‘Scheme of Valuation Mid-2 Same ue CuO) GMR Institute of Technology ‘An Autonomous insite iit to INTUK, Kakinada Ei CARIT GMRIT/1A/F-8 REV: 03 UG. Electronics and Communication pegree _ Bachelor of Technology ingineerin; tore! Academic Year | 2022-23 |Sem| 7 _| Test 1 Date of Exam | 29-10-22 Course Code | 19EC009 Course Title | UHF & EHF Communication Systems Duration 90 Minutes Maximum Marks 40 (FOURTY) Remember (oo) 14 | Understand (%) | 29. | Apply (%) 29 | Analyze (%) | 28 PART A (5X 2= 10 Marks) (Answer all the questions) Nor] Quertons (t05) 1 Sequential lobing Conical scanning 2n Monopulse tracking 2 High PRF Narrow beam width ay duplexer 3 _| Duplexer is a microwave switch. It is a device that allows bidirection communication over a single channel. A single antenna used for both transmitting and receiving by including 2H MTI Radar with Power oscillator ‘Transmitter peer Hf Ss | a1 ‘Slot diagram otto cordate zmath en elevation mpi conariso morals aking ra arScheme of Valuation Mid-2 Recta come ya Ty aca h Le) PART B (3 X 10= 30 Marks) Answer THREE questions ‘Questions (toi) 6a. The simple Pam ob the Radan Fayotion “ TE the thamtmitien Power Py "ue todiated by am isebuopie ambewna, (one thet rodistes uti fswalg i b | the pout dewid, (wall Arie’) ato dstonce R Suen the sedan w equol ts the vtdadked pourer divicled toy the Sunbare eneauTiR™ of om Wreadinauy Shee “Rt posta duaihy at Range & fren a7 isabeapic otewia = Sta — 2H . * RR™ she pousen dawithy ot the dary Pout o “ damective amntewna with a Frosnimi ting Goin’ Gy ye them psc dundly a Sooge R Grom « dincctve owtemma = PG ETRE > sre Raden cx Seckon af fhe teoupet: debewminth she Powert dowdy stélermed to ove edon Pata Posticulor Poustst dedi ievidert on the tonact Tt demated by = Reviodisted parser dowdy beck at {he PiG e_ aie ENR‘Scheme of Valuation Mid-2 whe sodort Galewnra Cafharver o patho ch tre echo enengyy bidet eit. Pe. | cthective cree of Woe meceivte costewnn YAS ead Gre PoUTeT Px lecdiuedd voy Tadest = PrGwhe _ Gee The mornmymn Radom oserge, Reseot’> Uhe diatonte looysnd which te -faaget con't te defected. TH oc wen ave x cane Sitvah Powe Pr Sak canna the rénpwon detectotle Sitral Swim PE Behe Read: tt Z Rear ad em Ryans [PES m AEN oo D-H . PS Sn + Wa eh % called Randamedol xacbst cate oH ne SS a . . oh ea M, ereite NO + Baran! ie gee) “27h Ta.‘Scheme cf Valuation Mid-2 Sr ACO m a Leu ee a cun chi Rel Sequential Lobing > Scquential Lobing is the foremost angular tracking techniques to determine the angular position of the target. ¥ It is also referred to as lobe switching or sequential switching since the angular position of target is determined by switching the lobe positions of the beam. % Sequential lobing technique uses the symmetrical pencil beam i.e., azimuth and elevation beam widths are equal and the tracking is performed by continuously switching the pencil heam between two pre-determined symmetrical position about the Antenna’s Line of Sight axis (LOS). > If the target is in line of Sight with the antenna, the signal strength observed in each beam will be equal. > If the target is on the beam axis of left or right of the beam position, then the signal strength observed in each beam will not be equal. > So the two beam positions are moved towards the left ot right until the signals in each of the beams are equal in strength. » The LOS is also called the radar tracking axis, as shown in Figure ‘eam positon a _Peam ans A eno ot Echo of ) aston pA beam A beam B Figure: Sequential lobing Tracking Technique (a) Target is located on the tracking axis; (b) Target is located off the tracking axis OR‘Scheme of Valuation Mid-2 Co CR ACT nem ee ue Nu REO) Ba. MINIMUM DETECTABLE SIGNAL + The ability of radar receiver to detect a weak echo signal is limited by the nose present inthe freuency spectrum, “+The weakest signal that the receiver can detec ie called the minimum detectable signal. i is Gifculs wo define what is minimum detectable signal (MDS) because ofits statinical nature andthe sterion for deciling whether a target is present or not may’ net betoo well defined. + Detection i normally base om extalising a threshold Level atthe output of the resiver (4 shown by the doted line . Whenever Rx output signal which iva mixture of echo ‘and noise crosses this dheshold dhen ic is deceted sa target This called vest detection. + Consider the output of 2 typical radar reciver a6» fiction of time as shown in the Figure below which iypicaly wpresents one sweep ofthe Vidco outpat displayed on an Acscope. Pry zie F -nglns Fig: Typical envelope of a radar reeciver output asa function of tine. A,B, and Care three targets repreveating signal plas noise. And Bare valid detections, bat Cis mised detection 1. Ifthe threshold level were sct properly, the signal would not generally exoced, the threshold if noise alone were present, but would excced it if a strong, ‘signal were present along with the noise. 2. Ifthe threshold level is set too low, noise might exceed it and be mistaken for target. This is called a false alarm, 3. Ifthe threshold level were set to high, noise might not be aye enough 0 case Sattar cs gouache wk FJ be detoctd. This in called minsed detection ~~ 4. Hore pints AB and C represents signal ps ose. 5 The signal at Ais large which basa much larger amplitude than the noise. Hence target tection possible without any dial and ambit. 6 Next consider the two signals at B and C, representing target echoes of equal amplitude, The noise voltage accompanying the signal at B is large cnough so that the combination of signal plus avise exceeds the threshold and target deteuoa is sill possible. Thus the presence of noise will sometimes enhance the detection of ‘weak signals, 7. But Jor the target C the noise is ot as Larue and the resultant sigoal plus noise does not cross the thresholdand heace target is not ditected, oR‘Scheme of Valuation Mid-2 9a. nes yreaaier coy she Vighey he Fremworey Ef n Tader Matios UH WE Menter is Whe atterumion Hot om rower. AEQAMESS CF Weather Lowey vader Ceauer sie Rorgey Waverengtne have, theretere , Fea QereHN uperioy Yor longer Aerection Yargat Peat rower: woe Peat Power oF amar te iE UUasUL enced Borge enramaitiee of the vasay rerearor win > TY Foov tone. 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Alter bertredasing wits Ye conte, egy tne ght ciljeta Bo 2 Recdived aba ane = OG + MM CH), MEE ag | Rw marimum when Ag- 205 -fonews Amat the rmoxienuin umambiqueus lange Son y ee es Fa 7 OR Given data, of = GOMRE, y= WHE, Re zener iia. BR tan Ad 2 2X3COO x 2x wo xG0 x 1c 3x 10% an Pmwke FTScheme of Vatuation Mid-2 CeCe ya Cue cu CLECL Pulsed radar = 2\ | Continuous wave radar ot] Only one antenna is required. Requires two antennas Gives range. usually altiude as well age or altitude. Susceptible to Jamming. ficult to Jam but easily deceived Physical range determined by pulse | Amphfier can be tuned to look for expecte width (PW) and PRF. frequencies. Resolution is worse. | Resolution is better. It requires comparatively higher | Requires lower transmitting power. transmitting power. | 1b.