds are available. During winters people spend " most of their time within their homes, in some areas people migrate to plains to eam a living. Due to exquisite scenic beauty and extremely pleasant weather the northern areas of Pakistan offer a number of | attractions for the tourists, e.g, Muree, Ayubia, Nathiagali, Abbotabad, Shugran, Naran, Kalam and the valleys of Hunza and Chitral. ‘The Western Mountains: Western Mountains, like the Northem Mountains, comprise several parallel ranges, hest mountain range Himal der in the northern region of South Asn inter sustains from 6 to 8 month; ng a gigantic bow. Wi Nanaga Parbatistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment [a oo omi-4 daneiernecaeenveanenti oy have humid and semi-humid weather but they are not as high as the Himalayas. This series in pe following ranges: j) The Hindu Kush Mountain Range: The Hindu Kush constitutes the main range of the border mountains. Most of these ranges are located in Afghanistan. In Pakistan territory the send off a number of branches south towards Chitral, Dir and Swat. Trich Mir peak in the north is the highest peak of the range (about 7700 meters). These peaks remain snow-capped throughout the year. The height decreases southwards in Mohmand territory and Malaknd Hills to only 1500 meters. South of the river Kabul, the north-south strike changes to the west-east aligned Safed Koh Range. ii) Safed Koh Range: Mountains of this range are located in the South of the Kabul River. They lte in east-west direction. Their height ranges up to 3600 meters above sea level. These are called White Mountains (Safed Koh) because their peaks are always covered with snow. The K Pass situated in the close vicinity of Peshawar is the major pass that connects Afghanistan with Pakistan. This pass located in the Safed Koh Range is 48 km long. The River Kurram flows # the south of this mountain range. Kobat valley is located at the extreme end of the Kurram Pass which connects Pakistan with Afghanistan. iii) Waziristan Hills: The fertile Peshawar valley lies inthe south of the Kabul River, The valley is irrigated by the River Swat and the Warsak Dam, built on River Kabul. Forming 2 rampar between Pakistan and Afghanistan, Waziristan Hills lie between the Gomal and Kurrum rivers along the Safed Koh. This area is very rich in mineral wealth, Bannu near Tochi Pass and Dera Ismail Khan near Gomal Pass are the two most important cities ofthe area. Kurrum Dam and the Kurrum River are the main sources of irrigation in the Bannu valley Balochistan Mountain Ranges: The Sulaiman Range lies in the east of the upper Balochistan mountain ranges and the north-eastern part of Balochistan, Toba Kakar Mountains are in the north-west. The Lower Hills include the eastem slants of the Sulaiman Range. Low altitude hill ranges of Makran, Kharan and Chaghi lie in the west. Pab and Kirthar Mountain Ranges are in the south-east ‘The Potwar Plateau: Plateau isa large stretch of relatively level land that is highes than the land around it, having at least on one side a steep slope falling abruptly to the lower land. A vast area of Pakistan is covered by Plateaus. The Potwar Plateau is bounded on the east by the River Thelum, on the west by the River Indus and on the south by the Salt Range. In the north the Plateau extends to the northem slopes of the Kala Chitta Range and to the Margalla Hills. The Plateau covers a vast area in Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab. Valleys of Soan and Haro sivers lie across the Potwar ' Plateau, The Plateau is raised to an altitude of 300 to G00 meters. The plateau generally is poor agriculturally but very rich in minerals The Salt Range: The Salt Range begins in the cast at Tilla Jogi and Bakralla ridges and extends to the west of the River Jhelum. After covering some distance it turns north -west and crosses the Indus ata Pakistan Studies 9: Chay ) Kala Bagh. On the west bank of the Indus the Salt Range extends towards south, covering the dj Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan in the KP Province. Average height of the Plateau and the hills of the is 671 meters, but at a point near Sakesar it rises to about 1525 meters above sea level. 4, Arid and Semi-Arid Mountainous Regions The areas receiving less than 12cm rain per year are termed as arid regions. Following areas of P fall in this category: © The Suleiman Range: The Suleiman Range lies in the west (on the right bank) of the river Iy Takht-e-Suleiman is the highest peak of the range (height 3535 meters). = Kirthar Hills: Dry Kirthar Hills lie in the south of the Suleiman Range. = Balochistan Plateau: Balochistan Plateau covers enormous area of land. At different points it, 600 to 900 meters high from sea level; its average altitude is 650 meters. The plateau is located ip the midst of the Kirthar Hill Range. Muslim Bagh and Ziarat Hills are a part of the Balochi Plateau, The area represents a variety of physical features; features of one part drastically dif from the other part. In the north-western desert area of the plateau, rainfall is scanty and agricul is impossible. Hamun Mashkhel is a vast salt water lake located in the desert, The mountains of Toba Kakar and Chaghi separate the plateau from Afghanistan territory. Beautiful historic city of Quetta is the capital of the Balochistan province. The Plateau is famous for its wealth of natun| resources of which natural gas is the most important; coal, chromites, copper and iron ore are also found in sizeable quantities. Environment 1. Environment means: “The natural conditions, such as air, water and land, in which people, animals and plants live.” Environment hazards are of two kinds; of natural origin and of human origin. In the first instance we shall discuss the natural origin hazards: Water-logging and Salinity: When the sub-soil water table rises so high that it comes very close to the surface level, the condition is called water-logging, this is a very dangerous disease of the soil as it makes agriculture almost impossible. Another disease directly related to water-logging is salinity; salts pres¢*" in the lower layers of the earth get dissolved in the water and water brings these salts to the surface of the arth, the water evaporates due to sun, leaving behind the salt deposits on the surface of the soil, The s3! layer keeps thickening and takes away all the fertility of the land and this makes the land infertile. Farthen (Katcha) canals are the main cause of water-logging and salinity. The water running in the eansl* Keeps absorbing in the soil, causing the sub-soil water table to rise, Canal irrigation system was fis introduced, in the area which is now Pakistan, in the year 1859. The problem of water-logging and sali! started showing up in early years of the 20" century. Efforts to solve the problem started in the year 1912 Between the period fom 1912 to 1954 different steps for the solution of the problem were taken: watewel in the canals was lowered, > pakistan Stu an: Land and Environment carthen canals were lined with bricks or concrete, tul dad drains (mullahs) were built For draining the e ; ive water from the water-loj organized and systematic efforts started in 1953-54 under the Colombo Plan; land surveys were made and detailed maps prepared. These surveys revealed that 65000 sq kilometers of land had been | wfece by ‘aterlogging and salinity. SCARP (Salinity Control & Reclamation Program) was situs for the control of water-logging and salinity as well as for the reclamation of the affected land Under scheme thousands of tube wells were installed, drains were built and flood information and control c were established. About 4 million acres of land was thus secured with the help of embankments and tre plantation. The measures adopted by the governments with the help of international donor agencies ts ped fight the menace to a great extent but the problem was not fully solved, according to an estimate in the provinces of the Punjab and Sind hundred thousand acres of agricultural land is still being destroyed each year due to water-logging and salinity. Deforestation: Forests play a vital role in the economy of a country; they contribute in a variety of ways Forests prevent land erosion, produce timber and firewood, wood is used in the manufacturing of furniturs, wood pulp is the basic raw material for all paper industry. Sports goods and match industry depends largsly ‘on wood. Forests provide raw material for turpentine oil and different types of gums and fibers, Forests keep the atmosphere pleasant; provide water vapours to the air, causing rain. Decomposed foliage serves as green manure which adds natural fertility to the soil. Forests provide breeding place and habitats ‘9 the wildlife and in this way contribute indirectly to the production of milk and meat. For a big section of ou population forests are sole source of earning. Forests add to the fertility of the land in many 2)" and prevent water-logging and salinity. We know that Oxygen isthe lifeline for all living things- humans and animals. Forests are the single largest source of Oxygen production. Due to the exceeding volume of Carbon Dioxide in the air the greenhouse effect is intensifying day by day, this process is called global- warming, Scientists believe that global-warming is a great threat for the future of human life on the earth Enhancement of the forests by planting trees in large numbers is the most effective way to deal with this menace (we shall study about greenhouse effect in some detail in the following pages ) Causes of Deforestation in Pakistan: The area now called Pakistan was once full of natural forests. Due to excessive and indiscriminate cutting of forests this treasure was gradually lost Now we have forests on only 4% of our land (this area excludes northern areas of Pakistan). In order to reach the global standards 0f 20-25 per cent we need to enhance our forest area at least five times of its present coverage. Following are the major reasons that count for the scarcity of forests in our country: L.A large part of our landform consists of dry, hilly area: these conditions make forestation impossible or extremely difficult 2. Water supply is insufficient 3. Majority of the population is illiterat 4. In order to accommodate the fast increasing popul for reclaiming more land for human settlement and more agriculture. ¢ and do not understand the importance of forests ation more land is required, forests are being cutSS 7 BS 3, Pakistan: Land and En —. ——— lace the old ———— yt planted to rep! 5. Trees are cut to meet wood and timber demand but new trees are not PI ones, cople living in the forest 6. Selling firewood is the only source of income for a great number of poor peo? regions, 7 Wood is consumed in huge quantities as building material, and in furniture, pap’ industry. How to prevent deforestation? Tice plantation isthe best way to prevent deforestation, TC sven Jand erosion, improve atmosphere and increase rainfall. Tube-wells gradually bring the underground salt to the surface of the soil, these salts prevent plant growth. er and match ation. Trees prevent Environment Pollution anc Components of the Environment: Two factors play important role in the formation of our environment: i. Abiotic Factors: For example natural properties of the soil, rocks, sunshine, water and air. ii, Biotic Factors: Humans, animals and plants. Factors Causing Environment Changes: Following factors cause changes in the environment: Density of population. Ratio of urban and rural population. Urban and rural planning. smoke + fog = smog Sanitary habits and disposal of the refuse. Drainage and sewerage system Energy consumption and resultant air pollution problems/ traffic, Industrial waste. Forests and plantation. Rains and water courses. v VV Y¥VVYVYVY a Radiations and emission from electronic devices and machines, Noise. } Pollutants < Pollutant is a substance that pollutes. To pollute means to make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously impure or unfit for use. Things that pollute human atmosphere are of numerous kinds. Following are the more familiar and scientifically recognized environment pollutants Air Pollutants: Gases and those suspended particles in the air which adversely affect human beings and animals are classified as air pollutants. Obviously, in big cities the problem of air pollution is more serious than in the rural= _ “ip industrial areas as compared to agricultural or arid areas. Smog is the combination of smoke and are {og which has now become a common sight in big ities, busy highways and industrial areas, Some major sir pollutants are: i, Oiland fuel (petrol, diesel, gas) combustion in motor vehicles and factories, furnaces, homes, etc ii. Coal. iii, Atomic devices. iv, Dangerous chemicals, i.e. asbestos, fibres, tin, mercury, led, zine, aluminium, beryllium, etc v. Radiations emitted from high-tension electric wires and electric transmissions and networks. yi. Pollen grains. Water and Subsoil Pollutants: Water is the second largest source of pollution. Water pollution can be classified into four kinds: i. Pollution due to micro-organisms for example the germs which cause diseases like Hepatitis etc. ii. Organic pollution for example sewerage in the urban localities, pesticides, fertilizers and animal refuse. iii, In-organic pollution, i.e. poisonous water running out of factories, which may contain chemicals like Arsenic, Led, Potassium, Phosphorus and hundred others of the kind. One example is the water produced by tannery industry in Kasur, which is causing cancer on large scale. Sedimental pollution means the substance that provides favourable environment for the growth of sub-water plants. This water is difficult to filter because it chokes the filters and if consumed by humans it damages the kidneys. Pollution contaminates water in the following ways i. Pollution of natural water courses, e.g. rivers, canals and streams. This type of pollution is generally caused due to throwing of industrial waste into these water courses ji, Streams of contaminated and polluted water created by the industrial waste, open drains and uncovered sewerage system. sii, Pollution of natural underground water due to seepage of polluted and poisonous water- Industrial waste poisons the natural underground water courses. iv. Substandard and unhygienic underground sewerage system. Land/Soil Pollution: Land or soil is polluted in a number of ways, ¢.g. i. Ugly outlook due to accumulation of trash, plastic bags, empty tins, cans and household refuse at public places. ii. Indecent town planning and non-civie habits of the people. ii, Cutting of forests. (As per international standards at least 25 percent ofthe land in evsry country should be covered with forests). jv. Absorption of poisonous chemicals, herbicides, pesticides and insecticides into the soi! through water Overgrazing of pastures and unnecessary ‘burning and cutting of plants. saci ici at Salttan: Land and Environment g ronm Measures to Prevent Ens envi tal pollution We should adopt the following measures to prevent environmental p' vanes tis tes Creation of General Awareness: Environmental pollution is a great mi ‘ pede Serie a ess in the people, through humanity, it is our prime responsibility to create general awaren peop! oh education and information, preventing the hazards caused by environmental pollution. about the gravity of its consequences and about an individual's role jy 2 Population Planning: Population growth is the root of all problems related with environmenta| 7 . pollution. To prevent environmental pollution, population growth has to be planned and restricted Prevention of Urbanization; Bigger cities have bigger pollution problems. To prevent environmental pollution, expansion of cities has to be restricted. Cities and townships should be provided with green belts, parks and open spaces. 4. Plantation: Trees and plants are the prime source of environmental purification. Trees inhale Carbon Dioxide and exhale Oxygen, reduce temperature and create healthy effect on all human activities both physically and psychologically. As per international standards area under forests should form at least 25% of the total area of a country. 5. Conservation of Resources: Human race should adopt a simpler way of life which is closer to nature. Nature has given us a never ending treasure of resources. This treasure will never fail us if We utilize it with restraint and patience and always keep in mind that we have to take only our share out of it and not to encroach upon others" share. safe from heavy rainfall and snowfall. In Karachi, Hyderabad and other Sind areas, throughout the year, this reduces the effect of high temper: such height in the houses as to receive maximum sea breeze. a) Deformities of the newborn children, b) Kidney disorders,ell Brune tn ne Rn ©) Disorders of the digestive system 4) Disorders of the nervous system, 2. Loss of Natural Resources: a) Deforestation and destruction of plants, b) Loss of fish and other marine life. ©) Reduction of the agriculture produce. hous ect and Global W In order to grow out-of-season crops the agriculturists fabricate transparent plastic or glass compartments to produce controlled temperature and humidity level. These compartments are called green-houses. Greenhouse gases occur naturally and encircle our globe like a warm blanket, without greenhouse gases, our planet would be too cold to sustain life. As we know it, the air contains Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and other 2 greenhouse gases in low quantities. These gases absorb heat, so under a natural process these gases keep our globe warm to a certain degree. When the sunlight touches the surface of the earth, after passing through the atmosphere, some part of it is reflected back and the remaining part is absorbed in the earth The heated earth surface gives out infra-red light which is absorbed by the greenhouse gases. The heat absorbed through this process maintains a level of temperature which is essential for the existence of life on the globe. All this process is called greenhouse effect. The use of coal, oil and natural gas has enormously increased during the last three hundred years resulting in a marked rise in the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, for example 30% increase in the volume of Carbon Dioxide (COz) present in the air, has been recorded after 1730. Plants and trees are a natural source of reducing the CO? level in the air. As we have seen earlier in this chapter, forests are being cut rapidly and the area under forests is being reduced to a dangerously low level, use of mineral fuel is massively increasing. This has caused a marked increase in the greenhouse effect, resulting an increase in the temperature; (the process is called global warming). The process will continue increasing if its causes are not removed. The situation has aggravated to such a degree that the increase of a few more degrees in the temperature may create environmental hazards of enormous magnitude; for example the polar Stoops wl stat melting, water lve in the oceans will rise and many low-lying costal ares i Submerse under water.ee Pakistan Studies 9° Chapte Seen ESE ae Land and Environment & istan: ae Q.No.1 Tick the correct option ) ii) iii) iv) vy) vi) > vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) Durand Line is km long. A) 1600 B) 1800 ¢) 2000 D) 2250 Sibbi and ......... are among the hottest places on the earth. A) Quetta B) Lasbella C)Jaccobabad =D) Awaran Murree and Hazara Hills are part of the.........- Mountain range. A) Pir Panjal B) Greater Himalaya C)Shiwalik _D) Karakoram K2 jis the ............highest mountain in the world A) First B) Second ©) Third D) Fourth The.......... mountain range makes the boundary line between Pakistan and Afghanistan A) Margalla B) Safed koh C)koheKirthar DD) Koh e Suleman The Thal desert is situated in the province of Pakistan. A) Punjab B) Sindh C) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa _D) Baluchistan ‘The border line between Pakistan and China is ...........km long, A) 592 B) 650 ©) 700 D) 850 The total area of Pakistan is............square Km. A) 796096 B) 352025 C) 333423 D) 780000 The river Indus originates from lake........ ‘A) Saiful Malook B) Indus C)Mansarowar ——-D) Atta abad At one point near Sakesar, the Salt range rises to the height of ......... meter from the sea level. A) 1525 B) 500 ©) 2100 D) 1200 ‘The Muslim bagh and Ziarat hills are situated in the ............... plateau, ‘A) Balochistan B) Potohar ) Kalabagh D) Sindh Only......... percent of the Pakistan area is covered with forests Aya B)6 os pyt0 the only continent in the world so far immunes from deforestation is, A) Antarctica B) Europe C) Asia D) Africa il© powistan Studies 9: Chap akistan: Land and Environment xiv) The coastal line of Pakistanis ........-..ckm long, xv) A) 300 B) 500 C) 700 ‘The national bird of Pakistan is...........00++ A) Sparrow B) Pigeon C) Dove Q.No. 2 Answer these questions in 3 to 4 lines QNe ‘a, Narrate the location of Pakistan 'b. Why are climatic changes caused? c. Write the names of the four temperature zones of Pakistan. 4. Write the names of any three important glaciers of Pakistan. e. Write the characteristics of desert areas of Pakistan briefly. f, Write the characteristics of coastal areas of Pakistan briefly. g. Write the names of four sub ranges of Himalaya mountain. h. What is meant by global warming? i, What is Green House Effect? j. What is desertification? (0.3 Answer the following questions in detail A) Write a note on Balochistan and Potohar Plateaus in detail. B) Define environmental pollution. Identify environmental pollutants. C) What are the remedies of environmental pollution? Discuss in detail D) 900 D) Chikor D) What is natural vegetation? Write a note on Pakistan’s natural vegetation and wildlife. E) Write a note on the importance of forests. Also explain the causes of deforestation in PakistanHISTORY OF PAKISTA! (First Phase: from Independence to the Separation of East Pakistan) . / Rae This is ~- days lesson CeCe Cue rn calE is Narrate the early problems with particular emphasis on Economic, Geo-political, Refugee, State and administrative problems * Understand Quaid-e-Azam’s role as Pakistan’s first Governor-General. © Identify Liaquat Ali Khan’s role as Pakistan’s Prime Minister. ¢ Explain the major features of the Objectives Resolution (1949). Identify the main aspects of the 1956 Constitution. * Explain the causes of Martial Law promulgated in 1958. Comprehend the main features of Basic Democracies and their implications. © State the main aspects of Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1959. © Identify the main features of 1962 Constitution. * Discuss the Presidential Elections of 1965 and its ‘impact on politics. © Observe the spirit of Pakistani people and armed forces during 1965 War. © Discuss Pakistan’s economic development during Ayub Khan era. © Discuss the key aspects of the LFO promulgated by Yahya Khan. * Analyze the 1970 elections and its aftermath. © Discuss the causes of the separation of East-Pakistan i i Consolidation of a State and Search for a Constitution 1947-58 Early Problems The state of Pakistan had to face many problems in the early days of independence; in the beginning of this chapter we shall review these problems briefly. Deceit in the Demarcarion of Boundaries: For the purpose of dema ing the boundaries between the two newly created states of India and Pakistan, a Boundary Commission was formed with Cyril Radclilé as its head. The decision of this Commission laid the foundations of the Kashmir problem. Kashmir *"