Heat | Transfer ri994 “™ Proceedighg lof thetenth International eae Heat TiapsiemGonference Brighton}UK Volume c bear Colette Mea -Loa toa} a t-Fclat-late Mole Ly Condensation Edited by G F Hewitt in co-operation with the members of The Interfjational Scientific Committee \Heat Transfer 1994 Proceedings of The Tenth International Heat Transfer Conference Brighton, UK Volume, Edited by External forced convection G.F. Hewitt Heat transfer in nuclear and ' cin ae ec a _ conventional heat and tional Scientific Committee: power generation systems M. Combi , M. Cumo, E. Hahne, 1 i‘ ec Hueco Likegamncin’ Condensation and direct JR. Howell, A.l. Leontiey, J.S. Lee, contact gas/liquid heat LF. Milanez, P. Oosthuizen, V.M.K. Sastri, K. Suzuki, B.X. Wang transfer‘The Tenth Intemational Heat Transfer Conference was held in Brighton, UK, 14-18 August 1994, e conference was organized by the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in conjunction with the UK Heat Transfer Society and the UK National Heat Transfer Committee. Published by Institution of Chemical Engineers,” Davis Building, . 165-189 Railway Terrace, Rugby, Warwickshire CV21 3HO, UK Distributed in the USA, Canada and Mexico by Taylor & Francis Inc, 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007, USA. Copyright © 1994 Institution of Chemical Engineers ARegistered Charity {Chem ISBN 0 85295 347 X IChemE ISBN 0 85285 355 0 (set) Taylor and Francis ISBN 1 56032 8345 IChemE Symposium Series No. 135 EFCE Event No. 512 EFCE Publication No. 106 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any forms or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Opinions expressed in the papers in this volume re those of the individual authors and not necessarily those of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers or of the Organising Committee. ACIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Printed in the UK by Chameleon Press Ltd, 5-25 Burr Road, London SW18 4SG SReensxov PISPESSUss VUerao®Preface This seven-volume set contains the main Proceedings of the Tenth Intemational Heat Transfer Conference. In volume 1 the Special and General Keynote Lectures (thirty in all) are presented, and in volumes 2-7 the 504 General Papers are given. in each of these latter volumes, papers for three of the eighteen main Sessions of the Conference are given, andthe material is organised sequentially in the order in which it appears in the Conference itsett ‘The Intemational Heat Transfer Conference has along and ongoing history. It had its origins inthe First Conference held in 1951 in London and Atlantic City respectively. In 1961/62, the conference was held at Boulder, Colorado and in London. This dual presentation of the conference was aimed at drawing 2 larger participation in the days when international travel was more difficult, However, starting with the Third Conference in 1966 in Chicago, a single presentation was made and, following this at four-yearly intervals, the Conferences were held in ‘Versailles in 1970, Tokyo in 1974, Toronto in 1978, Munich in 1982, San Francisco in 1986 and Jerusalem in 1990. The Tenth Conference being held i Brighton, England in 1994 is the first one to be held ‘© the United Kingdom for over thirty years. The next Conference is scheduled for Seoul, Korea in 1998. ti The Proceedings of the International Heat Transfer Conferences have always been a major source of literature in heat transfer and allied fields. ‘The present Conference has, in fact, more papers than ever before and the number of countries Participating in the Intemational Scientitic Committee is continually increasing with heat transfer being a popular (and, of course, industrially important) subject throughout the world. It is hoped that the present volumes will continue this tradition and be an ‘ongoing source of reference, not only for those many People who are attending the Conference but also for other users in industry and academia world-wide. The General Papers included in these volumes. have been reviewed under the leadership of the respective national members of the Intenational Scientific Committee. (in co-operation, often, with National Committees) and | am deeply grateful for all the work that has been put in to striving for high standards in the Papers, which must surely be reflected in a high standard for the Conference itsel | would like to record my sincere thanks to all who have participated in this exercise. GF Hewitt Editor #Nomenclature Quantity Symbol Coherent SI unit [Absorptivity (radiation) « - Activation energy of a reaction AE Jikg = mis? Amount-of-substance N mol molar flow rate N movs molar ‘mass’ velocity(= N/A.) A movm? s Angle plane 8.48% rad solid 2) st of contact e rad Area cross-sectional Als) me surface Ala) mi Coeticient of cubic expansion [= (1/0) (dvd 7p] 8 Kt Comoressibility factor(= pivRT) z - Concentration 5 mass (= MIV) c komm? molar (= NV) é mol? Coordinates cartesian RZ m,m,m oyfindrical Loz m, rad, m spherical 18.9 mrad, rad Density : mass (= MV) ® kgimt molar (= NV) 6 molim? relative (usually to water) 4 - Diffusion coefficient D mis thermal Dr mis Diftusivity 6 mls thermal (= pq) © mts Dryness fraction (quality) x - of flow x =: Emissivity (radiation) e & Nomenclature for physical quantiios aranged alphabeticallyQuantity y ‘Symbol Coherent SI unit Enery E Jakg mist kinetic & J=kg mist potential 5 J=kg mils* transfer per unit time (power) wa We=kg mis? Enthalpy (= U+ pV) H Jakg mils? spécific, molar ha Itkg, Jimot of phase change at constant p fusion hy, Fa Jikg, Jmol sublimation Nigfia ik, Jiemot ‘evaporation haFig Jikg, Jémol of reaction AH J=kg miis* Entropy s UK = kg m/s? K specific, molar ss Jékg K, Jimol K of phase change at constant fusion saBa kg K, Jimol K sublimation ae Jikg K, Jimol K evaporation Se. 5 Jikg K, Jimol K Equilibrium (dissociation) constant K Force F kg mvs? ‘weight (force of gravity) Mg kg mvs? Fraction mass, of species i xh - mole, of species i Ri = void e - ‘of volume flow e = Frequency ' circular ° Gas constant molar (universal) R specific, of species i R Jikg K = mts? K Gibbs function '— TS) G J=kg mis* specific (= n— Ts) g Jikg= mis? motar (= fi~ 78) 9 Jimol = kg m?/mol s* Gravitational acceleration g ms? standard Dr mis* Heat quantity of Q J=kg mis* rate (power) Q W=kg mis? flux (Q/A) q Wim? = kg/s* Heat capacity c Ji = kg mis? K specific (constant v or p) nn dikg K = m/s? K molar (constant v or p) Be Jimol K = kg m*/s? mol K fatio Cpe. v - vi tlol ls RRR st Be Pee SEQuantity ‘Symbol Coherent Si unit Helmholtz function (-u-75) F specific (= u~ Ts) f molar (= G— TS) ¥ dimol = kg m/s?mol _ Internal energy u J=kg mis* specific, molar wt wikg, Jimol of phase change at constant p fusion Ua, Jékg, Jimol sublimation Wg, Bg kg, Jiemot evaporation Ug, Bg Jkg, Jimot of reaction aur J=kg mis* Joule-Thomson coefficient [= (d7/dp)n tr i? KIN = ms? Kikg Length mW m diameter (0) m radius aa) m breadth (8) m height 2 m thickness Blan m distance along path s m liquid film thickness 8 m Loading mass, of species i x - molar, of species i XY 2 Mass M kg flow rate M kgs velocity of flux (flowrate per unit area = M/A.) mou kgitt? s flux of species i mpu kgm? s Mass transfer coefficient B ms Molar mass M kg/mol Mean free path x m Moment of force (vector product) Fxr Nm=kg mis? Pressure 2 Nim? = kg/m s* top 4p Pa=Nin?= kgims* partial a Pa Rate of reaction g mov’ s constant k Various Reflectivity (radiation) P = Relative mass atomic A - molecular Ms = Shear stress t Pa= Ninf =kgim s* Stoichiometric coetticient v A Surface tension . Nim= kg/s* vilQuantity ‘Symbol Coherent St unit Temperature absolute t Celsius (= T- 273.15 K) Te difference or interval ar logarithmic mean difference al, ‘Thermal conductivity 2h Wim K = kg mis" K Time t 5 Torque, moment of couple (vector product) Fxr Nma=kg mis® Velocity u ms components in Cartesian coordinates x, y, Z uy ms View factor (geometric or configuration factor) oe st Viscosity dynamic (absolute) 7H) Pas=N sim*=kgims kinematic (= n/p) v mils Volume v im flow rate v ms specific, motar oe) mk Work w Jekg mis? # rate (power) w We=kg mis? Wavelength a m ‘Subscripts and superscripts Bulk > Free-stream 8 Wall w Solid or saturated solid s Liquid or saturated liquid 1 Gas or saturated vapour 9 Change of phase at constant p fusion sl sublimation sg evaporation 9 Critical state © Inlet int Outlet out, 2 ‘At constant value of property pov, Tete Mean - Molar (per unit of amount-ot-substance) + Stagnation (subscript) ° Seow ast 1s. b eb sQuantity ‘Symbol Dimensionless groups Biot number Bi= ghz OF cally Dean number (Re)(Fo/Peoi)"® (Fn = tube inner radius; Reai = Coil Mean radius) “Eckert number Ec= lcT - Euler number Eu= p/p? Foutier number Fo=xif =RtpooP Friction factor fa Yep Froude number Fr= igh Galileo number Ga= Pav = Pop*in? Grashot number ae Sattar. BofaT Gractz number Gz=udiixl= (RePad!t = (Pejait Knudsen number (i = mean free path) Kn=Ni Lewis number Mach number Number of transfer units Nusselt number Péclet number Phase change number Prandti number Rayleigh number Reynolds number Of liquid film? ‘Schmidt number ‘Sherwood number Stanton number ‘Strouhal number (see definition of friction factor above) Weber number Le= 1 = Npe,8 = (SPA Ma= Ultras = WCYRTIM)* for pertect gas Nw Nu= alla. (cand A both for fluid; see difference in definition for 8) Pe= (Re)(P) = ulk 2 upGyh Ph= GATIN, Gavh= vik Ra=(GnP9 Re = uty = pun = stn Re= Min Sc=vi8 = Wp8 Sn=BIs St= (Nuyi(ReyPe) = olpgu Sr= flu We= plcConference Officers ASSEMBLY FOR INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCES Oftoers President — S. Sideman, Israel ‘Vice President — H.C. Simpson, UK immediate Past President — R. Goldstein, USA ‘Secretary — G.F. Hewitt, UK Assistant to the President — ¥. Zvirin, Israel Delegates ‘SY. Ahmad, Canada SG Bankoff, USA Pu Careau, Canada GP Celta, Italy CK. Choi, Korea M_Combamous, France AM. Cotta, Brazil M_Cumo, taly A Dell, The Netherlands LS. Fleicher, USA U_ Gagull, Germany & Hahna, Germany G Hetsroni, Israel GF Hewitt, UK international Scientific Committee Chairman GF Hewitt, UK Members M_Combamous, France Mt. Cumo, Italy Hehne, Germany G Hetsroni, Israel C.J. Hoogendoom, The Netherlands I. Howell, USA. AL Leontiev, CIS M. Hirata, Japan C.J. Hoogendoom, The Netherlands SY. Ko, China Al. Leontiev, CIS OG. Martynenko, CIS UF. Milanez, Brazil D. Moalem-Maron, Israel F. Ogino, Japan ‘A. Ramachandron, india S.T. Ro, Korea H.C. Simpson, UK ie S.P. Sukhatme, India J. Taine, France BX. Wang, China JS. Lee, Korea LF. Mitanez, Brazil P. Oosthuizen, Canada VMK. Sastr, India K. Suzuki, Japan B.X. Wang, China xi‘TENTH INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE UK National Heat Transfer Committee Chairman H.C. Simpson, University of Strathclyde Vice Chairman & Secretary GF. Hewitt, imperial College ‘Members Ru. Berryman, AEA, Harwell LR. Bott, University of Birmingham K. Cornwell, Heriot Watt University ‘A. Gilchrist, University of Strathclyde PJ. Heggs, University of Bradford Organising Sub-Committee R.J. Berryman, AEA Technology M.Bradley, Crane Heatex S. Earland, Earland Engineering M.Gough, Cal Gavin Lid M.Herbert, McDermott Intemational Conference Arrangements Committee Chairman G.F. Howitt, Imperial College Members R.J. Berryman, AEA, Harwell D. Butterworth, HTFS M. Gough, Cal Gavin Ltd * j PJ. Heggs, University of Bradiord Exhi ition Sub-Committee ‘Members Ru. Berryman, AEA, Harwell M. Gough, Cal Gavin Ltd Social Programme Committee Members M. Heikal, University of Brighton A.B, Turner, University of Sussex P.D. Hills, ICI Engineering M.J. Moore, Consuttant D.R. Webb, UMIST P.B. Whalley, University of Oxtord D. Wilkie, University of Edinburgh M. Heikal, University of Brighton H. Maller-Steinhagen, University of Surrey AB. Turner, University of Sussex xiiS-NR2 CAPABILITIES OF SYSTEM CODES IN SIMULATING CONDENSATION ‘S. Barsott,S. Belsto, F. D'Auria, M. Frogheri University of Pisa Dept of Mechanical and Nuclear Constructions Via Diotisalvi 2, 56100 PISA «ITALY Fax: 50585265 ABSTRACT ‘This paper deals with the evaluation of the capabilities of ‘Se Shermalnysiautic codes in simulating the heat removal and Bex emnsier degradation during the condensation process Sectoding the presence of nitrogen in an isolation condenser sysiem. The Solation condenser is a passive cooling device ‘=scpued in the simplified boiling water reactor. “The experimental data are drawn from tests performed in ‘= siperimentl apparatus, named Girafle, property of Toshiba Cocpecation. In some of the tetts incondensable gases have [boce sod to study the influence on the condensation process. RelapS/imod2, Relap5 mod3, Cathare 2 V1.2E, Cathare 2 3 sod & version of Cathare 2 V1.3 with an improved film condensation model have been applied to the analysis of the Both standard versions of Cathare have shown 10 sSécccimue the heat transfer, while RelapS/inod2, BeiesSinod’ and the modified version of Cathare 2 V1.3 gave bene corulis. These codes have also shown betier capabilities = Se predicting the heat tansfer degradation duc to the psec of incondensable gases. LINTRODUCTION [nthe frame ofthe activities aiming at the assessment of, Ge Semmalhydraulic codes, a research was performed st the Depancient of Mechanical and Nuclear Constructions of the Uarvessity of Pise in order to study the capabilities of the wyscm codes in predicting scenarios which involve next geen reactors, such as SBWR. ‘Tae {solation condenser (IC) is a passive heat exchange! adopted in the simplified boiling water reactor (Fe 1) i cxzentially consist of vertical heat transfer tubes ‘Scalled inside 2 pool, of condensate retum lines to the reactor SSE vessel, of steam supply lines from the steem lines. Nescondensible gas vent lines to suppression pool used 10 paces soo-condensible gas are present in a similar system calcd Passive Core Conling System. The condensate retum ‘Sef the IC fas normally closed valves and the IC is placed in 143 ‘operation by opening these valves. A concern for adopting the IC as a passive heat exchanger is the degradation of the performance due to the accumulation in the tubes of non condensible gas dus to primary circuit dissolved gases or production in the core. A series of tests, whose results are considered in this paper, was performed in a scale model of SBWR, named Giraffe which belongs to the Toshiba corporation! It ean be noted thet in these teste the IC was used as a PCCS; in this case non-condensibles are originated from the drywell when the reactor pressure reaches the containment pressure Fig. 1. Safety systems ina SBWR ‘The main objectives of the experiments were: to evaluate the steady state heat transfer characteristics in presence of nitrogen; = t confirm the preliminary design values for the IC heat removal capacity; ~ to obtain the heat wansfer degradation characteristics duc to the presence of nitrogen; ~ to provide data for comparison with the analytical results. ‘The codes used for the analysis were Cathare 2 VI.2E!, Cathare 2 Vi.9/, a version of Cathare 2 V1.3 with animproved « condensation modell, RelapSimod! and RelapSmod/®). The main goal of this activi is 10 estimate the codes capabilites in predicting the heat tansfer and the heat transfer degradation in presence of non-condensible ga, 2. EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GIRAFFE facility outline “The Girafe feclicy (Fig, 2) consists of separate components vessels and lines connecting the components, The components are isolation condenser, deywell, suppression chamber, reacior pressure veséel and Gravity Driven Core Cooling System (GDCS). Giraffe is full length in veriesl elevation. The scale rato is 1/400 in volume. The height of the facility is 30 m. aaa { Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of GIRAFFE. ‘The IC component (Fig. 3) consists of a steam box, heat twansfer tubes and a water box. The steam box is thermally insulated, The three heat transfer tubes are sesled 1/400 in volume. The geometry of the tubes (e.g. length and diameter) are in full scale. The clearance between adjacent tubes and the secondary side flow cross-sectional area per tube are also the same in the model and in the prosotype. The vent line stands in the airspace of water box and is closed at its top and has inlet holes over the liquid surface to avoid water drainage. The test facility has only one unit and does not distinguish the intact and broken steam lines. In the pool there is a chimney surrounding the IC, which separates the boiling region around the tubes 144 from subcooled water outside. The pool water circulates along the chimney and boils off to atmosphere. @: rewrenarure 2 eee of OO sreaMt 99 HE neice Seace wNETD sae MATER BO zou (na VENT? Bel (17C RET) 76110 Ye ruse Fig. 3 Goomeuy and dimensions of IC “There are four lines connected tothe isolation condenser: + the steam line from drywell to the steam box, to simulate a rain steam line break, the retum Tine from the water box to the reactor pressure vessels the non-condensible ges vent line from the water box t the suppression pool; + the steam line from the reactor pressure vessel to the IC. ‘The reactor pressure vessel is in full height scale from the bottom of the core to the main steam line. An electrical heater simulates the steam production in the core. His maximum power is scaled 1/400 with respect to the docay power. ‘Tae suppression chamber is also in full height scale and ‘both air space volume and total volume are reproduced with the sealing fector equal to 1/400. ‘The drywell is also in full height scale. Cross sectional area variation with clevation is taken into account to simulate the axial nitrogen distribution. The elevation of the lines ‘connected with the drywell are fully scaled, too. ‘The air space of the Gravity Driven Core Cooling System and the drywell are connected by a line to equalize pressure. ‘Tae GDCS pool is also in full height simulation. It should be noted that another heat exchanger named PCCS (Passive Core Cooling System) is installed in the containment of the SBWR. Although the presence of non- condensibles is more sppropriate for the PCS than for the IC,‘Se attention in this paper is focused toward IC owing to the -svalability of experimental data. 22 Outline ofthe test In the considered experiments, the pressure vessel, the ‘elation condenser and the suppression chamber, were used. The rescior pressure vessel was used for recciving the ‘eSbdcasate and the suppression chamber was used as a nitrogen pezing volume. Drywell and wetwell are connected through ‘Se POCS and through the vent valves that open to prevent ‘evcprcssure in the wetwell, The reactor pressure vessel and Se cepprestion chamber were connected to equalize the pecs After the initialization procedures the prescribed ‘sexx and nitrogen flowrates were supplied to IC. The steam ber pressure was held constant by controlling the suppression os Relevant initial and boundary conditions of the tests are ‘able 1_ntial and boundary experimental conditions. x Pro NCP ToT Steam flow (MPa) tke) 00 00 03 0.03 ant oes 03 0.03 aor 0.0292 03 0.03 0s 0.0670 03 0.03 o1 0.1310 03 0.03 “5 Prat removal rate versus nitrogen concentration, ‘ial pool water temperature is set to 373 K in sort to empore constant boundary conditions on the outer ‘sctece of the mbes. The otal removed heat is calculated from Se scessrement ofthe drainage rate from the IC multiplied by Se lana cat of evaporation of water. The main resus ofthe sess ace reported in Figs. 4 and 5. In particular, the heat ‘semoval rte versus nitrogen partial pressure is shown in Fig 4 ‘Tae bent mmoval capsbility of the IC without non-condensible (gees ie shout 6S kw it decreases with increasing the nitrogen (psa! posssure The overall heat transfer degradation coctTiccst and the local heat transfer degradation coefficient 145 ‘estimated in a point at 50 mm (rom the tubes entrance are shown in Fig. 5. The largest difference between the overall and the local degradation coefficient was observed for the highest nitrogen concentrations: this is a consequence of the difference in the effective heat transfer arca. The effective heat transfer area was affecting roughly 3/4 of the total tube length in the pure stcam test, while the total tube length was needed 10 remove the heat for the highest nitrogen concentrations. in) Fam C c oN Tee Fig. 5. Degradation coeificient versus nitrogen concentration, 3. ADOPTED CODES AND NODALIZATIONS 3.1 Description of code models “The codes adopted in the analysis were three versions of Cathare and two versions of Rélap. As these codes use different heat taser models, a sort overview of the adopted comelatons i given in thie section Cathare was develop in order to perform best estimate calculations of PWR accidents, I includes several independent ‘modules which tke into secant mechanical and thermal non equilibrium occurring during PWR loss of coolant accidens. Cathars is based on a six partial diferente! equations model, which iz solved by « completely implicit method. Closure relationships concemring mass. energy and momentum exchanges between liquid and vapor and between the two fluids and the wall are also included. In oxéer to obtain the “heeded correlations, the classical relationships availabe in the erature and specific experimental data derived from separate ‘effect experiments, were extensively used! Inall the codes the non-condensible gus assumed to be in thermal and mechaniealequitrium with the vaper pas. ‘The models which are mostly involved in the calculation of the IC experiments are those which ealeulates the heat wansfer between wall and liquid and between liquid and interface, Ithas to be noted that in all he available versions of Cathar code the degradation of the heat transfer coefficient ce tothe accumulation of noncondensible gases depends on the deerese of the interface temperature, whichis set equal 1 the saturation temporaire coresponding tothe scam partial pressure, The degradation of the heat wransfer due 10 the accumulation of nitrogen atthe interface isnot modeled.Cathare 2 VIL2E/M adopts for the wall-fluid heat transfr, in the conditions in which condensation oxcurs, the classical Ditus-Boelter correlation, while fr the Muid-interfce heat transfer the Shah corsaton is used. The later was found to predict too low heat transfer paniculaly for high void fractions, Cathare 2. V13 uses the same correlations of she provida? versions. Varisions were introduced in the ‘implementation of the Dittus-Boelter correlation! to improve the numerical performances. ‘The versions of Cathare which ses an improved condensation model, was derived from Cathare2.V1.3 adopting, the Chen et al. corelation™, for esleuating both wall Tiguid and igui-interfce est tanto! This version of the code has shown bever expats than the standard version in predicting scenarios in which condenss important oie! ig. 6 Nodalization of IC for Cathare 2 VI.2E. The RelapSimod? and RelapSimod3 codes have been developed for best estimates tagsient simblation of light water reactors and associated systems. Bot codes are based ona six balance equation mocel, solved by a finite diffrence nearly. ‘implicit numerical scheme. A general modeling approach is used, allowing a detailed description of complex systems. Models for simulating reactor conrol nd secondary sytcm components are included. ‘When condensation occurs, in the RelapSmod? codes the heat fue between liquid and wall and between vapour and wall axe sepuately modeled"Y. The former is modeied in a way similar to the convection, and the Ditts-Boelter correlation is teed in the low void regime ued the corelations of Carpenter CCotbumm and of Nusselt are used in the high void regime. A void fraction weighting scheme is ued to get an average value for heat transfer coefficient in the case of intermediate void fraction, The wall-vapour hes transfer is calculated by the same model used in te high void regime forthe wall-Tiquid heat transfer. Again ia RelipS/mod2 the degradation of heat transer forthe accumulation of non-condensible gas at the imerface is not represented bya specific model RelapSfimod3!"2/ model of the heat wansfer in ‘condencation regime is based on the same correlations used in. RelapS/mod2 and on a model which takes into sccount of the presence of non-condensible gas. The implementation of the ‘corclations is different. The heat transfer coefficient is degradated by multiplying it by a factor considering the non- ‘condensible gas present in the volume The origin of the model is not reported in the code manual! "2/, 4 = 20am net, gd ater y sae Fig. 7 Nodalizaton of IC for CATHARE?2 V1.3E and modified. 3.2 Adopted nodalizations ‘Two nodalizations were set up for use in Cathare code Figs. 6 and 7), Lui outer Fig. 8 Nodalization of IC for RELAPS mod 2 and mod 3. ‘The nodalization shown in Fig. 6 was used with Cathare 2 VIL2E. It desoribes the whole primary and secondary systems, simulating the natural circulations in the IC pool. The three tubes are simulated by a single one and the sicam and water boxes are simulated by volumes. Boundary conditions provide the assigned flowrstes and impose the pressure in the apparatus, ‘The other nodalization (Fig. 7) was used for the analysis performed by Cathare 2 VI.3 and by the modified version ofCathars 2 V1. It describes only the primary side in the same ‘==y sin the previous nodalization, while the secondary side is secsiated by assigning proper heat transfer coefficient and, SSpcaure to the outer surface ofthe IC mbes. ‘Tae nodalizations used for RelapS/mod2 and RetacS/mod3 axe identical (Fig. 8). The latter is derived from ‘Se focmer by changing only the input Keywords when needed, Sout changing the geometry or the system simulated. The subs xe represented by a single tube and the steam and water ‘pence are represented by “branch” components. Relevant characteristics of the adopted nodalizations are scored in table 2. It een be noted that pool removes the heat = Se case of nodalizations in Figs. 5 and 6 and an assigned sex cansfor coefficient ig used to model dhe heat sink in the sssv of the noding scheme of Fig. 7. Characteristics of the nadalizations. Relap Cathare2 Cathare 2 Vi2E VL. Nabe of nodes 45 96 30 Sesser of junctions n 2 a Nextar of slabs 170 480, 140 < RESULTS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE CODES, 1 five steady states, with different partial pressures of vee, wore calculated by the five selected codes. Fig. 9 Secs the experimental and calculated heat removal rate Experimental and calculated hest removal rate. The heat wansfer to the secondary side is largely s=iecostimated by Cathare 2 VIL2E and by Cathare 2 V1.3 in sSemce and in presence of non-condensible gas. The heat xscicr prodicted by the two versions of the codes is very sisi. The exchanged power without non-condensible gas ‘messured during the testis mughly 65 kw while the calculated see i round 18 kw. Cathare modified, RelepS/mod2 and ‘RetepS/mod3 codes calculate quite well the heat exchange in ‘Ge state without non-condensible gas. Both versions of Relap Eve 2 similer wond of the exchanged power. 147 ‘Accumulation of the non-condensible gas in the lower part of the tube is noted in the calculations. Calculated trends seem qualitatively questionable: an edge effect appears to result from the code models. The judgement of quantitative performance needs the qualification of the experimental data and more detailed measurements than available. BIE Ca TT he Fig. 10 Experimental and calculated heat transfer degradation coefficient For all the steady states complete condensation in the tube is predicted only by Cathare modified and RelapS/mod2 in the state without non-condensible gas: very high void fractions along the tube are prodieted in the other eases. ‘The degradation of the heat exchange (Fig. 10) underestimated by all the three versions of Cathare whil initially overestimated by both versions of Relap. The modified version of Cathare follows well the overall heat transfer ‘degradation for low gas concentrations even if t does not use a specific model. Then for low nitrogen concentrations the heat transfor dogradation is only due to the decrease of the interface temperature, that as already mentioned in Cathare corresponds to the saturation temperauure at te vapour partial pressure, Ja the state with the highest nitrogen partial pressure, both Relap ccode versions calculate the heat transfer better than Cathar. In Fig. 10 the “local” heat transfer degradation coefficient js calculated by considering local values of temperatures; the “overall? heat transfer coefficient is caleulated by the global ‘mass and nergy balance of the loop. Figs. 11 and 12 show the trends of the temperatures of liquid and gas along the IC tube. The experimental value is related to the bulk and is the same in both figures. ‘The measured temperature shows that complete condensation occurs in the experiment, but only Relap5/mod2. ‘and Cathare modified predict the temperature decrease. It is important to note that the difference in temperature berween vapour and Tiquid phase is much larger for Cathare 2 VI.2E and Cathare 2 V1.3 with respect tothe other codes. This is due to the Higuid-interface heat transfer model which predicts too low heat transfer coefficients. It can be noted that the two differents Cathare nodalizations provide essentially the same results, the secondbeing much less expensive in terms of CPU time: the heat transfer coefficient in the second has been derived from the first one. This also allowed the conclusion thatthe greatest part of the thermal resistance between primary and secondary fuid lie onthe primary side So Bee ras . le oo i: Fig.11 Liquid temperature along the tube. SS se i. : Po r/o x aig ANGE FROM CT GO Fig. 12 Gas temperature along the tube. 5, CONCLUSIONS ‘The isolation condenser tests here considered supplied an experimental base 1 evaluate the capabilities of the thermalhydraulic codes in the simulation of condensation in presence of non-condensable ges. ‘The main conclusions reached from the application of the RelapS/mod2, RelapS/mod3, Cathare 2 V1.2E, Cathare 2 V1.3 and a version of Cathare 2 V1.3 (with sn improved film condensation model) codes can be summarized as follows: ~ standard Cathare largely underestimates the heat wansfer in condensation conditions and does not predict significant degradation in presence of noncondensible 225; + the modified Cathare code prediction appears reasonable for low mass fractions of noncondensible gases; for high mass fractions, the model taking into account the heat transfer dogradation with the increasing of the accumulation of noncondensible gas docs not seem adequate, ‘The presently available thesmalhydraulic system codes reed additional improvement and qualification before being applied to scenarios including the presence of noncond ‘gases that ae relevant forthe new generation reactors. 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