FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING

INTRODUCTION Documentation

A computer is a machine, and like other machines,  Program description

such as an automobile or a lawnmower, it must be  Algorithm development and changes
turned on and then driven, or controlled, to perform the  Well-commented program listing
task it was meant to do.  Sample test runs
 Users’ manual
Computer Program
- is a self-contained set of instructions used to Maintenance
operate a computer to produce a specific result.
Maintenance is often the major effort, the primary
Software Development Procedure source of revenue, and the longest lasting of the
engineering phases.
1. Development and design
2. Documentation Algorithm
3. Maintenance
an algorithm (i /ˈælɡəɹɪðm/) is an effective method
Development and design steps expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions
for calculating a function. Algorithms are used for
Software engineering is concerned with creating calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning.
readable, efficient, reliable, and maintainable programs
and systems, and it uses the software development Pseudocode
procedure to achieve this goal.
 is an artificial and informal language that helps
Criteria programmers develop algorithms. Pseudocode
is a "text-based" detail (algorithmic) design
 Analyze the problem tool.
- Is required to ensure that the problem is clearly  is a kind of structured English for describing
defined and understood.
algorithms
 Develop a solution Flowcharting

- Selecting an exact set of steps  is a type of diagram that represents an

algorithm or process, showing the steps as
 Code the Selection boxes of various kinds, and their order by
connecting these with arrows.
 Sequence – It is the order in which instruction
are executed by the program  graphical or symbolic representation of a
process. Each step in the process is represented
 Selection – It provides the capability to make by a different symbol and contains a short
choice between different operations, description of the process step.
depending on the results of the condition.

 Iteration – Referred to as a looping or a

repetition. It provides the ability for the same
operation to be repeated based on the value of
the condition

 Invocation – It is a set of statements as it is

needed.

 Test and correct the program – Used to

verify that the program works correctly and
fulfills its requirements or desired output

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Basic Flowchart Symbols

The Process Symbol represents any process, function, The Decision Symbol is a junction where a decision
or action and is the most frequently used symbol in must be made. A single entry may have any number of
flowcharting. alternative solutions, but only one can be chosen.

The Connector Symbol represents the exit to, or entry

The Document Symbol is used to represent any type
from, another part of the same flowchart. It is usually
of hard copy input or output (i.e., reports).
used to break a flow line that will be continued
elsewhere. It's a good idea to reference page numbers
for easy location of connectors.

Offpage Connector Symbols are used to indicate the Flow lines indicate the flow of operation, that is, the
flowchart continues on another page. Often, the page exact sequence in which the instruction is executed.
number is placed in the shape for easy reference.

The Input/Output Symbol represents data that is

available for input or resulting from processing (i.e.,
customer database records)

Comment Symbols are used when additional

explanation or comment is required. This symbol is
usually connected to the symbol it is explaining by a
dashed line.

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Sample Flowchart and Pseudo Code

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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

The process of writing a program, or software, is

called programming, and the set of instructions used
to construct a program is called a programming
language.

Programming languages

 Machine Language

- 11000000 000000000001 000000000010

11110000 000000000010 000000000011

 Assembly Language

Programming languages using this type of symbolic

notation are referred to as assembly languages.

 High Level Language

When each statement in a high-level source program is

translated separately and executed immediately after
translation, the programming language is called an
interpreted language, and the program doing the
translation is an interpreter.

When all statements in a high-level source program are

translated as a complete unit before any statement is
executed, the programming language is called a
compiled language. In this case, the program doing
the translation is a compiler.

FUNDAMENTAL OF C++

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