Chemistry 9th Class Sindh Board Notes Chapter # 1 Introduction To Chemistry => Fill In Blanks ALP iGewArgo hig aelIiL tial Re cdephee ooh wn WW.USMANWEB.COMCHEMISTRY IX NOTES INTRODUCTION To CHEMISTRY — FILL IN THE BLANKS. Chapter #01 Chemistry - 1X Fill In The Blanks > INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY Chemistry is the science, which deals with the study of composition of matter, changes in matter and the laws which govern these changes. Chemistry also deals with the principles governing the changes in the matter. Greek period was mostly the age of theoretical science. They thought that all matter was derived from four elements earth, air, fire and water. According to them earth was dry and cold, fire was het and dry, air was cold, wet and hot and water was cold, hot and wet. The Muslim period from 600 to 1600A.D is known as the period of alchemists. Alchemists discovered various acids, alcohols and medicines. Jabir Bin Haiyan is known as the father of alchemy. Jabir gave the metallic concept of Sulphur and mercury. He refined the methods of extraction of metals from their ores and preparation of steel. He prepared concentrated acetic acid by concentration of vinegar. He developed the process of golden script writing with iron pyrites, His major contribution in chemistry is the discovery of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and white lead. He prepared Aqua regia (royal water) to dissolve gold. Al-Razi was the first to use opium as an anesthesia. He divided the substances into living and non living origins. Al-Razi determined the specific gravities of different things. WWW.USMANWEB.COM7 (CHemisTRY IX Notes INTRODUCTION To CHEMISTRY — FILL IN THE BLANKS } 18. Ibne-Sina was famous for his work in medicines, medicinal chemistry. philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. Al Rehan M. Al-Beruni worked on eighteen precious stones and metals and determined ‘their densitie: Robert Boyle is considered as one of the father of the modem chemistry. J-Black made a study of carbondioxide. J-Priestly discovered oxygen, sulpher dioxide and hydrogen chloride. Scheele discovered chlorine. Cavendish discovered hydrogen. Lavoisior discovered that oxygen constituted about one fifth of air. The ionic theory was put forward by Arrhenius. John Dalton developed the atomic theory. Berzelious suggested the symbols of elements, formulae, chemical equation and discovered the atomic masses of many elements. Farady studies the process of electrolysis in detail. Mendeleev arranged the elements in the form of a periodic table. Madam Curie did valuable research in radioactivity. The research work of Thomson. Rutherford and Bohr helped a lot in understanding the structure of atom, properties and the structure of matter. Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) as plastics for pipes is a chlorine compound. Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the laws and the principles governing the contribution of atoms and molecules in chemical reaction. Organi¢ chemistry is the branch of chemistry in which we study the compounds of carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemistry of elements and their compounds, obtained from non living organisms. |_WWW.USMANWEB.COM Pe 2_CHEMISTRY IX NOTES INTRODUCTION To CHEMISTRY — FILL IN THE BLANKS. 37. Analytical chemistry is the study of the methods and techniques involved to determine ‘the kind, quality and quantity of various compounds in a given substance. Biochemistry is the study of chemical compounds occurring in living things and their metabolism. Industrial chemistry is the study of different chemical processes involved in the chemical industries for the manufacture of synthetic products like glass, cement, paper, soda ash, | fertilizers, me I Nuclear chemistry is the study of changes occurring in the nuclei of atems, accompanied | by the emission of invisible radiations. The study of the interaction of chemical materials and their effect on the environment of | animals and plants is called environmental chemistry. Persona hygiene, pollution and health hazards are important areas of environmental chemistry. The study of polymerization is called polymeric chemistry. Scientific method consists of four steps. The method which helps to collect facts on the basis of observation and experimentation is called Scientific method. Observation is the process of observing natural phenomena with the help of five senses | and scientific equipments. | The explanation of observations and facts which is a trail, idea is called hypothesis. If a hypothesis is accepted it is called theory. A theory becomes law when it gives repeatedly the same results after experimentation and offers corrects explanation of scientific facts. } The information obtained from observation is called fact. 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