G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Workshop on Eurocode 4-2 Composite Bridges Background und Rules Part 1

Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal Germany Consulting Engineers Bochum Germany
1

HRA

Contents

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Introduction Structural analysis for ultimate and serviceability limit states Serviceability limit states Fatigue limit states

EN 1994-2: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

General Basis of design Materials Durability Structural analysis Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit state Precast concrete elements in composite bridges Composite plates in bridges

Structural modelling for analysis Structural stability Imperfections Calculation of action effects Classification of cross-section

Beams Resistance of cross-sections of beams Filler beam decks Lateral torsional buckling Transverse forces on webs Shear connection Composite columns and composite compression members 6.8 Fatigue 6.9 Tension members in composite bridges 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 General Stresses Deformation of bridges Cracking of concrete Filler beam decks

Annex C: Headed studs that cause

splitting forces in the direction of the slab thickness

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis

Structural analysis for Bridges Methods of global analysis Methods based on elastic analysis
Effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete Effective width of flanges for shear lag Stage and sequence of construction Effects of cracking of concrete Temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for erection stages) Imperfections for frame and bow structures and for isolated composite compression members

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Non-linear analysis

Box girders torsional and distorsional warping

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

qz

eccentric force

qz/2

bending

qz/2

qz/2

torsion

qz/2 h

b
St. Venant torsion

distorsional warping
qz 4

qz 4

qz b 4 h

qz 4

qz b 4 h

qz b 4 h

qz 4
6

Global analysis for box girders

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

The internal forces of the concrete deck result from the superposition of the internal forces of system A, and the sectional forces of the composite section and the local transverse bending moments of the concrete slab resulting from system B.

System B System A
carriageway slab system for local internal forces grillage model for the box girder with separate beams for bending and warping torsion and St. Venant torsion stiffness

Qi, qi Qi, qi
EJHT G JT (box)

beff JQ,R
EJHT

G JT (box)

EJHT GIT =0

beff
7

Global analysis for bridges with two seperate box girders

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

The internal forces of the concrete deck result from the superposition of the internal forces of system A, and the sectional forces of the composite section and the local transverse bending moments of the concrete slab resulting from system B

System A

System B
carriageway slab system for local internal forces grillage system for the main girders and the concrete slab

JPl beff
EJHT G JT EJHT G JT

JPl

JQ,R

JQ,R
8

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis Shear lag effects in concrete and steel flanges

9

Effective width of concrete flanges

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

be,2 b0 be,1 x Effective width at mid-span and internal supports: beff= b0 + be,1+be,2 b2 b0 b1 Le effective length End supports: beff= b0 + 1 be,1+2 be,2 i=(0,55+0,025 Le/bi) 1,0

effective width be,i on each side of the concrete slab : be,i= Le/8
10

Effective width of steel flanges acc. to EN 1993-1-5

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

x
0,02 boi 0,02< 0,70

effective width: be,ff,i= bo,i

verification - value 1,0 sagging bending hogging bending sagging bending hogging bending

= 1 =
= 2 =

1 1 + 6,4 2

be,ff

= o bo / L e
A s,li o = 1 + boi t
As,li
> 0,7

1 1 2 1 + 6,0 + 1,6 2500 1 = 1 = 5,9

= 2 =

1 8,6

all

end support 0 = (0,55 + 0,025 / ) 1, but 0 < 1 cantilever =2 at support and at the end
11

all

Effective width of steel and concrete flanges effective length

Le=0,25 (L1 + L2) fr beff,2 Le=0,85 L1 fr beff,1

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Le=2L3 fr beff,2

Le=0,70 L2 fr beff,1

The effective length for the determination of the effective width should be taken as the distance between adjacent points of zero bending moments. Provided adjacent spans do not differ more than 50% and any cantilever span is not larger than half the adjacent span for the effective length the values given in the figure may be used. beff,2

L1
L1/4 L1/2 L1/4 L2/4

L2
L2/2 L2/4

L3

beff,0

beff,1

beff,2

beff,1

12

Effective width
shear lag real stress distribution

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

max

bei
(y)

bei < 0,2 bi

( y ) = max y 1 b i
4

max

max

5 bei

beff

stresses taking into account the effective width

y bei R

bi

The flexibility of steel or concrete flanges affected by shear in their plane (shear lag) shall be used either by rigorous analysis, or by using an effective width be.

max

(y)

bei 0,2 bi
b R = 1,25 ei 0,2 max bi y ( y ) = R + [max R ] 1 bi
4

y bi

13

Distribution of stresses in the concrete flange due to prestressing by tendons and taking into account shear lag effects
strains in the concrete slab o Po
deformation of concrete slab and steel girder without shear connection

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

S R

concrete slab and steel girder with shear connectors

stresses

14

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis Creep and shrinkage of concrete

15

Creep and shrinkage

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

c(t)

strain

total strain:

cc(t,to) Creep c,o (to) elastic strain c,s(t) Shrinkage

c(t) to
c Ec time t

c ( t ) = cs ( t ) + co ( t o ) + cc ( t, t o )

cs co cc

Shrinkage strain elastic strain

strain due to creep

cc ( t, t 0 ) = co ( t o ) ( t, t o )

stress
time t

strains due to creep:

c ( t, t o ) = co ( t o ) + co ( t o ) ( t, t o ) c ( t, t o ) = c ( t o ) ( t ) ( t, t o ) + c o Ecm ( t o ) Ec

(t,to)

Ecm (to) J(t,to)

creep coefficient permanent compressive stress tangent modulus of elasticity at the age of 28 days Secant modulus at the age t=to creep function

c ( t, t o ) = c ( t o ) J( t, t o )
creep - function:
J( t, t o ) = ( t, t o ) 1 + Ecm ( t o ) Ec

16

Creep coefficient (t,to)

( t, t o ) = c ( t, t o )
c(t,to)

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Basic value of the creep coefficient:

o = RH ( fcm ) ( t o )
Influence of the relative humidity RH with RH in [%]:

function for the temporal developing

0,3

( t t o ) / t1 c ( t, t o ) = H + ( t t o ) / t1 18 RH h + 250 3 H = 150 1+ 1,2 RHo ho

H 1500 3

1RH / RHo RH = 1+ 1 2 3 0,1 h / h o 1

Influence of concrete compressive strength 5,3 ( fcm ) = fcm / fcmo Influence of age at loading with to in days: 1 ( t o ) = 0,1 + [t o / t1] 0,2
Cement CEM 32,5 -1 CEM 32,5R and 42,5 0 CEM 42,5R and 52,5 1
17

3,5 fcmo i = fcm

ni

mit n1 = 0,7 , n2 = 0,2 , n3 = 0,5

RHo= 100% h1= 100mm t1=1day fcm0= 10 N/mm2

Effective age at loading: 9 + 1 0,5 days t o,eff = t o 1,2 2 + (t o t1 )

Effects of creep of concrete

Initial sectional forces Mc,o

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

primary effects

redistribution of the sectional forces due to creep -Mc,r Nc,r ML Mst,o Nst,o Mst,r -Nst,r

-zi,c zi,st

-Nc,o

ast

The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete and non-uniform changes of temperature result in internal forces in cross sections, and curvatures and longitudinal strains in members; the effects that occur in statically determinate structures, and in statically indeterminate structures when compatibility of the deformations is not considered, shall be classified as primary effects.
18

Primary and secondary effects of creep and shrinkage - Classification

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Bending Moments t=0

ML= MP

+
ML= MPT

secondary effects due to creep

In statically indeterminate structures the primary effects of shrinkage, creep and temperature are associated with additional action effects, such that the total effects are compatible; these shall be classified as secondary effects and shall be considered as indirect actions.

Johnson, R.P. , Hanswille, G.: Eurocode 4-2: Effects of Creep and Shrinkage in Composite Bridges, The Structural Engineer 8/1998

19

Modular ratios taking into account effects of creep

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

centroidal axis of the concrete section

zis,L

ast

-zic,L zist,L

zc zi,L zst

centroidal axis of the transformed composite section centroidal axis of the steel section (structural steel and reinforcement)

Modular ratios:

nL = no [ 1+ L ( t, t o ) ]

no =

Ea Ecm
creep multiplier =0 P=1,10 S=0,55 D=1,50 PT=0,55
20

action short term loading permanent action not changing in time shrinkage prestressing by controlled imposed deformations time-dependent action effects

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis Effects of Cracking of concrete

21

Effects of cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete between cracks

c(x)

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ns
Nsy

mean strain sm

c(x) s(x)

s,2

s = s,r
Nsm Ns,cr fully cracked section

c(x) s(x) Ns
s,2 = s2 Es

s,r

Ns

sr,1
A B

sr,2
C

sm,y

sy

sm
fct Ec

s,r

s(x) c(x) x

stage A: stage B: stage C:

uncracked section initial crack formation stabilised crack formation

22

Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on stresses in reinforcement (stabilised crack formation)

Ns zs a za Ms0 Ma Na M a - sm

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

equilibrium:
Ma = M Ns a

Na = Ns
compatibility:

mean strain in the concrete slab:

sm = a + a
Ns a2 M a Ns sm + + = Ea A a Ea A a Ea Ja
mean strain in the concrete slab:

s =

fct,eff s E s

= 0,4
s = A s / A c

s,2 s,m

s= s,r s c

fct,eff Ns sm = s2 s = Es A s s E s
23

Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension stiffening

Fully cracked section

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

tension stiffening

Ns,2
-zst,s

Nts + =

Ns -Ms -Ma -Na -MEd

-Ms,2 -Ma,2 -Na,2

zst

zst,a

Nts a -Nts

Ns st =

A st Jst A a Ja

Nts =
Nts

fct,eff A s s st

Sectional forces:

Ns Ns

A s zst,s Ns = Ns2 + Nts = MEd + Nts Jst J Ms = MEd s Jst A a zst,a Nts Jst J Ma = Ma2 + Nts a = MEd a + Nts a Jst Na = Na2 Nts = MEd

Ns,2 MEd M

24

Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ns -Ms zst a -Ma -Na

sm

Curvature:

-M
a

k
Effective flexural stiffness: = -

EJ
Ea J1

EaJ2,ts EaJ1

EaJ2

Ea J2,ts EaJ2

M
MR MRn

Ea J1 uncracked section Ea J2 fully cracked section Ea J2,ts effective flexural stiffness taking into account tension stiffening of concrete
25

Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking of concrete

Bergische Universitt Wuppertal Fachgebiet Stahlbau und Verbundkonstruktionen Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Hanswille Vorlesung Verbundbrckenbau

cracked concrete

Ea J1

EaJ1

Lcr,ts lcr +

EaJ2,ts

EaJ2

EaJ
Ea J1

Bending moments calculated with the stiffness of the uncracked section Ea J2,ts EaJ2 EaJ1 EaJ2,ts

Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking

flexural stiffness of the uncracked section flexural stiffness of the cracked section taking into account tension stiffening of concrete flexural stiffness of the cracked section
15-26

EaJ2

Global analysis different methods in EN 1994-2 for the effects of cracking of concrete

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Methods
non-linear calculation taking into account the non-linear behaviour of materials, sequence of construction, flexibility of shear connection, creep and shrinkage and effects of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks

simplified methods based on elastic theory direct determination of the cracked regions (Method I)

calculation with defined regions of cracking of concrete (Method II)

27

Effects of cracking of concrete Method I

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

EstJ1 uncracked flexural stiffness EstJ2 cracked flexural stiffness

Determination of internal forces by uncracked analysis for the characteristic combination. L2 Determination of the cracked regions with the extreme fibre concrete tensile stress c,max= 2,0 fct,m. Reduction of flexural stiffness to EaJ2 in the cracked regions. New structural analysis for the new distribution of flexural stiffness.

L1

L1,cr

L2,cr

EaJ1

EaJ2

EaJ1

M Redistribution of bending moments due to cracking

uncracked analysis cracked analysis
28

Effects of cracking of concrete simplified methods

Method II: Cracked analysis

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

L1

0,15 L1

L2
0,15 L2

EaJ1

EaJ2 MII

Lmin / Lmax 0,6

For continuous composite beams with the concrete flanges above the steel section and not prestressed, including beams in frames that resist horizontal forces by bracing, the following simplified method may be used. Where all the ratios of the length of adjacent continuous spans (shorter / longer) between supports are at least 0.6, the effect of cracking may be taken into account by using the flexural stiffness Ea I2 over 15% of the span on each side of each internal support, and as the uncracked values Ea I1 elsewhere.
29

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis Effects from sequence of construction

30

Influence of sequence of construction

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

casting in several stages

Ja Jv
casting with temporary props

dead weight of concrete, G for wet concrete and formwork formwork and G for wet concrete (1kN/m3)

FH

31

Effects of sequence of construction

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

A
unpropped construction

B
propped construction

C
propped construction and jacking of props

bending moments Ma applied on the steel section bending moments Mc applied on the composite section total bending moment MEd= Ma +Mc

gl2/8

Ma

Ma=0

Ma

Mc=0

Mc

Mc= gl2/8

Ma
gl2/8

+
distribution of stresses

+
32

Influence of sequence of construction on the resistance to bending

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

M Mpl,Rd Mel,C Mel,B Mel,A A Mpla,Rd Ma moment-curvature relation C B Mpl,Rd

The moment curvature relation shows that the sequence of construction has no influence on the bending resistance in case of cross-sections in Class 1 or 2. Therefore for these Classes the influence of sequence of construction can be neglected for verifications in ultimate limit states. For cross-sections in class 3 and 4 with elastic behaviour in ultimate limit states the effects of sequence of construction must be taken into account. For verifications in serviceability limit states the effects of sequence of construction must be taken into account for all Classes.
33

Influence of sequence of casting in several stages

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

1 28,50

45 55 10 20

70 30 40

70

70 50

70 690 60 70

70 80

70 90

70

55 45 3,80
100 110 120

70,0 7,5 7,5 3 x 15,0 17,5 7,5

70,0 3 x 15,0 17,5 7,5 3 x 15,0

Method I

10 11

12
Method II

12

10

11
Method III

12

11 10

9
34

Influence of sequence of casting in several stages bending moments acting on the composite section
My= -105,3 My= -103,2 My= -107,5

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Method I
-

My= -31,9

My= -43,7 -

My= -31,9

My= -45,4 +

Method II

+ My= 27,2

+ My= 28,1 My= 25,6

My= -32,5 + My= 26,5 + My= 27,3

My= -33,5 + My= 25,4

Method III
[My in MNm]
35

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Structural Analysis Effects from hydration of cement

36

Primary effects due temperature caused by hydration of cement

Tmax Tc T
I temperature of concrete

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

sectional forces
McH NcH co cu

Tc2 Tc1
II III IV

V
stresses due to restraining of deformations

A A J 2 NcH = NH 1 c,o c,o zic,o McH = MH c,o A ,io Ji,o Ji,o

model for the calculation of primary effects

Stage I: Casting of concrete and compacting

Stage II: Development of temperature due to hydration with plastic strains. Stage III: With increasing values of the modulus of elasticity compressive stresses develop which are reduced by relaxation of the young concrete Stage IV: Cooling of concrete and reduction of compressive stresses Stage V : Further cooling of concrete and development of tensile stresses until cracking occurs

NH

-NH -zic,o

MH -NH

B
MH = NH zic,o

NH = H Ecm A c

37

Primary and secondary temperature effects due to hydration of cement

Primary effects: Mc,H c,H -

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

-zic,o zist,o zi,o

Nc,H Mst,H -Nst,H

Free strain due to temperature effects caused by hydration of cement: H = T T

H

NH

-NH zic,o

MH

-NH

Secondary effects: The primary effects cause secondary effects in statically indeterminate structures. In case of single span bridges erected by propped construction the secondary effects influence also the pre-cambering of the structure.

NH = H Ecm A c MH = NH zic,o

The strain H is related to the modulus elasticity of concrete Ecm at an age of 28 days. According to EN 1994-2, for simplification a different temperature T = 200C between steel and concrete (concrete cooler) may be assumed.
38

FH

Strain H due to temperature effects caused by hydration of cement

0,40 0,35 0,00

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Effective plate thickness

1/
0,20 0,40 0,60

0,35 0,25

ho

2 Ac [m] Uc Resistance to heat transmission ho =

1 d K = i m W i
Volumetrical heat transmission of cement

Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Date of concreting Hydration strain H [10-5] (t=5d) -12 -24 -36 -48 -60

qv = Z H1 [(kJ / m ) 10 ]
20

s
50 65 80 110 5,0

Cross-section properties

qv

2,0

3,0

s=
4,0

Jio no [m] A c zic,o

no =

Ea Ecm
39

Example for the primary effects due to temperature caused by hydration of cement
28,5 m

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Cement: CEM II 32,5 Content of cement: 370 kg/m3

3,80

Time of casting Hydration heat H1 [J/g] Volumetrical heat transmission of cement

qv [kJ/m3 103 ]

casting of concrete in summer period 120 qv= 45 -20 10-5 0,90 1,60 200 qv= 75

casting of concrete in winter period 120 qv= 45 200 qv= 75

Hydration strain H [oo/o] Stress at the top surface of the concrete slab [N/mm2] Stress at the bottom surface of the concrete slab [N/mm2]

-32 10-5 -6 10-5 -12 10-5 1,44 2,50 0,28 0,48 0,56 0,90
40

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Serviceability limit states

41

Serviceability limit states

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Serviceability limit states Limitation of stresses crack width control Limitation of deflections web breathing

42

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Serviceability limit state Limitation of crack width

43

Control of cracking

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

General considerations minimum reinforcement

If crack width control is required, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension due to restraint and/or direct loading is expected. The amount may be estimated from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking and the tensile force in the reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if necessary to limit the crack width. According to Eurocode 4-2 the minimum reinforcement should be placed, where under the characteristic combination of actions stresses in concrete are tensile.

control of cracking due to direct loading

Where at least the minimum reinforcement is provided, the limitation of crack width for direct loading may generally be achieved by limiting bar spacing or bar diameters. Maximum bar spacing and maximum bar diameter depend on the stress s in the reinforcement and the design crack width.

44

Cracking of concrete introduction length

w Ns s c Les Les
s s s,1

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ns

Change of stresses in reinforcement due to cracking:

s = s s,1 =

s 1+ s no

Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:

L es Us sm = s A s d2 s L es ds sm = s 4
introduction length LEs

s =

c,1

As Ac Es Ec

L es

Les
c,1 s,1

Les
-perimeter of the bar -cross-section area -reinforcement ratio -mean bond strength

d 1 = s s 4 sm 1+ no s
crack width

no =

Les

sm s,2 Us As s sm

w = 2 L es (sm cm )
45

Determination of initial crack width

w Ns Ns

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

crack width

w = 2 L es (sm cm )
s,m = s,2 s,cr
c,m = cr s,m cm = (1 ) s,2
L es = s ds 1 4 sm 1+ no s

c,m

s,m s(x) c(x) Les

s,2 s,cr cr
Les

s s,m s

sm 1,8 fctm
s s
s,1 c,1

(1 ) 2 ds 1 s w= 2 sm E s 1+ no s

2 ds s 6 fct,m E s

Les

Les x

with = 0,6 for short term loading und = 0,4 for long term loading
46

Maximum bar diameters acc. to EC4

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 450

maximum bar diameter d for s wk= 0,4 40 32 20 16 12 10 8 6 wk= 0,3 32 25 16 12 10 8 6 5 wk= 0,2 25 16 12 8 6 5 4 -

Crack width w:
(1 ) 2 ds 1 s w= 2 sm E s 1+ no s 2 ds s 6 fct,m E s

Maximum bar diameter for a required crack width w:

ds = w

2 sm Es ( 1+ no s ) 2 (1 ) s

With sm= 1,8 fct,mo and the reference value for the mean tensile strength of concrete fctm,o= 2,9 N/mm2 follows:

d* s d* s

= 0,4

for long term loading and repeated loading

3,6 fctm,o E s ( 1+ no s ) = wk 2 (1 ) s w k fctm,o E s 6 2 s

47

Determination of the cracking moment Mcr and the normal force of the concrete slab in the stage of initial cracking
cracking moment Mcr
Mc+s c MR

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

cracking moment Mcr:

c + c, = fct,eff = k1 fctm no Ji,o Mcr = [fct,eff c, ] zic,o + hc / 2
Mcr = [fct,eff c, ] no Ji,o zic,o (1+ hc /(2 zic,o )

hc

zic,o zio zi,st

Nc+s ast

primary effects due to shrinkage

sectional normal force of the concrete slab: A z + A s zis Ncr = MR co i,co + Nc + s, Jio
c

Mc, Nc,

Ncr =
cracking moment

A c ( fct,eff c, ) (1+ s no ) + Nc + s, 1+ hc /(2 zic,o )

shrinkage

A (1+ s no ) Nc + s, c c, 1+ hc /(2 zic,o ) 1 Ncr = A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 ) + 1 + hc /(2 zic,o ) A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 )

48

Simplified solution for the cracking moment and the normal force in the concrete slab
cracking moment Mcr
Mc+s c MR

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

simplified solution for the normal force in the concrete slab:

hc

-zic,o zio zi,st

Nc+s ast

Ncr A c fctm k1 k 2 k c

k1 = 0,8

primary effects due to shrinkage

Mc+s, Nc+s, c

k2= 0,9

coefficient taking into account the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses coefficient taking into account the slip effects of shear connection

kc =

1 + 0,3 1,0 hc 1+ 2 zic,o

cracking moment

shrinkage
49

Crack width for stabilised crack formation

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

w Ns

w = sr,max (sm cm )
the maximum crack spacing sr,max in the stage of stabilised crack formation is twice the introduction length Les s(x)- c(x)

s,2 = s Es
s(x)

fct Ec

c(x) sr,max= 2 Les sr,min= Les

fctm ds f A L es = ctm c = Us sm s 4 sm
maximum crack width

= 0,6

for short term loading

= 0,4 for long term loading and repeated loading

f d f w = ctm s s ctm (1 + no s ) 2 sm s Es s E s
sm 1,8 fctm
50

Control of cracking due to direct loading Verification by limiting bar spacing or bar diameter Ac As
-zst,s fully cracked tension stiffening

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ns,2 -Ms,2 a

Nts

Ns -Ms

zst zst,a Aa
za

+
-Ma,2 -Na,2

Nts a -Nts

=
-Ma -Na

-MEd

The calculation of stresses is based on the mean strain in the concrete slab. The factor results from the mean value of crack spacing. With srm 2/3 sr,max results 2/3 0,6 = 0,4

stresses in reinforcement = s,2 + ts taking into account tension s fct,eff MEd stiffening for the bending s = z st,s + moment MEd of the quasi J2 s st permanent combination: A J As st = 2 2 s = = 0,4 A a Ja Ac
51

The bar diameter or the bar spacing has to be limited

Maximum bar diameters and maximum bar spacing for high bond bars acc. to EC4 Table 1: Maximum bar diameter
s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 450 maximum bar diameterds for wk= 0,4 40 32 20 16 12 10 8 6 wk= 0,3 32 25 16 12 10 8 6 5 wk= 0,2 25 16 12 8 6 5 4

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Table 2: Maximum bar spacing

s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 maximum bar spacing in [mm] for wk= 0,4 300 300 250 200 150 100 wk= 0,3 300 250 200 150 100 50 wk= 0,2 200 150 100 50 -

52

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Serviceability limit state Limitation of stresses

53

Limitation of Stresses c

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

MEd

shear lag; creep and shrinkage of concrete cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete; sequence of construction;

- +

a
+

s
MEd

increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete interaction due to slip of shear connection; inelastic behaviour of steel and reinforcement, if any; torsional and distorsional warping, if any.

combination structural steel reinforcement concrete headed studs characteristic characteristic characteristic characteristic

stress limit Ed ka fyk Ed ks fsk Ed kc fck PEd ks PRd

recommended values ki ka = 1,00 ks = 0,80 kc= 0,60 ks = 0,75

54

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Ultimate limit state Fatigue resistance of headed studs

55

Fatigue failure of headed studs

concrete flange in compression
P
Type A

P d2 / 4

Type B

concrete flange in tension

P

concrete flange in tension

Type C

concrete flange in compression

Verification for headed studs acc. to EC4

log c
m2=5 c=80 N/mm2 106 Stress range in the steel flange m1=3 1,0

F,f E c / v,fat

0,3

Interaction for flanges in tension

Nc=2

log N

0,3

1,0

F,f E c / a,fat

Stress range in the shank of the stud

E,2 = v

v = v,1 v,2 v,3 v,4

log c
c = 90 N/mm2 m=8

e,2 = a a = 1 2 3 4 max
F,fat E,2 c v,fat F,fat E,2 c a,fat

log N
Nc=2 106

F,fat E,2 F,fat E,2 + 1,3 c / v,fat c / a,fat

Fatigue strength curve for headed studs

F,f E,2 1,0 c / Mf ,v max PEd 0,75 PRd

P P N

R (log) N/mm2
1000

Test evaluation: m=8,658 Eurocode 4: m=8

100

5%-Fractile

10

R = C N
104 105

1 NC m

ck=90 N/mm2 N (log) 106 Nc=2 106 107

Headed studs Decrease of static strength due to cyclic preloading

Slip

R, E

Ultimate limit state

R, E

number of cycles N R resistance

fatigue

Action effects Design life

td

Design life

tm

Headed studs - test programm

Series 1 2 3 4 P/Pu,o 0,20 0,20 0,25 0,25 Pu,0.3N Pmax/Pu,o number 0,45 0,70 0,45 0,70 12 12 12 12
P Pmin
f

Pu,0
static strength u,0 Pmax fatigue strength P

P
Pu,0

N
static P strength with cyclic u,0 preloading

Pu,0.8N

Pmax Pmin 0 0.3 Nf

Pu,N

Pu,N

N
0.7Nf Nf
Ni

P u(N)

Number of load cycles to failure influences of loading parameters

Nf : number of load cycles to failure in a force-controlled push-out fatigue test

Nf,t
1 Pmax Pu,0

108

with lateral restraint without lateral restraint

theoretical model

N f = 10

P 0.5 P K1 K 2 max Pu,0

107 26 tests 106

105
K1 = 0,1267 K2 = 0,1344 K1 = 0,1483 K2 = 0,1680

with without lateral restraint

104 104

105

106

107

108

Nf,e

experimental results

Reduction of static strength due to cyclic preloading

Series

Pu / Pu,o
1

Pu,o

Pmax

Pu,o

Nf
6.2x106 1,2x106 5.2x106 3,5x106

0.20 0.25 0.25 0.20

0.44 0.71 0.44 0.71

1.0 0.8 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Short time test
P P
Pmax Pu,0 u,O Pu Pu

3 4

P 0.2 0.4

0.6 0.8 1.0

N / Nf

Tests with cyclic preloading

Fatigue tests

Damage accumulation - tests series

P Pu
P P

Influence of sequence of loading and damage accumulation

D 1
3 2 1

time t

Hanswille, G., Porsch, M., stndag, C.: Resistance of headed studs subjected to fatigue loading, Part I Experimental study, Part II: Analytical study, Journal of Constructural Steel Research, April 2007.

Lifetime prediction according to Palmgren and Miner

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Nfe [x 106] 7 6 5 test results 4 3 2 1 0 4 1 2 5 6 7 0 3 lifetime prediction according to Palmgren-Miner (linear damage accumulation)
64

Ni ! N = 1.0 fi

Ni

= Nft =

fi

1 Ni

Nft [x 106]

New damage accumulation hypothesis

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

Pu,N / Pu,0

D=
1.0 0.8 0.6
Pmax,1 / Pu,0

A 1 B

N1 N + nf,1 + 2 1 Nf,1 Nf,2

C 2 D
P / Pu,0 P / Pu,0 Pmax,2 / Pu,0 Pmax,1 / Pu,0

0.4 0.2 0.0 N1 /Nf,1

nf,1

N2 /Nf,2 Ni /Nf,i

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
65

Evaluation of the tests with multiple blocks of loading with the new damage accumulation hypothesis

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

Nfe [x 106]

Ni D= + nf,i 1 Nf,i N
(1)

7 6 5 4

fe

[x 106]

(3) (3) (4) (2) (1)

(3)

3 2 Nft [x 106] 1 0 0 1 4 2 5 6 3 lifetime prediction single test values 7

66

Nft [x 106]

4 2 5 6 7 3 lifetime prediction mean values of each test series 1

Workshop on Eurocode 4-2: Composite Bridges

Thank you very much for your attention

67