energies

Article
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System with Low-GWP Refrigerants
Tauseef Aized 1 , Muhammad Rashid 1 , Fahid Riaz 2 , Ameer Hamza 1 , Hafiz Zahid Nabi 1 , Muhammad Sultan 3 ,
Waqar Muhammad Ashraf 4, * and Jaroslaw Krzywanski 5, *

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore,

Lahore 54000, Pakistan
2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
3 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
4 Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London,
Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
5 Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av.,
42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
* Correspondence: [email protected] (W.M.A.); [email protected] (J.K.)

Abstract: In this paper, a first- and second-law analysis of vapor compression refrigeration is pre-
sented to estimate and propose the replacement of R134 with working fluids having less global
warming potential (GWP) and less exergy destruction and irreversibilities. Six different refrigerants
were studied, namely, R717, R1234yf, R290, R134a, R600a, and R152a. A thermodynamic model
was designed on Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, and performance parameters were
calculated. The model was deployed on all six refrigerants, while the used output parameters of
performance were cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, discharge temperature, total exergy
destruction, relative exergy destruction rates of different components, second-law efficiency, and
Citation: Aized, T.; Rashid, M.;
efficiency defect of each component. The performance parameters were estimated at different speeds
Riaz, F.; Hamza, A.; Nabi, H.Z.;
of the compressor (1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm) and fixed condenser and evaporator temperatures
Sultan, M.; Ashraf, W.M.;
Krzywanski, J. Energy and Exergy
of 50 ◦ C and 5 ◦ C, respectively. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor was the same as the
Analysis of Vapor Compression volumetric efficiency, and it was taken as 75%, 65%, and 55% at the compressor speeds of 1000 rpm,
Refrigeration System with Low-GWP 2000 rpm, and 3000 rpm, respectively. A comparison of the performance parameters was presented
Refrigerants. Energies 2022, 15, 7246. by importing the results in MATLAB. It was found that the compressor had the highest exergy
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197246 destruction compared to the other components. It was found that R152 was the refrigerant with
Academic Editors: Sławomir Rabczak
zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a GWP value of 140 with less exergy destruction and
and Francesco Minichiello irreversibilities. Moreover, it was easy to use R152a with good thermodynamic characteristics. It is
estimated that R152a is a suitable replacement for R134a, as it can be used with few modifications.
Received: 8 July 2022
Accepted: 28 September 2022
Keywords: exergy analysis; vapor compression cycle; exergy destruction; energy efficiency; low
Published: 2 October 2022
GWP refrigerants
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations. 1. Introduction
Refrigerant R-12 was the first refrigerant used in 1930. It was used for about half
a century in automotive air-conditioning systems in vehicles due to its characteristics,
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
including safety and durability. In 1970, scientists [1–3] presented that chlorofluorocarbons
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
(CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer due to high ODP. At that time, R-134 was found to be
This article is an open access article
a suitable refrigerant with zero ODP. Later in 1990, R-134 was found to be environmentally
distributed under the terms and unfriendly due to a GWP higher than 150 [4]. The Montreal protocol [5,6] forced automobile-
conditions of the Creative Commons manufacturing companies to find an alternative refrigerant for R-134a with a GWP less
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// than or equal to 150. Later, a number of refrigerants, such as R1234yf, R1234ze, and R152a,
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ were found as replacements for R-134a. These refrigerants were found to be efficient with
4.0/). small modifications in absorption air-conditioning systems (AACSs) [7,8].

Energies 2022, 15, 7246. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197246 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2022, 15, 7246 2 of 22

Sumeru et al. [9,10] studied the performance parameters of refrigerants R134a and
R152a in automotive air-conditioning systems. The analysis was performed at compressor
speeds of 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM and condenser temperatures of 40 ◦ C,
45 ◦ C, and 50 ◦ C. J Brown et al. [11] estimated the performance of the refrigerant R134
and CO2 in vapor compression for AACSs using semitheoretical models. The CO2 system
was linked to the heat exchanger. The coefficient of performance (COP) of R134a was
found to be higher than CO2 , and the COP disparity increased directly with the rise in
ambient temperature and compressor speed. Joudi et al. [12] presented the performance
of an AACS and developed a computational model. They used refrigerants R-12, R134a,
R-600a, and a combination of propane and isobutene. The analysis was performed to find
an alternative refrigerant for R-12, and the model was studied on the basis of condenser
and evaporator temperatures. Lee et al. [13] performed both numerical and experimental
analyses of an AACS under various operating conditions. They used a laminated-type
evaporator, a thermal expansion valve, a plate-type compressor, and a parallel flow con-
denser in the apparatus. A computer program was constructed to predict the performance
of the evaporator on the basis of the overall heat transfer coefficient. Yataganbaba et al. [14]
performed a numerical analysis of a vapor compression cycle. They analyzed the perfor-
mance parameters in a computer code in Engineering Equation Solver. The study was
based on refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze as suitable replacements for R134a.
Belman Flores et al. [15] presented an energy and exergy analysis of refrigerant 1234yf
as an alternative refrigerant for R134a. They studied the various parameters of exergy,
including the exergy destruction, exergy efficiency, exergy rate of the product, efficiency
defect, and exergy destruction ratio. They investigated these parameters concerning con-
denser and evaporator temperatures. Soudabah Golzari et al. [16] presented a second-law
analysis for automotive air-conditioning systems. They estimated the performance pa-
rameters, including coefficient of performance, exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, and
entropy generation. The thermodynamic properties were accessed with REFPROP 8.0
software, and a simulation was performed with MATLAB software. Jemma et al. [17]
performed a numerical investigation of refrigerant R1234ze as a replacement for R134a. The
performance was analyzed in Engineering Equation Solver, and the parameters studied
including exergy destruction, energy efficiencies, and exergy losses in different components
of the cycle. They concluded that the compressor had the highest energy destruction among
the other components. Kaynakli et al. [18] conducted an experimental analysis of automo-
tive air-conditioning systems. They studied the performance of an AACS on the basis of
ambient temperature, condensing and evaporating temperatures, and revolutions of the
compressor. They observed that the cooling capacity increased with the rise in compressor
speed. Alkan et al. [19] estimated the performance of an AACS by both fixing the speed of
the compressor and varying the speed. The system’s performance was analyzed in both
cases by varying air stream temperatures in the compressor and evaporator and air stream
velocity. It was found that the cooling capacity of the refrigerants was increased with the
increase in condenser air speed in variable speed operation [20].
Hosoz et al. [21] used a support vector regression approach to analyze the perfor-
mance parameters of R1234yf in automotive air-conditioning systems. They presented an
experimental analysis and used a microchannel condenser, an evaporator of the laminated
type, a swash-type compressor, and an air filter. The thermophysical characteristics of
R1234yf were taken from REFPROP 9.1 software, and the experiment was performed at
1000 RPM, 1500 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 2500 RPM. Mclinden et al. [22] studied refrigerants
based on different properties, such as stability, GWP, flammability, toxicity, and critical tem-
perature. They initially considered 56,000 candidates and then shortlisted 1200 refrigerants.
They studied these refrigerants and minimized the candidates on the basis of performance.
Many articles have been published on exergy analyses and first-law analyses of cooling
systems. Most of these papers have studied evaporator and condenser temperature bases.
However, some articles have discussed the wind speed and mass flow rates of refrigerants
for cooling performance.
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 3 of 22

Joaquin Navaroo and Franisco carried out research on a vapor compression system to
identify a replacement for refrigerant R134a, and they came to the conclusion that R1234yf
was a good replacement for R134a [23]. Overall, the average volumetric efficiency of R152a
was 26%, 14% higher than those of R1234yf and R134a due to a higher specific gas constant
and lower suction pressure [24]. R134a, one of the most commonly used refrigerants,
especially for air-conditioning (AC) systems, will be banned in automotive air conditioners
after 2022 due to a high global warming potential (GWP). R152a and R1234yf are considered
two potential low-GWP drop-in alternatives to R134a due to similar thermodynamic
properties. In this paper, the performances of R152a, R1234yf, and R134a, along with
three other low-GWP refrigerants, are studied to identify the most suitable replacement for
R134a. The investigation is carried out on six different low-GWP refrigerants in order to
identify the most suitable replacement. The novelty of this study is that it proves R152a
as an excellent replacement for R134a instead of R1234yf. In addition, Meng et al., carried
out research by mixing R134a with R1234yf to investigate the performance. By comparing
and contrasting the results, the current study shows that R152a has high performance
characteristics, even from the mixture of refrigerants R134a and R1234yf.
The main aspect of our study is to examine the exergy and first-law parameters on
the basis of compressor speed. This paper analyzes six different refrigerants, where the
condenser and evaporator temperatures remain constant, as mentioned in Table 1. Each
refrigerant is environmentally friendly, having low GWP and ODP values. The refrigerants
are studied on the basis of suitable thermodynamic properties. In addition, the refrigerants
should have less exergy destruction and irreversibilities, as well as more second-law
efficiency and COP.

Table 1. Comparison of parameters of refrigerants.

Molecular Normal Boiling Critical Critical Pressure

Refrigerant ODP GWP Group
Weight kg/kmol Point (◦ C) Temperature (◦ C) (MPa)
R134a 102 0 1430 −15 214 590 HFC
R1234yf 114 0 4 −29 95 3.382 HFO
R717 17 0 0 −28 271 1657 B2L
R290 44.1 0 3 −44 206 617 HC
R152a 66.05 0 140 −25 113.5 45.8 HFC
R600a 58.12 0 3 10.8 275 529 HC

This paper presents different sections, where the introduction section demonstrates
a general literature review of the topic and compares and contrasts different scholars’
research. The methodology section demonstrates the method by which the current study
is conducted. It also demonstrates the mathematical modeling and modeling procedure.
The results and discussion sections discuss the output results and their importance in the
field of refrigeration and air conditioning. The conclusion section gives the overall crux
of this paper and the novel finding that R152a is an excellent replacement for the R134a
refrigerant.

2. Methodology
2.1. EES Modeling of Automotive Air-Conditioning System
Vapor compression refrigeration is the thermodynamic cycle for automotive air-
conditioning systems. The schematic diagram of a vapor compression refrigerant cycle
(VCRC) is given below in Figure 1. A VCRC consists of four components: a compressor, a
condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator [25,26]. The refrigerant flows through
these parts, respectively, and produces cooling in the definite space in which it is needed.
While passing through these components, some sequential changes are also observed in
the cycle. In the compressor, the flowing refrigerant is compressed from a low evaporator
pressure to a high pressure before entering the condenser.
 this, it passes through an expansion or throttling valve. It is an isenthalpic process, and
the refrigerant changes into wet liquid and vapors after expansion takes place. After that,
it passes through the evaporator, takes heat from the space, and changes into saturated
vapors at the end of the evaporator. In this process, it takes the heat from the space, and
the space becomes colder, producing cooling. After this, it again enters the compressor,
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 4 of 22
and the cycle is repeated [27–29]. The compressor speed and the temperatures of the evap-
orator and condenser are mentioned in Table 2.

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagramofofvapor
vaporcompression
compressioncycle.
cycle.(state
(state1:1:evaporator
evaporatoroutlet
outletand
andcompressor
compres-
sor inlet,
inlet, statestate 2: compressor
2: compressor outlet
outlet andand condenser
condenser inlet,
inlet, state
state 3: condenser
3: condenser outlet
outlet andand expansion
expansion valve
valve inlet, state 4 (expansion valve outlet and evaporator
inlet, state 4 (expansion valve outlet and evaporator inlet). inlet).

TableThe power
2. Input from a vehicle is given to the compressor to work on the refrigerant. Both
parameters.
temperature and pressure are increased before it enters the condenser. The compressed
Parameter Value
refrigerant flows through the condenser, where it is condensed. The refrigerant at the
Compressor speed (N) 1000 RPM,
discharge of the compressor is saturated vapors. When it enters the condenser, 2000 RPM, 3000 RPM
it changes
into saturated Evaporator
liquid after temperature
condensation(TE)
and gives its heat to the condensing 5 °C medium, and
Condenser temperature (TC)
phase change is observed. At the outlet of the condenser, it is a saturated 50 °Cliquid, and after
this, it passes through an expansion or throttling valve. It is an isenthalpic process, and
2.2.refrigerant
the Modeling Procedure
changes into wet liquid and vapors after expansion takes place. After that,
it passes
The through
workingthe evaporator,
principle takes
depends onheat
the from
vaporthe space, and refrigeration
compression changes into cycle.
saturated
The
vapors
compressor of an AACS is attached to the car engine. The compressor rotates with the
at the end of the evaporator. In this process, it takes the heat from the space, and the
space becomes
rotation of the colder,
engine.producing cooling.
As the speed After
of the this,increases,
engine it again enters the compressor,
the input power of the andcom-
the
cycle is repeated
pressor increases,[27–29].
and as aThe compressor
result, speed
the cooling and the
capacity temperatures
of the compressorofincreases.
the evaporator
In this
and condenser
process, are mentioned
the speed in Tableincreases
of the compressor 2. from low to high. The RPM selected were
1000, 2000, and 3000 RPM, and the given RPM values showed the engine speeds during
Table 2. Input parameters.
idle, city, and high-speed operations, respectively. Seven performance parameters were
discussed as output parameters, including cooling capacity, COP,
Parameter discharge temperature,
Value
exergy destruction rate of
Compressor speed (N)each component, exergy destruction of the
1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, system, second-law
3000 RPM
Evaporator temperature (TE) 5 ◦C
Condenser temperature (TC) 50 ◦ C

2.2. Modeling Procedure

The working principle depends on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The
compressor of an AACS is attached to the car engine. The compressor rotates with the
rotation of the engine. As the speed of the engine increases, the input power of the
compressor increases, and as a result, the cooling capacity of the compressor increases. In
this process, the speed of the compressor increases from low to high. The RPM selected were
1000, 2000, and 3000 RPM, and the given RPM values showed the engine speeds during
idle, city, and high-speed operations, respectively. Seven performance parameters were
discussed as output parameters, including cooling capacity, COP, discharge temperature,
exergy destruction rate of each component, exergy destruction of the system, second-law
efficiency of each component, relative exergy destruction, and efficiency defects of all the
components. Some assumptions were made to model the thermodynamic cycle.
• The process took place under steady-state conditions.
• The effects of potential and kinetic energy were very small and were neglected.
• Superheat in an evaporator was the same as subcooling in the condenser.
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 5 of 22

• Subcooling in the condenser and superheating in the evaporator increased with the
increase in revolutions of the compressor. Both superheat and subcooling values in
the evaporator and condenser were 1 K, 2 K, and 3 K for 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and
3000 RPM, respectively.
• The volumetric and isentropic efficiencies of the compressor were the same. The
isentropic efficiency of the compressor was 75%, 65%, and 55% at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM,
and 3000 RPM, respectively [10]. These compressor speeds presented idle (or low
speed), city, and high-speed operations. The volumetric and isentropic efficiencies of
the compressor reduced with the increase in compressor revolutions. This was due to
irreversibility and entropy generation with the rise in compressor speed.
• The displacement of the compressor was 120 × 10− 6 m3 .rev− 1 , and its value was
constant.
• The refrigerant entering the evaporator was a mixture of vapor and liquid, and the
expansion in the throttle valve took place at constant enthalpy.
• The pressure drops in all the components were very small and were neglected.

2.3. Mathematical Model

There are seven parameters from which we can estimate the performance of an au-
tomotive air-conditioning system, including COP, cooling capacity, discharge tempera-
ture, exergy destruction rates of all the components, relative exergy destruction of all
the components, second-law efficiency of each component, and efficiency defect of each
component [30,31].
The amount of cooling produced in the evaporator is called cooling capacity [32,33]
and is given by Equation (1):
Qevap = m(h7 − h6 ) (1)
where Qevap is the cooling capacity of the refrigerant.
The ratio of the cooling capacity of the evaporator to the input power of the compressor
is known as the coefficient of performance (COP) (Equation (2)):

Qevap h − h6
COP = = 7 (2)
Pcomp h2 − h1

where Qevap is the cooling capacity, Pcomp is the input power of the compressor, and COP is
the coefficient of performance.
The exergy destruction in the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator
and the total exergy destruction are expressed by Equations (3)–(7), respectively.

Xdest,comp = To ·m(s2 − s1 ) (3)

Qcond
Xdest,cond = To [m(s5 − s2 ) +   (4)
Tavg,cond

Xdest,expvalve = To ·m(s6 − s5 ) (5)

Qevap
Xdest,evap = To [m(s1 − s6 ) +
(6)
Tavg,evap
Xdest,total = Xdest,comp + Xdest,cond + Xdest,expvalve + Xdest,evap (7)
where Tavg,cond is the average air temperature in the condenser, and Tavg,evap is the average
air temperature in the evaporator [34–37].
The second-law efficiency of the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evap-
orator and the overall efficiency of the system can be described by Equations (8)–(12),
respectively:
Xdest,comp
ηcomp = 1 − (8)
Pinput
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 6 of 22

Xdest,cond
ηcond = 1 − (9)
Xdi f f ,cond
Xdest,expvalve
ηexpvalve = 1 − (10)
XDi f f ,Expvalve
Xdest,Evap
ηevap = 1 − (11)
XDi f f ,Evap
Xdesttotal
ηsys = 1 − (12)
Pinput
where Pinput is the input power of the compressor, XDiff,cond is the difference in energy
between the inlet and outlet of the condenser, XDiff,Expvalve is the difference in exergy at
the inlet and outlet of the expansion valve [38], and XDiff,Evap is the gain in energy in
the evaporator. Similarly, the relative exergy destruction in the compressor, condenser,
expansion valve, and evaporator and the overall efficiency of the system can be described
by Equations (13)–(16), respectively:

Xdest,comp
Xdest,relative,comp = (13)
Xdest,total

Xdest,cond
Xdest,relative,cond = (14)
Xdest,total
Xdest,expvalve
Xdest,relative,expvalve = (15)
Xdest,total
Xdest,evap
Xdest,relative,evap = (16)
Edest,total
The efficiency defects of the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator
are depicted by Equations (17)–(20), respectively:

Xdest,comp
δcomp = (17)
Pinput

Xdest,cond
δcond = (18)
Pinput
Xdest,expvalve
δexpvalve = (19)
Pinput
Xdest,evap
δevap = (20)
Pinput
The EES code developed by using the above mathematical modelling equations is
given in Appendix A.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Comparison of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) with Different Refrigerants
Using T-s and P-h Diagrams
The refrigerants used here were R134a, R152a, R1234yf, R290, R717, and R600a. The
simulation was performed on EES software for all the refrigerants at different speeds of the
compressor. The analysis was performed at fixed evaporator and condenser temperatures.
Here, we discuss the T-s and P-h diagrams of R134a and R152a in Figures 2–5. Both
refrigerants were studied at 1000 RPM. Both refrigerants were single-phase refrigerants
because they evaporated and condensed at a constant value of temperature.
 the compressor. The analysis was performed at fixed evaporator and condenser te
the compressor. The analysis was performed at fixed evaporator and condenser t
tures.
tures.
Here, we discuss the T-s and P-h diagrams of R134a and R152a in Figures 2–
Here, we discuss the T-s and P-h diagrams of R134a and R152a in Figures 2
refrigerants were studied at 1000 RPM. Both refrigerants were single-phase refr
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 refrigerants were studied at 1000 RPM. Both refrigerants were single-phase
7 of 22 refr
because they evaporated and condensed at a constant value of temperature.
because they evaporated and condensed at a constant value of temperature.

400
400

350 2
350 2
4 1319 kPa 3
[K]
4 1319 kPa 3
TT[K]

300
300

5 349.9 kPa 1
5 349.9 kPa 1
250
250

1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
s [kJ/kg-K]
s [kJ/kg-K]
Figure 2. T-s diagram of vapor compression refrigeration cycle running with R134a.
Figure
Figure 2. 2.
T-sT-s diagram
diagram of vapor
of vapor compression
compression refrigeration
refrigeration cycle
cycle running with running
with R134a.
R134a.

6 x10 33
6 x10

4 T cond = 323.2 K 3 2
4 T cond = 323.2 K 3 2
[kPa]
PP[kPa]

10 33
10

T evap = 278.2 K
T evap = 278.2 K
1
5 1
5

10 22
10 200 250 300 350 400 450
200 250 300 350 400 450
h [kJ/kg]
h [kJ/kg]
Figure3.3.P-h
Figure P-h diagram
diagram of vapor
of vapor compression
compression refrigeration
refrigeration cycle
cycle running withrunning
R134a. with R134a.
Figure 3. P-h diagram of vapor compression refrigeration cycle running with R134a.
 vertically straight but inclined to right indicating increase in entropy. When the
vertically straight but inclined to right indicating increase in entropy. When th
heated vapour comes out of the compressor at state 2, its temperature is higher th
heated vapour comes out of the compressor at state 2, its temperature is higher th
densation temperature (temperature at state 3). In the condenser, initially temp
densation temperature (temperature at state 3). In the condenser, initially temp
drops but once the phase change (condensation) starts, the temperature remains c
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 drops but once the phase change (condensation) starts, the temperature 8 ofremains
22 c
(process 3-4).
(process 3-4).

375
375

2
350 2
350

4 1179 kPa 3
325 4 1179 kPa 3
[K]

325
T T[K]

300
300

275 1
275 5 1315.21 kPa 1
5 1315.21 kPa

250
250
1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20
1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20
s [kJ/kg-K]
s [kJ/kg-K]
Figure 4. T-s diagram of vapor compression refrigeration cycle running with R152a.
Figure T-sT-s
Figure4. 4. diagram of vapor
diagram compression
of vapor refrigeration
compression cycle running
refrigeration with running
cycle R152a. with R152a.
R152a
R152a
1044
10

4
4 3
3 2
323.2 K 2
1033 323.2 K
10
[kPa]
PP[kPa]

278.2 K
278.2 K 1
5 1
5

1022
10

2x1011
2x10 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
h [kJ/kg]
h [kJ/kg]
Figure5.5.P-h
Figure P-h diagram
diagram of vapor
of vapor compression
compression refrigeration
refrigeration cycle
cycle running withrunning
R152a. with R152a.
Figure 5. P-h diagram of vapor compression refrigeration cycle running with R152a.
In the T-s diagram of R134a (Figure 2), the pressure at the condenser temperature
The1319
P-h diagrams (Figure 3 was
and Figure 5) show the values of pressures and entha
The P-hkPa,
was diagrams
while the(Figure
pressure3 and349.9
FigurekPa 5) show
at the the values
evaporator of pressures
temperature. In the and
T-s entha
different
diagram stages(Figure
of R152a of the cycle. The figures clearly temperature
show that the 1179expansion process (
different stages of the4),cycle.
the pressure at the condenser
The figures clearly show that was kPa, while
the expansion process (
tothe
at state 5) is isenthalpic
evaporator temperature,process where
the pressure was the enthalpy
1315.21 remains
kPa. In both constant
Figures 2 and 4, it(vertical
may lin
to state 5) is isenthalpic process where the enthalpy remains constant (vertical lin
be observed that the compression (1-2) is not isentropic as the line is not vertically straight
but inclined to right indicating increase in entropy. When the superheated vapour comes
 Energies 2022, 15, 7246 9 of 22

out of the compressor at state 2, its temperature is higher than condensation temperature
(temperature at state 3). In the condenser, initially temperature drops but once the phase
change (condensation) starts, the temperature remains constant (process 3-4).
The P-h diagrams (Figures 3 and 5) show the values of pressures and enthalpies at
different stages of the cycle. The figures clearly show that the expansion process (state 4 to
state 5) is isenthalpic process where the enthalpy remains constant (vertical line) while
the entropy increases. The horizontal lines clearly explain that that condensation and
evaporation processes are essentially isobaric processes.

3.2. Validation of EES Model

Energies 2022, 15, 7246 A comparison was made between the presented results and the already-published 9 of 23
work of Kasni Sumeru et al. [9]. They presented a numerical analysis to estimate the
performances of refrigerants R134a and R152a in automotive air-conditioning systems.
They used CoolPack software to estimate the thermophysical properties of refrigerants and
the entropy increases. The horizontal lines clearly explain that that condensation and
used these properties in calculations.
evaporation
In Figuresprocesses
6–8, threeare essentially
parameters, i.e.,isobaric processes.
COP, Discharge temperature, Cooling capacity,
and, are compared with the published results. The input parameters of the presented model
3.2.the
are Validation of EES Model
same compared with the ones reported in the literature. Figure 6 compares the
COP ofA comparison was with
the present results made thebetween
numerical thework of Sumeru
presented et al. and
results [9]. The
the comparison
already-published
shows that there is close agreement between both results for R134a and 152a. For R134a,
work of Kasni Sumeru et al. [9]. They presented a numerical analysis to estimate the per
the maximum error in COP was 2.96%, which took place at 3000 rpm, while the maximum
formances of refrigerants R134a and R152a in automotive air-conditioning systems. They
error in COP for R152a was 5.56% at 1000 rpm.
usedFigure
CoolPack
7 showssoftware to estimate
the comparison the thermophysical
of discharge temperature vs. properties
compressor of speed.
refrigerants
In and
used these properties in calculations.
Figure 7, the discharge temperature for refrigerant R134 showed a maximum error of 2.57%,
whichIntook
Figures
place 6–8, three
at 3000 parameters,
rpm, i.e., COP,error
while the maximum Discharge
for R152a temperature,
was 4.10% atCooling
3000 rpm.capacity
and,
In are 8,compared
Figure the coolingwith the showed
capacity published results. error
a maximum The input parameters
for refrigerant R134aofatthe presented
2.73%
that
modeltookareplace at 2000compared
the same rpm, while for refrigerant
with R152a, the
the ones reported maximum
in the errorFigure
literature. was 6.4%,
6 compares
which
the COP tookofplace at 1000 rpm.
the present Thewith
results errorthe
may be due to work
numerical the thermo-physical
of Sumeru et properties
al. [9]. Theofcompar
CoolPack
ison shows andthat
EESthere
software or due
is close to the computational
agreement between bothaccuracy of these
results two software
for R134a and 152a. For
programs. It was estimated that there is close agreement between the present and already-
R134a, the maximum error in COP was 2.96%, which took place at 3000rpm, while the
published results. Hence, the current EES model was validated, and we could use it for
maximum
further error
analysis ofin COP for
different R152a was 5.56% at 1000 rpm.
refrigerants.

Figure6.6.Comparison
Figure Comparison of COP
of COP values
values of systems
of systems runningrunning with
with R134a R134a
and R152aand R152a compres-
at different at different com
pressor
sor speeds
speeds [9]. [9].

Figure 7 shows the comparison of discharge temperature vs. compressor speed. In

Figure 7, the discharge temperature for refrigerant R134 showed a maximum error of
2.57%, which took place at 3000 rpm, while the maximum error for R152a was 4.10% a
3000 rpm. In Figure 8, the cooling capacity showed a maximum error for refrigerant R134a
at 2.73% that took place at 2000 rpm, while for refrigerant R152a, the maximum error was
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 10 of 23
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15,7246
7246 10 of 22 10 of 2

Figure 7. Comparison of discharge temperature vs. compressor speed [9].

Figure7.7.Comparison
Figure Comparisonof discharge temperature
of discharge vs. compressor
temperature speed [9].
vs. compressor speed [9].

Figure 8.8.Comparison
Figure Comparisonof of
cooling capacity
cooling vs. compressor
capacity speed.speed.
vs. compressor
Figure 8. Comparison of cooling capacity vs. compressor speed.
3.3. Performance Parameters
3.3. Performance
3.3.1. Parameters
Coefficient of Performance
3.3. Performance Parameters
3.3.1.The
Coefficient
ratio of the ofrefrigeration
performance effect to the input power of the compressor is called the
3.3.1. Coefficient of performance
coefficient of performance. In Figure
The ratio of the refrigeration effect 9, the toCOPthepresents the performance
input power in the AACS.
of the compressor is called the
The The ratio
quantity of of the refrigeration
cooling produced in effect
the to the input
evaporator is thepower of the compressor
refrigeration effect, or coolingis called th
coefficient of performance. In Figure 9, the COP presents the performance in the AACS
coefficient
capacity. In of performance.
Figure 9, the COPIn is Figure
studied9,based the COP presents the
on compressor performance
speed (RPM). In all inthethe AACS
The quantity of cooling produced in the evaporator is the refrigeration effect, or cooling
refrigerants,
The quantity theofCOP decreased
cooling with the
produced in increase in compressor
the evaporator is thespeed from 1000effect,
refrigeration RPM to or cooling
capacity.
3000
In Figure
RPM. When
9, the COP
the compressor
is studied
speed rises, both
based on compressor
of cooling capacity in the
speed (RPM).
evaporator
In all the
andIn all th
capacity. In Figure 9, the COP is studied based on compressor speed (RPM).
refrigerants,
the input power theofCOP decreased increase.
the compressor with the increase in thecompressor speed fromof 1000
the RPM to
refrigerants, the COP decreased with theHowever, increase in amount of input
compressor speedpower
from 1000 RPM to
3000 RPM. rises
compressor When more thethan
compressor
the coolingspeed
capacity,rises, both of
resulting in acooling
decreasecapacity in the evaporator
in the coefficient of
3000 RPM. When the compressor speed rises, both of cooling capacity in the evaporato
and the inputThe
performance. power of the compressor
COP values increase.
of all the refrigerants However,
depreciated inthe
the amount
same trend of with
input thepower of
andinthe input power
rise compressor
compressorrises speed.
of The
the COP
compressor
values
increase.
of R290
However,were
and R1234yf
the smaller
amountthan of inputofpower o
the more than the cooling capacity, resulting in a decreasethat in the coeffi-
the compressor
R134a, risesvalues
moreofthan theR152a,
cooling capacity, resulting in athat
decrease in atthe coeffi
cient ofwhile the COP
performance. The COP R600a,
values and
of all theR717 were greater
refrigerants than
depreciated of
inR134a
the same trend
cient
all the of performance.
compressor speeds. The COP
Among values
all the of all the
refrigerants, refrigerants
the COP of depreciated
R1234yf was the in the
smallest,same trend
with the rise in compressor speed. The COP values of R290 and R1234yf were smaller than
with the
while the COP
rise in of compressor
R717 was thespeed.
highest.The COP values of R290 and R1234yf were smaller than
that of R134a, while the COP values of R600a, R152a, and R717 were greater than that of
that of R134a, while the COP values of R600a, R152a, and R717 were greater than that o
R134a at all the compressor speeds. Among all the refrigerants, the COP of R1234yf was
R134a at all the compressor speeds. Among all the refrigerants, the COP of R1234yf wa
the smallest, while the COP of R717 was the highest.
the smallest, while the COP of R717 was the highest.
Energies 2022, 15, 7246

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Energies 2022, 15, 7246 11 of 22

Figure 9. COP vs. compressor speed trends for various refrigerants.

3.3.2. Discharge Temperature

Figure 9.9.COP
Figure COPvs.vs.
compressor speedspeed
compressor trends trends
for various
forrefrigerants.
various refrigerants.
The temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor is known
3.3.2. Discharge Temperature
discharge
3.3.2.The temperature.
Discharge The performance of a working refrigerant may be predic
Temperature
temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor is known as the
this parameter, but the performance of an AACSrefrigerant
is not directly relevant to this para
The temperature.
discharge temperatureThe ofperformance
the refrigerant at the outlet of the
of a working maycompressor
be predicted byis known
Figure
this 10 shows
parameter, but theperformance
the variation of of andischarge
AACS is temperature
not directly with
relevant to the parameter.
this compressor spe
discharge temperature. The performance of a working refrigerant may be predi
various
Figure 10working
shows the fluids. As of
variation shown,
discharge fortemperature
all the considered refrigerants,
with the compressor thefor
speed rise in co
this parameter,
various working
but the
fluids. As
performance
shown, for all the
of an AACS
considered
is not directly
refrigerants, the rise
relevant
in
to this par
compressor
sor speed led to an increase in discharge temperature.
Figure
speed led10toshows theinvariation
an increase of discharge temperature with the compressor sp
discharge temperature.
various working fluids. As shown, for all the considered refrigerants, the rise in co
sor speed led to an increase in discharge temperature.

10.Discharge
Figure 10.
Figure Dischargetemperature vs. compressor
temperature speed. speed.
vs. compressor
The refrigerant R717 showed the highest value of discharge temperature, while
Theshowed
R1234yf refrigerant R717discharge
the smallest showedtemperature
the highest value
value from of discharge
1000 rpm to 3000temperature,
rpm.
Figure 10. Discharge temperature vs. compressor speed.
R1234yf
The discharge temperatures of R134a and R290 had almost similar values at each speed to 300
showed the smallest discharge temperature value from 1000 rpm
of the
The compressor.
discharge The discharge of
temperatures temperatures
R134a andofR290 R717ahad
and almost
R152a were highervalues
similar than that
at each sp
Thewhile
of R134a, refrigerant R717than
it was smaller showed
R134a fortheallhighest
the other value of discharge
refrigerants. temperature
A high discharge
the compressor. The discharge temperatures of R717a and R152a were higher than
R1234yf
temperatureshowed the smallest
is undesirable because itdischarge temperature
creates trouble value
by overheating from 1000which
the compressor, rpm to 300
R134a, while it was smaller than R134a for all the other refrigerants. A high dis
The discharge temperatures of R134a and R290 had almost similar values at each s
temperature is undesirable because it creates trouble by overheating the comp
the compressor. The discharge temperatures of R717a and R152a were higher than
which can produce wear in the cylinder of the compressor and piston rings. It m
R134a, while it was smaller than R134a for all the other refrigerants. A high di
deteriorate the lubricant, which may decrease the reliability of the compressor.
temperature is undesirable because it creates trouble by overheating the comp
which can produce wear in the cylinder of the compressor and piston rings. It m
 Energies 2022, 15, 7246 12 of 22

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can produce wear in the cylinder of the compressor and piston rings. It may also deteriorate
the lubricant, which may decrease the reliability of the compressor.

3.3.3. Cooling Capacity

cooling capacity of each refrigerant is represented by lines of different colors. In a
The amount of cooling generated in the evaporator is called the cooling capacity. In
trend lines, the refrigerants’ cooling capacities increased with the rise in the spee
Figure 11, the variation of cooling capacity with the compressor speed is shown. The
compressor
cooling capacityfrom 1000refrigerant
of each to 3000 RPM. The mass
is represented flowofrate
by lines of thecolors.
different refrigerants
In all ofincreas
the increase
the trend lines,in
thecompressor
refrigerants’ speed, which presents
cooling capacities increasedthewithreason for
the rise in an
the increase
speed of in the
the compressor from 1000 to 3000 RPM. The mass flow rate of the refrigerants
effect in the evaporator. This is why the cooling capacity of the evaporator rose w increased
with the increase in compressor speed, which presents the reason for an increase in the
rise in compressor speed for all the refrigerants. All the refrigerants showed a sim
cooling effect in the evaporator. This is why the cooling capacity of the evaporator rose
creasing trend
with the rise with the rise
in compressor speedinfor
compressor speed. All
all the refrigerants. Thethe refrigeration effectsaof R134
refrigerants showed
and R1234yf
similar increasingwere
trendclosely
with therelated to each other
rise in compressor speed.atThe
different speeds
refrigeration ofofthe
effects compress
R134,
R152a, and
cooling R1234yf were
capacity closelywas
of R600a related
thetosmallest,
each other while
at different
R717 speeds
was of thehighest
the compressor.among al
The cooling capacity of R600a was the smallest, while R717 was the highest among all the
frigerants.
refrigerants.

Figure 11.Cooling
Figure 11. Cooling capacity
capacity vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed forspeed for
various various refrigerants.
refrigerants.

3.3.4. Exergy Destruction Rate

3.3.4.Figure
Exergy Destruction Rate
12 shows the variation in total exergy destruction with compressor speed for
Figure
various 12 shows
refrigerants. The the
totalvariation in total increased
exergy destruction exergy destruction
with the rise with compressor sp
in revolutions
various refrigerants. The total exergy destruction increased with the riseThe
of the compressor from 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM with respect to each refrigerant. in revolu
mass flow rate of the refrigerants increased with the rise in revolutions of the compressor.
the compressor from 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM with respect to each refrigerant. Th
Due to this, the difference in pressure increased, which increased the condensation and
flow rate the
decreased of the refrigerants
evaporation. This increased
is why, withwith the in
the rise rise in revolutions
compressor of the
speed, the compress
exergy
to this, therose,
destruction difference in pressure
thus resulting increased, and
in more irreversibility which increased
entropy the The
generations. condensation
total
exergy destruction
creased of R717 was
the evaporation. the is
This highest,
why, while
with itthe
was lowest
rise for R600 among
in compressor all of the exe
speed,
the refrigerants. The values of total exergy destruction of R134a and R1234yf were very
struction rose, thus resulting in more irreversibility and entropy generations. T
close to each other. The total exergy destruction of R134a was 0.3917 kW, 0.9438 kW, and
exergy
1.641 kWdestruction of R717
at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM,was the highest,
and 3000 while itThe
RPM, respectively. wastotal
lowest
exergyfor R600 among a
destruction
refrigerants. The values
of R1234yf was 0.4162 of total
kW, 0.9884 kW, andexergy destruction
1.698 kW at 1000 RPM,of 2000
R134a and
RPM, andR1234yf
3000 RPM, were ve
to each other. The total exergy destruction of R134a was 0.3917 kW, 0.9438 kW, an
respectively.
kW at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM, respectively. The total exergy destru
R1234yf was 0.4162 kW, 0.9884 kW, and 1.698 kW at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 300
respectively.
Energies 2022, 15, 7246

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Figure 12. Total exergy destruction vs. compressor speed.

Figure
In Figure 13, the relative exergy destruction of the compressor rose with com
Figure12.12. Total
Total exergy
exergy destruction
destruction vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed. speed.
speed in all the refrigerants. In R134a, the exergy destruction of the compressor w
62%,InandFigure
68%13, at
the relative
13,the
exergy destruction
thecompressor speeds of the
of compressor
1000 RPM, rose RPM,
2000 with compressor
and 3000 RPM,
speedIn in Figure relative
all the refrigerants. exergy
In R134a, thedestruction of theof
exergy destruction compressor rose
the compressor with
was com
tively.
speed
54%, 62%,
The
in all relative
andthe
exergy
68%refrigerants.
destruction
In R134a,
at the compressor
of
speedsthe
the compressor
exergy
of 1000 RPM,
was
destruction highest
of the
2000 RPM, and
in R600a
compressor
3000 RPM,
fro
w
RPM to
62%, and 68%3000
respectively. RPM. At 1000
at the compressor
The relative RPM, the
speeds
exergy destruction relative exergy
of theofcompressor
1000 RPM, destruction
was2000 RPM,
highest of the compres
and from
in R600a 3000 RPM,
lowest
1000 RPM intoR1234yf,
3000 RPM. while
At at
1000 3000
RPM, RPM,
the the
relative exergy
exergy destruction
destruction of of
the
tively. The relative exergy destruction of the compressor was highest in R600a fro the compressor
compressor
was
was lowest in R1234yf, while at 3000 RPM, the exergy destruction of the compressor in
RPMlowest.
to 3000 RPM. At 1000 RPM, the relative exergy destruction of the compres
R717 was lowest.
lowest in R1234yf, while at 3000 RPM, the exergy destruction of the compressor
was lowest.

Figure Relative
Figure13.13. exergy
Relative destruction
exergy of compressor
destruction vs. compressor
of compressor speed.
vs. compressor speed.
In Figure 14, the relative exergy destruction of the condenser rose gradually with the
In in
increase
Figure 13.
Figure
speed 14, thecompressor
of the
Relative
relative
exergy
exergy
destruction
destruction
for allofthe of the excluding
other refrigerants,
compressor
condenser
vs. compressor
rose gradually
R1234yf
speed. and w
increase
R717. in speed
In R1234yf, of the compressor
the relative exergy destruction for all the other
slightly refrigerants,
decreased with the riseexcluding
in speed R123
of the compressor.
R717.InInFigure
R1234yf,In R717, the relative
the relative
relative exergy exergy destruction
exergy destruction
destruction ofof the compressor
slightly first
decreased decreased
with the rise iw
14, the the condenser
from 1000 RPM to 2000 RPM and then increased from 2000 RPM to 3000 RPM. In R134a,
rose gradually
of the
increase compressor.
in speed of In R717,
thecondenser the
compressor relative exergy
for all2.8%,
the and destruction
other of
refrigerants, the compressor
excluding
the exergy destruction of the was 1.96%, 3.9% at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, R123
creased
R717.
and from
InRPM,
3000 1000
R1234yf, RPM to 2000 RPM and then increased from
the relative exergy destruction slightly decreased with the
respectively. 2000 RPM to 3000
rise iR
R134a, the exergy destruction
of the compressor. of the
In R717, the condenser
relative exergywas 1.96%, 2.8%,
destruction and
of the 3.9% at 100
compressor
2000 RPM,
creased and
from 3000
1000 RPM,
RPM respectively.
to 2000 RPM and then increased from 2000 RPM to 3000 R
R134a, the exergy destruction of the condenser was 1.96%, 2.8%, and 3.9% at 100
2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM, respectively.
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7246 14 of 22 14 of 2

Figure 14. Relative exergy destruction of condenser vs. compressor speed.

Figure
Figure
The14.Relative
14. Relative
relativeexergy destruction
exergy
exergy of condenser
destruction
destruction of in thevs.
condenser compressor speed.
vs. compressor
condenser was speed. in
highest R717 and lowest in
R600a The atrelative
all speeds
exergyof the compressor.
destruction in the condenser was highest in R717 and lowest in
The
In relative
Figure 15, exergy
the destruction
relative in the condenser
exergy destruction in thewas highestvalve
expansion in R717 and lowest
reduced in
with the
R600a at all speeds of the compressor.
R600a
rise In at all speeds
in Figure
revolutions of the
15, the of the compressor.
relative compressor. All the
exergy destruction refrigerants
in the expansion showed the same
valve reduced decreasing
with the
trend
rise In Figure
with the rise
in revolutions 15, the
of the relative exergy
incompressor.
compressor destruction
Allspeed.
the inshowed
The highest
refrigerants the relative
expansion valvedestruction
exergy
the same reduced
decreasing trendwith the
in the
rise in
with therevolutions
throttle rise
valve in was inofR1234yf,
compressor thespeed.
compressor.
The highest
while All relative
it was the refrigerants
lowest exergy
for showed
destruction
R717 from 1000the
in same
the
RPM decreasing
throttle
to 3000 RPM
trendvalues
valve
The with
was the rise while
in R1234yf,
of relativein compressor
it was lowest
exergy speed.
for R717
destruction The highest
infrom
the 1000 relative
RPM
throttle exergy
to 3000
valve RPM.
for destruction
The values
R134a in the
were 37.61%
of relative
throttle exergy
valve was destruction
in1000
R1234yf,in the
whilethrottle
itRPM,
wasvalve for R134a
lowest forRPM.were
R717 37.61%,
from 100025.86%,
RPM toand 3000 RPM
25.86%, and 18% for RPM, 2000 and 3000
18% for 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM.
The values of relative exergy destruction in the throttle valve for R134a were 37.61%
25.86%, and 18% for 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM.

Figure15.
Figure 15.Relative
Relative exergy
exergy destruction
destruction of expansion
of expansion valve valve vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed. speed.

In 15.
FigureInFigure
Figure 16, the
Relative variation
16,exergy
the variationin the relative
destruction
in the exergy
of expansion
relative destruction
valve
exergy in the evaporator
vs.destruction
compressor speed.
in with
the evaporator with
the speed of the compressor is presented. All the refrigerants showed the same increasing
the speed of the compressor is presented. All the refrigerants showed the same increasing
trend In
with the increase
Figure 16, the in speed ofinthe
variation thecompressor.
relative The relative
exergy exergyindestruction
destruction in
thedestruction
evaporator with
the evaporator was lowest for R717. The relative exergy destruction in the evaporator at in the
trend with the increase in speed of the compressor. The relative exergy
the speed
evaporator of the
was compressor
lowest is presented. All the refrigerants showed the same increasing
1000 RPM was highest forfor R717.
R600a The
and relative
at 3000 RPM exergy destruction
for R1234yf. in thethe
For R134a, evaporator
values of at 1000
trendwas
RPM withhighest
the increase in speed
for R600a of3000
and at the compressor. The relative
RPM for R1234yf. exergy
For R134a, thedestruction in the
values of relative
evaporator was lowest for R717. The relative exergy destruction in the evaporator
exergy destruction in the evaporator were 6.36%, 9.1%, and 9.9% at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM at 1000
RPM3000
and wasRPM,
highest for R600a and at 3000 RPM for R1234yf. For R134a, the values of relative
respectively.
exergy destruction in the evaporator were 6.36%, 9.1%, and 9.9% at 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM
and 3000 RPM, respectively.
 Energies 2022, 15, 7246 15 of 22
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relative exergy destruction in the evaporator were 6.36%, 9.1%, and 9.9% at 1000 RPM,
2000 RPM, and 3000 RPM, respectively.

Figure 16. Relative exergy destruction of evaporator vs. compressor speed.

Figure 16.Relative
3.3.5. 16.
Figure Relative
Exergy exergy
Efficiency
exergy destruction
destruction of evaporator
of evaporator vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed. speed.

Figure Efficiency
3.3.5. Exergy 17 shows the variation of Exergy Efficiency with the compressor rotationa
3.3.5. Exergy Efficiency
speed. As shown,
Figure 17 shows when the speed
the variation ofof the compressor
Exergy rose,the
Efficiency with thecompressor
exergy destruction
rotationalrose du
to Figure
entropy 17 shows
generation the
and variation of Exergy
irreversibilities, whichEfficiency
resulted with
speed. As shown, when the speed of the compressor rose, the exergy destructionin a the compressor
decrease rotationa
in second-law
rose ef
speed. As
ficiency.
due shown,
All the
to entropy when the
refrigerants
generation speed of the
showed the samecompressor
and irreversibilities, which reducingrose, the
resulted trend exergy
with the
in a decrease destruction rose
rise in compresso
in second-law due
to entropy
efficiency. generation
All the and
refrigerants irreversibilities,
showed the same which
reducing resulted
trend with
speed. The second-law efficiency was highest for R717, while it was lowest in a decrease
the rise in in second-law
compressorfor R1234yef
ficiency.
speed. TheAll the refrigerants
second-law showed
efficiency was the
highestsame
for reducing
R717, trend
while it was
from 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM. The second-law efficiency of R600a, R134a, and R290 wawith the
lowest rise
for in compresso
R1234yf
from
60%,1000
speed. RPM
The
58.55%, to 3000
second-law
and RPM.
57.12% at The
1000second-law
efficiency was while
RPM, efficiency
highest of R600a,
for R717,
it was 43.13%,while R134a,
it was
42.16%, and
and R290at
lowest
41% was
for
3000R1234y
RPM
60%,
from 58.55%,
1000 and 57.12%
RPM to 3000at RPM.
1000 RPM,
The while it was 43.13%,
second-law 42.16%,
efficiency of and 41%
R600a, at 3000and
R134a, RPM, R290 was
respectively.
respectively.
60%, 58.55%, and 57.12% at 1000 RPM, while it was 43.13%, 42.16%, and 41% at 3000 RPM
respectively.

Figure17.
Figure 17.Exergy
Exergy efficiency
efficiency vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed.
speed.

Figure 17. Exergy Defect

3.3.6. Efficiency efficiency vs. compressor speed.
The parameter used to estimate the correlations between the irreversibilities of com
3.3.6. Efficiency Defect
ponents and their impacts on the efficiency of a refrigeration system is known as the effi
ciencyThe parameter
defect. used
It is the ratiotobetween
estimatethe
theirreversibility
correlations between the irreversibilities
of the component of of
to the work comth
ponents and their impacts on the efficiency of a refrigeration system is known
compressor. As the speed of the compressor increased, both the irreversibility of the com as the effi
ciency defect. It is the ratio between the irreversibility of the component to the work of the
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 16 of 22

3.3.6. Efficiency Defect

The parameter used to estimate the correlations between the irreversibilities of compo-
nents and their impacts on the efficiency of a refrigeration system is known as the efficiency
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 defect. It is the ratio between the irreversibility of the component to the work of the 16 com-
of 23
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 16 of 23
pressor. As the speed of the compressor increased, both the irreversibility of the component
and the work of compressor were increased, which resulted in an increased flow rate of the
refrigerants.
compressor was Theincreased
irreversibility of the
with the risecompressor wasofincreased
in revolutions more than
the compressor. theFigure
As in increase
18,
compressor was increased with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. As in Figure 18,
in work of the compressor. This is the reason that the efficiency defect of the compressor
the highest efficiency defect was in R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from 1000 RPM
the highest
was efficiency defect was in R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from 1000 RPM
increased
to 3000 RPM. with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. As in Figure 18, the highest
to 3000 RPM.
efficiency defect was in R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from 1000 RPM to 3000 RPM.

Figure 18. Efficiency defect of compressor vs. compressor speed.

defect of
Figure 18. Efficiency defect of compressor
compressor vs.
vs. compressor
compressor speed.
speed.
Figure 19 presents the variation of efficiency defect with the compressor speed. The
Figure 19 presents
presents the
the variation
variation of
of efficiency
efficiency defect
defect with
with the
the compressor
compressor speed.
speed. The
efficiency defect of the condenser also rose with the rise in revolutions of the compressor
efficiency defect of the condenser also rose with the rise in revolutions of the compressor
for all
for all the
the refrigerants,
refrigerants, excluding R1234yf,
R1234yf, as shown in in Figure
Figure 19.
19. On the contrary, thethe
the refrigerants, excluding
excluding as shown 19. On the contrary,
efficiency
efficiency defect of R1234yf was reduced with the rise in the speed of the compressor. The
efficiency defect
defect of
of R1234yf
R1234yf was
was reduced
reduced with
with the
the rise
rise in
in the
the speed
speed ofof the
the compressor.
compressor. The
The
efficiency defect
efficiency defect in
in the
the condenser
condenser was
was highest
highest for
for R717,
R717, while
while it
it was
was lowest for R600a from
efficiency defect in the condenser was highest for R717, while it was lowest for
lowest for R600a
R600a from
from
1000 RPM
1000 RPM to 30003000 RPM.
1000 RPM to to 3000 RPM.
RPM.

Figure 19. Efficiency defect of condenser vs. compressor speed.

Figure 19. Efficiency defect of condenser vs. compressor speed.
On the contrary, the efficiency defect of the expansion valve was reduced with the
On the contrary, the efficiency defect of the expansion valve was reduced with the
rise in revolutions of the compressor, as shown in Figure 20. All the refrigerants showed
rise in revolutions of the compressor, as shown in Figure 20. All the refrigerants showed
the same decreasing trend with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. The efficiency
the same decreasing trend with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. The efficiency
defect in the expansion valve was highest for R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from
defect in the expansion valve was highest for R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from
1000 RPM to 3000 RPM.
 Energies 2022, 15, 7246 17 of 22

Energies 2022, 15, 7246 17 of 2

On the contrary, the efficiency defect of the expansion valve was reduced with the
rise in revolutions of the compressor, as shown in Figure 20. All the refrigerants showed
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 the same decreasing trend with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. The efficiency 17 of 23
defect in the expansion valve was highest for R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717 from
1000 RPM to 3000 RPM.

Figure 20. Efficiency defect of expansion valve.

Figure
FigureThe efficiency
20.Efficiency
20. Efficiency defect
defect
defect ofinexpansion
the evaporator
of expansion valve. was also enhanced with the rise in revolution
valve.
of the compressor, as presented in Figure 21. All the refrigerants showed the same increas
The
Theefficiency
ing trend defect
of efficiency
efficiency in the
in evaporator
defect
defect with
the was in
the rise
evaporator also enhanced
revolutions
was with thewith
of the
also enhanced rise inthe
revolutions
compressor. of RPM
Atrevolutions
rise in 3000
the compressor,
thethe
efficiency as presented
defect in Figure 21. All the refrigerants showed the same increasing
of compressor, as in the evaporator
presented in Figurewas highest
21. All for R1234yf,
the refrigerants while it
showed thewas lowest
same fo
increas
trend
R717. of efficiency defect with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. At 3000 RPM, the
ing trend of efficiency defect with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. At 3000 RPM
efficiency defect in the evaporator was highest for R1234yf, while it was lowest for R717.
the efficiency defect in the evaporator was highest for R1234yf, while it was lowest for
R717.

Figure21.
Figure 21.Efficiency
Efficiency defect
defect evaporator
evaporator vs. compressor
vs. compressor speed.speed.

In the
In21.
the literature,
literature,most articles
most havehave
articles studied the basis
studied the of condenser
basis and evaporator
of condenser and evaporato
Figure Efficiency defect evaporator vs. compressor speed.
temperatures. However, some papers have studied the effects of wind speed and mass
temperatures. However, some papers have studied the effects of wind speed and mass
flow rates of refrigerants. In the present article, the exergy and first-law parameters were
flow In
rates
examined theonofliterature,
refrigerants.
the most
basis of Inarticles
the present
compressor havearticle,
speed. thethe
studied
Moreover, exergy
basis
six and first-law
of condenser
different parameters
andwere
refrigerants were
evaporator
examined on the
temperatures. basis ofsome
However, compressor speed.
papers have Moreover,
studied six different
the effects of windrefrigerants were
speed and mass
studied
flow simultaneously,
rates of refrigerants. where the condenser
In the present andexergy
article, the evaporator temperatures
and first-law remained
parameters were
constant.
examined on the basis of compressor speed. Moreover, six different refrigerants were
Thesimultaneously,
studied study showed that wherethe the
refrigerant R152a
condenser andmay be used as
evaporator a replacement
temperatures for re
remained
frigerant R134a because it had zero ozone depletion potential, as well as low global warm
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 18 of 22

studied simultaneously, where the condenser and evaporator temperatures remained

constant.
The study showed that the refrigerant R152a may be used as a replacement for refrig-
erant R134a because it had zero ozone depletion potential, as well as low global warming
potential with low energy destruction and irreversibilities. It was evident that the global
warming potential of R134a was 1410, which was far greater than the global warming
potential of R152a. The contribution of this study is that it identified the most suitable
replacement for R134a that had high benefits in terms of environmental friendliness, with
less energy destruction and irreversibilities. This is a great step in the refrigeration in-
dustry to save the environment from the greenhouse gases. Most articles have presented
exergy analyses with respect to condenser and evaporator temperatures. The present article
represented the exergy destruction with respect to compressor speed.

4. Conclusions
A first- and second-law analysis was presented to estimate the exergy destruction,
exergy efficiency, and irreversibilities of all the components, as well as of a vapor com-
pression refrigeration system. The analysis was performed on six different refrigerants
at various compressor speeds of 1000, 2000, and 3000 RPM, and low-GWP refrigerants
were used as replacements for R134. Some estimated remarks were made as follows: The
cooling capacity of the refrigerants at the fixed condenser and evaporator temperatures
increased with the rise in speed of the compressor. The refrigeration effects of R1234yf
and R600a were smaller than that of R134a, while the refrigeration effects of R290 and
R717 were greater than that of R134a. The refrigeration effect of R717 was the highest
among all the refrigerants. The discharge temperature increased at fixed evaporator and
condenser temperatures with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. The discharge
temperatures of R1234yf and R600a were smaller than that of R134a, while the discharge
temperatures of R717 and R152a were higher than that of R134a. The COP values for R717
and R290 were higher than that of R134a, while all the other refrigerants had COP values
smaller than that of R134a. The COP values of the refrigerants reduced with the increase
in the speed of the compressor. The total exergy destruction rate rose with the rise in
compressor speed. The total exergy destruction rates of R152a and R600a were less than
that of R134a, while for the other refrigerants, they were greater than that of R134a. The
relative exergy destruction rates of the compressor, evaporator, and condenser rose with
the rise in revolutions of the compressor, but on the contrary, it decreased with the rise
in revolutions of the compressor for the expansion valve. The relative exergy destruction
rate of the compressor was greatest, and it was lowest for the condenser. The second-law
efficiency reduced with the rise in compressor speed. The second-law efficiencies of R600a,
R152a, and R717 were higher than that of R134a, but they were smaller than R134a for
R290 and R1234yf. The second-law efficiency of R717 was highest, while it was lowest for
R1234yf. The efficiency defects of the compressor, condenser, and evaporator increased
with the rise in revolutions of the compressor. On the contrary, the efficiency defect of
the expansion valve decreased with the rise in speed of the compressor. Finally, it was
estimated that refrigerant R717 could not be replacement for R134 due to its poisoning
effect; it may not be used with copper material, and it has a high discharge temperature.
The only replacement for R134a could be R152a due to a low GWP, as well as suitable COP
and cooling capacity values. It was estimated that R152 was a suitable replacement for
R134a and could be used commercially due to its low GWP and ODP values, as well as
having less having less exergy destruction and entropy generation. The only drawback
of R152a is its inflammable property. It contains fluorine in its molecular structure. The
combustion of R152a produces harmful hydrogen fluoride gas; therefore, in order to avoid
combustion, safe use of R152a is needed. According to the International Energy Agency, in
addition to the deployment of climate-friendly cooling equipment with or without natural
refrigerants [39–44], the presented considerations on the use of refrigerants with a low
global warming potential are in line with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 scenario [45].
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 19 of 22

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, T.A. and M.R.; methodology, T.A. and M.R.; validation,
T.A. and M.R.; formal analysis, J.K. and W.M.A.; investigation, T.A. and M.R.; resources, T.A. and
M.R.; data curation, T.A. and M.R.; writing—original draft preparation, T.A., M.R., H.Z.N., F.R. and
M.S.; writing—review and editing, J.K. and W.M.A.; visualization, T.A., M.R., A.H., H.Z.N., F.R. and
M.S.; supervision, T.A., M.R., W.M.A., and J.K.; project administration, A.H., H.Z.N., F.R., W.M.A.
and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A. EES Code for R134a

“R134a”
$REFERENCE R134a IIR “reference state for refrigerant”
R$ = ‘R134a’
disp_comp = 120E-6 [mˆ3/rev] “compressor displacement”
dT [1..3] = [1,2,3] “degree of superheat”
ettacomp [1..3] = [0.75,0.65,0.55]
N [1..3] = [1000,2000,3000] “engine speed”
T_evap = ConvertTEMP(C,K,5) “evap. sat. temp.”
T_cond = ConvertTEMP(C,K,50) “cond. sat. temp. “
T_o = ConvertTEMP(C,K,25)
DUPLICATE i = 1,3
T1[i] = T_evap+dT[i]
P1[i] = P_sat(R$,T = T_evap)
s1[i] = Entropy(R$,T = T1[i],P = P1[i])
h1[i] = Enthalpy(R$,T = T1[i],P = P1[i])
s_2s[i] = s1[i]
P2[i] = P_sat(R$,T = T_cond)
T_2s[i] = Temperature(R$, P = P2[i],s = s_2s[i])
T_sat[i] = T_sat(R$,P = P2[i])
h_2s[i] = Enthalpy(R$,T = T_2s[i],s = s_2s[i])
h2[i] = (h_2s[i]-h1[i])/ettacomp[i]+h1[i]
T2[i] = Temperature(R$,P = P2[i],h = h2[i])
s2[i] = Entropy(R$,P = P2[i],h = h2[i])
P3[i] = P2[i]
T3[i] = T_sat(R$,P = P3[i])
h3[i] = Enthalpy(R$,T = T3[i],x = 1)
s3[i] = Entropy(R$,T = T3[i],x = 1)
P4[i] = P3[i]
T4[i] = T_sat(R$,P = P4[i])
s4[i] = Entropy(R$,P = P4[i],x = 0)
h4[i] = Enthalpy(R$,P = P4[i],x = 0)
P5[i] = P4[i]
T5[i] = T4[i]-dT[i]
s5[i] = Entropy(R$,T = T4[i]-dT[i],P = P4[i])
h5[i] = Enthalpy(R$,T = T4[i]-dT[i],P = P4[i])
h6[i] = h5[i]
s6[i] = Entropy(R$,T = T_evap,h = h6[i])
T6[i] = T_evap
T8[i] = T1[i]
P6[i] = P_sat(R$,T = T_evap)
P7[i] = P6[i]
h7[i] = Enthalpy(R$,P = P7[i],x = 1)
s7[i] = Entropy(R$,P = P7[i],x = 1)
T7[i] = Temperature(R$,P = P7[i],x = 1)
P8[i] = P1[i]
h8[i] = h1[i]
s8[i] = s1[i]
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 20 of 22

rho_refrigerant[i] = Density(R$,T = T1[i],P = P1[i]) “density of refrigerant at state point 1”

m_dot[i] = ((N[i])*(disp_comp)*(rho_refrigerant[i])*ettacomp[i])/(60[sec/minute])
“mass flow rate of refrigerant”
Q_evap[i] = m_dot[i]*(h7[i]-h6[i])
“cooling capacity”
P_input[i] =m_dot[i]*(h_2s[i]-h1[i])/ettacomp[i]
“power input”
COP[i] = Q_evap[i]/P_input[i]
“COP”
X_dot_destr_comp[i] = T_o*m_dot[i]*(s2[i]-s1[i]) “exergy destruction in compressor”
eta_comp[i] = 1-X_dot_destr_comp[i]/P_input[i] “compressor second-law efficiency”
Q_cond[i] = m_dot[i]*(h2[i]-h5[i])
X_dot_destr_cond[i] = T_o*(m_dot[i]*(s5[i]-s2[i])+Q_cond[i]/T_avg,cond[i])
“exergy destruction in condenser”
X_dot_diff_cond[i] = m_dot[i]*((h2[i]-h5[i])-T_o*(s2[i]-s5[i]))
eta_cond[i] = 1-X_dot_destr_cond[i]/X_dot_diff_cond[i] “condenser second-law efficiency”
X_dot_destr_exp.valve[i] = T_o*m_dot[i]*(s6[i]-s5[i]) “exergy destruction in expansion valve”
X_dot_diff_exp.valve[i] = T_o*m_dot[i]*(s6[i]-s5[i])
eta_exp.valve[i] = 1-X_dot_destr_exp.valve[i]/X_dot_diff_exp.valve[i]
“exapnsion valve second-law efficiency”
X_dot_destr_evap[i] = T_o*(m_dot[i]*(s1[i]-s6[i])-Q_evap[i]/T_avg,evap)
“exergy destruction in evaporator”
X_dot_diff_evap[i] = m_dot[i]*((h6[i]-h1[i])-T_o*(s6[i]-s1[i]))
eta_evap[i] = 1-X_dot_destr_evap[i]/X_dot_diff_evap[i] “evaporator second-law efficiency”
X_dot_destr_total[i] = X_dot_destr_comp[i] + X_dot_destr_cond[i] +
“total exergy destruction”
X_dot_destr_exp.valve[i] + X_dot_destr_evap[i]
eta_system[i] = 1-X_dot_destr_total[i]/P_input[i] “second-law efficiency of system”
“relative exergy destruction rate in each component”
X_dot_destr_relative.comp[i] =X_dot_destr_comp[i]/X_dot_destr_total[i]
“compressor”
X_dot_destr_relative.cond[i] =X_dot_destr_cond[i]/X_dot_destr_total[i]
“condenser”
X_dot_destr_relative.evalve[i] = X_dot_destr_exp.valve[i]/X_dot_destr_total[i]
“expansion valve”
X_dot_destr_relative.evap[i] = X_dot_destr_evap[i]/X_dot_destr_total[i]
“evaporator”
“efficiency defect in each component”
delta_comp[i] = X_dot_destr_comp[i]/P_input[i] “compressor”
delta_cond[i] = X_dot_destr_cond[i]/P_input[i] “condenser”
delta_exp.valve[i] = X_dot_destr_exp.valve[i]/P_input[i] “expansion valve”
delta_evap[i] = X_dot_destr_evap[i]/P_input[i] “evaporator”
“exergy rate of product”
E_dot_p[i] = (1-T_o/T_evap)*Q_evap[i]
“exergy destruction ratio”
EDR[i] = X_dot_destr_total[i]/E_dot_p[i]
END
$copytoLookup/T/R/C Results N 1 N [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results COP 1 COP [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results Cooling-capacity 1 Q_evap [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_comp 1 X_dot_destr_comp [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_cond 1 X_dot_destr_cond [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_exp.valve 1 X_dot_destr_exp.valve [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_evap 1 X_dot_destr_evap [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_total 1 X_dot_destr_total [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results eta_comp 1 eta_comp [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results eta_cond 1 eta_cond [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results eta_exp.valve 1 eta_exp.valve [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results eta_evap 1 eta_evap [1..3]
Energies 2022, 15, 7246 21 of 22

$copytoLookup/R/C Results eta_system 1 eta_system [1..3]

$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_relative.comp 1 X_dot_destr_relative.comp [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_relative.cond 1 X_dot_destr_relative.cond [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_relative.evalve 1 X_dot_destr_relative.evalve [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results X_dot_destr_relative.evap 1 X_dot_destr_relative.evap [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results delta_comp 1 delta_comp [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results delta_cond 1 delta_cond [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results delta_exp.valve 1 delta_exp.valve [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results delta_evap 1 delta_evap [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results E_dot_p 1 E_dot_p [1..3]
$copytoLookup/R/C Results EDR 1 EDR [1..3]
$SAVELOOKUP Results ‘D:\Study\MSc Mechanical Engg\Rashid paper\Results from EES\R134a.xlsx’

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