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 @ @@aly inelpe

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 JOHN C. TRAUPMAN, Ph. D.
St. Joseph’s University
Philadelphia

AMSCO SCHOOL PUBLICATIONS, INC.

315 HUDSON STREET New York, N.Y. 10013
 Books by John C. Traupman published by Amsco School Publications:
Lingua Latina Book I
Latin Is Fun Book I
Latin Is Fun Book II
The New College Latin & English Dictionary
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When ordering this book, please specify R 689 P

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Cover and text design by Pedro A. Noa

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ISBN 1-56765-429-0
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Copyright © 2001 by Amsco School Publications, Inc.

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 Preface
How to Use This Book 1x

Pronunciation xii

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions

Curiatii and Horatti: The Combat 14

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 20

Curtatii and Horatii: The Aftermath 29
a

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 34

Atalanta and Hippomenes 43

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 51

Philemon and Baucis 62

Infinitive 70
The Story of Medusa _ 81

Participles; Ablative Absolute 86

Pandora's Box 98

Present Subjunctive 105

The Story of Proserpina 116

Contents v
 Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 123
The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud 132

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 138

Masters and Slaves 145

10 Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 152

Gaius Plinius
Fair Treatment of Slaves 160
A Day in the Life of a Roman Gentleman 164

11 Gerund and Gerundive 169

Orpheus and Eurydice 178

12 Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 185

The Deluge 193

13 Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 199

The Second Punic War (I) 209

14 Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of Facié 220

The Second Punic War (II) 227
The Life of Publius Scipio 229

15 Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 241

The Second Punic War (Final Phase) 248

16 Further Uses of the Ablative 263

Life of Vergil = 272

17 Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions;

Indefinite Relative Pronouns 283
Vergil’s Career 287

18 Double Negatives; Ellipsis 298

The Augustan Age 300

vi Contents
19 Augustus and the Imperial Family 315
The Life of Augustus 320
Achievements of Deified Augustus 330

20 The Aeneid of Vergil 337

Verse Outline, Books I-X 338

21 Roman Britain 351

Caesar’s Invasion of Britain 353

APPENDIX

Time Line 375

The Roman Army in Caesar’s Time 376
Glossary of Grammatical Terms 381
Forms 399
Latin-English Vocabulary 429
Grammatical Index 463
Cultural Index 464

Contents vii
 ae
40 Pastort ia):jae in
Grins Plots at ic i
Fel. Be ert ;of sl

Pil Napti"0s ae el

W. Groeuwad ce aa EN
Lapis md Burydice Ae ' =. "

12 Porpshrastic Canjagabeng De : :
— FIR sitae ay ee
ioe abo cephtsaregiiy 2 ;.
Thi eta Funke Wars? :; . .

punlodaae? <etais ;
ie A iSkin ipa
Tlie Sécoal Prana: ane war
Tix Life
3 Pubtier’ a ae neta
‘ i) 1G e
iS A cininative: byt sdovnivles
nal,’ : bei Rpdacerye a oP:
The Sepia Pom Vet aeeg Pie BR” |
ee
> wpihee seq ft Ge ake rie 7
Lifor? brea .
Indirect i} odin
fndetinite ffAnte
Vorgit's emay. ; %
.
~~

Taisbi¢ re riya,
ie Aer:

fi AS RSD a
: , ‘\ r
 Preface

How to Use This Book

When you buy an appliance, you generally get directions with it. If it is
a major appliance, you get an owner’s manual to help you understand just
how the appliance works. Well, this introduction is your “owner’s manual”
to help you understand how this book functions.

From “Made Latin” to Authentic Latin / Review Activities

The underlying purpose of this book is to guide you from “made Latin”
to authentic Latin. To this end the readings are carefully graded in level of
difficulty. The early chapters have review activities to reinforce what you
have learned in the first year. But the first portion of this book is not simply
repetition. New insights are gained as each grammatical and syntactical
element is treated again. And by the time you come to the end of this book,
you will have had an opportunity to meet a variety of Latin authors.

Reading for Understanding

A Latin sentence often is unclear at first sight. It is amazing how fre-
quently its meaning becomes clearer as the sentence is reread, several times
if necessary. Having solved the problems of vocabulary, grammar, and
word order, it is extremely beneficial to read the sentence again. Now you
can read it with full understanding and thereby not only reinforce your
mastery of vocabulary and grammar but also come to realize the nature of
the difficulties that you have overcome. Unless you do this regularly, the
same constructions and vocabulary will be stumbling blocks every time
you run across them in subsequent readings. And, in fact, rereading does
' not take up much time.

Running Vocabularies and Cultural Essays

To help you along the way, the Latin readings are provided with ample
running vocabulary in the right-hand margin. In addition, vocabulary,

Preface ix
 when necessary, is provided directly above the exercises in which that
vocabulary will be used, rather than piled up at the beginning of the lesson.
Furthermore, the introductory essays before the reading contain Latin
words that will occur in the reading itself. The idea is to provide you with
the needed vocabulary when you need it. Words that may cause difficulty
are often repeated in the running vocabulary. Since you will be reading
authentic Latin, the range of vocabulary is quite wide. It is not necessary to
memorize each and every vocabulary entry. But as you meet the same word
in different contexts, some of the words will stick. Others may not; but then
you have the general vocabulary at the back of the book to help you out.
The purpose of providing you with vocabulary in this way is to make it
possible for you to read a whole passage with comprehension and relative
ease rather than laboriously decoding a few lines of Latin in a single sitting.
The principal parts of verbs are listed in the running vocabulary. It is
important for you to try to master those principal parts.

Examples Taken from Roman Authors

Both English and Latin grammatical terms are explained in user-friendly
language throughout the chapters. In addition, an extensive glossary of
grammatical terms, with examples, is to be found in the back of this book.
You will notice that often several examples are provided to illustrate some
point of grammar. Sometimes a point of grammar is not clear from a single
example, and that’s why several illustrative examples are given. Because
some of the constructions are taken from the texts that you will read later
on, it is important for you to observe the examples closely. Many of the
examples are taken from Roman authors. Whenever that is the case, an
abbreviated form of the author’s name is given in brackets. Their full names
are given below.

Contextual Exercises
The sentences in the exercises are designed not only to illustrate a point
of grammar but also to provide you with cultural or historical information.
For example, instead of a sentence such as “The man crossed the field with
a friend” you may read “Hannibal crossed the Alps with large forces.”
Such sentences reinforce your knowledge of Roman history and culture.
Notice also that many of the sentences of an exercise deal with the same
topic. The reason should be obvious: it is easier to understand sentences in
context than to understand a series of sentences, each of which deals with
an entirely different topic. And to keep up your interest, there is a great
variety of exercises.

Xx Preface
Functional Illustrations
The illustrations in this book are functional, not merely decorative. They
help you to visualize the Roman scenes and thus help you to understand
the Latin passages better.

Etymology
There is an exercise in Latin derivations at the end of each chapter. The
Latin source words are to be found in the running vocabulary of the read-
ing in the chapter. At times the source word will be a principal part of a
verb. Therefore, you should look carefully at the principal parts of verbs as
they occur in the running vocabulary.

Quotable Thoughts
Each chapter begins with a Thought for Today. Why not make them a
thought for a lifetime, by memorizing them. You will find many occasions
for quoting them.

Appendices
There is an appendix of English and Latin grammatical terms with exam-
ples. There is also an appendix on the Roman army in Caesar’s time and a
chronology of Roman history from Caesar to the death of Augustus.

The TEACHER’S MANUAL AND Key provides the answers to all the exercises
and a variety of tests.

John C. Traupman

Abbreviations for Authors

Apul. Apuleius, poet (born A.D. 124)
Caes. Caesar, general and historian (100-44 B.c.)
Cic: Cicero, lawyer, philosopher (106-43 B.c.)
Eutrop. Eutropius, historian (c A.D. 364)
Hor. Horace, lyric poet (65-8 B.C)
Liv. Livy, historian (59 B.c.-A.D. 17)
Nep. Nepos, historian, biographer (c. 100-36 B.c.)
Ovid Ovid, poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 18)
Plaut. Plautus, comedy playwright (254-184 B.c.)
Plin. Pliny, letter writer (A.D. 61-105)
Plin. NH_ Pliny, author of Natural History (A.D. 23-79)
Suet. Suetonius, biographer (A.D. 70-137)
Ter. Terence, comedy playwright (195-159 B.c.)

Preface xi
 Pronunciation

air
ee ieee, VOWELS SR Se
CLASSICAL METHOD ECCLESIASTICAL METHOD
fc a in ago: comparo
a in father: imago
e in pet: propérd Generally the same as the Classical
a in late: lénis Method. However, in practice the dif-
iin hit: idem ferent values of the vowels are
ee in keen: amicus frequently not rigidly adhered to.
mM
aC
MO
=
tt
a o in often: médus
o in hope: ndmen
Ol
ac u in put: it
u in rude: ator
ui in German Hiitte: myrta
Mc
<i
Oot ui in German tiber: Tydeus

eee «zDIPHTHONGs ee ae
CLASSICAL METHOD ECCLESIASTICAL METHOD
ae y in by: caecus ae a in late: caecus
au ow in now: nauta au as in Classical Method
er ey in they: her ei as in Classical Method
eu eu in feud: Orphéus
ae

eu eu in Italian neutro: euge

oe oi in oil: coepit
a

oe a in late: coepit
ul uey in gluey: ci; ui same as Classical Method
after q, wee in week: qui

xii Pronunciation
EEE CONSONANTS KRNEARRARRE
CLASSICAL METHOD ECCLESIASTICAL METHOD
English b English b
always c in can: civis, cantd, cédd before e, i, ae, or oe = ch in cherry:
celsus, civis, caelum, coepit,
but before other letters, c in can:
canto, actus
English d English d
-- English f => English f
always g in go: gallina, genus, gratus, before e or i = g in gentle: genus,
gula - régina,
but before other letters except g and n
(see under Consonant Groups) = g in
go: gallina, gratus, gula, rogo
= English h Ss English h
y in yes: iam, iungo as in Classical Method
English k, but unaspirated English k
English 1 English |
mie
3
~
— English m, but in verse final m English m
before an initial vowel or h in the
following word was presumably not
pronounced
English n English n
English p, but unaspirated English p
English q English q
trilled r as in the Romance languages as in Classical Method
3
Sr
2
aoralways s in sing: miser, mors e®n
52a s in sing: salis,
OU
but when standing between two vow-
els or when final and preceded by a
voiced consonant = z in dozen: miser,
mors
English t, but unaspirated as in Classical Method
w in wine, when unaccented, preced- < as in Classical Method
ed by q, sometimes by s, and
sometimes by g, and followed by a
vowel: qui-a, sua-vis (but su-d-rum),
dis-tin-gud (but ex-i-git-us)
w in wine: viv6 English v

Pronunciation xiii
 Xx x (= ks) in six: extra x (as ks) in six: pax;
but in words beginning with ex and
followed by a vowel, h, or s, = x (as
gz) in exhaust: exaudi, exhalo,
exsolvo
Zz dz in adze: zona as in Classical Method

EE CONSONANT GROUPS
CLASSICAL METHOD ECCLESIASTICAL METHOD
bs ps in apse: obsid6, urbs bs bs in obsession: obsid6,
but in the final position = bs (= bz) in
observe: urbs
bt pt in captain: obtinére bt bt in obtain: obtinére
cc kk in bookkeeper: ecce, occid6, cc before e or i = tch in catch: ecce,
Occasum, occlidd occido;
but before other letters = kk in book-
keeper; occasum, occlidd
ch ch in chaotic: pulcher ch as in Classical Method
88 gg in leg guard: agger 88 before e or i = dj in adjourn: agger;
but before other letters = gg in leg
guard: aggrégo
gn ngn in hang nail: dignus (think of it gn ny in canyon: dignus
as if it were written dingnus)
gu see consonant u gu as in Classical Method
ph p-h in top-heavy: phica ph ph in phoenix: phoca
qu see consonant u qu as in Classical Method
sc sc in scope: scid, scitum sc before e or i = sh in shin: ascendi,
sciG;
but before other letters = sc in scope:
scando6, scitum
su see consonant u su as in Classical Method
th t in take: theatrum th as in Classical Method
ti ti in English patio: natio ti when preceded by s, t, or x, or when
followed by a consonant =ti in
English patio: hostia, admixti6,
fortiter;
but when unaccented, followed by a
vowel, and preceded by any letter
except s, t, or x = tzy in ritzy: nati6,
pretium

xiv Pronunciation
Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions
Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

Omnium graduum difficillimus est pristus. The first step is the

most difficult of all.

BER Us oF GRAMMAR
In discussing grammar, we often speak of rules and exception to the rules.
When we speak of “rules of grammar” we are not talking about absolute
laws like the laws of nature that can have no exceptions. We are really talk-
ing about statements of general usage. And so it might be more meaningful
to speak of statements of general usage. In many instances, a particular usage
is very widely accepted, but there may possibly be variations, depending
on the author and the period in which he is writing. For example, we say
that the verb should agree with the subject in number and gender. Yet at
times even Cicero will use a singular verb with two subjects connected by
et. In such instances, Cicero may make the verb agree with the nearest of
the two subjects. Another example: we learn the rule that the accusative is
used for extent of time; for example, Cicerd sexaginta et trés annds vixit
(Cicero lived sixty-three years). Yet writers, especially from the first century
A.D. onward often used the ablative to indicate extent of time. Even Caesar,
. regarded by Cicero as an excellent writer, used the ablative to indicate
extent of time: Milités quinque hOris proelium sustinuerant [Caes.] (The
soldiers had kept up the fight for five hours). Remember that Rome lasted over
a thousand years, from 753 B.c. to A.D. 476, and Latin was spoken even
longer. Therefore, you will often see a term such as regularly in describing
syntax. That means that there may be exceptions to the regular practice.

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 1

 Furthermore, in translating from Latin to English, it is not always prop-
er to give a literal word-for-word translation. Each language has its own
idiom. Therefore, the norm should be: translate as close to the Latin as
English idiom permits. For example, the Romans used the expression ped-
ibus ire (to go on feet). We say “to go on foot.” They said: iter facére (to make
a trip). We say: “to take a trip.” The Romans said: Quiquid in buccam venit
(whatever comes into your cheek). We say: “Whatever comes into your head.”
The object is to recognize the Latin idiom and then translate it into our
English idiom. Look at the following expressions:

Roma ab Romul6d nominata est. Rome was named after (lit: from)
Romulus.
contentiO summorum hondrum competition for the highest offices (lit:
competition of the highest honors)
laborare stomachd (or ab or ex stomach6) to have stomach trouble (lit:
to suffer from the stomach)
consilium capére (or inire) to form a plan (lit: to take or enter a plan)
capitis accisare to accuse of a capital crime (lit: to accuse of the head)

ME Review acTIvITE:S SS
A. Change the words in italics of the first and second declensions from sin-
gular to plural and change the verb from the imperfect to the perfect and
make it agree with the new subject.

Poéta narrabat fabulam dé Troiané et Graeco.

Mirus Troiae erat altus et validus.
Troianus intra mirum sine periculd habitabat.
Graecus € Graecia navigabat.
Graecus et Troianus erant inimici.
Graecus cum Troiano extra miirum pugnabat.
Femina et vir intra miirum non iam séciri erant.
Proelium in campo erat longum.
a In e0 proelid Graecus necabat Troianum.
Os
ag
eee
Ce
— 2S Dénique Graecus Troiam captabat.

2 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

 B. Translate into Latin. Use the perfect tense of the verbs.

The hut of Romulus and Remus was small.

Romulus built a small town with high walls.
Faustulus and Larentia saved and raised the twins.
Romulus killed Remus with a sword.
SE
ar Rome was once a small town.

C. Change the words in italics of the third declension from singular to plur-
al and change the verb accordingly.

Dux militis erat audax.

Imperator praemia omni militi dedit.
Soror et frater cum patre et matre nunc vivunt.
Populus Orationem consulis saepe audivit.
Rex legem acrem populd Romano imposuit.
Hiems in monte est intolerabilis.
Frater est maior nati quam soror.
Cliéns non sequitur senatorem.
Ses
oar
©
Oe Consul raro praetori assentit.
at— Caput fliminis in monte est.

D. Pick out the grammatical misfit in each set. Then give the reason for
your choice.

Example magnus cavus_ rursus validus rursus

Reason: All are masculine adjectives of the second declension; riirsus is
an adverb.

. puerO amicd populd subitd

. ocult puerl urbi servi
MisrFitr
athlétis stellis vocis verbis
concédO postrémd oppugnd postuld
aedificium civium Atrium bracchium
aurea antea postea interea
agitas laudas casas _ cogitas
céna causa charta castra
CONDAATRWONE
animum amicum possum cibum
10. monte hieme timidé cliente
11. condiciO cdnficid positid dsratid
12. insula oppida templa dona
13. virtus vulnus locus mirus

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 3

 14. nox dux vox mox
15. carus plénus cavus annus
16. puer nuper ager liber
17. patriam ianuam etiam _ filiam
18. lectus légatus intus lidus
19. via taberna oppida casa
20. urbem noctem tandem légem

E. Give the positive and comparative degrees of the following adjectives.

1. optimus 3. maximus 5. pessimus

2. minimus 4. prudentissimus

F. Give the positive and comparative degrees of the following adverbs.

1. acerrimé 3. ferdcissimé 5. saepissimé

2. pessimé 4. celerrimé

G. Read each sentence carefully so as to understand it. Then substitute the

demonstrative in parentheses for the demonstrative in italics in the fol-
lowing phrases.

1. (idem) Gemini in hdc locd inventi sunt.

2. (hic) Romulus et Remus erant nepotés eiusdem avi.
3. (iste) Eisdem temporibus Amilius erat réx.
4. (idem) Amilius non perpercit ili fratri.
5. (idem) Faustulus et Larentia in hac casa habitabant.

H. Supply the correct form of the intensive pronoun ipse.

Micius Scaevola __ fortis puer erat.

Nam in __ castra EtruscOrum firtim vénit.
Scaevola in praesentia Porsennae __ stabat.
Primo Micius nihil régi__ dixit.
a
aSMicius Porsennam __ non timuit.

4 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

EEE ©. ORecT QUESTIONS SEE
Direct questions are introduced by either (a) an interrogative pronoun,
adjective, or adverb, or (b) one of the interrogative particles: ndnne (expect-
ing a positive answer), num (expecting a negative answer) or -ne (if the
question gives no hint whether it expects a positive or a negative answer).
Because the Romans did not use the questions mark, these interrogatives
were always placed first to indicate that a question was coming. A “yes”
answer is expressed by ita, etiam, vérd, sané. A “no” answer is expressed
by non, minimé, minimé vero, or by repeating the verb with a negative.

The most common interrogative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs are:

quis, quid pron who, whom; pl: qui, quae, quae
qui, quae, quod adj which
quam (with adj or adv) how
quamobrem why
quomodo how
qual-is -is -e what kind of
quant-us -a -um how big, how much
quot indecl how many
quotiéns how often
quando when
ubi where
quo where(to)
unde from where, whence
uter, utra, utrum which (of two)

NOTE

Quis is sometimes used as an adjective, as is qui, but note the difference:

Quis senator c6nsul creatus est? Which senator was elected consul?
Qui sen@tor erat Catilina? What sort of senator was Catiline?

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 5

 Examples Uter frater urbem condidit? Which brother (of the two) founded the city?
Quo nunc abis? Where are you off to now?
Ubi villa tua est? Where is your villa?
Quot villas habés? How many villas do you have?
Quotiéns Pompéius consul erat? How often was Pompey consul?
Suntne senatorés in ford? Are the senators in the forum?
Nonne senatorés in ford? The senators are in the forum, aren’t
they? Ita. Yes.
Num senatorés in ford sunt? The senators aren’t in the forum, are they?
Non. No.

I. Respondé Latiné complétis sententiis.

VOCABULARY
ar-O -dre -avi -atus to plow
obsid-ed -ére obsédi obsessus to besiege, encircle, surround

1.Quinctius Cincinnatus erat agricola Romanus, qui magna cum

industria agros cotidié arabat.
1. Quis erat agricola Romanus?
2. Quid arabat?
3. Quotiéns hoc fécit?
4. Quomodd agros arabat?

2.Cincinnatus propter virtitem 4 populd Romano dictator factus est.

1. Quis dictator factus est?
2. A quo dictator factus est?
3. Cur Cincinnatus dictator factus est?
4. Quis Cincinnatum dictatorem fécit?

3.ROmanus exercitus in Monte Algidd ab hostibus multds diés

obsidébatur.
1. Quis obsidébatur?
2. Ubi obsidébatur?

6 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

 3. A quo exercitus obsidébatur?
4. Quam dit exercitus obsidébatur?

4.Posterd dié Cincinnatus ad exercitum in Monte Algido iter celeriter

fécit.
1. Quis iter fécit?
2. Quando iter fécit?
3. Quomodd iter fécit?
4. Ad quem iter fécit?
5. Ubi erat exercitus?

5.Post paucds diés Cincinnatus hostés in Monte Algido vicit et ad

agrOs suOs rediit.
1. Quem Cincinnatus vicit?
2. Ubi erant hostés?
3. Quando Cincinnatus hostés vicit?
4. Quo Cincinnatus post victoriam rediit?

GEE 0. ses OF THE GENITIVE ST

Although the genitive case is often used to show possession and is gen-
erally translated with the preposition of, it has a wide range of functions,
and at times needs to be translated into English with the preposition for,
and at times even with the preposition from (for example, vacatid militiae
exemption from military service.) Here are some frequent uses.

1. POSSESSIVE GENITIVE

It denotes possession or ownership, i.e., it denotes the person or thing

to which an object, quality, feeling, or action belongs. Some ancient
Latin grammarians called this the possessive case rather than the genitive
case. This is the most common and also the most familiar function of the
genitive.

Examples’ consulis nomen the consul’s name

Cicerdnis éloquentia Cicero’s eloquence
valvae templi the doors of the temple
Hic anulus est consulis. This ring is the consul’s.

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 7

 2. SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE

This denotes the person with whom the action, the quality, or the
feeling originates.

Examples dicta Augusti the words of Augustus

timorés liberdrum the fears of the children
patris ciira a father’s concern

3. OBJECTIVE GENITIVE

This denotes the person or thing that is affected.

Examples amor patriae the love of (or for) (one’s) country

Premor désiderid meorum. [Cic.] Iam overwhelmed with longing for
my (loved ones).
cupiditas imperil desire for power
petitio consulatis candidacy for the consulship

In the two examples of the subjective genitive, it is the children and

the father who have the feelings of fear and concern. In the examples of
the objective genitive, it is the country that is the object of love, and the
loved ones who are the object of longing, and it is the consulship that is
the object of the candidacy.

J. Indicate whether the following are subjective or objective genitives.

Then translate.

1. Puer magnum amodrem parentum habet.

2. Semper timdrem maris habul.
3. Quis magistri sapientiam non admiratur?
4. Timor mortis semper ndbiscum est.
5. Ego sentid magnum désiderium urbis meae.
pe
eeee TO neeee
4, GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE
It is also called partitive genitive. It denotes the whole of which some-
thing forms a part.

8 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

Examples dimidia pars terrae [Cic.] half of the earth
pauci servorum [Apul.] few of the slaves

In these examples, terrae and servérum indicate the whole, of which

dimidia pars and pauci form apart.

The genitive of the whole (or partitive genitive) is often used with the
nominative or accusative singular neuter of pronouns or adjectives
used as nouns; it is also used with adverbs such as satis, parum, etc.
Read over the following examples carefully, since the Latin idiom is
somewhat different from the English idiom, as can be clearly seen from
the literal translations that are provided.

Examples nihil benevolentiae praestare to show no goodwill (lit: nothing of

goodwill)

si est aliquid spei [Cic.] if there is any hope (lit: anything of hope)

aliquid morae efficére to cause some delay (lit: something of delay)

In Britannia nihil est neque auri neque argenti. [Cic.] In Britain there
is neither gold nor silver. (lit: nothing neither of gold nor of silver)
si quid novi habés [Cic.] if you have any news (lit: anything of new)
satis temporis ad cogitandum [Cic.] enough time to think (lit: enough
of time)
parum industriae too little ambition (lit: too little of ambition)
plus doloris more grief (lit: more of grief)
paulum audaciae alittle boldness (lit: a little of boldness)
tantum fortitidinis so much courage (lit: so much of courage)
quantum fortitidinis tantum fortiinae as much courage as luck (lit:
how much of courage so much of luck)
quinque milia hominum five thousand people (lit: five thousand of
persons)

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 9

 K. Translate the English phrases into Latin, using the genitive of the whole.
The examples above will help.

. Ego numquam (enough time) habeo.

. Dido Aenéae (so much goodwill) praestat.
Amilius (no love) fratris habuit.
. Trodiani (too little hope of victory) habent.
. Audivistine (any news) dé certamine inter Turnum et Aenéan?
. Aenéas (a little patience) praestare debet.
Dido (as much beauty as courage) habet.
. (If Turnus has any fear), car cum Aenéa contendit?
. Si (enough money) habés, veni mécum.
. Quis (more courage) ostendit quam Aenéas?
— SOANDUPRWNE

5. GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

It is used especially with adjectives indicating desire, memory,

knowledge, skill, power, fullness. Very often the translation into
English requires a preposition other than of.

Examples peritus belli skilled in war

immemor mei forgetful of me (or forgetting me)
memor periculdrum mindful of the dangers
amantissimus nostri most affectionate toward us
amans patriae devoted to (one’s) country
studidsus gloriae eager for glory
vita pléna negotidrum alife full of troubles
eI similés mei those similar to me (or like me)

GENITIVE OF QUALITY

It is used to indicate some internal or permanent characteristic or

quality of a person or thing, but only if modified by an adjective.

Example vir magnae virtiitis a man of great valor

10 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

L. Translate the English phrases into Latin.

. Aenéas erat (a man of great prudence).

. Graeci erant (skilled in war).
. Eius vita erat (full of dangers).
- Dido erat (most affectionate toward her guest).
. Turnus erat (eager for victory).
Fe . Aenéas erat (forgetful of his love of Dido).
OrPWNN

7. GENITIVE OF INDEFINITE VALUE

The genitive neuter singular of adjectives of quantity is used with

verbs of valuing, estimating, regarding, and the like to express indefinite
value. Among such verbs are the following:
aestimare to value, estimate
diicére to think of
facére to regard
habére to hold, regard
putare to think of

The common genitives associated with the above verbs are:

magni of great value, highly, of great importance
permagni of very great value, very highly, of very great impor-
tance
pliris of greater value, more highly, of greater importance
maximi of highest value, very highly, of greatest importance
plirimi of highest value, very highly, of greatest importance
parvi of little value, of little importance

minoris of less value, less highly, of less importance

minimi of least value, very little, of least importance
quanti of what value, how highly
tanti of such value, so highly

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 11

 Examples Omnia pericula parvi diicére [Cic.] to regard all dangers of little
importance
Plaris habétur quam Licius Trebellius. [Cic.] He is regarded more
highly than Lucius Trebellius.
té pliris facid [Cic.] I regard you more highly.
Magni aestimabat pectiniam. [Cic.] He valued money greatly (or
regarded money of importance or as important).

M. Translate the English phrases into Latin.

. Aeneas Didonem (very highly) habuit.

. Théseus pericula in labyrintho (of no importance) duxit.
Romani honodrem (of great value) faciébant.
. (How highly) Coriolanus patriam putavit?
a . Cur ta pectiniam (of such importance) aestimas?
FR
PWN

GENITIVE OF INDEFINITE PRICE

This is used with verbs of buying and selling.

Examples Quanti domus cénstat? How much does the house cost?
Quanti villam émisti? At what price did you buy the villa?
Minimi hoc véndit. He sells it very cheaply.
Non est tanti. It is not worth all that (lit: it is not of so great value.)
Maximi hoc émit. She bought it at a very high price.
Parvi hoc véndidit. He sold it at a low price.
Véndiditne minoris? Did she sell it for less (or at a lower price)?

N. Translate the English phrases into Latin.

1. Pater togam (at a high price) émit.

2. (How much) hic liber constat?

12 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

 3. Mater statuam Dianae (at a very low price) émit.
4. Visne tunicam véndére (for less)?
5. Sororés stolas (at a very high price) emunt.
meteco ge eh ee ee

9. GENITIVE OF MATERIAL
It is used to indicate the material of which something is made. (The
ablative with or without the prepositions dé and ex is also used to
denote the material of which something is made.)

Example valvae auri (double) doors of gold

GE 1V. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Connective conjunctions, implying a connection of thought as well as of
words, i.e., conjunctions that join one word, phrase, or clause to another,
are frequently used correlatively, that is, they are used in pairs.
et...et both...and

cum...tum while... at the same time, both... and

neque (nec) .. . neque (nec) neither .. . nor

Examples Lupa et Romulum et Remum servavit. The she-wolf saved both

Romulus and Remus.
Cicer6d cum philosophiae tum rei publicae erat déditus. Cicero was
devoted to both philosophy and politics.
Tarquinius Superbus neque populum neque senatum metuit.
Tarquinius Superbus feared neither the people nor the senate.

Disjunctive conjunctions, implying a separation of thought as well as of

words, are also frequently used correlatively; aut must be used when the
alternatives are mutually exclusive; vel, -ve (enclitic) imply a choice
between the alternatives.
aut...aut either...or

vel (-ve enclitic) ... vel (-ve) either... or

Examples Date mihi aut libertatem aut mortem. Give me (either) liberty or
death.

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 13

 Tibi licet vel in hdc cubiculd vel in hospitis dormire. You may sleep
(either) in this bedroom or in the guest room.

N= read the story of one of the earliest struggles between Rome

and its neighbors, the Albans of Alba Longa. Remember that Alba
Longa, located on the hills some fifteen miles south of Rome, was
said to have been founded by Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, and that
Romulus and Remus were the grandsons of the last legitimate king of Alba
Longa, namely Numitor.

tidsetHoratios
Curiatii an a Hor
atii|

I
Post Numae Pompilii mortem,
Tullus Hostilius réx 4 populd
Romano creatus est. [lle causam causea -ae f (good) reason, pretext; cause
belli cum finitimis statim quaerére finitim-us -I m neighbor
coepit, etiam cum Albanis, qui
Albae Longae habitabant. Forte forte by chance
agricolae Romani bovés ex agro ager agri m territory bés bovis m head of
Albano égerant et Albani invicem cattle; pl cattle bovés agére to rustle cattle
bovés ex agro Romandé égerant. Ob invicem in turn
hance causam, bellum utrimque utrimque on both sides
parabatur. Albani pridrés ingenti parare to prepare (for)
exercitt in agrum Romanum impe- impet-us -iis m attack
tum fécérunt. Castra prope urbem
Romam locavérunt. Tullus quoque
exercitum ex urbe édaxit.

II
Rex Albanus autem légatum ad autem however légat-us -1 m ambas-
Tullum misit, qui his verbis hoc sador, envoy
consilium proposuit: “Plané, cupid- consili-um -i 1 idea, plan plané clearly,
itas imperil duds populds nostrds obviously cupidit-as -atis f (+ gen.) desire
ad arma excitavit. Sed Etrusci, (for) imperi-um -i n supreme power, sov-
finitimi potentés, has duas aciés ereignty, sway excitare to stir up, arouse

14 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

spectant ac oppugnabunt et
victdrem et victum, hdc proelid
confectds. Itaque nobis beneficid confect-us -a -um exhausted
erit hanc controversiam sine proelid sangu-is -inis m blood, bloodshed
magno, sine multd sanguine compon-0 -ére composui compositus to
componére.” Placébat Tulld hoc settle fortiin-a -ae f luck, good luck, fate
consilium, et Fortina ipsa matéri-a -ae f material pact-um -i n pact,
matériam pacti dedit. agreement

Ill
Forte in dudbus exercitibus erant trigemin-us -a -um triplet aet-ds -atis f
trigemini fratrés, et aetate et viribus age vir-és -ium fpl strength par paris adj
parés. Trigemini Romani appellati equal; m a match
sunt Horatii, Albani Cuariatii. Hi
trigemini 4 ducibus iussi sunt pro inter sé décertare to fight one another to
duobus_ exercitibus inter sé the death dimicare to fight, contend
décertare, sub his condicidnibus: perpetu-us -a -um permanent
fratrés soli gladiis dimicabunt atque imperium in alteram (natidnem) habére
natiO victorum imperium perpetu- to have sway over the other (nation)
um in alteram habébit.

IV
Foedus ictum est inter ROmands foed-us -eris n deal, treaty Ico (icid) icére
Albanosque, et trigemini arma Ici ictus to strike
capiunt. Uterque populus suds uterque populus both peoples (lit:
hortatur; utrimque — clamant: each of two peoples) hort-or -ari -atus
“Patria, parentés, civés domi, sum (dep) to encourage, cheer on
commilitonés omnem spem vobis spem impOnére (+ dat) to place one’s
imponunt.” Deinde inter clards hopes on clar-us -a -um loud
clamGrés, sex fratrés in medium
inter duas aciés prodcédunt.
Considébant utrimque pro castris cOnsid-6 -ére cdnsédi to sit down
duo exercitis; nam imperium imperium agébatur supreme power
agebatur, in tam paucOrum virtiite was at stake tam so
atque forttina positum. posit-us -a -um placed, resting

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 15

 5)yi
An
eis
| eS

it

Ww
’ ‘
SS

XN \

The scene of the contest between the two sets of triplets

16 Chapter 1. Curtatii and Horatii: The Combat

 O. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false, and give the
reason for your choice.

I 1. The Alban king was looking for an excuse to start a war with
the Romans.
2. The war broke out because the Romans refused to sell the
Albans cattle.
3. The Albans were the first to go on the attack.
4. The two armies located their camps near Alba Longa.

Il 5. The Albans sent an ambassador to offer a deal. z

6. The two sides struck a deal because both feared a possible later
attack by the Etruscans.

III 7. The two sets of triplets were of the same age but not of the
same strength.
8. The arrangement was that the triplets alone would fight in
place of the two armies.
9. The city of the winner would have control over the city of the
loser.

IV 10. While the sets of triplets got ready to fight each other, the two
armies sat down to watch.

Vv
Datur signum, et terni iuvenés con- sign-um -i 1 signal terni three (on
currunt. Primo concurst, gladii each side) concurrére to charge, rush
fulsérunt. Mox vulnera et sanguis at one another concurs-us -uis m
spectaculd erant. Duo Romani, alius charge, onset fulg-ed -ére fulsi to
super alium, cadunt et exspirant; flash spectaculd erant they were a
sed Curiatii omnés sunt vulneratt. sight to be seen alius super alium
Ad RomanGrum casum, Albanus one on top of another exspirare to
exercitus gaudio conclamat. Trés breathe one’s last cas-us -iis m fall
Curiatii nunc Gnum Romanum cir-
‘cumstant. Forte Horatius integer circumstare to surround inte-ger
fuit, sed nequaquam _ tribus -gra -grum unharmed
Curiatiis par erat. nequaquam by no means

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions

 VI
Itaque consilium cépit, quia cum consilium capére to get an idea,
omnibus tind tempore pugnare non form a plan
poterat. Fugére coepit et sic impe- quisque each one pro (+ abl) accord-
tum edrum dividit. Quisque pro ing to gravitas -atis f severity
gravitate vulneris Horatium respicid -ére respexi respectus to
seciitus est. Respexit et vidit eds look back intervall-um -i 1 interval
magnis intervallis sequentés. Unus sequentés following (him) [haud =
haud ab sésé aberat. In eum impe- non] abesse to be distant ab sésé from
tum fécit. Postquam eum interfécit, himself (i.e., Horatius) inter-ficid
secundum petivit, qui levius vul- -ficére -féci -fectus to kill levius
neratus erat. ROmani maximis more lightly maxim-us -a -um very
clamoribus militem suum hortan- loud (shout)
tur. Horatius alterum Curiatium alt-eer -era -erum the other, the sec-
necat. ond one

VII
Iam ab utraque parte singuli super- ab utraque parte on each side
erant, sed nec spé nec viribus parés. singuli one apiece superesse to
Nam Ciuriatius, vulnere confectus, survive
cursi fessus, cast: fratrum territus, curs-us -lis m running fess-us -a -um
corpus ad hostem vix trahébat. tired vix scarcely, barely
Illud non fuit proelium vérum.
Horatius facile tertium fratrem
gladio interfécit; ut Cairiatius humi ut as humi on the ground
iaceébat, eum Horatius déspoliavit. iac-eO -ére -ui to lie déspoliare to
Romani Horatium laude et gaudio strip sepultiir-a -ae f burial
magno recipiunt. Ad sepulttiram inde then; from there sudrum of
inde sudrum vertuntur. Sepulti their (dead) vert-or -I versus sum
sunt ubi quisque ceciderat. Deinde (dep) to turn sepel-i6 -ire -ivi sepul-
quisque exercitus domum rediit, tus to bury quisque each animeus -i
nequaquam autem paribus animis. feeling

P. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give
the correct statement.

V_ 1. The first fatalities were on the Roman side.

2. The surviving Roman was only slightly wounded.

18 Chapter 1. Curiatii and Horatii: The Combat

 VI_ 3. In order to fight each of the Albans individually, the Roman
pretended to flee in fear.
4. Each of the Curiatii pursued the Roman at a different speed,
depending on how seriously wounded each was.

VII_ 5. The last Horatius had an easy time of killing the last Curiatius
because the latter was exhausted and demoralized by his broth-
ers’ deaths.
6. The combatants were buried on the spot where each had fallen.

Direct Questions; Genitive; Conjunctions 19

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives
Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

Date mihi aut libertatem aut mortem. Give me liberty or give me

death. - o A

READING stRATEGES
To get to read Latin with comprehension, it is necessary to understand
the meaning and connection of each word as it occurs in the sentence,
rather than picking out the verb, then the subject, then the object, and then
fitting in the rest of the words. The Latin authors expected their readers
(and that includes us) to read their writings as they wrote them. It is true
that this method requires more concentration than the “pick and choose”
method. But the payoff is that you will learn Latin more quickly this way.
Basically, there are three aspects of Latin that need to be mastered: vocabu-
lary, grammar/syntax; word order.

The vocabulary that is listed parallel to the readings in this textbook is

quite extensive. That vocabulary is supplied as you need it in reading. That
does not mean that you are expected to memorize each word. Some words
will stick in your memory; others won’t. However, as you proceed from
one reading to the next, you will become familiar with more and more
words. Learning vocabulary by seeing the words used in context is a better
method of learning than simply memorizing lists of words in isolation. Can
you imagine a mother telling her toddler each morning: “Now, here’s the
list of twenty words that you must memorize for today”? The danger of

20 Chapter 2. Curiatti and Horatii: The Aftermath

 memorizing vocabulary lists in isolation is that you may get the impression
that there is always a word for word equivalency between Latin and
English.

Mastering Latin vocabulary is a difficult task. Therefore you may be sur-

prised that Cicero remarked that the Latin language had a small vocabulary
and that therefore Latin words often have many meanings. He was men-
tally comparing Latin with Greek. (In English, the verb run has some 80
different meanings or uses; the noun run also has over 80 different mean-
ings or uses.) You will have to learn not only new words, but also
additional meanings of words you have already met. It is the context—the
way words are used in sentences—that determines their meanings. Let us
consider some of the different meanings of the verb peti -ére petivi petitus,
which basically means “to direct one’s course to, to make for”.

urbem (ris) petére to head for the city (the country)

caput et collum petére to attack the head and neck
aliud domicilium petére to look for another residence
gloriam petére to seek (strive after) glory
consulatum petére to run for the consulship
puellas petére to run after (chase) girls
aliquem petére to beg (ask, entreat) someone
pacem ab aliquo petére to ask someone for peace
aquam é fonte petére to go and fetch water from a spring
amicum dextra petére to reach out to a friend with the right hand
(shake hands with a friend)
terram genibus petére to sink to the ground on one’s knees
poenas ab aliquo petére to exact punishment from someone
suspirium alté petére to take a deep breath

The points of grammar and syntax are explained to you as you go along.
Each point is illustrated by examples. The examples are followed by exer-
cises in which you see the point of grammar and syntax in action. In
addition, you will encounter the constructions in the readings as well.
Each sentence should be read through completely. It is often necessary to
read a sentence several times before understanding it fully. Try to see word
‘ groups. When reading aloud, read with pauses between word groups, and
read with natural emphasis as we do in English. The very best way of
reviewing vocabulary and grammar is to reread several times the sentences
after you have solved the difficulties of new words and new structures. It
doesn’t take long to reread a sentence, and the benefits of rereading are
great.

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 21

 Latin word order is difficult because it is so different from English word
order. “Made Latin” often employs word order that is very similar to
English word order; but much of the readings of this book is authentic
Latin, even though in places it has been adapted to your needs. Certain
hints on Latin word order are given in the chapters. But the basic method
is “anticipation and fufillment.” To illustrate this method, let us consider a
short sentence from the Roman historian Eutropius.

Missi sunt contra Pyrrhum ducés P. Sulpicius et Decius Mis consulés.

[Eutrop.]

First, we notice that missi sunt is the verb; it is passive and in the perfect
tense. It is masculine plural and therefore we expect at least two males to
be mentioned as subjects. The verb is passive, and therefore we won't
expect a direct object. The verb has the sense of “sending” and therefore
some preposition like ad or in can be expected. In this case we see that the
preposition is contra. We expect it to govern a noun in the accusative case.
The expectation is fulfilled: contra Pyrrhum. The word dices does not
belong to that phrase. From the verb, we expect nominative plural nouns.
The noun ducés can be nominative or accusative, but we know from the
verb that we were expecting the subjects of the verb. The words P.
Sulpicius et Decius Mis are nominative and therefore are the subjects that
we anticipated. The word cénsulés can be nominative or accusative, but, as
we saw from the verb, we do not expect a direct object. Therefore consulés
must be nominative, in apposition with P. Sulpicius and Decius Mis.
The sentence therefore reads: Generals Publius Sulpicius and Decius
Mus, the consuls, were sent against Pyrrhus (lit: There were sent against
Pyrrhus generals Publius Sulpicius and Decius Mus the consuls.)

a + eview acrivirks
A. Pick out the grammatical misfit in each set. Then give the reason for
your choice.

basilicas auctoritas gravitas qualitas

noOmina benigna tempora_ vulnera
equd voco filis oppidd
certamine milité optimé itinere
gloriam audiam dormiam hauriam
Es
Oe regid0 veniO capid accipid

22 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 7. validus iddneus melius infirmus
8. ignis nimis ménsis hostis

B. Prefixes change the meanings of verbs, such as eG, ire to go. Give the
meaning of each of the following compound forms.

1. abire 4. exire 7. praeire 9. subire

2. adire 5. inire 8. redire 10. transire
3. coire 6. introire

C. This analogy test is based on grammar, that is, on grammatical relation-

ships; this exercise deals with the forms of irregular verbs.

Example nolo : nodlébam 4 sum, 3 aus

That is, nol (first person singular, present tense) is to ndlébam (first
person singular, imperfect tense) as sum (first person singular, present
tense) is to — (first person singular, imperfect tense). Therefore, the
solution is:
nolo : nodlébam e sum : eram
Idonot want : I did not want <3 Iam : Iwas
1. possum : potui ot. ea SUL ete
2. volo : volueram :: possum ie
3. ed Sepa V.L ‘3 ailCLO pe
4. noléebam : ndlo $e cs 2 e0
5. possum : potes oy eeLeLO eae!
6. ed : Ibo agVealC6) tee
7. tuleramus : tulimus = |POUUCTaInuS 9. 722s
8. potest : poterat Vale Pata
9. estis 7 es mn fertis eae
10. fui : eram ee : poteram

D. Give the corresponding adverb for each of these adjectives.

Example altus alté fortior fortius

1. altissimus 5. prudéns 9. bonus 13. rarus

2. facilis 6. acer 10. ferdx 14. avidus
3. facilior 7. acrior 11. celer 15. malus
4. facillimus 8. acerrimus 12. élegans

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 23

 E. Test your memory. Adverbs are harder to remember. See whether you
can match the following adverbs with their meanings.

simul in vain
. libenter . especially
fristra . at the same time
forte . quickly
dia . already
. statim also
. praecipué . by chance
SS
AWN
ONAT
. etiam . gladly
9. primo for a long time
10. iam at first
11. quondam gga
GEO
etsD
eS
OO, . once
12. cito — . immediately

F, Give the third principal part and meaning of the following verbs.

ago 6. procédd 11. mittd

. transeo 7. aspicio 12. placed
. cOnsidd 8. capio 13. traho
. imponod 9. gero 14. ferd
Pe
ON
Ok. recusod 10. iubed 15. vincd

G. Knowing the gender of nouns is important in reading Latin because you

will then easily see the connection between modifiers and nouns. And
the genitive form is the best clue to how the nouns are declined. Give the
genitive and the gender and meaning of the following nouns.

res lux 11. certamen 16. lex

hiems eques 12. leo 17. géns
anus cor 13-erus 18. spés
castra fons 14. claritas 19. porticus
eS
TRON
méns 1 SOHN
. genus 15. dolor 20. nox

H. Respondé Latiné complétis senténtiis.

VOCABULARY
colloqui-um -i 1 conference, meeting
dimitt-d -ére dimisi dimissus to drop, dismiss
impetrare to get (what one has asked for)
ingeni-um -i7 intellect

24 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 inter (+ acc) during
itidici-um -i n court
poensa -ae f punishment
relégare to send off, banish
string-0 -ére strinxi strictus to draw (a sword)
tardit-ds -atis f slowness

. Titus Manlius Torquatus ob ingenii et linguae tarditate 4 patre ris

relégatus est.
1. Quis relégatus est?
2. Quo relégatus est?
3. A quo relégatus est?
4. Cur ris relégatus est?

- Post paucds ann6s, eius pater 4 Pomponio tribiino plébis in itidicium

vocatus est.

1. Cuius pater in itidicium vocatus est?

2. Quis patrem in itidicium vocavit?
3. Quando pater in itidicium vocatus est?
4. Quis erat Pompodnius?

. Titus nocte in urbem introivit et sécrétum colloquium cum tribind

plébis impetravit.
1. Quo ivit Titus?
2. Quando introivit Titus in urbem?
3. Cum quo Titus colloquium impetravit?
4. Quale colloquium Titus impetravit?

. Inter colloquium, Titus gladium stringit et compellit Pompdnium

dimittére acctisatidnem contra patrem.
1. Quid stringit Titus?
2. Quando gladium stringit?
3. Quid Titus compellit Pomponium facére?
4. Quem Pomponius acciisaverat?

. Ex amore patris, filius poterat patrem liberare 4 poena.

1. Quis patrem poena liberavit?
2. Cur Titus patrem liberavit?
3. Opinione tua, erat Titus tardus ingenii?

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 25

 6. Post multds annés, Titus Manlius Torquatus tribinus militaris factus
est et posted consul creatus est.
1. Quis tribunus militaris factus est?
2. Quando Titus factus est tribinus militaris?
3. Quid Titus postea creatus est?

SV. Dole QUESTIONS

Double questions are introduced by the following particles:
utrum...an -ne...an —...an

If the second member is negative, ann6n (or less often necne) is used.

Examples Utrum crimen vérum est an falsum?

or Estne crimen vérum an falsum? Is the charge true or false?
or Crimen vérum est an falsum?

Utrum hic manére vis annén?

or Hicne manére vis annon? Do you want to stay here or
or Vis hic manére annodn? not?

I. Express the following double questions in two other ways.

1. Utrum habitas in urbe an in villa ristica?

2. Désiderasne bellum an pacem?
3. Vita tua félix est an tristis?
4. Utrum studébis annon?

GEE REGULAR ADJECTIVES

The declension of the following adjectives is irregular in the singular.
The plural is regular, like that of bonus.

ali-us -a -ud another alt-er -era -erum the other

ull-us —a -um any null-us -a-um no, none
ut-er -ra -rum_ which? (of two) neut-er -ra -rum neither
sol-us -a -um alone, only tot-us -a-um whole, entire
tn-us -a -um one; alone

26 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 The compounds, utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque whichever (of
two) and uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), both are declined in the
same way. They are declined in the singular as follows.

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Nom. uter utra utrum totus tota totum
GEN. utrius utrius utrius totius totius totius
Dat. utri utri utri toti toti toti
Acc. utrum utram utrum totum totam totum
ABL. utro untra utro toto tota toto

NOTES

1) The genitive of alius, alia, aliud is almost always alterius instead of

alius.

2) Uterque can take either a singular or plural verb.

Uterque utrimque exercitus exiit.[Caes.] Both armies (each of two) on

both sides came out.
Utraque aciés simul conclamavére. [Liv.] Both battlelines shouted at
the same time.

3) Alius ...alius one... another (alii... alii some... others) and alter .
.. alter the one. . . the other (alteri ... alteri some . . . the others) may be
used in pairs.

Examples Alius divitias quaerit, alius imperium. One seeks riches, another
power.
Alii resistunt, alii fugiunt. Some resist, others flee.
Alter interrogavit, alter respondit. The one asked questions, the
other answered.
Alteri dimicant, alteri victorem timent. [Cic.] Some put upafight;
the others fear the victor.

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 27

 When the English says: “One does one thing, another another thing,’ YF

the Latin uses a more condensed form.

Alius aliud dicit. One says one thing, another another thing.
Aliud aliis placet. One thing pleases some, another others.

J. Complete the following sentences by translating the English words into

Latin.

VOCABULARY
restare to remain, be left (over)

Domiis of the entire town ab hostibus délétae sunt.

No aedificium privatum in oppido restabat.
Neither consul auxilium ferre potuit.
Fundamenta of one temple vidére poteramus.
Tibi alone spés salitis est.
Ego ipse no spem habeo.
Some in hoc oppidd remanébunt, others abibunt.
Some oppidum défendére temptabunt, the others fugient.
eS Both armies multds milités perdidit.
SO
SS
St
a

HE WV.DIRECT QUOTATIONS IN LATIN

When we want to quote someone’s exact words, we use quotation marks.
Well, the Romans did not have quotation marks. (Nor did they use ques-
tion marks or exclamation points or commas or semicolons or colons.) What
did they do? They used a special verb inquam I say, inserting it after one or
more words of the direct quote. It is a defective verb, that is, it lacks vari-
ous forms. It has no imperfect, pluperfect, or future perfect, and only the
third person singular of the perfect tense; it has no subjunctive at all. The
forms that do occur are as follows.

SINGULAR inquam —— ——
inquis inquiés
inquit inquiet inquit
PLURAL

inquiunt —
eee

28 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 Examples “Non,” inquiés, “ego enim ipse tenérem opés et dignitatem meam.” [Cic.]
“No,” you will say, “for I would still hold on to my wealth and position.”
“Quid vos,” inquit, “praesidium 4 nobis postulabatis?” [Cic.]
“Why,” he said, “did you ask us for a guard?”

AFTERMATH OF THE COMBAT

A s Livy, writing in the reign of Augustus, perhaps around 20 B.c. to

A.D. 20, some 650 years after the event, tells us: “The graves may still
be seen where each soldier fell: two Roman graves in one spot, near-
er Alba, those of the three Albans towards Rome, but separated, just as they
had fought.” The exact spot of the graves is no longer identifiable. The
Romans buried their dead along the highways that led out from Rome, so
that a slow drive or walk would truly be a journey through history.

The scene described below took place just outside the Porta Capena,
through which the Via Appia led out from the city to the countryside.

_ Post Certamen inter Curiatids

etHoratids
After the Combat Between the Curiatii andtheHoratii .

I
Post certamen inter trigeminés, prin-ceps -cipis adj first, out in front
TUM ONES
exercitus domods abducti sunt. prae sé gerére to display (lit: to carry
S840 Cy emngtpsy
Horatius ibat princeps; trigemina before one) virg-6 -inis f unmarried girl
spolia prae sé gerébat. Soror virgo, spOnsa fuerat had been engaged obviam
quae uni ex Curiatiis spdnsa fuerat, esse (+ dat) to go to meet spdns-us -1 m
fratri obviam fuit ante Portam fiancé, boyfriend palidament-um -i n
Capénam. Sponsi paliidamentum military cloak umer-us -i m shoulder
super fratris umerds cognovit, quod cognosc:0 -ére cognovi cognitus to recog-
ipsa confécerat. Solvit crinés et nize ipsa = the sister cOnfic-id -ére
flébiliter sponsum mortuum conféci cénfectus to make, weave crinés
nomine appellat. solvére to let down her hair (in mourning)
appellare to call

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 29

 =e OS
a
x

SEN,
4 -—

Horatius leading the army back to Rome

30 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 II
Comploratis sororis in victoria sua complorati-6 -nis f wailing
tantoque gaudio ptblicd movet ani- animum movére to arouse the wrath
mum ferOci iuveni. Gladium itaque fer-Ox -6cis fiery
strinxit et verbis increpuit et puel- verbis increpare to rebuke transfig-d
lam transfigit. “Abi hinc ad -ére transfixi transfixus to stab
sponsum cum immatird amore,” immatir-us -a -um ill-timed oblit-us -a
inguit, “oblita fratrum mortudrum -um (+ gen) forgetful of viv-eus -a -um
vivique, oblita patriae. Sic obibit living, alive obire to die quaecumque
quaecumque Romana _ ligébit Romana whatever Roman (girl) lig-ed
hostem.” -ére lixi to mourn (for)

III
Id facinus patribus plébique atrox facin-us -oris n deed, crime atr-Ox -dcis
visum est, sed recéns meritum factd atrocious merit-um -I 1 service factd
obstabat. Tamen raptus in its ad obstare to offset the deed in its rap-id
régem. Rex Tullus Hostilius nolébat -ére -ui -tus to haul off to court auct-or
esse auctor tam tristis et tam ingrati -dris m supporter trist-is -is -e harsh;
ad volgus itidicii; et ndlébat esse sad itdici-um -i n decision, trial in-
auctor supplicii secundum itdici- grateus -a -um ad (+ acc) unpopular
um. Itaque, concilium populi with concilium advocare to convoke an
advocavit. “Duumviros,” inquit assembly duumvir-i -drum mpl two-man
“secundum légem facid; Horatium board secundum prep (+ acc) according to,
perduellidnis acctisent. Secundum following perduelli- -dnis f treason
légem duumviri creati sunt. acctsent let them accuse

IV
Duumviri eum non absolvérunt. absolv-6 -ére -i absolitus to acquit alt-er
Tum alter ex iis “Pabli Horatt, tibi -erius one itidicare (w. dat of the person
perduellionem itidicd” inquit; “1, and acc of the offense) to accuse someone
lictor, alliga mantis Horatii.” of lict-or -6ris m lictor (magistrate’s atten-
Accéssit lictor et mantis eius dant) alligare to tie up accéd-o -ére
alligavit. Tum Horatius, auctore accéssi accéssum to come forward
Tullé, “Provocd ad populum,” auctore Tullo at the prompting of
inquit. Hominés in ed iidicio moti Tullus provocare to appeal itidici-um -in
sunt maximé a Publid Horatio court (of appeal) maximé especially itis
patre, qui proclamavit: “Filia ite itris n law
caesa est. Sed ndlite orbare mé filid caed-6 -ére cecidi caesus to kill orbare to
qui paulo ante peperit imperium bereave par-i6d -ére peperi partus to pro-
populo Romano.” Inter haec verba, duce, restore

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 31

 senex iuvenem amplexus est et amplect-or -i amplexus sum (dep) to hug,
ostentabat spolia Curiatidrum. embrace ostentare to display
Populus non patris lacrimas ferre _lacrimsa -ae f tear
potuit et filium absolvit,
admiratione magis virtiitis quam admiratione . . itire ablatives of cause
itre causae. Horatiae sepulchrum __ ilire causae the justice of his cause sepul-
cOnstructum est in ed locO quod chrum -1n tomb
caesa erat.

K. Answer the following questions based on the story you have just read.

I 1. Where did the two armies go after the combat?

2. You learned that domum ire means “to go home.” Why is the
plural form dom6s used here?
3. Why did Horatia, the sister of Horatius, recognize the military
cloak of Curiatius?
4. The verb flére means “to weep, shed tears.” What does
flébiliter mean?

II 5. Why did Horatia make her brother Horatius so angry?

ON. Where did Horatius tell his sister she should go?

7. What is the only way in which she could go there?

III 8. How did the senators and people regard the deed of Horatius?
9. Why were they willing to overlook the action of Horatius?
10. Why didn’t the king want to judge the case himself?
11. What did the king do instead?
IV 12. What did Horatius do when one of the two-man board judged
him guilty?
13. Who especially swayed the opinion of the people in the peo-
ple’s court?
14. Did he think that his son was justified in killing his sister?
15. What reason does the father give for his opinion?
16. How did the people react to the pleas of the father?
17. Why did the people’s court acquit Horatius?
18. What was done with Horatia’s body?

32 Chapter 2. Curiatii and Horatii: The Aftermath

 Epilogue
Sometime later, under King Tullus Hostilius, according to Livy, the
Romans legions destroyed the city of Alba Longa because the Albans
allegedly had not helped the Romans in their attack on the town of
Fidenae. The Roman cavalry was sent to round up the people to settle
them in Rome. As their homes were being demolished, the Albans in
confusion were trying to decide what to leave behind and what to take
with them from the homes in which they were born and brought up.
The cries of women and children were heard everywhere as the Albans
roamed through their houses for a final look. To use Livy’s description:
“When the Albans had evacuated their city, the Romans leveled to the
ground all buildings, both private and public, and a single hour gave
over to destruction and ruin the work of four hundred years during
which Alba had stood. But the temples of the gods were spared.” The
Roman cavalry then marched the Albans to Rome, where they were set-
tled on the Caelian Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The chief men
among them were made Roman senators; others joined the ranks of
Roman knights; the Albans were made Roman citizens.

L.Increase your word power. Give the Latin source word for the follow--
_ing English derivatives. If the source word is a verb, give the present
_ infinitive; if it is a noun or adjective, give the nominative singular.
Lbansived = Gabel 6 Oilitaty
2 immature 6. accede = 9. admiration ©
Batrocious.» #5 Fwprovoke. ~=— = 10s,gepulcher

Double Questions; Irregular Adjectives 33

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns
Atalanta and Hippomenes

Non quis sed quid. ‘It’ss not who youaare areot what you areoa
counts. (lit: NDE who but what. es Wieyw <

ES |. REVIEW ACTIVITIES (a

A. Nouns ending in -us can belong to the second, third, or fourth declen-
sion. They can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Knowing the genitive
form can be very helpful in distinguishing these words. Give the geni-
tive, meaning, gender and declension of the following nouns.

Example GENITIVE MEANING GENDER DECLENSION

aditus aditis approach masculine IV

1. currus 6. murus Els légatus

2. vulnus 7. exitus 12: litus
3. taurus 8. tempus iS. magistratus
4. domus 9. ramus 14. porticus
5. saliis 10 opus 15. modus

34 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

 B. The following analogies are based on grammatical relationships of
nouns.

Example annus : annum 3 diba goat 2a:

That is, annus (nom. sing.) is to annum (acc. sing.) as dux (nom. sing.) is
to ducem (acc. sing.) Therefore the solution is:
annus : annum :: dux : ducem

1. pectus : pectore 2 bracchium : —_

2. mare > maria 33 spés ee
3. statua : statua " Senunuses
4. urbs : urbibus i oppidum : —_—
5. velocitas : vélocitatem —:: vulnus Syste
6. templi : templorum 33 viae 5 eee
7. generibus : genus 3: uxOribus =: —_
8, nte : navium z modus : modorum
ae > arcis ag flamen : fliminis
ri0. régés : régibus wits : condicidnibus

Cc. The following analogies are also based on grammatical relationships,

this time involving verb forms.

1. accépi : accépimus ip nolui i.

2. rogo : rogaveram : diico i
3. invenio : invenire ‘ie TCEO ie
4. obsident : obsidébant ‘ap LCaDIUILe sales
Da : facitis :: audimus =: auditis
6. nolo : ndlam al i:6 Cea
Te auxi :: procédo —:_~=—spprocéssi
8. volo : volui cs ferd ——
9. moritur : mortua est : loquitur es
= 0. loquuntur : loquor MiP Sseqmumtir | pe

DD: Change the following sentences from the passive to the active.

Example Equi solis 4 Phaéthonte agitati sunt.

Phaéthon equds sOlis agitavit.

1. Tarquinius Superbus 4 populo ex urbe expulsus est.

2. Multi libri excellentés 4 Cicerone scripti sunt.
3. Roma ipsa 4 régibus Etruscis récta erat.

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 35

 4. Pons Sublicius dlim ab Horatid défénsus est.
5. Consulés in forum ab lictoribus cotidié addicuntur.

E. Change the following sentences from the active to the passive.

Example Milités Sabini Capitdlium facile cépérunt.

Capitélium ab militibus Sabinis facile captum est.

Cerberus aditum ad Tartarum custodit.

Daedalus magnum labyrinthum in Créta aedificavit.
MinOtaurus septem pueros et septem puellas dévorabat.
Gaius Micius, iuvenis fortis, regem Porsennam non timet.
iaePyramus formosam Thisbén valdé amavit.
eae.

1. The conjunctions postquam (posteaquam) after, ut as, ut, ubi when, cum
primum, simul, simul ac (simul atque) as soon as, when referring to a
single past action, regularly take the perfect indicative. Occasionally
they take the pluperfect indicative, especially to show a repeated action.

Examples Numa Pompilius, postquam rex creatus est, bellum nillum gessit.
After Numa Pompilius was elected king, he conducted no war.

Numa Pompilius, postquam réx creatus est, légés ROmAnis cOnstituit.

After Numa Pompilius was elected king, he established laws for the
Romans.
Huic cum primum Tullus Hostilius succéssit, bella reparata sunt.
As soon as Tullus Hostilius succeeded him, the wars were renewed.

Notice that in the first two sentences, the subject Numa Pompilius
Worb ORDER comes before the subordinate conjunction postquam. That tells you that
Numa Pompilius is the subject of the subordinate clause as well as of
the main clause.
In the third sentence the subject Tullus Hostilius occurs after the
subordinate conjunction cum primum, and so you can expect a new
subject for the verb of the main clause. It is important to take note of this
because it is one of the clues that helps you to read and comprehend
with greater ease. It is an example of the principle of “expectation and
fulfillment.” This principle is at work also in English.

36 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes -

 Also note the position of huic. It is in first position in order to show
a connection with the previous sentence. As soon as you see the huic,
referring to Numa Pompilius, you know that there is a close connection
between the two sentences.

Zi The conjunctions antequam and priusquam, before, (sometimes written

ante... quam, prius ... quam) take the indicative when referring to a
fact. As we shall see later, the subjunctive is used when the verb implies
purpose or expectancy.

Examples Antequam tuas litteras accépi, audita rés erat. [Cic.] The news had
been out (lit: the matter had been heard) before I received your letter.
Nec ante veniam quam ex té audiverd. [Cic.] Nor shall I come before
hearing from you (lit: before I shall have heard from you).

Cum, when, takes the indicative when it refers to the present or the
future. As we will see later, it regularly takes the subjunctive when
referring to a past action.

Example Cum Porsennam vidébis, eum non agnoscés. When you see
Porsenna, you will not recognize him.

Ut, meaming as or when, takes the indicative.

Examples Porsenna ut haec audivit, ex Ianiculd discéssit. When Porsenna

heard this, he withdrew from the Janiculum Hill.

Ut in sella mea sedébam, librum légi. As I sat on my chair, I read a

book.

NOTE
The use of ut as a temporal conjunction should be distinguished from
the use of ut to introduce parenthetical remarks.

Examples ut vidétur as it seems

ut opinor in my opinion (lit: as I suppose)
ut supra scripsi asI stated (Jit. I have written) above

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 37

 F. Read over the following sentences carefully. Then choose antequam or
postquam as required by the sense of the sentence. Notice that, if the
subject of the verb in the first (i.e., subordinate) clause is the same as the
subject of the verb of the main clause, the subject comes before the sub-
ordinate conjunction

1, Aenéas __ trans mare navigavit, cum sociis navés aedificavit.

2 Aenéas __ Carthaginem navigavit, in insula Créta paulisper (a short
while) mansit.
Aenéas __ Didonem reliquit, in Italiam navigavit.
Aenéas __ in Italiam pervénit, cum Turnd pugnavit.
___ Turnus interfectus est, Aenéas Laviniam in matrimonium dixit.
OV
taeRomulus et Remus __ inventi sunt, 4 Faustuld et Lavinia éducati
sunt.
__ Romulus régnavit, Numa Pompilius creatus réx.
Huic __ Tullus Hostilius succéssit, bella reparata sunt.
OoON__ bella reparata sunt, Tullus Hostilius AlbanOs vicit.
10. __ Tarquinius Superbus ex urbe expulsus est, Romani duds consulés
pro uno rége creaverunt.

G. Translate the subordinate clause into Latin.

Before my uncle and I came out of the villa, librum légébam.

As soon as I saw Mount Vesuvius, periculum sénsi.
After I came out of our villa, tremor terrae sentiébatur.
As I climbed the hill, famum et cinerem cOnspicére poteram.
E When I have enough courage, Montem Vesuvium rirsus visitabo.
shS
aBE
FE

SE 0.iNDEFINITE PRONOUNS
1. The indefinite pronoun aliquis, aliquid follows the declension of the
interrogative pronouns quis, quid. Used as adjectives, they are called
pronominal adjectives and follow the declension of relative pronouns
qui, quae, quod. However, notice that the pronominal adjective aliqui
has aliqua in the nominative singular feminine, and also in the nomina-
tive and accusative plural neuter.

PRONOUN aliquis someone, somebody _ aliquid something

ADJECTIVE aliqui, aliqua, aliquod some

38 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

 SINGULAR PLURAL (Rare)

MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

aliquis aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua
alicuius alicuius aliquorum _—_aliquarum aliquorum
alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
aliquem aliquid aliqués aliquas aliqua
aliquo aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

aliqui aliqua aliquod aliqui aliquae aliqua
alicuius alicuius alicuius aliquérum aliquarum aliquorum
alicui alicui alicui aliquibus liquibus _aliquibus
aliquem aliquam aliquod aliquos aliquas aliqua
aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus _aliquibus _aliquibus

Examples Aliquis mihi verba dedit. Someone fed me aline.

Aliquid audivi. I heard something.
Aliqui deus hoc aliqué modo effécit. Some god caused this in some
Way.
Aliqua dea hoc effécit. Some goddess caused this.
Ad mé aliqu6s libros mitte. Send me some books.
Alicuius precés dea exaudivit. The goddess heard someone’s prayers.

. Complete the following sentences by suppling the correct form of the

pronoun or pronominal adjective for the English words.

2. Someone’s vita nunc in periculod est.

3. Aenéas some dona ad régem Latinum misit.

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 39

 NémO est magnus vir sine some virtite.
Someone Scaevolam in castris Etruscis vidit.
Some féminae, sicut Cloelia, erant fortissimae.
Possum placére some senatoribus sed non omnibus.
Novistine
STs someone qui mihi auxilium dare potest?

2. The indefinite pronoun quis, quid is usually used in combination with

si, nisi, né, num.

PRONOUN Quis anyone quid anything

ADJECTIVE Qui, qua (quae), quod any

Examples sI quis quem impradéns occiderit. . .[Cic.] if anyone has killed

someone unintentionally. ..
si quid stulté dixi [Plaut.] if I said anything stupid
né quis mirétur dicta mea lest anyone be surprised at what I say
si qua causa est if there is any reason

. The pronoun quisque, quidque is said to be distributive. The distributive

sense can be seen in such English sentences as “Every third (or each
third) player was hurt in that game.” The pronoun follows the declen-
sion of the interrogative pronoun, and the distributive adjective follows
the declension of the relative pronoun.

PRONOUN quisque each one quidque each thing

ADJECTIVE quisque, quaeque, quodque each

Examples Suam quisque patriam amare debet. Each man (every man) should
love his own country.
Quem quisque amat, eum laudat. Each man praises the one he loves.
(lit: whom each one loves, him he praises.)
Suum cuique. To each his own.
Decimum quemque occidi iussit. He ordered every tenth man to be
killed (lit: each the tenth)

40 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes -

 Quartd quodque anno liidés Olympicés spectamus. We watch the
Olympic games every fourth year.

NOTE
With superlatives, quisque is nearly always in the singular except
when neuter.

Examples Fortissimus quisque interfectus est. All the bravest ones were
killed (lit: each the bravest)
Optima quaeque pro liberis nostris volumus. We wish all the
best things for our children.

I. Complete the following sentences by supplying the correct forms of the

Latin indefinite pronouns/ pronominal adjectives.

. If anyone responsum scit, respondéto.

. If anything 4 mé in competitorem dictum est, veniam (pardon) rogo.
. Each man pro sé pugnavit.
. Dux praemium to each man dedit.
FR
WN
Or . All the best men rem ptblicam défendére vult. [Notice the singular
verb.|
ON. Each vir et each mulier praemium accipiet.
7. Each one viam suam ad gloriam petivit.
8. All the bravest ones cum Horatio pontem défendit.

4. The indefinite pronoun quidam follows the declension of the relative

pronoun but, for the sake of euphony, the m changes into a n in the
accusative singular. As adjective, it differs only in the neuter nominative
singular: quoddam instead of quiddam. As an adjective, it often comes
after the noun that it modifies.

PRONOUN quidam a certain man quaedam a certain woman

quiddam a certain thing
ADJECTIVE quidam, quaedam, quoddam a certain

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 41

 SINGULAR PLURAL

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. quidam quaedam quiddam quidam quaedam quaedam
GEN . cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam quorundam quarundam quodrundam
DAT. cuidam cuidam cuidam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Acc . quendam quandam quiddam quosdam quasdam quaedam
ABL . quodam quadam quodam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

Examples Quidam ante portam oppidi Gallus stetit. [Caes.] A certain Gaul
stood before the gate of the town.
Ex captiv6 quodam Caesar comperit. . . [Caes.] Caesar learned from a
certain captive. . .
Collem quendam nactus ibi constitit. [Caes.] Having reached a
certain hill, he stopped there.

J. Use the proper form of the indefinite pronominal adjectives quidam,

quaedam quoddam (a certain) in place of the pronoun ille, illa, illud
(that). Notice that at times the pronominal adjective comes before, at
times after the noun it modifies.

Ilo tempore Tullus Hostilius urbem Véids oppugnavit.

Tullus Hostilius Véientands illds necavit.
Nomen illius régis adhic clarum est.
Puella illa, Cloelia nOmine, inter obsidés Porsennae erat.
Ancus Marcius Latin6s illds vicit.
Ill6 annd Ancus Marcius Ostium condidit.
Villae ilorum Romanorum erant splendidae.
te
Sh
ee)
OO
oe Cicero senatodrem illum cOnspirationis accisavit.

5. The indefinite pronoun quisquam, quidquam (quicquam) is used

mostly in negative sentences, interrogative sentences implying a nega-
tive, conditional sentences, and in clauses of comparison.

PRONOUN Quisquam anyone Quidquam (quicquam) anything

ADJECTIVE ill-us -a -um any

42 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes -

 NOTE

The negative of quisquam is ném:6 -inis m no one; the negative of

ullus is nillus.

Examples Tibi non promittd quidquam. I am not promising you anything.

Si quisquam, Cato sapiéns fuit. If anyone was wise, Cato was.
Nec recitd cuiquam nisi amicis. [Hor.] And I do not give recitations to
anyone except my friends.
Neque mé quisquam est miserior. [Ter.] Nor is anyone more
miserable than I am.
Sine ulla spé sunt. They are without any hope.

ATALANTA AND HIPPOMENES

he following story is narrated by the poet Ovid (43 B.c.-A.D.18). Most

of the account is in the poet’s own words. The Romans wrote no spe-
cialized book on psychology. However, many of the myths were
attractive because of the psychological undertone. In this story, the feelings
of the boy and the girl are as important as the event. All the details that
Ovid mentions have a purpose. Boys don’t like to be outdone by girls, espe-
cially in sports. After all, “sports are a man’s world!” Then comes along a
pretty girl, Atalanta, who trounces every male competitor that comes along.
Therefore, to take this as simply a description of a race would be missing
Ovid’s intention.

It was said that the losers always died. Ovid doesn’t say how or
when they died. He leaves that up to your imagination. Maybe the
losers died of embarrassment? Atalanta says that if Hippomenes [hi-
pom‘e-neez] loses the race and his life, it’s not her fault; he should have
learned his lesson from watching the previous races. You will notice
that Ovid makes a point of mentioning that Hippomenes was initially a
spectator at the competitions. See how the attitude of Hippomenes
‘changes as he watches one competitor after another lose. Notice, too,
how torn Atalanta is as she is about to race against Hippomenes. It is
implied that she is older and wiser than Hippomenes.

You will see how the gods are shown to manipulate the lives of
human beings. In this case, it is Apollo and Venus who influenced the

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 43

 course of events in the life of Atalanta in general and in this race in par-
ticular. The Greeks imagined their gods and goddesses as having all the
virtues and faults that human beings have; they could be selfish, con-
triving, jealous, angry, vindictive, but also kind, generous, helpful. The
only significant difference was that the gods were immortal.

There is also reference to fate (fatea -Orum npl); the plural form is
used because the Greeks, and after them the Romans, believed that
three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, decided man’s fate.

To understand the race course, you need to know that a cone-shaped

post (métea -ae f) was placed at either end of the track. One of them,
méta novissima (also called méta ultima) was the goal post, where the
race came to an end. Therefore, if the race consisted of a single lap, the
first méta would mark the half-way point, and the second would be the
goal post.

Fortasse audivisti dé quadem

TUM. ensEs
puella, Atalanta, quae omnés vél-0x -dcis speedy, fast
660 CD em yigT DAY
velocés puerOs certamine cursts certam-en -inis 1 contest curseus -tis m
facile superabat; nam ut omnés course; race certamine cursis in a foot
puerods celeritate superabat, sic race superare to beat nam for, since
omnes puellas pulchritidine ut...sicas...so celerit-ds -atis f speed
superabat. Sed prophéticus Apoll6
ipse quondam praedixit: “Si quondam once
umquam virum in matrimonium in matrimOnium accipére (said of a girl) to
accéperis, vita tua quidem erit mis- marry
errima. Fata enim té matrimonio fat-a -Orum np! fate enim for, since
prohibent.” prohib-e6 -ére -ui -itus to prevent, keep

II
Verbis Oraculi territa, inniipta per innupta unmarried
campos silvasque vélocibus ped- camp-us -I m (unplowed) field
ibus currébat et avidam turbam turb-a -ae f crowd proc-us -i m suitor
procdrum fugiébat. “Nillus vir,” fug-id -ére figi fugiturus to shun, avoid
inquit, “mé in matrimOnium dicet,
nisi mé@ prius cursti superdaverit. prius first

44 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

 G aang te

ion
syvir
Ain hhDy 977

Zea
aSy
NaS RAN

The footrace between Atalanta and Hippomenes

Pedibus contendite mécum; thala- contend-6 -ére -i to compete thalam-us -i

mus erit praemium veloci; mors erit m marriage bed; bridal chamber prae-
pretium tardis. Ea léx certaminis mi-um -i 1 reward, prize pretieum -I 7
erit.” Haec verba ab omnibus procis price tard-us -a -um slow; mpl the slow
audita sunt, et ei, qui cursi victi ones, slowpokes 1éx légis f rule
sunt, vita privabantur. privare (+ abl) to deprive (of)

Ill
Quamquam haec condicid dura quamquam although dir-us -a -um
erat, tamen multi iuvenés ad hard, tough tamen still, yet
Atalantae pulchritidinem attraheé- attrah-6 -ére attraxi attractus to attract
bantur et pedibus cum eA certare pedibus ina foot race certare to compete

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 45

 volébant. Séderat Hippomenés iniqu-us -a -um uneven, lopsided, unfair
iniqui cursus spectator et secum spectator as a spectator sécum dicére to
dixerat “Cur hi démentés adulés- say to oneself dém-éns -entis crazy,
centés ux6rem per tanta pericula insane pet:6 -ére -ivi -itus to chase after
petunt?” Ac nimium amorem nimi-us -a -um excessive
iuvenum damnaverat. damn§are to condemn, criticize

IV
Ut- “autem faciem et ‘corpus ut when faci-és -éi f face formOs-us -a
formosum Atalantae vidit post- -um handsome, shapely vélam-en -inis 1
quam virgo velamen détraxit, robe détrah-o -ére détraxi détractus to
obstipuit et “Igndscite mihi” pull off, take off obstipésc-6 -ére -ui to be
clamavit “quos modo _ temere stunned igndsc-6 -ére ignovi ignétum (+
damnavi; nondum nodtum mihi erat dat) to pardon, excuse modo just now
praemium quod petebatis. Sed ego temere rashly fortiin-a -ae f luck ré véra
ipse meam forttinam in _ hoc after all aud-éns -entis mf bold one
certamine temptabo. Et re vera, iuvare to help dum while sécum agitare
audentés deus ipse iuvat.” Dum to think over, mull over talia such
talia sécum agitat Hippomenés, thoughts praetervolare to go whizzing
virgo praetervolat et ultimam by virg:6 -inis f (unmarried) girl décurr-6
métam décurrit. Victrix Atalanta -ére décurri décursus to run by,
coronam iterum accipit. Victi dant pass victr-Ix -Icis victorious cor6nea -ae f
gemitum penduntque ex foedere wreath, crown victi the losers gemit-us
poenas. -is m groan gemitum dare to let out a
groan pend-O -ére pependi pénsus to
pay (a penalty) ex foedere according to
the agreement poenga -ae f penalty

V
Hippomenés tamen, non_ hoc évent-us -iis m outcome, turn of events
éventi déterritus, constitit in medid cOnsist-O -ére cOnstiti to stand up, take
et vultum in virgine fixit. “Car,” one’s stand in medio in the middle (of the
inquit, “tam facilem victoriam spectators) vult-us -tis m looks, expression
quaeris contendendo cum tardis? fig-O -ére fixi fixus to fix quae-rd -rére
Mécum contende! Si fortina mihi -Sivi -situs to seek, ask palmea -ae f palm
palmam concésserit, utique 4 dignd of victory concéd-o -ére concéssi con-
competitore victa eris, culus avus céssus to grant utique at least av-us -I m
Neptunus ipse est. Et si celeritati grand-father
tuae non par fuero, tamen magnum par paris (+ dat) equal to; m a match (for)
et memorabile nomen habébis. Et ndm-en -inis 1 name, reputation
ego nomen vitamque perdam.” per-do -ére dére -didi -ditus to lose

46 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

 K. Answer the following questions based on the portion of the story that
you have just read.

I . In what way did Atalanta outdo the boys?

. In what way did Atalanta outdo the girls?
Re
WON. What would have happened to Atalanta if she had gotten
married?

II . As the result of Apollo’s word, how did Atalanta spend her life?
. What did she avoid?
. Under what condition would she marry?
. What was the award for a winner ina race against her?
. What would happen to the loser?
Ill -
OF. Despite this arrangement, why were the young men attracted
SOND
9
to her?
10. What did Hippomenes think of those fellows who ran after
Atalanta?

IV 11. What made Hippomenes suddenly change his mind?

125 What is the proverb that supported his position?
13: Why did the losers in the race let out a groan?

V 14. What Latin words tell you that Hippomenes will speak to
Atalanta?
15. Quaeris can mean “to seek” or “to ask.” Which meaning does
it have here?
16. Why, according to the words of Hippomenes, did Atalanta
always win the races?
AP? What is the tense of the verb concésserit?
18. What, according to Hippomenes, makes him a “worthy con-
tender”?
19: What is the tense of the verb fuer6?
20. Do you think that the lad is self-confident or trying to get up
his courage?

The story continues:

VI
Talia dicentem molli vulti aspicit dicentem speaking (supply puerum)
OMe aoe Ones
TUL.
MRAPCY CD rmaarea Atalanta et dubitat utrum vinci an moll-is -is -e soft, gentle aspici- -ére
= vincére malit. Atque ita, “Quis aspexi aspectus to look at dubitat won-

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 47

 deus, formosis viris iniquus, hunc ders utrum ... an either... or malit she
puerum perdére vult et iubet eum should prefer formds-us -a -um hand-
discrimine vitae hoc coniugium some iniqu-us -a -um unfair,
petére? Non sum, med iudiciG, tanti. hostile perd-ére to destroy, ruin
Nec forma eius tangor (poteram discrimine at the risk (of) coniugi-um -i71
tamen hac [forma] quoque tangi) marriage tanti of such great worth, worth
sed quod adhic puer est; nOn mé all that form-a-ae fhandsomeness tang:0
movet ipse, sed aetas. Dum licet, -ére tetigi tactus to touch adhic still
hospes, abi et pete alium coni- (only) aet-ds -atis fage dum licet while it
ugium! Nilla virgo tibi ntubére is allowed, while you may hosp-es -itis m
nolet. Cir tamen est mihi cura tui, guest, stranger nub-6 -ére niipsi nipta (+
postquam tot competitorés iam dat) to marry ciira tul concern for you
antea vitam perdidérunt? Occidet (objective genitive) occid-d -ére -1 occasum
hic pro certo, quia voluit mécum to fall down, be killed pré certo for
vivére, et indignam necem patiétur sure nex necis f (violent) death pat-ior -1
pretium amoris. Sed non culpa mea passus sum (dep) to suffer pretium as the
est. Vivére dignus eras. Sed quia price inportiin-us -a -um ruthless
fata importina mihi coniugium cubilee -is bed, couch sociare to
negaverunt, numquam mecum share amat is in love sent-id -Ire sénsi
cubile sociare poteris.” Atalanta sénsus to realize
amat sed nOn sentit amorem suum.

VII
Cytheré-us -a -um Cytherean (i.e., born on
Tum Hippomenés Venerem, deam the island of Cythera in the Aegean) Orare to
amoris, multis precibus invocat: beg incend-6 -ére -1 incénsus to light, kin-
“Cytheréa, Oro té, quae in mé dle prex precis f plea, prayer pOom-um -in
flammas amOris incendisti, da mihi apple aure-us -a -um golden, solid
auxilium.” Dea precés exaudivit et gold itilit-ds -atis f use, usefulness
Hippomeni tria poma aurea dedit ac explanare explain cum diligentia in
utilitatem eOrum cum diligentia detail
explanavit.

VIII
tuba -ae f trumpet carc-er -eris m starting
Tubae signa certaminis dederant, gate
cum virgo et aduléscéns ex carcere volare to fly faut-or -6ris m fan
volant. Fautorés aduléscentis pass-us -us m the pace
clamant: “Nunc, nunc tempus est accelerare to speed up, pick up
passum accelerare, Hippomené,
propera!” Sed brevi tempore relinqu-d -ére reliqui relictus to leave
aduléscéns 4 celeriGre virgine relin- behind non longé abest is not far away
quitur métaque non longé abest. anhél-us -a -um panting harénea -ae f

48 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

Tum dénique anhélus puer inum sand iacid -ére iéci iactus to throw
dé tribus pomis in harénam iacit. cupid-6 -inis f desire, eagerness sé
Obstipuit virgo, et, cupidine nitidi inclinare to bend down toll-6 -ére sus-
pomi, sé inclinat ac aureum pomum tuli sublatus to pick up, lift
tollit.

IX
praeter-e6 -ire -il -itus to pass
Praeterit Hippomenés. Fautorés applaud-6 -ére applausi applausus to
eius applaudunt. Illa autem iterum applaud
passum accelerat atque iterum terg-um -1 1 back iact-us -us m toss(ing)
iuvenem post tergum relinquit. Et remorata (although) delayed cénsequ-or
rursus pomi_ secundi iacti -I cOnseciitus sum (dep) to catch up (with)
remorata, puella cOnsequitur et restare to remain ultima méta the goal
praeterit aduléscentem. Ultima pars post praecurr-0 -ére praecursi praecur-
cursus restat. Ultima méta non sum to run ahead, be out in front
longé abest. Nunc virgo praecurrit.

X
Tum “Nunc, dea _ Cytheréa,” adiuv-6 -are adiiivi adiitus to help
aduléscéns Orat, “adiuva mé!” et nitid-us -a -um shiny ab obliquo to the
tertium pomum nitidum ab obliquo side dubitare to hesitate
iacit. Virgo autem dubitare visa est, cog-6 -ére coégi coactus to force, coax
sed 4 Venere coacta est pomum pond-us -eris 1 weight aug-ed -ére auxi
tollére, et pondus pomorum 4 dea auctus to increase in ipsd tempore in the
auctum est. In ipso tempore nick of time
Hippomenés Atalantam transit et prior venit is the first one to come
ad métam prior venit. Victor brevi praemium i.e., Atalanta
tempore praemium suum _ in
matrimonium dicit.

. What is the attitude of Atalanta as she addresses Hippomenes?

. How does she feel about the outcome of the race at this point?
What does she find particularly attractive about Hippomenes?
. What else does she find attractive about him?
. Who is the older of the two?
. What is the tense of the verb nolet?
. In this passage, Atalanta at times talks to Hippomenes (in the
second person) and at times talks about him (in the third per-
son.) How do you interpret that? (Remember where

Temporal Clauses; Indefinite Pronouns 49

 Hippomenes is standing.) In other words, at whom is Atalanta
looking when she uses the third person? If this were a movie
and you were the director, how would you direct this scene?
. Do the words Atalanta amat sed non sentit amoérem suum
help to explain what Atalanta says and does ?

Vil 9. Why does Hippomenes appeal to Venus?

10. What does Venus give him?
Te What is it that Venus tells him?

VIII 12. How do the spectators know that the race is about to begin?
13s Whom are the boys in the stands rooting for?
14. Why do you think they are doing that?
1D: At what point in the race did Atalanta take the lead?
16. What Latin word tells you that Hippomenes was in worse
physical shape than was Atalanta?
ies What action does Hippomenes take as Atalanta passes him?
18. How does Atalanta react emotionally? —
19) What does she do?

IX 20. What is the reaction of the (male) spectators?

ma How would a referee in a modern sport react to the tactics of
Hippomenes?

. Why does Hippomenes pray to Venus?

23% What does Venus do to make things even harder for Atalanta?
24. How does the story end?

50 Chapter 3. Atalanta and Hippomenes

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses
Philemon and Baucis

Bonis nocet quimalis parcit. He harms the good who spares

the bad. _. «. -

A. How well do you know the nouns of the fourth declension? In each set,
pick out the two misfits, that is, words that are not fourth-declension
nouns.

. porticus fimus cursus coquus

. arcus dominus aspectus rursus
genus anus exercitus finitimus
flactus animus domus _ fluvius
. exerciti interdit aspecta dit
Ok
ON

B. For each of the following verbs, give the third principal part and the
meaning.

. accédd accédére . facid facére

. sto stare . curro currére
. adeod adire ago agére
. vehd vehére . cogndscO cognoscére
FR
OF
WN . rided ridére . expelld expellére
rNSOOND

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 51

 1d. désum déesse 14. crédd crédére
12: reddo reddére 15. custoddid custddire
13; cupi0 cupére

C. Make the adjective in italics agree with the noun it modifies. In this exer-
cise, the adjective always comes after the noun it modifies.

Romani sub Tarquinii Superbi régno non erant (felix).

Non omnés régés erant (pridens).
Sed Numa Pompilius et Ancus Martius erant (benevoléns) et (patiéns).
Postea Romani vitas (felix) duxérunt.
Vita erat melior sub cOnsulibus (cléméns) et (excelléns).
Régnum Tarquinii (vetus) erat tolerabile.
cS Faustulus
er
ee
a et Larentia erant parentés (benevoléns) et (amans) et
(patiens).
8. Audivimus verba tristis liberOrum (innocéns).
9: Aenéas faciem tristis Did6nis (innocéns) non vidit.
10. Romani consulés (priidéns) habébant.

D. Change the words in italics from the singular to the plural or plural to
singular. Make all other grammatical adjustments, such as changing the
number of the verb.

VOCABULARY
per-do -dére -didi -ditus to lose
quasi as
reparare to renew
séditi-6 -dnis f insurrection, rebellion
tut-us -a-um safe

. SextO decimo anno post régis expulsionem, populus Romanus

seditioneés fécit.
Plebéius 4 senatt et consule oppressus est.
Tum populus sibi tribunum plebis quasi proprium iidicem et
defensorem creavit.
Dénique populus contra senatorem et consulem et alium magistratum
tutus esse poterat.
2) Sequenti anno Volscus contra Romanum bellum reparavit.
6. Post illud proelium, Volscus etiam urbem suam perdidit.

E. Change each verb from the active to the passive voice and make all other
grammatical adjustments.

52 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis -

Example Romulus Remum necavit. Romulus killed Remus.
Remus ab Romul6 necatus est. Remus was killed by Romulus.

Romani Véientands timébant.

. Populus Romanus Firium Camillum dictatorem creavit.
Deinde RomAni Camillum contra urbem Véids misérunt.
. Exercitus Romanus multds Véientands occidérunt.
. Véientani autem urbem fortiter défendérunt.
. Sed milités Romani did illam urbem obsidébant.
Dénique Camillus urbem cépit.
Deinde dux Romanus domis et templa délévit.
. Statim Galli Romam ipsam obsidébant.
— SCOMNDAUKRWNE
. Sed rirsus Camillus Romam servavit.

F. Latin writers at times used shortened forms, just as we say in English

I’m in place of I am. Following the examples, give the full Latin form of
the abbreviated word and the Latin present infinitive.

Examples laudaro = laudavero laudare

putaram = putaveram __ putare
dixére = dixérunt dicére

Do not confuse the shortened form of the third person plural of the per-
fect tense with the present infinitive, although they may look alike at
first glance. Compare the two forms:
dicére to say; dixére they said = dixérunt
manére to stay; mansére they stayed = mansérunt
adire to approach; adiére they approached = adiérunt

1. illtstrarunt (light up) 7. putaram (think)

2. améasti (love) 8. cOnsenuére (grow old together)
3. cubavére (recline) 9. clausére (close, lock)
4, laudaro (praise) 10. vetuére (forbid)
5. effécére (bring about, make) 11. tulére (bear)
6. pugnavére (fight) 12. damnarat (condemn)

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 53

 G. Supply the relative pronoun in the following sentences as suggested by
the English words.

Véientani, whom Romani vicerant, risus rebellavérunt.

Farius Camillus, who dictator creatus est, contra eOs missus est.
Milités Véientani, with whom pugnavit, fortés erant.
Ei, who Véiis habitabant, urbem fortiter défendérunt.
Urbem, which in alto colle erat, Camillus dit obsidébat.
Illa urbs, which Camillus cépit, antiquissima Italiae erat.
Praedam autem, which Camillus cépit, iniqué (unfairly) divisit.
SSOb eam causam Camillus ex urbe Roma, which valdé amAvit, expul-
Ge
ST
a
ee
sus est.

. Combine each set of two sentences into one by using a relative pronoun.
The word that is to become the pronoun is in italics. It will help you to
review the life and career of Cicero in Book I, Chapter 16, pages 194-199.

Example Cicerd erat Srator. Omnés Ciceronem attenté audivérunt.

Cicero was a speaker. All listened to Cicero attentively.
Cicero erat 6rator quem omnés attenté audivérunt.
Cicero was a speaker whom all listened to attentively.

VOCABULARY
édo édére édidi éditus to produce, put on (shows)
miin-us -eris n show
summ-us —a —um best (friend)
tantum adv only

1. Cicero in parvo oppido natus est. Oppidum in Volscis montibus erat.

2. Cicerd tinum fratrem habuit. Nomen fratris erat Quintus.
3. Novem annos natus, cum patre Romam migravit. Pater eum ibi in
scholam misit.
4. Septendecim ann6s natus, Bello Italicd militavit. In bells Roma contra
socids pugnavit.
5. Cum fratre iter per Graeciam fécit. Inter iter Athénas visitavit.
6. Post reditum, feminam in matrimOdnium dtxit. Nomen Terentia ce
erat.
7. ProximO anno quaestor a populd creatus est. Populus eum deinde in
Siciliam misit.
8. Cicero aedilis mtnera gladiatoria édidit. In miineribus gladiatoriis
multi gladiatorés certavérunt.

54 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis :

——

9. Cicer® tantum Gnam filiam habuit. Filiae noémen Tullia erat.

10. CicerOnis amicus summus erat Pomponius Atticus. Amicum maximé
amavit

NOTE
The antecedent of a relative pronoun can be in the previous sentence,
with a relative pronoun beginning the next sentence in order to show
the connection between the two sentences. This usage could be called
the connective relative pronoun. \tis best to translate such connective pro-
nouns simply as personal pronouns. The two sentences can be
separated
by a period or a semicolon.

Example Urbem longinguam petivit Quam

ut vidit, templa praecipué
admiratus est. He headed for a distant city. When he saw it, he
admired especially the temples.
Britum Cassiumque défendis; quis laudare satis nén possum. [Cic.]
You defend Brutus and Cassius; I cannot praise them enough.

REE 0S: Or THe DATE

NOTE
Although the dative is most frequently expressed in English with the
|“ prepos itions to or for, that is not always true, as you will see below,
unless a literal and clumsy expression in English is to be used.

AS INDIRECT OBJECT

The most common use of thedative is toindicate towhom something

is given, said, or done.

Examples Numa Pompilius légés populé dedit. Numa Pompilius gave laws to
the people.
Haec Faustulus geminis dixit. Faustulus said this to the twins.
Par vetus victimas deis mactabat. The old couple was sacrificing
Victims to the gods.

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 55

 2. WITH INTRANSITIVE LATIN VERBS

Examples Mihi créde, rés difficilis est. Believe me, it’s a difficult matter.
Bonis nocet qui malis parcit. He harms [lit: does harm to] the good
who spares the bad.
Tibi enim sané assentior. [Cic.] For I fully agree with you (lit: for I
fully assent to you).
Exercitatio omnibus prodest. Exercise is good for everyone.
Aliis verba oratoris placent, aliis displicent. The words of the speak-
er please (lit: are pleasing to) some and displease (Jit: are displeasing
to ) others.
Liberi patri matrique parére debent. Children ought to obey((lit:
give obedience to) their father and mother.

Other intransitive verbs taking the dative that you have met in
Book | are:

appropinqu:d -are -avi (+ dat) to draw near , approach

confid-d -ére confisus sum (+ dat) (semi-dep) to trust, have confidence in
igndsc-o -ére ignovi (+ dat) to grant pardon to, pardon, forgive
impero -are -avi (+ dat) to give orders to, command, rule over, govern

obéd-i6 -ire -ivi (or -ii) (+ dat) to obey, give obedience to

parc-6 -ére peperci parstirus (+ dat) to spare

I. Each sentence contains an intransitive verb, taking the dative case.

Complete the sentences by translating the English expressions into
Latin.

Pax dititurna is good for the nation.

Nuamitor did not believe his brother Amulius.
Romani victdrés saepe spare the conquered.
Consul agrees with the senators.
Responsum légatorum pleases the Roman people.
E> Omnés civés debent to obey the laws.
CNet
Seas

56 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

 7. Oratid Cicerdnis displeases Caesar.
8. Caesar does not believe the words Ciceronis.
pee a aeee ie Sit tr ee soriee FF ete oi es ee

3. DATIVE OF REFERENCE
The dative of reference denotes the person to whom a statement
refers or is of interest, or for whom it is true. In English we have expres-
sions such as “That is a new one on me.” In this sentence on me has the
sense of “in reference to me, as regards me.”

Examples Mihi in anim est in Graeciam proficisci. I have in mind (or I intend)
to leave for Greece.
Pompéio in anim est urbem relinquére. [Cic.] Pompey intends to
leave the city.
Vénerat mihi in mentem monére té. [Cic.] It had occurred to me to
warn you.
Statua 4 dextra est ineuntibus templum. The statue is on your right
as you enter the temple (lit: for those entering the temple).
Ille mihi deus semper erit. To me (or in my eyes) he will always be a
god.

4, DATIVE OF POSSESSION
It occurs with the verb esse, the subject being the person or thing pos-
sessed. (Possession can, of course, also be expressed with verbs such as
habére, possidére.) We don’t have the same expression in English. The
closest to the Latin is, for example, the English expression, “There is no
lid to this jar,” meaning: “The jar has no lid.” or “There’s no truth to that
rumor.”

Examples Nomen mihi est Claudius. My name is Claudius.

Nomen Arctiird mihi est [Plaut.] My name is Arcturus.
Illi duae fuére filiae. [Plaut.] He had two daughters.

NOTE
When the thing possessed is a name, the name is frequently attracted to
the dative, as in the second example above. But the nominative is equal-
ly correct and slightly more common.

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 57

 J. Change each of the following sentences to one using a form of esse with
the dative of possession.

Diana arcum et sagittas habet.

Gaius Plinius multas villas habuit.
Atalanta corpus formdsum et vélocés pedés habuit.
Patricii multds clientés habuérunt.
GU
ee Atalanta tria poma habuit.

5. DATIVE OF PURPOSE OR TENDENCY

This dative is commonly combined with the dative of the person and
a form of the verb esse. Hence it is sometimes called the predicate dative.

Examples Trés cohortés praesidio reliquit. He left three cohorts as a garrison

(or for protection). (This could also have been expressed as: trés
cohortés praesidii causa reliquit.) |
Soror tua mihi c#rae est. [Cic.] Your sister.is of concern to me.
Nec Pompéius mihi umquam odio fuit. [Cic.] Nor was Pompey ever
of dislike to me (or I never disliked Pompey).
Id mihi summo6 dolori est. [Cic.] That is a cause of the greatest dis-
tress to me.

Quae rés eI magn6 hon6ri erit. [Cic.] That will be a source of great
honor to him (it: that will be for great honor to him).
Gaudio vobis ero. [Plaut.] I will be a source of joy to you (lit: I will be
for joy to you.)
Eis nunc summae solicitidini sum. [Cic.] Iam now the cause of the
greatest worry to them.

Illa rés vobis erit levamento. It will be a comfort to you (lit: it will be
to you for a comfort.)

K. Translate the following sentences into idiomatic English.

1. Dictatorés toti populod solicittidini sunt.

2. Haec victoria omnibus gaudio erit.
3. Patris mors toti familiae magno doldri erit.

58 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis *

 4. Liberi saepe parentibus citrae esse possunt.
5. Consulatus (the consulship) CicerOni maxim6 honori fuit.
6. Auxilium tuum mihi levamento erit.

DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

It occurs with adjectives such as: amicus friendly; inimicus unfriendly;

proximus near; similis similar, like; dissimilis dissimilar, unlike; gratus
grateful; ingratus ungrateful; par equal, equally matched; notus familiar,
known.

Examples Inimicus nobis semper erat. He was always unfriendly to us.

Est mihi notum nomen. [Cic.] The name is familiar to me.
Canis similis lupo est. [Cic.] A dog is like a wolf (or, a dog resembles
a wolf).

. Complete the following sentences by translating the English to Latin.

Pons quem HorAatius custddivit was near the city.

Quam ob rem Etrisci erant unfriendly to the Romans?
Nomen Romuli nunc is known to all.
Somnus aliquo modo is like death.
Servi videntur esse ungrateful to their master.
VES

DATIVE OF SEPARATION

This is used with verbs of “taking away”.

Example Inimici met mea mihi adémérunt. [Cic.] My enemies have taken my
possessions away from me.
DATIVE WITH IMPERSONAL VERBS

The dative is used with the following impersonal verbs. Sometimes a

neuter noun is used as the subject.

libet libére libuit and libitum est it pleases

licet licére licuit it is allowed, it is right
placet placére placuit it pleases, it is pleasing
displicet displicére displicuit it displeases, it is displeasing

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 59

 Examples Quod tibi libet, idem mihi libet. [Plaut.] I like the same thing you
like (lit: what is pleasing to you, the same is pleasing to me.)
Tibi quidem licet véndére hasce aedis? [Plaut.] May you really (or
are you really allowed to) sell this house?

M. Translate the following sentences into idomatic English.

Mihi libet miisicam audire.

. Licuitne Tarquinio Superbo in urbe manére?
. Scribe ad mé, si tibi licébit.
. Omnibus libuit Atalantam spectare.
a . Licetne vobis in ciiriam intrare?
RONe

Dee woanmasaa
The locative case, indicating place where occurs with names of towns and
small islands and with certain nouns, e.g., domi at home; domi militiaeque
on the home front and on the battlefield; in peace and in war; humi on the
ground, ruri in the country. The locative endings of singular nouns of the
first and second declensions are the same as the genitive singular, and for
all other nouns the locative is the same as the ablative:

Examples DECLENSION NOMINATIVE LOCATIVE MEANING

1st fem. sing. Roma Romae in Rome

2nd fem. sing. Corinthus Corinthi in Corinth
2nd neut. sing. Antium Antii in Antium (Anzio)
1st fem. pl. Cannae Cannis in Cannae
2nd imasc. pl. Gabii Gabiis in Gabii
3rd fem. sing. Carthago Carthagine (-1) in Carthage
3rd fem. pl. Gadés Gadibus in Gades (Cadiz)

60 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

 NOTE
The preposition ad is not used with names of towns and small islands
to show motion toward; instead, the accusative is used alone; the prepo-
sition a, ab is not used to show motion from; instead, the ablative is used
alone.

Example Dux Ardea Romam iter fécit. The general marched from Ardea to
Rome.

The preposition ad before names of towns and small islands does not
indicate motion toward, but rather near, in the vicinity of, at.
proelium ad Cannas the battle near Cannae

N. Give the locative, accusative of motion toward, the ablative of motion from,
and ad indicating near, at, of the following names of towns and small
islands.

Examples NOMINATIVE LOCATIVE MOTION TOWARD MOTION FROM NEAR, AT

Roma Romae Romam Roma ad Romam
Gabii Gabiis Gabi6s Gabiis ad Gabids

1. Mantua 5. Beneventum 9. Arpinum

2. Brundisium 6. Cumae 10. Véii
3. Trodia 7. Corioli 11. Corinthus
4. Rhodus 8. Athénae 12. Mediolanum

SE
tv.TEMPORAL CLAUSTS SE
Dum, while, regularly takes the present tense of the indicative to denote a
continued action in the past. It is called the “historical present.”

Example Ancus Marcius dum haec Romae geruntur, contra Latinos dimicavit.
While this was going on in Rome, Ancus Marcius fought against the
Latins.

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 61

 Dum, donec, quoad, as long as, take the indicative.

Examples Dum anima est, spés est. As long as there is life, there is hope.
Templi tatorés fuérunt, donec vita eis data est. They were guardians
of the temple as long as life was granted to them.
Plinius, quoad vixit, sé studiis dedit. Pliny. as long as he lived, devot-
ed himself to studies.

Dum, donec, quoad, until, take the indicative to denote an actual event.
(But, as we shall see later, they take the subjunctive to denote anticipation
or expectation.)

Example Légati in via erant donec tenebrae aderant. The ambassadors were on
the road until darkness approached.

O. Complete the sentences by translating the English temporal clauses into

Latin.

1. While Horatius was defending the bridge, senatus in curia manébat.

2. Horatius et commilités pugnavérunt as long as the Etruscans attacked.
3. Amicds ubique petivi until I was not able to see.
4. Mihi ctrrae non eras as long as you were at home.
5. Hippomenés inter amicds suds sedébat while Atalanta ran.

PHILEMON AND BAUCIS

tis the poet Ovid (43 B.c. - A.D. 18) who popularized the story of how an
[-« couple, Philemon and his wife Baucis, were rewarded for showing
hospitality to strangers in their humble cottage in Phrygia, a country in
Asia Minor. It was only after the two strangers, who turned out to be gods,
had been turned down by all the people in the entire area that they found
hospitality with the old couple. Ovid makes a point of describing for the
reader just how poor Philemon and Baucis were, and yet how willing they
were to share with complete strangers the little they had.

To understand the story, you need to know that in ancient times when
there weren’t convenient restaurants and motels everywhere, travelers

62 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

 looked to strangers along the way for food and shelter. In fact, it was con-
sidered bad manners to ask the strangers who they were, where they had
come from, and where they were headed until after they had been served
some food and had been made comfortable.

Ovid begins his story with a description of the rather desolate scene sur-
rounding the cottage of the old couple because of the miraculous
transformation that takes place in the end, as you will see. In Ovid’s own
day, there probably were the ruins of an old temple surrounded by a
swamp somewhere in Phrygia. The Greeks and the Romans were as fasci-
nated with the possibility of supernatural miracles as many people are
today. With the omission of some details, the story as retold here adheres
fairly closely to the original as narrated by Ovid.

In collibus Phrygiis est quercus coll-is -is m hill querc-us -iis f oak tree
©
TUnt. Ones
proxima tiliae. Haud procul hinc tili-a -ae f linden tree stagn-um -1 7 pool,
$4014 CD pmnigtna
stagnum est; terra habitabilis dlim swamp undea -ae f wave, water; fpl
erat; nunc undae sunt celebrés water(s) cele-ber -bris -bre dense,
fulicis. Hic dlim in casa humili crowded fuliceae -arum fp! waterfowl
habitabant pia Baucis anus et humil-is -is -e humble pi-us -a -um duti-
aequali aetate Philémon. Hic ful Bauc:is -idis f Baucis an-us -iis f old
Iuppiter specié mortali vénit lady aequal-is -is -e equal, similar aet-ds
cumque love vénit Mercurius, -atis f age Philém-6n -onis m Philemon
tamen sine alis. Mille domG6s adiére; speci-és -éi f appearance, guise 4lea -ae f
nam locum requiemque petivére; wing nam for locum requiemque a
serae clausére mille dom6és; tamen place of rest serea -ae f bolt claud-6 -ére
tina parva casa hospités benigné clausi clausus to close, lock benigné
recépit; erat casa Baucidis et recipére to welcome iuvenal-is -is -e
Philémonis; in illa casa iuvenalés youthful cénsim-6 -ére -psi -ptus to
annods consimpsére; in illa casa spend cOnsénésc-6 -ére cOnsenui to
consenueére. grow old together

II
Ubi dei intravérunt, senex iussit eds ubi when senex sen-is m old man iubére
membra relevare in sedili, super to bid, ask, tell membr-a -6rum npl limbs
quo sédula Baucis rude textum relevare to lighten, rest sedil-e -is n
posuit. Deinde Baucis humilem bench sedul-us -a -um busy, bustling

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 63

Ph ilemon and Baucis welcome the gods.

64 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

cénam parat. Ignem sub parvum rudis -is -e coarsely woven text-um -i 1
aenum movit. Deinde Baucis holus, coverlet, spread aén-um -i 1 kettle
quod Philémon in horto collégerat, hol-us -eris n vegetables porcin-a -ae f
in aénO ponit. Partem parvam pork resec-O -are -ui -tus to cut off
porcinae resecat et fervente aqua ferv-éns -entis boiling hot
coquit.

Ill
Interea dei et senex medias horas medias horas intervening hours fall-d
sermone fallunt. Dé multis rébus -ére fefelli falsus to while away serm-6
colloquuntur. Neque anus neque -Onis m talk, conversation agndsc-d -ére
senex hospités divinds agndscit. agnOvi agnitus to recognize interdum
Interdum vinum libant. Sédula now and then libare to sip lect-us -i m
anus vestibus lectum vélat, quads (dining) couch vélare to cover vest-is -is
non nisi tempore féstd sternébat; f cover, cloth non nisi only stern-d -ére
sed haec erat vestis vilis vetusque. -stravi stratus to use; (lit: to spread) vil-is
-is -e cheap
IV
Cubavére dei. Anus, succincta cubare to recline (at table) succinct-us -a
treménsque, cibum apponit. Sed -um with skirt tucked up treméns trem-
ménsae_ pés tertius impar erat; bling (with age) appOnére to serve pés
testa, quae sub imparem pedem pedis m leg (of a three-legged table) impar
subdita est, ménsam parem fécit. uneven testa -ae f broken piece of pot-
Ponuntur in ménsa porcina et tery sub-do -dére-didi -ditus to place
olivae et intuba et radicés et massa under intub-um -1n endive radix -icis f
casei et Ova. Pocula vini ponuntur. radish massea -ae f (big) lump, mass
Deinde Baucis paulum locum facit case-us -I m cheese pocul-um -1 1 cup
ménsae secundae: hic nux, hic ménsa secunda f dessert nux nucis f nut
poma, hic priina avaeque. hic... hic here. . . there pom-um -i n
apple priin-um -in plum iiveae -arum fp!
grapes

P. Answer in English the questions based on the portion of the story that
you have just read.

I 1. What two trees stand on the hills of Phrygia?

2. How does the landscape differ now from the past?
3. Who are the important visitors?

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 65

 . Why didn’t Mercury wear his wings?
. What were Jupiter and Mercury looking for?
. How was their reception by the inhabitants of Phrygia?
. How
OF
ND long had Philemon and Baucis lived in that cottage?

II 8. When Jupiter and Mercury entered, what is the first thing

Philemon did?
9. What was the first task that Baucis performed?
10. What did Baucis do then?
11. Well, what do you think of the meal so far?

III 12. What did the gods and the old man do while Baucis prepared
the meal?
13. What refreshment did they enjoy?
14. What did Baucis do during that time?
15. What Latin words suggest that she did this only for special
occasions?

IV 16. Who served the food?

17. What was the problem with the table?
18. How was the problem solved?
19. Why did Ovid mention this incident?
20. What did Baucis serve as dessert?

Vv
Interea vinum bibunt, sed pocula bib-6 -ére -i to drink
sponte sua replentur. Attoniti sunt sponte sua of their own accord repl-ed
novitate et pavent veniam ob cibum -ére -évi -étus to refill attonit-us -a -um
simplicem Orant; nam agnOscunt astonished novit-ds -atis f unusualness,
hospités esse deds. “Det” inquiunt novelty pav-ed -ére to panic veniea -ae f
“sumus. Nolite timére. Quoniam forgiveness
vos soli nds benigné recépistis, ob
benevolentiam parcémus_ voObis.
Nunc relinquite casam vestram ac
comitate nds et ite nobiscum in comitare to accompany ambo (declined
montem.” Parent ambo baculisque like duo) both bacul-eum -i n cane, walk-
levati, ascendunt montem. ing stick levati supported, leaning on

66 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

 ; 4,wl. pf
PIU + 8 6
Ova€ (nip rele Bn

(7, ™

“KMLWRT alee
ae)

The temple with the two trees

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 67

 VI
Tum circumspectant; cétera sunt circumspectare to look around céter-a
submersa in aqua; tantum sua casa -drum npl all else sunt submersa are
manet. Dumque ea mirantur, dum submerged mir-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to
déflent fata sudrum, illa vetus casa, wonder at défl-ed -ére -évi -étus to cry
parva etiam dominis duobus, verti- bitterly over sudrum of their friends and
tur in templum; furcae vertuntur in neighbors etiam even domin-us -i m
columnas; stramina vertuntur in owner furcae forked wooden poles (to
aurum, et tectum vidétur auratum; support the porch) stram-en -inis n straw
mii lutel adoperiuntur marmore. aurat-us -a -um golden, goldplated
lute-us -a -um mud-, of mud adoper-i6
-Ire -ul -tus to cover marm-or -oris 71
marble
VII
Tum luppiter “Dicite mihi,” inquit
“juste senex et femina marit0 itistd
digna, quid optatis? Nam vos soli dign-us -a -um (+ abl) worthy of
hospitaliter nds in cdsam humilem
accépistis; céterI nOs recusavérunt.” reciisare to refuse, turn down
Philémon pauca verba cum Baucide
loctitus est et deis aperit itidicium aper-i6 -Ire -ui -tus to disclose itiidicieum
commtne: “POscimus esse sacer- -I n decision pOsc-d -ére popdsci to ask
dotés illius templi; hora eadem sacerd-6s -otis mf priest
mori désideramus, quia ego bus- bust-um -1 7 grave
tum uxOris meae umquam aspicére
nolo nec umquam ab illa sepeliri.” sepel-i6 -ire -ivi sepultus to bury

Vill
Fidés vota sequitur; templi tutorés fid-és -ei f fulfillment vot-um -in
fuérunt, donec vita eis data est. prayer, wish tut-or -dris m guardian
Annis soliti, ut ante gradiis sacrés solit-us -a -um worn out, enfeebled
templi stabant, Philémon paulatim grad-us -us m step paulatim little by
in quercum et Baucis in tiliam verti- little
tur. Incolae adhiic illas splendidas incol-a -ae mf inhabitant adhic still, to
arborés admirantur. this day

68 Chapter 4. Philemon and Baucis

Q. Now answer the questions based on the rest of the story.

VM als What was the sign that a miracle was happening?

Ze What is the old couple’s first reaction?
3 . What Latin words show that they felt that the meal was not
worthy of divine guests?
. Where are the two to follow the gods?

VEC5. When the couple looks around, what do they see?

. What happens to their hut?

VII 7. When Jupiter asks them to make a wish, what does the couple
do before answering?
8. What does this tell you about the life of the couple?
o What are the two wishes of the couple?

VIII 10. What does Philemon turn into?

it. What does Baucis turn into?
12: Where are they standing when this happens?
135 What is the moral of this story?

Dative; Locative; Additional Temporal Clauses 69

Infinitive
The Story of Medusa

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I: amd amare amavi am§at-us -a -um to love

PRES. amé§are to love amari to be loved
PERF. amavisse to have loved amat-us -a -um esse to have been loved
FUT. am@éattir-us -a -um esse to be about to love amatum iri (indecl) to be about to be loved

II: habed habére habui habit-us -a -um to have

Pres. habére to have habéri to be had
PerRF. habuisse to have had habit-us -a -um esse to have been had
Fut. habittr-eus -a -um esse to be about tohave _habitum iri (indecl) to be about to be had
(rare)

ILI: mittd mittére misi miss-us -a -um to send

Pres. mittére to send mitti to be sent
PERF. misisse to have sent miss-us -a -um esse to have been sent
FUT. missireus -a-um esse tobe about tosend missum iri (indecl) to be about to be sent
(rare)

70 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa ‘

 ae a et ee ig ee ne ee
III -i0: capid capére cépi capt-us -a -um to take
PRES. capére to take capi to be taken
PERF. cépisse to have taken capt-us -a -um esse to have been taken
FUT. captir-us -a -um esse to be about to take captum
Sa
a a iri (indecl)
ee to be about to be taken
IV: audio audire audivi audit-us -a -um to hear
PRES. audire to hear
audiri to be heard
PERF. audivisse or audiisse to have heard
audit-us -a -um esse to have been heard
Fut. auditiir-us -a -um esse to be about to hear
auditum iri (indecl) to be about to be heard
————
se ee

sum esse fui futiir-us -a - um to be possum posse potui to be able

PRES. esse to be posse to be able
PERF. fuisse to have been potuisse to have been able
Fur. futir-us -a -um esse to be about to be

e0 ire ivi or ii ittr-us -a -um to go volo velle volui to want

PRES. ire to go velle to want
PERF. ivisse or iisse to have gone voluisse to have wanted
Fut. itur-us -a -um esse to be about to go

nolo nolle ndlui not to want ferod ferre tuli lat-us -a -um to bring, bear
Pres. nodlle not to want ferre to bring ferrl to be brought
PERF. nOluisse not to have wanted tulisse tohave brought _1at-us -a -um esse to have
been brought
FUT. latur-us -a -um esse to
be about to bring

Lee eee I. FORMATION OF THE INFINITIVE pee

1. The PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE ending of most Latin verbs is -re. In

English, such verb forms as “to love,” “to teach” are called infinitives.
(The word “infinitive” in Latin means “not limited,” that is, not limited
to a specific person or number. For example, amat is “limited” to a third
person singular, whereas the infinitive amare is not limited to person or

Infinitive 71
 number.) We say that “to” is the sign of the infinitive in English. Latin
has no such sign of the infinitive.

Examples amare to love habére to have

2. The PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE is formed by changing the final -e of

the active infinitive to -i.

Examples amari to be loved habé17 to be had

For verbs of the third and third -i6 conjugations, the -ér before the final
-e of the active infinitive is dropped, so -ére is changed in the passive
to -1.

mitt7 to be sent capi to be taken

3. The PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE consists of the perfect stem of a verb

plus the ending -isse. (This -isse is nothing more than the slightly
changed infinitive esse.)

Examples amav + isse = amavisse to have loved

habu + isse = habuisse to have had

4. The PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE consists of the fourth principal part

plus esse.

Examples amat-us -a -um + esse to have been loved

habit-us -a -um + esse to have been had

5. The FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE consists of the stem of the fourth princi-
pal part plus -tr-us -a -um plus the infinitive esse.

Examples amat + ur-us -a -um + esse = amattr-us -a -um esse to be about to love
habit + ir-us -a -um esse = habitir-us -a -um esse to be about to have

6. The FUTURE PASSIVE INFINITIVE exists but is extremely rare. The partici-
ple always has a neuter ending. The Romans themselves avoided it by
using a complicated structure that need not concern us at this stage.

72 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa -

 . Change the following present passive infinitives to the active voice and
give the English meaning of each form.

Example | dari to be given dare to give

1. défendi 5. fabricari 8. movéri

2. vidéri 6. mitti 9. iungi
3. cOnspici 7. auscultari 10. tenéri
4. audiri

. Change the following active infinitives to the passive voice and give the
English meaning of each form.

Example | dare to give dari to be given

1. dticére 5. corrigére 8. mittére

2. iubére 6. rogare 9. éducare
3. vendére 7. prohibére 10. édicére
4, invenire

. The passive of the verb vided (videor vidéri visus sum) almost always
means “to seem” rather than “to be seen.” There are times when it has a
true passive meaning. Read the following sentences for understanding;
then change the infinitives from the present to the perfect.

Example Numitor réx bonus esse vidétur. Numitor seems to be a good king.
Numitor réx bonus fuisse vidétur. Numitor seems to have been a good
king.

. Aenéas trans mare navigare vidétur.

. Romani Cloeliam admirari videntur.
Lars Porsenna abire vidétur.
. Pons Sublicius ab Horatio défendi vidétur.
Dido Aenéan amare vidétur.
Coriolanus matrem sdlam auscultare vidétur.
Légati ad Régem Latinum mitti videntur.
Romulus novam urbem condére vidétur.
Sabini Tarpéiam sciitis necare videntur.
Cicer6d Grator optimus esse vidétur.
eke S Iuppiter omnia scire vidétur.
a en
ee
SO
SO

Infinitive 73
 12. Remus auxilium Romulo dare vidétur.
13. Dei sacerdotibus loqui videntur.
14. Cogndmen Scaevolae omnibus sciri vidétur.
15. Ascanius patrem suum sequi vidétur.

D. Change the following present infinitives from the active to the passive
voice.

Example | Audire volo. I want to hear. Audiri volo. I want to be heard.

1. Quis laudare non vult? 7. Audire ndn possum.

2. Défendére debémus. 8. Omnés conspicére volunt.
3. Culpare nolo. 9. Consulés non timére debent.
4, Adiuvare debés. 10. Mei amici auscultare debent.
5. Némo régére vult. 11. Puellae, ad cénam vocare debétis.
6. Movére non potest. 12. Nds omnés amare volumus.

E. Change the following perfect active infinitives to the passive voice in the
same tense. You need to know the fourth principal part to do this exer-
cise.

Example | dedisse to have given dat-us -a -um esse to have been given

1. gessisse 5. réxisse 9. corréxisse

2. légisse 6. posuisse 10. custddivisse
3. vocavisse 7. scivisse 11. sénsisse
4. agitavisse 8. cantavisse 12. docuisse

IL USES OF THEINFINITIVE Poo

COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVES
Some verbs need an infinitive to complete their meaning. Such an
infinitive is called a complementary infinitive. (The word “complemen-
tary” comes from the verb compleé complére complévi complétus “to
complete.”) In Latin the complementary infinitive often (but not
always) comes in front of the verb, while in English the complementary
infinitive comes after the verb. Look over Exercise D for additional
examples of the use of complementary infinitives. The subject is the
same for both verbs.

74 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa

Examples Ire possum. I am able to go.
Ire debed. | ought to go.
Tre nolo. I don’t want to go .

NEGATIVE COMMANDS

The second use of an infinitive is to express negative commands.

Remember that negative commands require the infinitive with noli (pl
nolite).

Examples Mi amice, noli timére. My friend, do not be afraid.

Mei amici, nolite timére. My friends, do not be afraid.

F. Translate the following commands into Latin.

Thisbe, do not go out.

Friends, do not wait for me.
Fellow soldiers, do not stay on the bridge.
Romans, do not fear the Etruscans.
Dido, do not blame me.
Phaéthon, do not drive that chariot.
Apollo, don’t give your son the chariot.
Phaéthon, don’t climb into this chariot.
Oy
OOS
SO
se
er Fellow soldiers, do not harm Cloelia.
—© Senators, do not blame Cloelia.

3, SUBJECTIVE USE

The infinitive can be the subject of the verb est, and as such is it a ver-
bal neuter noun. That is, it is a verb that plays the part of a neuter noun.
The adjective associated with the infinitive is neuter because the infini-
tive is regarded as a neuter verbal noun. This is called the “subjective
use” of the infinitive.

Example Dulce et decdrum est pro patria mort. [Hor.] It is pleasant and noble
to die for one’s country

The infinitive mort is the subject of est; the predicate adjectives dulce
and decorum are neuter. In English we often use a gerund (a verbal
noun ending in -ing) in place of an infinitive, as in the example below.

Infinitive 75
 . Complete the Latin sentences by translating the English expressions.

Examples Vidére est crédére. To see is to believe. (Seeing is believing.)

Hic ambulare periculdsum est. To walk here is dangerous. (It is
dangerous to walk here.)
Natare in hoc flimine titum est. To swim in this river is safe. (It is
safe to swim in this river)

To remain here periculosum est.

To help friends bonum est.
To write Latin difficile est.
To read Latin facile est.
To study in school necesse est.
To listen to our parents optimum est.
To follow the advice of teachers bonum est.
OYA
CON
Sa
Age To die in war triste est.

OBJECTIVE USE

Verbs such as cupid cupére cupivi cupitus “to wish, want” are used
with the accusative and the infinitive. This is called the “objective use”
of the infinitive.

Example Cupid eum abire. I want him to go away.

In this sentence, to find the direct object, we ask “Whom or what do

I want?” The answer is not “him,” since I obviously do not want “him”
at all; I want “him to go away.” “Him,” therefore, is not the direct object
of “I want,” but rather the subject of the infinitive. The subject of an
infinitive in both Latin and English is always in the objective (or
accusative) case.

Similarly, verbs like iube6d iubére iussi iussus “to order, bid, tell”
and doced docére docui doctus “to teach, explain” and prohibeo pro-
hibére prohibui prohibitus “to forbid” are used with the accusative
and the infinitive.

Examples Magistra iubet nos silére. The teacher tells (orders) us to be silent.
Magistra docuit nos Latiné scribére. The teacher taught us to write
Latin.

76 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa :

 H. Complete the following Latin sentences.
pk Consulés iussérunt the people to come to the forum.

Daedalus docuit his son to fly.

Magistra nostra docuit me to read Latin.
Magister noster docuit the students to write Latin.
Mater iussit my brother to stay at home.
Mater non cupit my sister to go away.
Ego iussi you not to shout.
SEsConsulés iussérunt the senators to meet (come together).
Petals
Bard

D: INDIRECT DISCOURSE

The fifth use of an infinitive is in indirect discourse. Verbs of saying,

knowing, thinking, hearing, and perceiving often introduce an indirect
statement, with accusative subject and verb in infinitive. In English, an
indirect statement is introduced by the conjunction that, either stated or
implied. Latin uses no such conjunction. This Latin construction is often
referred to as “the accusative with infinitive construction.”

Example Cogito eum esse civem bonum. | consider him to be a good citizen.
or I think that he is a good citizen; or I think he is a good citizen.

All three English translations are correct, but the first translation
reflects more closely the Latin construction.

e The present infinitive indicates an action that takes place at the same
time as that of the main verb.

Examples Dicit senatum convenire. He says that the senate is meeting.

Dixit senatum convenire. He said that the senate was meeting.

e The perfect infinitive indicates an action that takes place before the
action of the main verb.

Examples Dicit senatum convénisse. He says that the senate met.

Dixit senatum convénisse. He said that the senate had met.

Infinitive 77
 ° The future infinitive indicates an action that takes place after the action
of the main verb.

Examples Dicit senatum conventirum esse. He says that the senate will meet.
Dixit senatum conventiirum esse. He said that the senate would meet.

Notice that in the last two examples the subject of the infinitive is
masculine singular in the accusative case. Therefore the ending of con-
ventiirum has to be masculine singular accusative. If the subject were
feminine singular, the ending of the infinitive would be feminine. The
subject and the infinitive must agree.

Example Titus Tatius dixit Cloeliam praemium acceptiram esse. Titus Tatius
said that Cloelia would receive a reward.

e When the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the
main verb, the reflexive pronoun sé is used. If the subject of the infini-
tive is different from the subject of the main verb, is, ille, iste, or hic
in the accusative case is used .

Example Discipula dicit sé Latiné discére. The student says that she (the student)
is learning Latin
Discipula dicit eam Latiné discére. The student says that she (some
other person) is learning Latin.

In lively narration, the present infinitive, called the HISTORICAL iNFINI-

TIVE, can be used in place of the finite verb. In the following passage
from Cicero, notice that the subject of the historical infinitives is in the
nominative case.

Ille (Clodius) déméns ruére, post hunc vérd furdrem nihil nisi cae-
dem inimicOrum cogitare, vicatim ambire, servis aperté spem
libertatis ostendére. He runs around like a madman; in fact after
this madness he thinks of nothing but the slaughter of his enemies, he
goes around from one street to another, he openly offers slaves the
hope of liberty.

78 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa

 I. Choose the Latin infinitive with the correct tense as suggested by the
English sentences.

Le Romulus said that he had seen twelve vultures. (vidére; vidisse)

2. Amulius knew that his brother Numitor was the legitimate king.
(esse; fuisse)
o: Everyone knows that Tarquin the Proud was the last king of Rome.
(esse; fuisse)
. The historian Livy records that Ancus Marcius founded Ostia.
(condére; condidisse)
. Most Romans believed that Tarpeia would betray the Capitoline.
(tradittiram esse; tradidisse)
. Their parents forbade Pyramus and Thisbe to meet. (convenire;
convénisse)
. The senators knew that Horatius would defend the bridge.
(défénsirum esse; défénsiirds esse)
. The Romans were shocked to learn that Coriolanus was leading the
Volscians. (dicére; diixisse)
. Faustulus told Larentia that a wolf had saved the twins. (servare;
servavisse)
10. I hear that Theseus abandoned Ariadne on the island of Naxos.
(relinquére; reliquisse)

J. Supply the correct form of the pronoun as subject of the infinitive.

Remember that if the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the
subject of the main clause, the reflexive pronoun must be used in the
indirect statement.

Example Daedalus taught Icarus to fly. He told him not to fly too high or too low.
(eum, sé)
In the second sentence, “he” obviously refers to Daedalus and “him”
obviously refers to Icarus. Since the subject of the main clause is dif-
ferent from the subject of the infinitive “to fly,” eum is the correct
pronoun.

. Daedalus believed that he could escape from Crete. (sé; eum)

. Icarus believed that he and his father could fly. (sé; eum)
. Daedalus said that he (Icarus) would fly too high. (sé; eum)
. Ariadne
PON promised that she would help Theseus get out of the
labyrinth. (sé; eam)

Infinitive 79
 5. Theseus thought that she was just kidding. (sé; eam)
6. Ariadne, however, knew that she had fallen for Theseus. (sé; eam)
7. All will agree that she had been taken advantage of. (sé; eam)
8. All will agree that he was a “heel” for deserting her. (sé; eum)

K. Change the direct statements into indirect statements.

Examples Omnés dicunt: “Romani fortiter pugnant.” All say: “The Romans
fight bravely.”
Omnés dicunt Romanos fortiter pugnare. All say that the Romans
fight bravely.
Icarus dixit: “Ego volare timed.” Icarus said: “I am afraid to fly.”
Icarus dixit sé volare timére. Icarus said that he was afraid to fly.

Crédimus: “Cloelia trans Tiberim flimen natat.”

Apollo scit: Diana mé semper amabit.”
Audivi “Diana fratrem suum défendit.”
Aeneas dixit: “Ego in Italiam navigabo.”
Ascanius dicit: “Ego Trdiae remanére volo.”
Plebeii dicunt: “ Multi patricii sunt periculdsi.”
Livius scripsit: “Romulus urbem novam condidit.”
Vergilius scripsit: “Troiani in Italiam veniunt.”
oS
oe
Ee Ovidius poéta scribit: “Diana Orionem amavit.”
Scimus: “Diana soror Apollinis est.”
. Legimus: “Diana ipsa Oridnem sagitta sua necavit.”
. luppiter dixit: “Ego Oridnem in caeld positarus sum.”
NRO
a

L. Change the indirect statements into direct statements.

Examples Cicer6 dixit filium suum esse studidsum. Cicero said his son was
studious.
Cicerd dixit: “Filius meus studidsus est.” Cicero said: “My son is
studious.”

HINT
The tense of the verb in the direct quotation will always be the same as
the tense of the infinitive of the indirect statement. In this case the
infinitive esse is present tense; therefore the verb of the direct statement
will be in the present tense, namely est.

80 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa

 Lars Porsenna dixit Micium esse militem fortem.
Romani dixérunt Tarpéiam infidélem fuisse.
Romulus saepe dixit Amtilium esse malum virum.
Turnus dixit sé Aenéan non timére.
Aenéas dixit sé Laviniam in matrimonium ductirum esse.
Remus dixit Romulum novam urbem aedificatirum esse.
Aenéas dicébat Didonem esse féminam benignam.
ae
eye
eeeLavinia Aenéae dicébat sé Aenéan semper amatiram esse.

ow read the story of Medusa, whose look could turn people to

stone. The Gorgons (Gorg-6 -dnis f ), as they were called, were
three frightful sisters. Their heads were covered with hissing
snakes instead of hair. And they had wings, bronze claws, and enormous
teeth. Medusa was the only one of the sisters who was mortal. According
to one account, at first she was a beautiful girl, but Athena changed her hair
to snakes because Medusa had become pregnant by Poseidon in Athena’s
temple and gave birth to Pegasus, the flying horse. See how Perseus was
able to kill this Gorgon without being changed to stone.

Perseus was the son of Danaé and Zeus and grandson of Acrisius, who
lived in Argos in central Greece. An oracle had told Acrisius that he was
doomed to perish at the hands of Danaé’s son; he therefore locked up
Danaé in a dungeon. But Zeus appeared to her in a golden rain and became
by her the father of Perseus. On discovering this, Acrisius put mother and
son into a chest and threw them into the sea. The chest washed ashore on
the island of Seriphos, where King Polydectes took them in.

Medisa, tina ex tribus Gorgonibus, Gorg:d -dnis f a Gorgon (“grim one”)

dicitur habuisse corpus pulchrum [dicitur Notice that Latin prefers to make the
sed serpentés loco comae. Medtsa verb personal: “she is said”| comea -ae f hair
in saxum miutare poterat omnés qui saxeum -i 7 rock spectare to look at
faciem eius spectabant. Omnés
dicuntur Medisam _ timuisse
propter malam eius potentiam. potenti-a -ae f power

Infinitive 81
Perseus kills Medusa.

82 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa -

 II
Perseus, filius Iovis matrisque
mortalis, tum in régiad Régis régi-a -ae f palace
Polydectae habitabat. Polydectés, Polydect-és -ae m Polydectes (king of the
quamquam Persei matrem amabat, Greek island Seriphos) quamquam conj
Perseum ipsum n6n amabat. Ré although ré véra in fact
vera réx Perseum omnin6 dimittére omnin6 adv altogether
volébat. Itaque réx Perseum ad sé dimitt-6 -ére dimisi dimissus to get rid of
vocavit et iussit puerum Mediisam
petére et istum moOnstrum nec§re. pet-o -ére petivi petitus to look for, go in
Sed Medisa in terra longinqua search of longinqu-us -a -um distant
habitabat.

Ill
Perseus mandatis régis parére mandat-a -drum npl orders, instructions
voluit, sed primum auxilium par-eO -ére -ul (+ dat) to obey Grare to ask
deorum orare constituit. Mercurius for constitued -ére -i cdnstititus to
dicitur dedisse Persed gladium decide gladi-us -1 m sword
magicum et sandalia alata. “Hoc sandalieum -i n sandal alateus -a -um
gladio,” inquit Mercurius, winged inquit said
“Meditsam certo occidés. Et si haec certé adv without fail occid-d -ére -i
sandalia alata gerés, per caelum occisus to kill ger-6 -ére gessi gestus to
volare poteris.” wear

IV
Minerva autem Persed fulgidam fulgid-us -a -um shiny
parmam dedit. “Haec fulgida parmea -ae f (round) shield
parma” dea inquit “est similis
speculo. In speculo istud monstrum specul-um -i n mirror
sine periculo vidére poteris.
Medisa autem té in saxum miutare
non poterit, quia faciem eius tan- tantummodo adv only
tummodo in speculd spectabis.”

Vv
Plats Persed galeam magicam gale-a -ae f helmet
dedit. “St hanc galeam magicam
gerés, tt: omnibus invisibilis eris.”

Infinitive 83
 VI
Perseus dona dedrum induit et per _indu-6 -ére -1 indiitus to put on
aérem volavit ad ea loca ubi aéraéris mair
Medisa cum sorodribus duabus
habitabat. Perseus per suam par-
mam monstrum spectare potuit, et
gladio magico Medtisam sine
periculo occidit et caput eiusin péra _ para -ae f bag
magica posuit.

VII
Hoc modo Perseus caput Medtsae
in régiam tuto reportavit. Perseus _ tato adv safely reportare to bring back
régi dixit sé Meditisam occidisse.
Rex Polydectés caput avidé avidé eagerly
spectaére voluit. Sine mora faciés mor-a -ae f delay
Medisae régem in saxum mitavit.
Mater et filius féliciter semper féliciter adv happily
postea vixerunt. Viv-0 -ére vixi victum to live

N. Suntne hae sententiae vérae an falsae?

. Medisa duas sororés habébat.

. Media corpus pulchrum numquam habuit.
. Trés Gorgonés serpentés in locum comae habébant.
Be
wN . Omnés qui faciem Mediisae spectavérunt, in saxum miitati
sunt.
Ol . Omnés potentiam Medisae timébant.

II . Pater Persei erat deus.

. Mater Persel autem dea non erat.
. Polydectés in régia Persei habitabat.
‘Oo
OD
CON. Réxiussit Perseum Mediisam necare.
10. Medusa non procul ab régia habitabat.

Il 11. Perseus mandatis Polydectae parére voluit.

12, Mater Perseo gladium magicum dedit.
13, “Hoc gladio” inquit mater, “Medisam certo occidés.”

84 Chapter 5. The Story of Medusa

 14. Mercurius Perse sandalia sine lis dedit.
1S: Perseus sandaliis alatis per caelum volare potuit.

IV 16. Minerva Persed speculum dedit sed nillam parmam.

We Minerva dixit Perseum Medisam sine periculd occistrum esse.

V 18. Per galeam magicam Perseus omnibus invisibilis erat.

VI 19. Perseus dona dedrum Medisae dedit.

20. Medisa per aérem ad Perseum volavit.
21. Perseus Mediisam gladio magico occidit.
22. Perseus caput Medisae in galea magica posuit.

VII 23. Perseus caput Medisae ad régiam Polydectae tulit.

24. Réx faciem Medisae spectavit et sine mora occisus est.

N. Complete the following analogies, based on grammar.

mutare miutavisse vivére eas

occidi occisus esse spectari nas
= induére gessisse gerére
ferre — dicére dictus esse
timuisse timére as parére
do dattrus esse peto =
nolle nOluisse =e voluisse
doctus esse : docéri captus esse : —_
Over
ol
Ce
sea
Tr sequi secuturus esse as loctitus esse
—So dimisisse =ien cépisse capére
i1. fero ferre syiuet® constituére
commoveri : commoturus esse :: —— sciturus esse

Infinitive 85
Participles; Ablative Absolute
Pandora’s Box

Dicunt volentemfata, ndlentem trahunt. Fate leads the willing;

it drags the unwilling. _

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I: am6 amare amavi amat-us -a -um to love

PRES. amans amantis _ loving [being loved]

PERF. [having loved] amat-us -a -um loved, having been loved
Fur: amatireus -a -um going to love [going to be loved]

II: habe6 habére habui habit-us -a -um to have

PRES. habéns habentis having [being had]
PERF. [having had] habit-us -a -um had, having been had
FUT. habitir-us -a -um going to have [going to be had]

III: mitt6 mittére misi miss-us -a -um to send

PRES. mitténs mittentis sending [being sent]
PERF. [having sent] miss-us -a -um sent, having been sent
FUT. mittir-us -a -um going to send [going to be sent]
SS ee SSSSSSSSSSSSsSsSss

86 Chapter 6. Pandora's Box

 III -id: capid capére cépi capt-us -a -um to take
PRES. capiéns capientis taking [being taken]
PERF. [having taken] capt-us -a -um taken, having been taken
Fut. captireus -a-um going to take [going to be taken]

IV: audio audire audivi audit-us -a -um to hear

PRES. audiéns audientis hearing [being heard]
PERF. [having heard] audit-us -a -um heard, having been heard
FUT. auditir-us -a —um going to hear [going to be heard]

e0 ire ivi or il itum to go

PRES. iéns euntis going
PERF. (having gone) itum est (impersonal) people went
FUT. ittreus -a -um going to go

NOTES
1) The brackets around the English meanings in the above table indi-
cate that there is no Latin counterpart for those English forms.

2) Latin lacks a present passive participle. In English we can say loving

as well as being loved. The Romans could say amAans loving, but they
could not say being loved. Notice in the above table that being loved is
placed in brackets because it has no counterpart in Latin.

3) Latin also lacks a perfect active participle. We can say, for instance,
having taught, having written, but the Romans simply did not have
those forms. The Romans got around that by using a perfect passive
participle in an “ablative absolute” construction, which will be
explained alittle later in this chapter.

In deponent verbs, the present and future participles have active forms
and meanings; the past participle is passive in form but active in mean-
ing. For example:
loquéns loquentis speaking
lociit-us -a -um having spoken
lociitir-us -a-um about to speak, intending to speak, going to speak

Participles; Ablative Absolute 87

 4) A participle is a verbal adjective and, like all adjectives, it agrees in
number, gender, and case with the noun or pronoun that it modifies.

5) The present participle is declined like a single-ending adjective of the

third declension. For example, amans loving can be masculine, femi-
nine, or neuter.

SINGULAR PLURAL

Masc. & FEM. NEUTER Masc. & FEM. NEUTER

Noo. amans amans amantés amantia
GEN. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amanti amanti amantibus amantibus
Acc. . amantem amans amantés amantia
ABL. amante amante amantibus amantibus

CR |.uses oF THE PARTICIPLE

1. The participle, such as amans amantis, like other adjectives, can have
degrees of comparison (amantior, amantissimus).

Example amantissima filiola Tullia [Cic.] my most loving little daughter Tullia

. The present participle can be used as a noun (amans amantis m/f lover).
The perfect passive participle can also be used as a noun, especially in
the neuter plural.

Examples Ineunti templum statua 4 dextra est. The statue is on your right as you
enter the temple (lit: to one entering the temple the statue is on the
right).
Eius facta omnibus nota sunt. His deeds are known to all.

. The participle is often equivalent to a subordinate adverbial clause.

Example Mendaci homini né vérum quidem dicenti crédimus. We do not

believe a liar even when he is speaking the truth.

88 Chapter 6. Pandora's Box

 4. The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part of a verb. The
perfect passive participle, e.g., amat-us -a -um, has three endings and is
declined like bon-us -a -um. We have seen in Chapter 26 of Book I that
the perfect passive participle plus the present tense of esse forms the
perfect passive tense, e.g., amat-us -a sum I was loved; and the perfect
passive participle, plus the imperfect tense of esse, forms the pluperfect
passive tense, e.g., amat-us -a eram I had been loved. So also the future
active participle, e.g., amatiireus -a -um, has three endings like bon-us
-a -um.

NOTE
The verb esse does not have a present participle. (The form éns entis,
which would be the present form, is used only as a neuter noun, mean-
ing “a being,” and so you need not concern yourself about it. The future
active participle is futiir-us -a -um.

In English we can form the present progressive to express what is

going on at the present by means of a helping verb and participle, e.g.,
“T am listening”; the Latin present participle is never used in this way.
However, a participle can be used as an adjective.

Examples Gallia est omnis divisa in partés trés [Caes.] All of Gaul is divided
into three parts.
locus qui nunc saeptus est [Liv.] the place which is now enclosed

In English the participle comes at the beginning of its phrase. In Latin the
ort :
Word ORDER participle comes at the end of its phrase.
NN
The slave, fearing his cruel master, ran away.
Servus, dominum cridélem timéns, figit.
Induced by love for Thisbe, Pyramus met her secretly outside the city.
Amore Thisbés adductus, Pyramus eam extra urbem clam convénit.

If we were to use the Latin word order in English, it would sound like this:

The slave, his cruel master fearing, ran away.

By love for Thisbe induced, Pyramus her outside the city secretly met.

Participles; Ablative Absolute 89

 A. To get used to the Latin word order of the participial phrase, you will
now have some practice in putting the English word order into the Latin
word order; but put only the participial phrases into Latin word order.
Pick out the participial phrase. Do not translate.

Example English word order: I saw the cooks working in the kitchen.
Latin word order: I saw the cooks in the kitchen working.

In the first sentence, the participle is working and the whole particip-
ial phrase is working in the kitchen.

Example English word order: Induced by greed for power, Amulius

dethroned his brother Numitor.
Latin word order: By greed for power induced, Amulius
dethroned his brother Numitor.

In the first sentence, the participle is induced; and the whole particip-
ial phrase is induced by greed for power.

= . [heard Cicero delivering a brilliant speech in the forum.

2. Tarquinius Superbus, expelled from the city by his enemies, fled to

Lars Porsenna.
3. The patrician class, respected by the common citizens, controlled the
highest offices.
4. The plebeian class, consisting of poor free-born citizens, gradually
gained political power.
5. Young patrician boys, accompanied by their fathers, attended senate
sessions.
6. The most powerful body in Rome was the senate, consisting of 500
members.
7. Having served their term of office in Rome, magistrates went to
serve in the provinces.
8. Itis hard to see how two consuls, having veto-power over each other,
ever got anything done.

- In the following sentences, pick out the participle and then identify the
noun it modifies. Then indicate in what case the participle should be.
Also make a mental note of what the word order of the participial
phrase would be in Latin. Do not translate. And in the process, learn a
little bit about Roman government.

90 Chapter 6. Pandora's Box

Example Romulus is said to have created the senate, consisting of one hundred
elder citizens.

In this sentence the participle is “consisting” and the noun that it

modifies is “senate”. Since “senate” will be in the accusative case, the
participle “consisting” will also be in the accusative case.

The senate normally met in the curia, located in the forum.

Elected by the Roman people, the two consuls took office on January 1.
Twenty quaestors, elected annually for one year, served as treasurers.
btThe tribunes of the people had the right to veto any action taken by
a
a magistrate.
A dictator, chosen in case of an emergency, held supreme power for
at most six months.
S Oppressed by the patricians, the plebeians staged a sit-down strike.
Law and order was the responsibility of the four aediles, elected
annually.
Eight praetors, serving as judges in court, were elected for one-year
terms.

. Translate the following phrases into Latin. Be sure to make the present
participle agree with the noun in number, gender, and case. The verb to
be used is given in parentheses.

Example | (err-6 -are) with roaming animals cum errantibus animalibus

(fluo -ére) running water (acc)

(amo -are) with a loving mother
(subrid-ed -ére) by a smiling boy
(concurr-6 -ére) toward the gathering senators
(vag-id -ire) to a weeping sister (dat)
(sequ-or -1) in the following year
(fug-id -ére) on account of a fleeing slave
(immin-e6 -ére) the approaching storms (tempest-as -atis f )(nom)
BO
SO
RS
TAS
OO: (viv-6 -ére) without living parents
(appropinqu:6 -are) the approaching enemy (acc, pl. in Latin)
(ed, ire) with senators going to the forum
oS
Nr
Se. (scrib-d -ére) the name of the man writing a letter

Participles; Ablative Absolute 91

 D. Each of the following phrases contains a perfect passive participle (the
fourth principal part of a verb). Translate the phrases, making sure that
the participle agrees with its noun in number, gender, and case. The
verb to be used is given in parentheses. Remember to use the proper
Latin word order.

Example | in books read by many children in libris 4 multis liberis léctis

(@duc-d -are -Avi -atus) children raised in the city (acc)

(col-6 -ére -ui cultus) gods worshiped in temples (acc)
(culp-6 -are -Avi -atus) with children blamed by their friends
. (doc-ed -ére -ui -tus) for students taught by my teacher (dat)
(oppugn:6 -are -avi -atus) in towns attacked by the Etruscans
RON
AI (expell-6 -ére -expuli expulsus) because of kings driven out by the
people
. (con-do -dére -didi -ditus) in the city founded by Romulus
. (par-d -are -avi -atus) dinners prepared by the best cook (nom)
. (s@greg-0 -are -avi -atus) lovers kept apart by their parents (nom)
N . (accipsid
i Oo
oO
© -ére -accépi acceptus) a mural crown received by
Coriolanus (acc)

E. Translate the English participial phrases into Latin. Make sure that the
participle agrees with the noun it modifies in number, gender, and case.
And observe the Latin word order. The verb from which the participle
is to be formed is provided.

le (sed-ed -ére) Hospités sitting in the garden spectabam.

2 (ascend-o -ére) Dux coronam miralem militi climbing the enemy’s
wall dedit.
. (vag-id -Ire) Faustulus Romulum et Remum crying on the bank of the
river audivit.
> . (expell-6 -ére) Numitor, driven out by his brother, rari dit: habitabat.
. (agit-O -are) Apollo filium, driving the chariot of the sun, admonuit.
. (discumb-0 -ére) Servi cibum apponébant hospitibus reclining in the
dining room.
. (sto stare) Leo appropinquavit ad Androclén standing in the Circus
Maximus.
. (addticd -8re) Induced by hope of victory, Graect Troiam oppug-
navérunt.
9: (habit-O -are) Dei, dwelling on Mount Olympus, totum orbem
terrarum vident.
10. (hab-e6 -ére) Cerberus, having three heads, ianuam Tartari custodit.
EEN RRDEEReeemenmemeereemmmeemmeenmmmeeneneee ene eee ee

92 Chapter 6. Pandora’s Box

 5. The future active participle is formed by adding -ir-us -a -um to the
fourth principal part of a verb after dropping off the ending -us. The
future active participle, plus a form of esse, forms an alternate form of
the future tense. This construction is called the periphrastic conjuga-
tion. (The word “periphrastic” comes from the Greek, meaning
“roundabout phrase.”) We will hear more about the periphrastic conju-
gation in a later chapter.

Example Illam scholam frequentabo. I shall attend that school.

Illam scholam frequentirus (-a) sum. I am going to attend that school.
or Iam about to attend that school.

The future active participle can also be used with past tenses of esse.

Example Illam scholam frequentirus (-a) eram. I was going to attend that
school.

F. Provide the alternate future form for the verb in the sentence, keeping
the same person and number. It would be a good idea to review the reg-
ular future forms in Chapters 20 and 21 of Book I.

. Claudia epistulam ad amicam suam scribet.

. Parentés mei in urbe Roma habitabunt.
Magistra nos Latiné docebit.
. Discipuli Latiné scribent.
Ego librum in tablino legam.
. Familia mea lararium in atrio habebit.
. Faustulus et Larentia geminos éducabunt.
. Omnés Romani pacem habébunt.
OCNAORWNR
. Sl terram semper illtiminabit.
. Ego et pater in atrium ibimus.
. Servae cibum ex culina ferent.
. Vos iter in Etrtiriam faciétis.
. Iuppiter Mercurium ad Aenéan mittet.
. Cerberus ianuam Tartari custOdiet.
. Quando dénique, Clodi, ex urbe ibis?
CO . Phyllis, quando
RPP
PPR
PY
wonder
OO
Nor in Subiram ibis?

Participles; Ablative Absolute 93

 The ablative absolute construction consists of two words in the ablative
case, most frequently a noun and aparticiple, although, as we will see,
sometimes it may consist of two other words in the ablative case. The con-
struction is grammatically independent (and therefore “absolute”), that is,
it is not connected to the rest of the sentence by some conjunction. The term
“absolute” here means “independent” or “free.” It is equivalent to an
adverbial clause.
In English the “absolute” construction rarely occurs. English grammars
call it the “nominative absolute.” Here are a few typical examples:

Weather permitting, the ball game will begin at the usual time.
God willing, we will complete the project on time.
A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right
of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Look at this sentence:

Example Finitd Punico bello, Romani legatds ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti régem,

miserunt. [Eutrop.] The Punic War having been ended, the Romans
sent ambassadors to Ptolemy, king of Egypt.

In this sentence the ablative absolute is finité Pinicd belld. The ablative
absolute can be translated in various ways as adverbial clauses. Here it
could be translated: when (or after) the Punic War had been ended. It shows the
time when the action of the main verb took place. Sometimes the ablative
absolute shows cause, giving the reason for the action of the main verb. The
noun or pronoun in the ablative absolute will always be different from the
subject or object of the main clause.

Example Cibo déficiente, Saguntini sé Hannibali dédérunt. Because food was

running out, the people of Saguntum surrendered to Hannibal

The ablative absolute may consist of any one of several combinations of

words:

1) Noun and participle:

Example Interfecto Caesare, civilia bella reparata sunt. [Eutrop.] After Caesar
had been killed, civil wars were renewed.

94 Chapter 6. Pandora’s Box

 2) Adjective and noun:
Example Vivo Caesare, rés piiblica salva erat. [Eutrop.] While Caesar was alive,
the country was safe.

3) Two nouns:
Example L. Aemilid consule, ingentés Gall6rum codpiae Alpés transiérunt.
[Eutrop.] During the consulship of Lucius Aemilius, huge hordes of
Gauls crossed the Alps.

4) Pronoun and participle:

Example His imperantibus, millésimus annus Romae urbis celebratus est.

[Eutrop.] While these (Philip and his son) were reigning, the thou-
sandth (anniversary) year of the city of Rome was celebrated.

5) Pronoun and noun:

Example EO consule, Romani multa proelia commisérunt. While he was con-
sul, the Romans fought many battles.

The ablative absolute generally comes at the beginning of a sentence.

Worp ORDER Generally, the noun or pronoun is placed first, followed by the participle;
lee
fe ft a4
‘I WLI
however, as in the first example above, the order can be reversed, with the
participle coming first.
The ablative absolute with a perfect passive participle occurs so often in
Latin because Latin, unlike English, had no perfect active participle. Look
at the following sentence:

Example Bellis tots orbe coénfectis, Octavianus Augustus RoOmam rediit.

[Eutrop.] Having ended the wars all over the world, Octavian
Augustus returned to Rome. (lit: The wars all over the world having

If the Romans had hada perfect active participle, such as “having ended,”
they would have used it in this instance and then the construction in Latin
and English would be the same.

Participles; Ablative Absolute 95

 G. Join the two sentences by changing the first sentence to an ablative
absolute.

Example Nova urbs condita est. Romulus réx primus factus est.
A new city was founded. Romulus was made the first king.
Nova urbe condita, Romulus réx primus factus est.
A new city having been founded, Romulus was made the first king.

Numa Pompilius mortuus est. Tullus Hostilius réx creatus est.

jean

2. Bovés ex agris Romanis Albanisque 4cti sunt. Bellum utrimque

parabatur.
3. Castra Albana prope Romam locata sunt. Tullus exercitum ex urbe
édixit.
4. Legati ab rege Albano missi sunt. Consilium pacis propositum est.
5. Trigemini Albani et Romani dimicant. ole exercitus utrimque
considit.
6. Duo trigemini Romani occisi sunt. Milités Albani magno cum gaudio
conclamant.
7. Trés trigemini Albani vulnerati sunt. Exercitus Romanus invicem
conclamat.
8. Ultimus trigeminus Albanus necatus est. Horatius victor Romam
rediit.
9. Paltidamentum ab sorGré cognitum est. Horatius iratus erat.
10. Gladius strictus est. Horatius sor6rem necavit.
11. Frater ob id facinus in its raptus est. Tullus Hostilius nolébat esse
auctor itdicil.
12. Concilium populi deinde advocatum est. Réx Tullus Hostilius
duumviros creavit.
13. Horatius 4 duoviris non absolitus est. Lictor mantis alligavit.
14. Hominés in itdicio precibus patris moti sunt. Horatius dénique
absoliitus est.

NOTE
The perfect passive participle is the most frequently used participle in
an ablative absolute and expresses an action that is prior to the action
of the main verb. The following examples will make it clear that the
ablative absolute stands for an adverbial clause.

96 Chapter 6. Pandora’s Box

Examples Postquam Atalanta iuvenem vicit, spectatdrés conclamavérunt.
Postquam iuvenis ab Atalanta victus est, spectatdrés conclamavérunt.
Iuvene ab Atalanta victo, spectatdrés conclamavérunt.
After Atalanta defeated the young man, the spectators shouted together.
Quia Albani R6mAanids bovés abdiixerant, Hostilius bellum déclaravit.
Quia bovés Romani ab Albanis abducti erant, Hostilius bellum
déclaravit.
Bobus Romanis ab Albanis abductis, Hostilius bellum déclaravit.
Because the Albans had rustled Roman cattle, Hostilius declared war.

Ubi Faustulus geminGs invénit, lupa statim figit.

Ubi gemini 4 Faustul6 inventi sunt, lupa statim figit.
Geminis a Faustulo inventis, lupa statim figit.
When Faustulus discovered the twins, the wolf immediately ran away.

. Using the above models, first convert the adverbial subordinate clause
from active to passive, and then convert the latter to an ablative
absolute. The main clause remains unchanged.

1. Ut Horatius tertium Albanum necavit, omnés Romani gaudébant

(rejoiced).
2. Quamquam Atalanta multds puerds vicerat, Hippomenés hdc
éventii non déterritus est.
3. Postquam multi competitdrés vitas suas perdidérunt, Hippomenés
Venerem auxilium rogavit.
4. Ubi luppiter et Mercurius casam vidérunt, PhilémOn ianuam libenter
aperuit.
5. Postquam Iuppiter senem et anum in montem dixit, omnia in aqua
submersa sunt.

The present participle active in an ablative absolute indicates action that

is going on at the same time as that of the main verb. Change the fol-
lowing subordinate adverbial clauses to ablatives absolute.

Example Dum Coriolanus exercitum dicit, Volsci vict6rés erant.

Coriolan6 exercitum dicente, Volsci vict6rés erant.
While Coriolanus commanded the army, the Volsci were victorious.

1. Quia Romulus mirum aedificat, urbs est salva (safe).

2. Ut Iuppiter et Mercurius adveniunt, PhilémOn ianuam aperit.
3. Dum senex cum deis loquitur, anus cibum coquit.

Participles; Ablative Absolute 97

 4. Quamquam senex et anus paucissima habent, hospités tamen
benigné accipiuntur.
5. Dum Iuppiter viam in montem monstrat, Baucis et Philemon sequ-
untur.

J. Although all the above examples of the ablative absolute dealt with
nouns (third person), the ablative absolute is not restricted to the third
person. Using the present participle, express the thought of the subordi-
nate clause by an ablative absolute in which pronouns of the first and
second person occur.

Cum ego doled, amici mei non laeti sunt.

Si tt amicds amittis, ego doled.
Si ego té adiuvabo, omnia difficilia erunt facilidra.
Si vos mé adiuvabitis, parentés mei gaudébunt.
ae Dum nOs vivimus, vita numquam sine periculis est.
OU

K. It was stated earlier that the noun or pronoun in the ablative absolute
may not express the same person or thing as another noun or pronoun
that appears in the main clause. Explain why the ablative absolute can-
not be used in place of the subordinate clause in the following sentences.

1. Quamquam Apollo Dianam sordrem amat, eam non semper

protegére potest.
2. Quamquam Curiatii bene pugnavérunt, victérés tamen non erant.
2 Postquam Aenéas Carthagine discessit, in Italiam navigavit.
4. Quia Perseus Medtisam per fulgidam parmam aspexit, in saxum non
mutatus est.
5. Quia Numa Pompilius bene régnavit, populus eum valdé amavit.

N= read the fascinating story of Pandora, in which you will

encounter the use of the ablative absolute construction. Two broth-
ers appear in the story: Prometheus (which means “forethought”)
and Epimetheus (which means “afterthought).” By discovering fire,
Prometheus started mankind on its way to technology and civilization. The
gods are depicted as having jealously guarded the secret of fire.

When Prometheus stole fire from heaven, Zeus (Jupiter) in revenge had
Hephaestus (Vulcan) form a woman out of clay. Because the various gods
endowed her with gifts, such as beauty, charm, and cleverness, she was
called Pandora, or All-gifted; but Zeus designed to use those very powers

98 Chapter 6. Pandora's Box

to bring misery on the whole human race. Hermes (Mercury) brought her
down to earth and gave her to Epimetheus, who was so struck with her
beauty that he married her, forgetting the warning of his brother
Prometheus never to accept any present from the gods. Pandora brought
with her from heaven a mysterious box to give to Epimetheus. What hap-
pened then is the subject of this story.

I
Prima omnium féminarum erat
Pandora, significans Graecé “omnia significare to mean Graecé adv in Greek
dona.” Nam multi dei Pandorae nam conj for don-um -in gift red-dd
dona dedérunt. Venus Pandoram -dére -didi -ditus to make venust-us -a
pulchram et venustam reddidit. -um charming
Mercurius eam _ callidam_ et callid-us -a -um clever
curidsam reddidit, et eam dé caeld curids-us -a -um curious
déduxit; ibi Pandoram Epimétheo
in matrimonium dedit. Iuppiter
autem iratus erat quia Prométheus, Irat-us -a -um angry
Epiméthei frater, olim ignem ex ign-is -is m fire
caelo surripuerat. surrip-i6 -ére -ui -reptus to steal

II
Nunc luppiter ultionem petére ulti-d -dnis f revenge
voluit. Itaque Pandorae dederat
arcam in qua omnia mala humana arcea -ae f box mal-um -in evil
incliserat, dicéns: “Da hanc arcam incla-d6 -dére -si -sus to enclose, shut in
maritd tud; sed ta ipsa noli aperire aper-i0 -ire -ul -tus to open
arcam; nam magnum sécrétum in sécrét-um -1 7 secret
arca est, quod totum orbem orb-is -is m terrarum the earth, world
terrarum miitare potest.” His verbis
dictis, Iuppiter arcam ei dedit. Arca
accepta, Pandora ad maritum,
Epimétheum, festinavit et arcam ei festinare to rush, hurry ostend-6 -ére -1
ostendit, dicéns “Haec mirabilis osténsus to show mirabil-is -is -e won-
arca mihi 4 love ipso data est. derful
Numquam arcam aperi!”

Participles; Ablative Absolute 99

Pandora opening the box

100 Chapter 6. Pandora's Box

 Ill
Arca libenter accepta, Epimétheus libenter adv gladly
gratias pulchrae Pandorae dedit.
Epimétheus arcam in cubiculd
concélavit. Arca sub _ lectuld conceélare to hide, conceal lectul-us -i m
concelata, Epimétheus foras ivit, bed foras adv outside
ubi cum fratre Prométheo fabulatus fabul-or -ari -atus sum to chat
est, nihil autem dicéns dé arca in
cubiculd concélata.

IV
Mox Pandora cubiculum intravit.
Pandora non sdlum pulchra et
venusta erat sed etiam ciridsissima. quaer-0 -ére quaesivi quaesitus to search
Itaque ubique arcam quaesivit. for inven-i6 -ire invéni inventus to find,
Arca inventa, Pandora dona Iovis discover cupi-6 -ére -ivi -itus to desire
vidére cupivit. Dia haesitavit. haesitare to hesitate
Dénique ciridsitas Panddoram superare to overcome, get the better of
superavit. Arca aperta, subitd alium alium malum ex ali6 one evil after anoth-
malum ex alid évolavit. Morbus, er évolare to fly out morb-us -1 m disease
paupertas, avaritia, invidia, odium paupert-as -atis f poverty avariti-a -ae f
per terras volabant. Pandora territa greed invidiea -ae f jealousy odi-um -in
arcam cito clausit. hatred territus -a -um_ frightened
claued6 -dére -si -sus to close

V
Arca clausa, Pandora audivit dé
caeld vocem, dicentem: “Aperi
iterum arcam. Magnum donum ibi
inveniés.” His verbis auditis,
Pandora treméns arcam aperuit. trem-0 -ére -ui to tremble
Arca aperta, donum optimum
dedrum, spés, évolavit et corda cor cordeis n heart
omnium hominum complevit. compl-e6 -ére -évi -étus to fill

Participles; Ablative Absolute 101

 L. Answer in English the following questions based on the story of
Pandora.

What does the name Pandora mean?

Which goddess made her beautiful and charming?
Which god made her clever and curious?
. Which quality caused her trouble?
TRONS
Who was Pandora’s husband?

II Why did Jupiter want to seek revenge?

. What had Jupiter put into the box given to Pandora?
What was she to do with the box?
What did he instruct her not to do?
. What was actually in the box?
. According to Jupiter, what could the contents of the box do?

. What did Epimetheus do with the box? |

. What did Epimetheus then do?
. What did not come up in the conversation?

. What did Pandora do when she entered the bedroom?

. Why did she hesitate to open the box?
. What happened when she opened the box?

. What caused Pandora to open the box again?

. What was the only thing still in the box?
. In what way is Pandora similar to Eve?

M. Improve your English spelling. English spelling mistakes are often

made because of the confusion between words that end in -ant and
-ent. Latin can offer help here. Words derived from the first conjugation
will end in -ant, since the base of a Latin present participle of the first
conjugation is -ant. Words derived from verbs of the other conjugations
will end in -ent.
ENGLISH
Examples VERB PARTICIPLE BASE DERIVATIVE
I. immigrare immigrans immigrantis immigrant- immigrant
II. ardére ardéns ardentis ardent- ardent
III. régére régéns régentis régent- regent
III-io. recipére —_—recipiéns recipientis recipient- —_—recipient
IV. convenire conveniéns convenientis convenient- convenient

102 Chapter 6. Pandora’s Box

 Following the same pattern, show how to arrive at the correctly spelled
English derivative.

1. abundare to abound 14. urgére to urge

2. resonare to resound 15. agére to do, act
3. significare to signify 16. crescére to grow bigger
4. abhorrére to shrink back 17. currére to run
5. absorbére to swallow 18. fluére to flow
6. détergére to wipe away 19. intelligére to understand
7. déterrére to frighten away 20. tangére to touch
8. silére to be quiet 21. repellére to drive back
9. studére to study 22. rodére to gnaw
10. adhaerére to stick to 23. serpére to crawl
11. @minére to stand out 24. solvére to loosen
12. fervére to boil, glow 25. persistére to persist
13. indulgére to indulge

N. English nouns ending in -ance and -ence follow the same pattern. For
example, the Latin verb importare gives us the adjective important
(spelled, of course, with an a) and the noun importance, also spelled with
an a. The Latin verb déterrére gives us the adjective deterrent (spelled, of
course, with an e) and the noun deterrence.
Following this pattern, provide the English nouns associated with the
following verbs.

Example | toleradre tolerance

1. abundare 5. deterrére 8. éminére

2. émergére 6. confidére 9. indulgére
3. influére 7. significare 10. resonare
4. abhorrére

NOTE
There are a few exceptions to this general pattern. For example, depen-
dent as a noun may also be spelled dependant, as in the sentence He has
three dependants. On the other hand, dependent, spelled with a final e, is
an adjective, as in the sentence He is still dependent on his parents. So also
the nouns defendant and resistant, although derived from verbs of the
third conjugation, are spelled with a final a. Every language has its
quirks.

Participles; Ablative Absolute 103

 O. English adjectives ending in -able and -ible can cause difficulty. Here
again, Latin can help. These adjectives follow the same pattern that was
shown above with adjectives ending in -ant and -ent, that is, adjectives
coming from verbs of the first conjugation will end in -able, and adjec-
tives coming from the other conjugations will end in -ible.
Provide the English adjectives associated with the following Latin
verbs. Indicate the conjugation of the verbs.

Example CONJUGATION ENGLISH SPELLING

tolerare to tolerate I tolerable
1. comparare to compare 7. legére to read
2. visére to see 8. edére to eat
3. vulnerare to wound 9. audire to hear
4. resistére to resist 10. tangére to touch
5. culpare to blame 11. terrére to frighten
6. curare to cure 12. portare to carry

NOTE
There are a few exceptions to this pattern. For example, removable comes
from a verb of the second conjugation, movére, and so one would
expect the adjective to end in -ible, but, as you know, it doesn’t. But
knowing the typical pattern will still prove helpful.

104 Chapter 6. Pandora’s Box

Present Subjunctive
The Story of Proserpina

_Sit modus in omnibus. Let there be moderation in everything. _

ie

amo amare habeo habére mitt mittére capiO capére audio audire
amavi amatus habui habitus misi missus cépi captus audivi auditus
to love to have to send to take to hear

amem habeam mittam capiam audiam

amés habeas mittas capias audias
amet habeat mittat capiat audiat
amémus habeamus mittamus capiamus audiamus
amétis habeatis mittatis capiatis audiatis
ament habeant mittant capiant audiant

amer habear mittar capiar audiar

améris habearis mittaris capiaris audiaris
amétur habeatur mittatur capiatur audiatur
amémur habeamur mittamur capiamur audiamur
amémini habeamini mittamini capiamini audiamini
amentur habeantur mittantur capiantur audiantur

Present Subjunctive 105

 NOTES
1) THE SUBJUNCTIVE Moon: The term “mood” is used to describe the way
in which a verb functions in a sentence. The term “mode” (way, man-
ner) would really be more appropriate and more descriptive, but
“mood” has now become established. You have studied the indica-
tive and imperative moods. The subjunctive mood has four tenses:
present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect, and two voices: active
and passive. Notice that there is no future subjunctive because the
subjunctive is based on future uncertainty. We will deal only with
the present subjunctive, active and passive, in this chapter.

2) To form the present subjunctive, you have to change the vowel in the
present stem. Notice that the -a of the first conjugation becomes -e;
the -e of the second conjugation becomes -ea, the -i of the third con-
jugation becomes -a, and the -i of the third -i6 and of the fourth
conjugation becomes -ia. Perhaps you will remember them more eas-
ily if you recall the old memnonic: “we beat a liar.” If you have
learned the indicative forms thoroughly, you will easily spot the sub-
junctive forms.

3) Just as the indicative of sum (and possum) is irregular, so is the sub-

junctive. Volo, nolo and e6 are also irregular in the subjunctive.

sum esse possum posse _ fero ferre volo velle ndld ndlle eO ire ivi
ful futirus _ potui tull latus volui nolui or il ittirus
to be to be able to bring, bear to want not to want to go
a ae ee ee ee
sim possim feram velim nolim eam
sis possis feras velis nolis eas
sit possit ferat velit nolit eat
simus possimus feramus velimus nolimus eamus
sitis possitis feratis velitis nolitis eatis
sint possint ferant velint nolint eant
eee

106 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 I. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

The subjunctive occurs much more frequently in Latin than in English. In

fact, the independent use of the subjunctive has almost disappeared from
the English language. It survives in a few phrases, such as “God be with
you.” “Be it ever so humble.” “So be it.” Also in sentences such as, “I
demand that you be on time tomorrow.” Mostly in English we add an aux-
iliary verb such as would, should, may, might in place of the subjunctive form
of the verb.

On the other hand, in Latin the subjunctive is used in both independent

and dependent clauses. It is used in an independent clause to express a
wish, possibility, exhortation, or mild command. The uses are classified as
follows:

1. OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE, to express a wish (The term “optative” comes

from the verb optd optare optavi optatus to wish).

Examples Ita mé di iuvent! [Cic.] So help me heaven! (lit: So may the gods help
me!)

2. POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE, to express a possibility.

Examples Dicat aliquis aliter. Someone may say otherwise.

Sic rés sé habeant. [Cic.] That may be the situation.

3. HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE to express an exhortation or encouragement

or urgent appeal.(The term “hortatory” comes from the verb hortor
hortari hortatus sum (dep) to exhort, encourage). This use is confined to
the first person plural of the present tense. The negative is né.

Examples Eamus. Let us go (let’s go).

Amémus patriam. [Cic.] Let us love our country.
Hos latronés interficiamus. [Caes.] Let us kill these robbers.
Né déspérémus. Let us not despair.
Né difficilia opt@mus. Let us not wish for difficulties.

Present Subjunctive 107

 A. Translate the following sentences into Latin, using the hortatory sub-
junctive.

Let us love our parents.

Let us stay at home today.
Let us not fear the enemy.
Let us learn Latin.
Ci
6a Let us defend our country.

4. JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE, to express a mild command: The jussive subjunc-

tive is used most frequently in the third person singular or plural of the
present tense. (The term “jussive” comes from the verb iubed iubére
iussi iussus to order, bid.)

Examples Finis sit. [Cic.] Let there be an end to it.

Sécédant improbi. Let the scoundrels depart.

It occurs less frequently in the second person:

Examples Doceas iter. [Virg.] Show (us) the way.

Modesté vivas. Live modestly.

5. DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE, to express a doubt in the form of a rhetori-

cal question; no answer is expected. The negative is non.

Examples Quid faciam? [Cic.] What am I to do? or What should I do?

Quod mé vertam? [Cic.] Which way should I turn?
Quid dicam? [Cic.] What am I to say?
Hunc ego non diligam? Should I not be fond of this man?

6. PROHIBITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE is used in the second and third persons sin-

gular and plural with né to express a prohibition, that is, a negative
command. The prohibitive subjunctive, introduced by né or cavé or
cavé né, is simply a more polite form of command. This use of the sub-

108 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 junctive might also be called a negative jussive subjunctive. The perfect
subjunctive is used at times in place of the present without any real dif-
ference.

Examples Né repugnétis. [Cic.] Do not resist!

Cavé festinés. [Cic.] Mind you don’t rush!
Audax cavé sis. [Catul.] Don’t you be brash!
Hoc né féceris. [Cic.] Do not do this!

B. You have seen earlier that the negative imperative is formed with noli
(pl: nolite) and the infinitive. Change the following negative imperatives
into the prohibitive subjunctive.

Example | Noli timére. Né timeas. Cavé timeas. Do not fear.

. Noli arcam aperire.

. Nolite in arcam inspectare.
. Noli dare Pand6rae ciridsitatem.
. Noli inclidére mala in arca.
FR
WN
oP . Noli hoc facére.

II. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES _

There are various dependent clauses in which Latin uses the subjunctive.

1. PURPOSE CLAUSES

Purpose clauses are introduced by the conjunction ut (in order that)

and né (in order that not, lest) with the verb in the subjunctive and are
used to express the purpose of the main verb. Sometimes a relative pro-
noun introduces a purpose clause with the verb in the subjunctive. As
in other relative clauses, the pronoun that introduces the purpose
clause agrees in gender and number with the antecedent, but its case is
determined by its use in the relative clause.

Present Subjunctive 109

 Examples Ut sint auxilid suis subsistunt. [Caes.] They halt in order to be of assis-
tance to their own men.
Hoc facit né competitor cOnsul ndminétur. He does this lest his oppo-
nent be named consul.
Mittitur Licius Décidius qui loci natiiram perspiciat. [Caes.] Lucius
Decidius is sent to look over the terrain.

In classical Latin an infinitive is not used to express purpose. However,

in English an infinitive is regularly used in this way and is often the
PITFALL best translation of a clause of purpose.

C. Convert the second sentence to a purpose clause, using ut for the posi-
tive and né for the negative purpose clause.

Examples Omnés Acriter pugnant. Patriam servant. All fight hard. They save
their country
Omnés acriter pugnant ut patriam servent. All fight hard to save their
country.

Romulus mitrum aedificat. Hostés urbem no6n intrant. Romulus

builds a wall. The enemy does not enter the city.
Romulus mirum aedificat né hostés urbem intrent. Romulus builds
a wall lest the enemy enter the city.

VOCABULARY
cognOsc-6 -ére cognOvi cognitus to find out
décip-id -ére décépi déceptus to deceive
gen-us -eris n himanum human race
ulti-d -dnis f revenge

Iuppiter Pandorae arcam dat. Eam décipit.

Iuppiter Pandorae arcam dat. Ultidnem petit.
Prométheus ignem surripit. Genus hamanum iuvat.
Prométheus ignem surripit. Genus hamanum ab malis liberat.
Pandora ad maritum festinat. Ei arcam ostendit.
eee

110 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 6. Epimétheus arcam in cubiculum portat. Ibi eam concélat.
7. Epimétheus nihil dé arca Prométhed dicit. Non eum terret.
8. Epimétheus arcam sub lectuld concélat. Pandora non eam videt.
9. Pandora cubiculum intrat. Arcam invenit.
10. Pandora arcam aperit. Quid in ea sit, cognoscit.
11. Pandora arcam iterum claudit. Mala non exeunt.
12. Dei spem in arca ponunt. Corda omnium hominum spé complent.

D. In the following sentences, substitute the relative pronoun in place of

the conjunction ut to introduce the purpose clause.

Examples Légati mittuntur ut pacem petant. Ambassadors are sent to ask for peace.
Légati mittuntur qui pacem petant. Ambassadors are sent to ask for
peace. (lit: who may ask for peace.)

Senatorés in ciriam veniunt ut Ciceronem audiant.

Prométheus in caelum volat ut ignem surripiat.
Faustulus Larentiam ad Tiberim mittit ut geminds inveniat.
Pater sororés in Subtram mittit ut novas stolas ibi emant.
ye
ot
Nar
ear Aenéas et Troiani trans mare navigant ut novam Troiam condant.

RESULT CLAUSES

Result clauses are usually introduced by the conjunction ut (that, so

that), and in the negative by ut non (so that not), and take the subjunc-
tive. The main clause often contains adverbs such as tam, ita, sic, ade6
(so) or adjectives such as tantus (so large, so great), talis (such a), tot (so
many). As soon as you see such words in the main clause, you can
expect a result clause to follow. The Latin verb in a result clause is trans-
lated as an English indicative.

Examples Iuppiter tam iratus est ut ultidnem velit. Jupiter is so angry that he
wants revenge.
Thisbé Pyramum sic amat ut non iram parentum timeat. Thisbe so
loves Pyramus that she does not fear the anger of her parents.
PandOra adeé ciri6sa est ut arcam avidé aperiat. Pandora is so curious
that she eagerly opens the box.
Tot hominés in atrium veniunt ut ndn locus omnibus sit. So many
people are coming into the atrium that there isn’t room for all.

Present Subjunctive 111

 Tanta cum virtite Horatius pugnat ut impetum hostium facilé
sustineat. Horatius fights with such courage that he easily stems the
attack of the enemy.

E. Complete the following sentences by changing the infinitive to the pre-

sent subjunctive. Be careful. In some of the sentences the passive form of
the verb is required.

VOCABULARY
aspic-id -ére aspexi aspectus to look at strepit-us -s m noise
délectat-us -a -um delighted terrific-us -a -um frightening
fess-us -a -um tired

Medisa tam terrifica est ut nem6 eam aspicére (posse).

Ego adeo fessus sum ut non studére (posse). ©
Phaéthon tam territus est ut ad régiam patris volare (ndlle).
Pandora Epimétheum sic amat ut arcam ei dare (velle).
Ego amicum meum adeo désidero ut litteras ad eum mittére (velle).
Augustus tam bonus imperator est ut ab omnibus civibus (amare).
Curia tam parva est ut oratid 4 Cicerdne in ford (habére).
Pandora tam ciriOsa est ut arca statim ab ea (aperire).
a Strepitus in foro tantus est ut Oratdrés non 4 populd (audire).
SS
Se
— = Ego dono tuo sic délectatus sum ut tibi gratias dare (velle).

3. CAUSAL CLAUSES

The conjunction cum, when it means “since,” takes the subjunctive.

Examples Quae cum ita sint Since this is so

Cum ad me nillas litteras mittas Since you send me no letter

F. Complete the following sentences by changing the infinitive to the prop-

er form of the present subjunctive of the verbs in the subordinate
clauses.

1. Cum Pandora Epimétheum (amare), ef arcam dat.

2. Cum Pandora ciiridsa (esse), arcam aperit.

112 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 vad Cum Polydectés faciem Medisae (.spectare), in saxum mitatur.
4. Cum Gorgonés serpentés locd comae (habére), hae sordrés terrent
omnés.
5. Cum Pliatd Persed galeam magicam (dare), Perseus omnibus
invisibilis vidétur.

4. ADVERSATIVE AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES

An adversative clause states that something is true in spite of some-

thing else. The adversative clause emphasizes the adversative (or
contrasting) idea and is introduced by the conjunction cum. The con-
junction cum, when it means “although,” takes the subjunctive in the
subordinate clause and is followed by the adverb tamen (nevertheless,
stil) in the main clause. It is this adverb tamen that reveals that cum has
the sense of “although.”

Examples Cum magistram meam amem, tamen eam timed. Although I love my
teacher, yet I fear her.
Cum discipuli Latiné legére possint, tamen hanc sententiam non
intellegunt. Although the students can read Latin, they don’t under-
stand this sentence.

The adversative clause is sometimes classed as a concessive clause.

Yet strictly speaking, the adversative clause doesn’t concede or grant
anything. Here is an example of a true concessive clause:

Sit fir, at est bonus imperator. Granted that he is a thief, yet he is a

good general.

Since various texts classify adversative clauses under concessive

clauses, we shall designate them as adversative/concessive clauses.

G. Complete the following sentences by changing the infinitive to the prop-

er form of the present subjunctive of the verbs in the “although”
subordinate clauses.

— Cum ad té multas epistulas (mittere), tamen numquam respondés.

poy Cum discipuli verba magistrae (audire), tamen ea non intellegunt.
3. Cum Perseus gladium magicum (capére), tamen magno in periculo
est.

Present Subjunctive 113

 4. Cum Gorgonés corpora pulchra (habére), tamen comae earum terri-
bilés sunt.
5. Cum Pandora arcam aperire (ndlle), tamen dé ea curiOsa est.
6. Cum vos dé Persed audire (posse), tamen eum vidére non potestis.
7. Cum ego et comités Proserpinam iuvare (velle), tamen non pos-
sumus.
8. Cum Horatius fortis (esse), tamen Micius Scaevola fortior est.

5. INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Now observe how Cicero used the subjunctive in indirect questions.

In English, we indicate the indirect question by changing the word
order of the direct question.

Examples Quod mé vertam, nescid. I don’t know where I should turn. (The direct
question would be: Where should I turn?)
Quid hostés, quid socil dé imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis
ign6rat? [Cic.] Who does not know what our enemies and allies think
of our generals?
Causa quae sit, vidétis: nunc, quid agam, considerate. [Cic.] You see
what the situation is; now consider what I should do.
Quid dé his cdgités, scire velim. [Cic.] I’d like to know what you think
of these matters.
Bibuli qui sit exitus futirus, nesci6. [Cic.] I don’t know what the out-
come of Bibulus is going to be.
Tu quid agas, quemadmodum té oblectés, cura ut sciam. [Cic.] Let me
know how you are doing, how you are entertaining yourself.
Quaeris quemadmodum mé geram. [Cic.] You ask how I am conduct-
ing myself.
Valdé aved scire, quid agas. [Cic.] I am dying to know (lit: Iam very
eager to know) how you are doing.

Notice that in each of Cicero’s sentences except the last two, the indirect
Worp ORDER
question precedes the main verb that introduces the indirect question,
whereas in English, the indirect question follows the verb that introduces it.
For instance, a Roman would say: “Where I should turn, I don’t know.”
Once you see enough examples, you will not be confused by the Latin word
order in indirect questions.

114 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 The following couplet by the young poet Catullus (86-54 B.c.) contains an
indirect question. (Notice the word order.) He expresses his feelings on
finding out that his girlfriend Lesbia had been cheating on him.

VOCABULARY
excruciare to torment, torture to death quaré why
fier] to happen requir-0 -ére requisivi requisitus to ask
fortasse adv perhaps sent-id -Ire sensi sénsus to feel

Odi et am6. Quaré id faciam, fortasse requiris.

Nesci6, sed fierl sentid id et excrucior.

H. In the following sentences, the direct question will be given, followed by

an introductory verb. Change the direct question to an indirect question
by changing the verb from the indicative to the subjunctive. Then try to
repeat the sentence orally without looking at the text. Notice the posi-
tion of est and sit in the following examples.

Example Quis est prima omnium féminarum? Nescio.

Quis prima omnium féminarum sit, nescid.

Quid nomen “Pandora” significat? NOs omnés scimus.

Quis est maritus PandGrae? Scio.
Quis deus ultionem petit? Scisne ta?
Quis deus arcam Pando6rae dat? Nescio.
Cur Pandora ad maritum festinat? Non intellego.
Ubi Epimétheus arcam concélat? Ego video.
Ubi Epimétheus arcam concélare vult? Nescio.
Cur Pandora arcam aperit? Non intellego.
ee Quae mala ex arca évolant? Bene scid.
eae
ee
St
Ne
fel= Cur ti Pandoram amas? Scis.

I. Pick out the grammatical misfit. The trick is to detect an indicative form
among subjunctives and a subjunctive form among indicatives. There
may even be a noun or adverb lurking among the verbs. You should eas-
ily recognize indicative forms by now and therefore recognize the
corresponding subjunctive forms. Give the reason for your choice.

Example intellegas rogas legas curras rogas

Reason: It is present indicative, while the others are subjunctive.

Present Subjunctive 115

 1. amétur habétur aedificétur observétur
2. habeat maneat creat videat
3. capiantur audiantur monstrantur mittantur
4. mittam audiam habeam arcam
5. sim velim statim possim
6. audids mittas amas capias
7. amet monstret habet ambulet
8. capiamus audiamus mittamus ramus
9. possit velit scribit nolit
10. simus velimus ndlimus audimus
11. amés monés culpés ambulés
12. postulant scribant discant legant
13. videatis accipiatis doceatis monstratis
14. surgent culpent applaudent accipient
15. capiatur audiatur niuntiatur inveniatur

THE STORY OF PROSERPINA

Ne read the sad story of Proserpina, a young, beautiful girl, daugh-

ter of Ceres, goddess of grain. (Our word cereal comes from Ceres,
specifically from cerealis, meaning “of Ceres, of grain”). As you
will see, she is kidnapped and taken by Pluto, the god of the realm of the
dead, to be his queen in the lower world. After her mother pleads for her
daughter, a compromise is reached: Proserpina will remain six months out
of every year in the lower world and six months in the upper world.

The meaning of the legend is obvious: Proserpina, who is carried off to

the lower world, represents the seed of grain that remains concealed in the
ground for part of the year; Proserpina, who returns to her mother Ceres, is
the grain that sprouts and rises from the ground and nourishes men and
animals. Later philosophical writers regarded the story of the disappear-
ance and return of Proserpina as symbolic of death and resurrection.

In the earlier Greek account, Demeter (Ceres) was regarded as the pro-
tectress of agriculture and of all the earth’s produce. As the daughter of
Cronos (Time) and Rhea (Earth), she was the sister of Zeus (Jupiter), by
whom she became the mother of Persephone (Proserpina). Zeus, without
telling Demeter, had promised Persephone to his brother Aidoneus (Pluto),
who carried her off to Hades (Orcus or Tartarus).

116 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

Pluto kidnaps Proserpina.

Present Subjunctive 117

 Olim Préserpina, puella pulchra et
innocéns, vérnds florés in prato vérn-us -a -um spring prat-um -i 1 mead-
carpébat; félix et séctira erat. Rex ow carp-6 -ére -si -tus to pick sécur-us -a
Plutd autem, qui tum maximé cur- -um carefree tum maximé just then
rum cum equis atris per agros curr-us -iis m chariot
Siciliae agébat, Proserpinam, filiam ag-o -ére égi actus to drive Cer-és -eris f
Cereris, cOnspexit. Statim réx régni Ceres régn-um -I 1 realm amare coepit
mortudrum puellam innocentem fell in love (lit: began to love) sédiic:6 -ére
amare coepit et eam sédiicére in sédiixi séductus to lead away cOnsti-tuo
régnum suum constituit. -tuére -tul -tiitus to decide

II
Sine mora Plato puellam infélicem Orc-us -1 m the lower world corrip-i6 -ére
sub terram in Orcum, régnum -ul correptus to grab, seize comees -itis
obscirum mortudrum, corripit. m/f companion plagi-um -in kidnapping
Neque mater neque comités plag- déhisc-6 -ére to form a crack, open up
ium vident. Tum terra déhiscit, et rapt-Or -Oris m abductor tenebros-us -a
raptor cum puella territa in tene- -um gloomy infer-us -a -um of the lower
brosum régnum inferum_ sé world, infernal sé immerg-O -ére
immergit. Iam Proserpina est régina immersi immersus (w. in + acc) to plunge
istius régni horribilis. (into) iam now

Ill
Sed régina est infélix et déiecta, déiect-us -a -um depressed
quod matrem et comités et hilarem hilar-is -is -e cheerful
lucem diéi vehementer désiderat. vehementer intensely, very much
Nalli florés in illo obsctird régno désiderare to miss
nascuntur. nasc-or -i natus sum to grow

IV
Interea mater maesta Prodserpinam interea adv meanwhile maest-us -a -um
ubique fristra quaerit. Terra ipsa sad, grieving fristra in vain
est maesta. Friagés in agris et poma frig-és -um fpl crops pomea -drum npl

118 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

in arboribus moriuntur. Nam Cerés, fruit nam conj for
dea agricultiirae, ob maestitiam
agriculttram neglegit et per totum
orbem terrarum errat, filiam
quaeréns. “Ubi filiola sit, nescid” _ filiol-a -ae f dear little daughter
inquit Céres; “quid faciam, nescid. —_inquit (she) says
Quis eam nunc habeat, scire velim.”
Et “ Quod mé vertam, nescid!” sé vert-O -ére -1 versus to turn
clamat misera mater.

J. Latiné respondé ad quaestidnés.

I 1. Ubi est Proserpina?

. Quid ibi facit?
. Estne Proserpina félix an infélix?
. Quis Proserpinam cOnspexit?
. Quid tum maximé Pluatd faciébat?
. In quo régno est Pluto réx?
FR
OF
NO
WN . Quid Platd cdnstituit facére?

II 8. Qtio (whereto) Plato Proserpinam sédicit?

9. Amatne Plato Proserpinam?
10. Quid est Orcus?
11. Quid est Prdserpina in régno inferd?

III 12. Estne Proserpina nunc félix an infelix?

13. Quid Préserpina désiderat?
14. Quid in Orcd non nascitur?

IV 15. Quid facit mater interea?

16. Quid nunc in agris non est?
17. Quid in arboribus non est?
18. Quid nunc Cerés neglegit?
19. Ubi errat mater maesta?
20. Quem quaerit Cerés?
21. Potestne mater filiam invenire?

Present Subjunctive 119

 The story continues:

Vv
Dénique Cerés dé Plitone et plagio
audit. Statim ad patrem suum,
Iovem, confugit. “Ubi filia mea sit, confug-id -ére configi to run for help
tt profecto scis,” inquit Cerés. profecto surely

VI
Iuppiter sic respondet: “Ubi Proser-
pina sit ego scilicet scid. Sed in scilicet of course
régnoO mortuOrum manére debet, cib-us -i m food gustare to taste
quia dé cibo Orci gustavit. Nam tal-is -is -e such pavid-us -a -um panic-
talis est lex dedrum.” Pavida mater stricken sé proic-i6 -ére proiéci proiectus
autem fléns sé ad pedés Iovis ad (+ acc) throw oneself at
proicit.

VII
luppiter ob Cereris lacrimas animi animeus -1 m mind, heart animi miutati-d
mutationem habet et cédit. -onis f change of heart céd-6 -ére cessi
“Annum ex aequd dividam,” cessirus to yield, give in ex aequo
inquit. “Per sex mé€nsés in terra equally
apud matrem habitabit, et per toti- apud (+ acc) with, at the home of toti-
dem ménsés cum Plitone vivet.” dem indecl adj just as many

Vill
Tum iterum laeta est faciés matris.
Aestate, dum Proserpina in terra aest-as -atis fsummer dum while
est, Cerés, dea fertilitatis,
hominibus fr&amentum abundans abundans -antis abundant
dat; hieme autem, dum Proserpina hiems hiem-is f winter
in Orco est, maesta Cerés largitatem largit-As -atis f bounty retin-eo -ére -ui
retinet. retentus to withhold

120 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

 K. Latiné respondé ad quaestidnés.

V_ 1. Ad quem Cerés confugit?

2. Quis est Cereris pater?

VI _ 3. Scitne Iuppiter ubi Prdserpina sit?

4. Cur Proserpina in Orcd manére debet?
5. Ad cuius pedés Préserpina sé proicit?

VII 6. Cur Iuppiter mitationem animi habet?

7. Quid Iuppiter dividit?
8. Quot ménsés in Gnd annd sunt?
9. Quomodo Iuppiter annum dividit?
10. Quam dit Proserpina in terra vivit?
11. Ubi Proserpina in altera parte anni vivit?

VIII 12. Estne mater nunc contenta?

13. Quid Cerés hdminibus in aestate dat?
14. Quo tempore anni Cerés largitatem suam retinet?

M. First identify the following. Then search for and find the words sug-
gested by the clues. Words may run horizontally, vertically, diagonally,
and even backward.

Present Subjunctive 121

 . He stole fire from heaven.
. The goddess of grain.
The husband of Pandora.
. He slew Medusa.
Kingdom of the lower world.
. Queen of the lower world.
. She brought all evils into the world.
. King of the lower world.
WNeE
SONATE
. The type of monster that Medusa was.
. The god who gave Perseus wings for his sandals.
. The goddess who gave Perseus a shiny shield.
. The container that held all the evils. (Latin)
. She turned people to stone.

P
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M
E
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wy
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moOoOK

122 Chapter 7. The Story of Proserpina

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses
The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud

Si vota equi essent, mendict equitarent, ifwisheswere horses,

beggars would ride. a

amo amare habeo habére mitt mittére capiO capére audio audire
amavi amatus habui habitus misiI missus cépi captus audivi auditus
to love to have to send to take to hear

amarem habérem mitterem caperem audirem

amarés habérés mitterés caperés audirés
amaret habéret mitteret caperet audiret
amaremus habérémus mitterémus caperemus audirémus
amarétis habérétis mitterétis caperétis audirétis
amarent habérent mitterent caperent audirent

amarer habérer mitterer caperer audirer

amaréris (-re) habéréris (-re) mitteréris (-re) caperéris (-re) audiréris (-re)
amaréetur | habérétur mitterétur caperétur audirétur

amarémur habérémur mitterémur caperémur audirémur

amarémini habérémini mitterémini caperémini audirémini
amarentur habérentur mitterentur caperentur audirentur

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 123

sum esse possum posse _ ferd ferre volo velle nolo nodlle eO ire ivi
ful futtirus potui tuli latus volui nolui or il iturus
to be to be able to bring, bear to want not to want to go

essem possem ferrem vellem nollem irem

essés possés ferrés vellés nollés irés
esset posset ferret vellet nollet iret
essémus possémus ferrémus vellémus nollémus irémus
essétis possétis ferrétis vellétis nollétis irétis
essent possent ferrent vellent nollent irent

NOTES
1) Forming the imperfect subjunctive of verbs in the active voice and of
the irregular verbs is simple: it’s nothing more than the infinitive
plus -m, -s -t in the singular and -mus, -tis, -nt in the plural. Knowing
that, you can form the imperfect subjunctive active of any Latin verb
without effort.

2) Furthermore, the passive forms are the infinitive plus -r in the first
person, -tur in the third person singular, and -ntur in the third per-
son plural.

3) The most frequently occurring subjunctive forms, active and passive,

are those of the third person, singular and plural. Why? Because
most of surviving Latin literature is narrative or descriptive in
nature. And so Cicero’s speeches and essays, Pliny’s natural history,
Suetonius’ biographies of the twelve Caesars, Seneca’s philosophical
works, Livy’s and Tacitus’ histories of Rome, Celsus’ books on med-
icine, Cato’s and Varro’s books on agriculture, rarely call for the first
person, and even more rarely the second person. Even when it comes
to passive forms, the third person singular and plural occur most fre-
quently and are the easiest to recognize and to form.

124 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 (|. Uses OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SR
1. PURPOSE CLAUSES

As we saw in the previous chapter, the subjunctive is used in purpose

clauses, introduced by the conjunction ut (uti) (that, in order that) and né
(occasionally ut né) (in order that . . . not, lest). And sometimes a relative
pronoun introduces a purpose clause with the verb in the subjunctive.
In the previous chapter, only the present tense had been used. If, how-
ever, the main verb is in a past tense (imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect)
the imperfect subjunctive will be used. We call that the sequence of tens-
es. Let’s look at the difference between the present and the imperfect.

Examples PRESENT Ut sint auxilid suis subsistunt. [Caes.] They halt in order to
be of assistance (or that they may be of assistance) to their
own men.
PAST Ut essent auxiliO suis substitérunt. They halted in order to
be of assistance (or that they might be of assistance) to their
own men.

If you compare these two sentences, you can see that also in English
(may be and might be) we follow the sequence of tenses. Notice the dif-
ference between the forms of the verb expressing purpose. Latin puts
the verb into the subjunctive, whereas English uses auxiliary, or help-
ing, verbs in place of a subjunctive.

Examples PRESENT Hoc facit né competitor consul ndminétur. [Cic.] He does

this lest his opponent be nominated consul.
PAST Hoc fécit né competitor consul nOminarétur. He did this so
that his opponent would not be nominated consul.

PRESENT Méittitur L. Décidius gui loci natiram perspiciat. [Caes.]

Lucius Decidius is sent to look over (or that he may look
over) the terrain.
PAST Missus est L. Décidius qui loci natiram perspiceret. Lucius
Decidius was sent to (or in order that he might) look over the
terrain.

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 125

 NOTE
When the purpose clause contains a comparative, qué is used as the
conjunction in place of ut.

Example Hoc fécit quo facilius competit6rem superaret. He did this in order
that he might more easily outdo his political opponent.

A. Convert the following sentences from the present tense to the past tense.
Use the perfect tense in the main verb and the imperfect tense in the
verb of the purpose clause.

Example Omnés acriter pugnant ut patriam servent.

All fight hard to save their country.
Omnés acriter pugnavérunt ut patriam servarent.
All fought hard to save their country.

Iuppiter Pandorae arcam dat ut eam décipiat.

Iuppiter Pandorae arcam dat ut ultidnem petat.
Prométheus ignem surripit ut genus h4manum iuvet.
Prométhus ignem surripit ut genus himanum ab malis liberet.
Pandora ad maritum festinat ut ef arcam ostendat.
Epimétheus arcam in cubiculum portat ut ibi eam concélet.
Epimétheus nihil dé arcaé Prométhed dicit né eum terreat.
aae Epimétheus arcam sub lectuld concélat né Pandora eam videat.
ee
ON
Pandora cubiculum intrat ut arcam inveniat.
Pandora arcam aperit ut, quid in ea sit, cognOscat.
. Pandora arcam iterum claudit né mala exeant.
. Dei spem in arca ponunt ut corda omnium hominum spé compleant.
. Hanc fabulam legimus ut aliquid ex ea discamus.
Ego hanc fabulam lego ut aliquid ex ea discam.
OT
Ow
ee - Magister nobis hanc fabulam narrat ut Pandoram intellegére
PRWNrF
possimus.

B. In the following sentences, convert the verbs to the past tense and sub-
stitute the relative pronoun in place of the conjunction ut to introduce
the purpose clause.

Example Legati mittuntur ut pacem petant.

Ambassadors are sent to ask for peace.
Legati missi sunt qui pacem peterent.
Ambassadors were sent to ask for peace (lit: who might ask for peace).

126 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 Senatorés in ciriam veniunt ut Cicer6nem audiant.
Prométheus in caelum volat ut ignem surripiat.
Horatius commilités ad pontem mittit ut pontem défendant.
Pater sororés in Subtiram mittit ut novas stolas ibi emant.
te Mater et uxor ex urbe ad Coriolanum exeunt ut cum ed loquantur.
Viger

RESULT CLAUSES

As we saw in the previous chapter, result clauses are usually intro-

duced by the conjunction ut (that, so that), or if negative by ut nén (so
that. . . not), and take the subjunctive. The main clause often contains
adverbs such as tam, ita, sic, ade6 (so) or adjectives such as tantus (so
large, so great), talis (such a), tot (so many). As soon as you see such
words in the main clause, you can expect a result clause to follow.
The rule of the sequence of tenses which applies to purpose clauses
does not apply to result clauses. Many sentences containing a result
clause just happen to reflect the rule of sequence of tenses, as you will
see in the sentences below, but a secondary tense (imperfect, perfect, or
pluperfect) in the main clause can be followed by a primary tense in the
result clause. For example, to express the present result of a past action,
the present subjunctive can be used in the result clause.

Example Aduléscéns Cicerd sé studiis tantopere dédidit ut nunc summus

orator sit. In his youth Cicero devoted himself so eagerly to his studies
that he is now a most distinguished orator.

In the following examples, note the various clues such as tam, sic,
etc., which indicate that a result clause will follow.

Examples Iuppiter tam iratus erat ut ultidnem vellet. Jupiter was so angry
that he wanted revenge.
Thisbé Pyramum sic amabat ut non iram parentum timéret. Thisbe
so loved Pyramus that she did not fear the anger of her parents.
Pandora adeo curidsa erat ut arcam avidé aperiret. Pandora was so
curious that she eagerly opened the box.
Tot hominés in atrium vénérunt ut ndn locus omnibus sit. So
many people came into the atrium that there isn’t room for all.
Tanta cum virtiite Horatius pugnavit ut impetum hostium facilé
sustinéret. Horatius fought with such courage that he easily
stemmed the attack of the enemy.

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 127

 C. Complete the following sentences, putting into the imperfect subjunc-
tive the verbs given in parentheses. Be careful. In one of the sentences
the passive form of the verb is required.

VOCABULARY
Cito quickly, fast
commov:-ed -ére commdvi commotus to move (emotionally)
corrip-i6 -ére -ul correptus to grab, seize
déspérat-us -a -um hopeless, desperate
dimitt-0 -ére dimisi dimissus to drop
feré practically
fleo flére flévi to weep, cry
ilicd on the spot, then and there
quaer-0 -ére quaesivi quaesitus to look for
red-do -dére -didi -ditus to restore, give back
tantopere so much

PrOserpina tam pulchra erat ut omnés pueri eam (amare).

Prdserpina adeo innocéns erat ut non periculum vidére (posse).
Plato eam tantopere admiratus est ut puellam sédiicére (cOnstituére).
PrOserpina sic territa est ut ilicd florés (dimittére).
Plato puellam tam cito corripuit ut comités plagium non (videre).
or
oS Prdserpina autem adeo infélix et déiecta erat ut régina in Orco esse
(nolle).
Interea mater tam maesta erat ut per multas terras (errare).
Cerés per feré totum orbem terrarum erravit ut filiam (quaerére).
oa Tam maesta erat Cerés ut agriculttiram (neglegére).
10. Terra ipsa tam maesta erat ut friigés in agris arboribusque (mori).
11. Dénique Cerés tam déiecta erat ut ad Jovem patrem (confugére).
12. Cerés adeo désperata fuit ut sé fléns ad Iovis pedés (proicére).
13. Iuppiter lacrimis Cereris sic commdtus est ut miitatisnem animi
(habére).
14. Iuppiter Cererem tantopere amAvit ut Proserpinam liberare (velle).
15. Itaque Cerés tam laeta erat ut fertilitatem agris arboribusque
(reddére).
eTSs ae

3. OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES

The imperfect subjunctive with utinam (if only, would that, I wish)
expresses, in the form of a wish, the regret that something is not so now.

128 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 The negative is expressed with utinam né.

Examples Utinam adesset. If only he were here. (or I wish he were here, or would
that he were here.)
Utinam né tam fessus essem. If only I were not so tired. (or I wish I
were not so tired, or would that I were not so tired.)

D. Supply the proper form of the imperfect subjunctive for the verb sug-
gested in parentheses. The adverb (nunc now, hodié today) is included in
some of the sentences to give you a clue that the clause refers to the pre-
sent time.

Example Utinam Cicero hodié (vivére).

Utinam Cicero hodié viveret.
If only Cicero were alive today.

Utinam omnés hominés hodié liberi (esse).

Utinam né hostés nunc Romam (oppugnare).
Utinam vos nunc deds in Monte Olympico vidére (posse).
Utinam omnés amici mei in oppido meéd (habitare).
Utinam ego et amicae meae nunc Romae (esse).
Utinam né Lingua Latina tam difficilis (esse).
Utinam Horatius illum pontem nunc (défendére).
ey Utinam
Sei
See ti melius Latiné scribére (posse).

4. CUM CLAUSES

Subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction cum with the verb

in the subjunctive can mean “when,” “since,” or “although.” When cum
means “although,” it is followed by tamen (nevertheless) in the main
clause. It is then called “cum adversative” or, less properly, “cum con-
cessive”. When cum means “when,” it is called “cum temporal”; when
it means “since,” it is called “cum causal”.
The adverb tamen tells you that cum is adversative, meaning
“although.” But, in the absence of tamen, only the context of the sen-
tence will indicate whether the cum is to be translated as “when” or
“since.” Cum temporal takes the indicative in the present and future. It
takes the imperfect subjunctive in the past.

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 129

 Examples TEMPORAL Haec cum Diviciacus fléns 4 Caesare peteret, Caesar eius
dextram prendit. [Caes] When Diviciacus asked this in
tears of Caesar, Caesar took his right hand.

CAUSAL Cum praecipités angustiae essent, turba multds dé rupibus

déiécit. [Caes.] Since the pass was steep, the crowding
hurled many down the cliffs.
CONCESSIVE Hannibal, cum temere principibus non créderet, tamen
benigné respondit. Although Hannibal did not blindly
trust the chieftains, yet he answered with kindness.

Worpb ORDER Look closely at the third example. When a subject comes before a subor-
dinate conjunction, it will be the subject of both the subordinate and the
main clause. In this instance, we know that Hannibal will be the subject of
both créderet and respondit.

E. Replace each infinitive with the proper form of the verb. Then, since in
each case the subordinate clause is introduced by cum, translate each
sentence.

Cum Cicero orationem (habére), omnés conticuérunt.

Cum nox iam (adesse), nostri finem proelid dedérunt.
Cum Proserpina in Orco régina (esse), tamen maesta et déiecta erat.
Cum Plato Proserpinam (cénspicére), eam ilicd amare coepit.
Cum PandoOra ciridsa (esse), tamen arcam non statim aperuit.
GtCum Proserpina et comités innocentés (esse), periculum non
ee
Nh
BO?
vidérunt.
a Cum Proserpina florés in prato (carpére), Pluto eam conspexit.
8. Cum ego Cererem (vidére), ilicd eam benigné saliitavi.

GR 0. conpinionat cLauses
Conditional clauses are introduced by the conjunctions si (if) or nisi (if
... not, unless). The conditional clause is the subordinate clause; the con-
clusion is the main clause. In Latin as in English, there are three types of
conditions.

130 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 SIMPLE CONDITIONS

The condition can take place in the present, past, or future. It is called
a “simple” condition because it does not imply whether the condition is
true or not: if such and such happens, then such and such is the result.
Therefore, in Latin as in English, the verbs are in the indicative mood.

Examples Si illud fécisti, erravisti. If you did that, you were wrong.
Nisi scholam frequentabis, numquam discés. Unless you go to
school, you will never learn.

Notice that in future conditions, as in the second sentence, we use the

present tense in the conditional clause, but Latin uses the future tense
in both the condition and the conclusion.

“SHOULD-WOULD” CONDITIONS

The condition deals with a future possibility, and there is some doubt
implied. It’s like saying “If you should go (were to go) and it’s rather
unlikely that you will, . . .” Both verbs are in the subjunctive.

Examples Si velim proelia omnia déscribére, diés mé déficiat. [Liv.] If I should

wish to describe all the battles, I would run out of time (lit: time would
fail me).
Si litteras ad té hodié scribam, tibi postridié reddatur. If I were to
write you a letter today, it would be delivered to you on the following
day.

This type of condition is as rare in Latin as it is in English. The next

type of condition occurs more frequently.

CONTRARY-TO-FACT CONDITIONS

In both the conditional clause and the conclusion, the verb is put
into the subjunctive, and it is thereby implied that the supposition is
contrary to reality, that is, contrary to fact. In Latin, the imperfect sub-
, junctive is used for a present contrary-to-fact condition, and, as we
will see in the next chapter, the pluperfect subjunctive is used for a
past contrary-to-fact condition. Even in English we find the rare use of
the subjunctive form of the verb in a contrary-to-fact conditional
clause. That sounds rather complicated, but an example will make it
quite clear.

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 131

 Example Si (Roscius) viveret, verba eius audirétis. [Cic.] If (Roscius) were alive,
you would be hearing his words.

If the words “right now” were added to the conditional clause, (“if
Roscius were alive right now”), you would easily see that the condition
refers to the present and that the situation is presented as untrue, or
contrary to the facts.

F. Form contrary-to-fact conditional sentences by making the first sentence

a conditional clause and the second sentence the conclusion.

Examples Pandora est pridéns. Istam arcam non aperit.

Pandora is wise. She does not open that box.
Si Pandora priidéns esset, istam arcam non aperiret.
If Pandora were wise, she would not open that box.
Pluto réx Inferdrum non est. Prodserpina eius régina non est.
Pluto is not king of the world below. Proserpina is not his queen.
Nisi Plato réx inferorum esset, Proserpina eius régina non esset.
Unless Pluto were king of the world below, Proserpina would not be
his queen.

PrOserpina nunc in prato est. In magno periculd est.

Puella florés non carpit. Plato eam non videt.
Comités cum Proserpina sunt. Plito ad eas non appropinquat.
Comités Proserpinam défendunt. Ea tita est.
Iuppiter puellam amat. Eam a Plitone servat.
Cerés filiam ubique non quaerit. Numquam eam invenit.
Ego Platd sum. Proserpinam non sédiico.
eSPrOserpina in régno tenebréso non est. Laeta est.
Ste
pe
CS

AN EXPENSIVE BOOK SALE IN ROME

T= story that you are about to read will perhaps cause you to think
how incredibly superstitious those Romans were. Maybe the
Romans, if they had a chance to view our beliefs, would consider us
superstitious.

132 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 Many nations claim to have sacred, prophetic writings. Well, the Romans
were no exception. According to the tradition, a Sibyl, a prophetic woman
from the East, lived for many generations in a deep cavern at Cumae, just
north of the Bay of Naples, where she guided Aeneas to the lower world.
She hada collection of nine Sibylline Books, which she had brought from
the East to Cumae and finally, in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, to
Rome. She is said to have offered the king the nine books of prophecies.
Because she asked what seemed an exorbitant price, the king turned down
her offer. We will see in the story that follows how the king came to buy the
last three at the original price.

The king had the Sibylline Books preserved in a vault beneath the tem-
ple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. From the Capitoline they were
transferred 500 years later by Augustus as Pontifex Maximus in 12 B.c. to
the temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill. Here they remained until about
A.D. 405.

These books were consulted in times of crises, such as earthquakes and

plagues, throughout Roman history. They were said to have explained the
precise rites which would appease the gods. It was only the rites of expia-
tion prescribed by the Sibylline Books that were communicated to the
people, never the oracles themselves.
The Romans even created a special board (collégium), consisting of ex-
consuls and of ex-praetors, to look after the Sibylline Books. Initially
consisting of two members, the board eventually grew to fifteen and hence
were called quindecemviri; its members held office for life.

The Sibylline Books are said to have been burned in A.D. 405 by Stilicho,
a distinguished general who became ruler of the western Roman empire
under Emperor Honorarius.

It should be noted that it would really be more accurate to speak of

“scrolls” rather than of “books.” Look at the symbol that is placed before
the “Thought for Today” at the beginning of each chapter. It was custom-
ary to divide longer works (op-us -eris 1 or corp-us -eris 1) into several
books (lib-er -ri m or voltiim-en -inis 1). The pages (paginea -ae f) were past-
ed together to form a long roll. A roll rarely exceeded 100 pages, written on
only one side. The last page was pasted on to a thin round piece of wood
called umbilicus, the ends of which were often gilded with gold. The scroll
was rubbed with cedar oil to protect it against worms. A piece of parch-
ment (titul-us -i m or syllab-us -1 m), pasted on to the scroll and often
painted a bright color, contained the title, the name of the author, and often

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 133

 the number of pages. Occasionally the portrait of the author was put on the
first page of the scroll. Finally, a cover (membran«ea -ae f) of parchment was
colored red or yellow.

When reading, a person held the scroll (liber or voliimen) in both hands
and unrolled with one and rolled up with the other. The reading (unrolling
of a book) was called évolvére, revolvére, or volvére, hence the noun
volumen, meaning “roll.” The modern book form (céd-ex -icis m), formed
initially of several tablets of wood covered with wax, and later of several
pages of parchment sewn together, was unknown at the time of Tarquinius
Superbus; we hear of it in the time of Cicero.

Now read the account of the Sibylline Books that the Latin author Aulius
Gellius (c. A.D. 150) gives.

In antiquis annalibus memoria annalés -ium mpl annals memoria -ae f

super libris Sibyllinis haec prodita account, memory super (+ abl) about
est: Anus hospita atque incognita [haec Construe with memOria, the follow-
ad Tarquinium Superbum régem ing] pro-dd -dére -didi -ditus to record
adiit, novem libros feréns, quds esse an-us -us f old woman hospitea -ae f
dicébat divina dracula; et dicébat sé stranger incognitea -ae f unknown vé
eds velle vénundare. Tarquinius nundare to offer for sale pretium -i n
pretium quaesivit. Mulier nimium price muli-er -eris f woman nimi-us -a
atque inménsum pretium poposcit; -um exorbitant inméns-us -a -um im-
réx, quasi anus aetate désiperet, mense posc-O -ére poposci to demand
eam dérisit. quasi as if, on the grounds that aetas
aetateis f age (here abl. of cause) désip-id
-ére to be crazy, out of her mind dérid-ed
-ére dérisi dérisus to laugh at
I
Tum illa foculum coOram cum igni focul-us -1 m brazier, burner cdram in
apponit, trés libros ex novem front of him combir-d -ére comiissi
combirit, et ecquid reliquos sex combistus to burn up ecquid whether
eddem pretiO emére vellet régem reliqu-i -ae -a remaining sed enim but in
interrogavit. Sed enim Tarquinius fact rid-ed -ére risi risus to laught at

Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud

The Sibyl tries to sell some books.

id multo risit magis dixitque anum mult6 magis all the harder procul dubi6
iam procul dubio délirare. without a doubt délirare to be off her
rocker
Ill
Mulier ibidem statim trés alids ibidem in the same wa dénud once more
libros combissit atque dénud placidé calmly ut (+ subj) that (after
placidé rogat, ut trés reliquds rogat) Os Oris n face iam now séri-us -a
eddem illd pretio emat. Tarquinius -um serious pretid abl of price attent-us -a
Ore iam sérid atque attentiore animO -um attentive animeus -i m attitude (Gre
fit, et libros trés reliquos mercatur and animé are abl of quality) fit becomes

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 135

 nihild mindre pretis quam quod merc-or -ari -atus sum to purchase pet-O
erat petitum pro omnibus. -ére -Ivi -Itus to ask for

IV
Sed eam mulierem tunc 4 Tarquinio tunc then digred-ior -1 digressus sum
digressam postea nusquam loci (dep) to go away nusquam loci no-
visam constitit. Libri trés, in where cOnstitit (w. acc + inf) it is a fact
sacrarium conditi, “Sibyllini” that sacrari-um -1 1 shrine con-do -dére
appellati sunt; ad eds quasi ad -didi to store appellare to call quasi as if
oraculum quindecimviri adeunt, publicé publicly, officially cénsul-6 -ére
cum di immortalés publicé consu- -ul -tus to consult
luntur.

G. Answer in English the following questions based on the above account.

I 1. The preposition super means “about.” What other Latin prepo-

sition has the same meaning?
2. To what declension does anus belong?
Qo. How do you know that it is not a noun of the second declen-
sion?
. What words indicate that the old woman came from afar?
. What was she carrying?
. What other Latin verb means “to carry”?
. What claim does she make about the books?
. When she asks a very high price, what does the king conclude?
. To what does he attribute her state of mind?
‘9
OF
D
CON

II 10. Who is the one that moves the brazier?

11. How many books does she burn?
12. Why does the author use combiére rather than the simple
urére?
13. What deal does she offer the king at this point?
14. What is the reaction of the king?
15. The preposition procul means “without.” What other Latin
preposition has the same meaning?

III 16. What does she do when the king laughs at her?
17. What Latin word indicates her attitude?
18. After she burns three more books, what deal does she propose?

136 Chapter 8. The Sibylline Books and King Tarquin the Proud
 19; What do you think caused the king to take her seriously at this
point?
20. At what price did he buy the remaining three books?

IV 21. What does the author seem to imply when saying that the old
woman was nowhere to be seen again?
pam, Under what circumstances were the Sibylline Books consulted?
23: Who were the only ones that were allowed to look into the
books?
24. Tarquinius was called “Superbus.” What does that name mean?
25: Do you think he lived up to his name?

Imperfect Subjunctive; Conditional Clauses 137

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives
Masters and Slaves

O, si tacuissés, philosophus mansissés. Oh, if you had kept

quiet, you would have remained a philosopher. _

amo amare habeo habére mittd mittére capiO capére audio audire
amavi amatus habui habitus misi missus cépi captus audivi auditus
to love to have to send to take to hear

amavissem habuissem misissem cépissem audivissem

amavissés habuissés misissés cépissés audivissés
amAavisset habuisset misisset cépisset audivisset
amavissémus habuissémus misissémus cépissémus audivissémus
amavissétis habuissétis misissétis cépissétis audivissétis
amavissent habuissent misissent cépissent audivissent

amatus essem habitus essem missus essem captus essem auditus essem
amatus essés habitus essés missus essés captus essés auditus essés
amatus esset habitus esset missus esset captus esset auditus esset
amati essemus habiti essémus missi essémus capti essémus auditi essémus
amati essétis habiti essétis missi essétis capti essétis auditi essétis
amati essent habiti essent missi essent capti essent auditi essent

138 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

 sum esse possum posse fero ferre volo velle nolo ndlle eo ire ivi
ful futirus _potui tuli latus volui nolui or ii itirus
to be to be able to bring, bear —_to want nottowant to go
ae a a a e
fuissem potuissem tulissem voluissem noluissem Ivissem
fuissés potuissés tulissés voluissés noluissés Ivissés
fuisset potuisset tulisset voluisset noluisset Ivisset
fuissémus potuissémus tulissémus voluissémus nOluissémus ivissémus
fuissétis potuissétis tulissétis voluissétis noluissétis Ivissétis
fuissent potuissent tulissent voluissent noluissent Ivissent

NOTES

1) Forming the pluperfect subjunctive active is easy; it’s nothing more

than the perfect infinitive plus -m, -s, -t in the singular and -mus, -tis,
-nt in the plural. For example, the perfect active infinitive of am@6 is
amavisse (to have loved). Add the above endings and you have just
formed the pluperfect subjunctive active of the verb am6. Thus you
have amavissem (I would have loved), amavissés (you would have
loved), etc.

2) The perfect passive infinitive of amo is amatus esse (to have been
loved). Again, add the personal endings, and you have just formed
the pluperfect subjunctive passive of amo. Thus you have amatus
essem (I would have been loved), amatus essés (you would have been
loved), etc. In other words, the pluperfect subjunctive passive of reg-
ular verbs consists of the past passive participle, e.g., amatus, and the
imperfect subjunctive of sum, namely, essem, essés, esset, etc.

3) The endings of the participle, like those of adjectives of the first and
second declension, agree with the subject. For example:

Examples ° Filius amatus esset. The son would have been loved.
Filiz amati essent. The sons would have been loved.
Filia amata esset. The daughter would have been loved.
Filiae amatae essent. The daughters would have been loved.

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 139

 Oppidum amatum esset. The town would have been loved.
Oppida amata essent. The towns would have been loved.

A. Change the following forms from the active to the passive. Alternate
between the masculine and feminine ending of the participle.

1. misissem 5. habuissémus 8. audivissés

2. cépisset 6. amavissés 9. misissent
3. amavissent 7. cepissem 10. am€avisset
4. audivissétis

B. Complete the following analogies. They are based on grammar, that is,
on grammatical relationships; in this exercise they are based on the
forms of the subjunctive.

Example caperem : cépissem :: audirem : —

caperem : cépissem — :: audirem : audivissem
In this instance, the first person singular subjunctive imperfect active,
caperem, is to the first person singular subjunctive pluperfect active
(cépissem) as audirem (first person singular subjunctive imperfect
active) is to the first person singular subjunctive pluperfect active,
audivissem.

1. vidérem : vidissem : nodllem oo

2. habérétis : habérés = Caperétis gga
3. mittatur au MMLLCTeLUTE SY a atidiatur os
4. amentur > ament :} Capiantur wie
5. velim : voluissem : eam ii fee
6. essent : fuissent =: ndllent iiss
7. amatae essent : améavissent :: captaeessent : —_
8. possim Se Sin > essem
9. amatis : amétis :: auditis eee
10. cépissem : caperem :: habuissem ——

C. The Romans at times used shortened forms, just as we say “I’m,”

“they're,” “haven't”, etc. The technical word for this shortening of a
word by the omission ofa letter or syllable is syncope. See whether you
can figure out the full words for the following shortened forms.

140 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

 Example | nwntiassent nintiavissent comparat comparaverat

1. amassem [Cic.] 7. putassem [Cic.]

2. nuntiarat [Cic.] 8. noram [Cic.]
3. déstinasse [Suet.] 9. exclamasse [Suet.]
4. servisse [Plin.] 10. sévocasset [Suet.]
5. délectarunt [Cic.] 11. délectarunt [Cic.]
6. navigasse [Cic.] 12. audissés [Plin.]

Pe kcad I.USES OF THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE fee

1. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (CONTRARY-TO-FACT CONDITIONS)
Conditional clauses, as we saw in the previous chapter, are intro-
duced by the conjunction si (if) or nisi (if . . . not, unless) and the
subjunctive. As the imperfect subjunctive is used to express a present
contrary-to-fact condition, so the pluperfect is used to express a past con-
trary-to-fact condition.

Example Si tu ed dié Romae fuissés, té certd vidissem. [Cic.] If you had been in
Rome that day, I would certainly have seen you.

Now note the difference between a present contrary-to-fact condition

and a past contrary-to-fact condition.

Examples PRESENT EO si venirés, dé toto itinere med cOnsilium capére pos-

sem. If you were coming there, I could be laying plans for my
entire trip.
PAST EO si vénissés, dé toto itinere med consilium capére potuis-
sem. [Cic.] If you had come there, I could have laid plans for
my entire trip.

D. Convert the following sentences from present contrary-to-fact condi-

' tions to past contrary-to-fact conditions.

1. Si Prdserpina nunc in prato esset, in magno periculod esset.

2. Si puella florés non carperet, 4 Platone nOn conspicerétur.
3. SI comités cum Préserpina essent, Plato ad eas non appropinquaret.

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 141

 Si comités Proéserpinam défenderent, ea tata esset.
Si Iuppiter puellam amaret, eam a Platone servaret.
Si Cerés filiam ubique non quaereret, filia numquam invenirétur.
Si ego Plu&td essem, Proserpinam non sédiicerem.
Si Prdserpina in régno tenebroso non esset, laeta esset.
Si ta Proserpinam invenirés, eam matri statim redderés?
eSSi ego et comités raptorem caperémus, eum sine mora in Orcum
SOE
a
mitterémus.

E. Form past contrary-to-fact conditional sentences by making the first sen-

tence the conditional clause and the second sentence the main clause.

Examples Tarquinius Superbus illds libros statim émit. Praeclarus fuit.

Tarquinius Superbus bought those books immediately. He was
famous.
Sit Tarquinius Superbus illds libros ilicd émisset, praeclarus
fuisset. If Tarquinius Superbus had bought those books on the spot,
he would have been famous.

1. Anus pretium nimium non poposcit. Tarquinius libros fortasse

mercatus est.
2. Quindecimviri in templum inivérunt. Librds Sibyllinds ibi vidérunt.
ce Anus trés ex libris non combissit. Novem librés habuit.
4. Mulier Taquinium Superbum timuit. Ad regem numquam cum
libris adivit.
5. Tarquinius anum non dérisit. Mulier illds libros non combissit.

. Translate the following sentences into Latin. Some of them contain pre-
sent contrary-to-fact conditions and others contain past contrary-to-fact
conditions.

1. If I were in Rome now, I would be visiting the Colosseum.

2. If I had visited Rome, I would have seen the Colosseum.
3. If Tarquinius Superbus had bought the books immediately, the
Romans would have had nine Sibylline Books.
4. If the price had not been exorbitant, Tarquinius would have bought
the nine books.
5. If we had those books today, we would be able to consult them.

142 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

 2. OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

As we saw in the previous chapter, the imperfect subjunctive with

utinam (if only, would that, I wish) expresses, in the form of a wish, the
regret that something is not so now.

Examples Utinam adesset. If only he were here. (or I wish he were here/would
that he were here.)
Utinam iam domi essem. If only I were already home. (or I wish I were
already at home, or would that I were already at home.)

The pluperfect subjunctive with utinam (negative utinam né)

expresses, in the form of a wish, the regret that something was not so in
the past.

Example Utinam né Catilina patriam tradidisset. If only Catiline had not

betrayed his country. (or I wish / would that Catiline had not betrayed
his country.)

G. Supply the proper form of the pluperfect subjunctive for the verb sug-
gested in parentheses.

Examples Utinam vos tum Dianam (video).

Utinam vos tum Dianam vidissétis.
If only you had seen Diana then.

Utinam né Pandora arcam tum (aperio).

Utinam ti pontem cum Horatio tum (défendo).
Utinam né Romulus Remum fratrem (interficio.)
Utinam né Coriolanus tum contra Romam (pugnod).
NSUtinam
SOS ego in urbe Roma ed tempore (sum).

3. CUM CLAUSES
We saw in the previous chapter that subordinate clauses introduced
by the conjunction cum with the verb in the subjunctive can mean
“when,” “since,” or “although,” and that when cum means “although,”
it is followed by tamen (nevertheless) in the main clause. When the verb

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 143

 in the subordinate clause is in the imperfect subjunctive, the action of
the verb is happening at the same time as that of the main verb. When
the verb in the subordinate clause is in the pluperfect subjunctive, the
action of that verb happened prior to the action of the main verb.

Example TEMPORAL Ariovistus, cum Caesaris adventum cognOvisset,

légatds ad eum misit. [Caes.] When Ariovistus learned
of Caesar’s arrival, he sent ambassadors to him.

The pluperfect tense of the temporal clause shows that the “learning”
occurred before the “sending.” First Ariovistus learned of Caesar’s
arrival, and then he sent the ambassadors. Again, notice the word
order. Since the noun Ariovistus comes before the subordinate con-
junction cum, it will be the subject of both the subordinate clause and
of the main clause that follows.

CAUSAL Cum Odratidnem tam diligenter composuisset, omnés

eam laudavérunt. Because he had written his speech so
carefully, all praised it.

ADVERSATIVE/ Cum primi ordinés concidissent, tamen acerrimé

CONCESSIVE reliqui resistébant. [Caes.] Although the front ranks had
fallen, yet the others resisted most vigorously.

H. Change the infinitives in parentheses to the pluperfect subjunctive.

Then indicate whether the subordinate clause is temporal, causal, or
adversative/concessive.

VOCABULARY
attonit-us -a -um astonished
e0 magis all the more
digred-ior -i digressus sum (dep) to go away

1. Cum Tarquinius anum (déridére), trés libros combissit.

2. Cum anus régem numquam antea (vidére), non timuit.
3. Cum anus pretium inménsum (poscére), Tarquinius pretium
recusavit.
4. Cum trés libri ab anti (combarére), tamen anus idem pretium pro
reliquis libris poposcit.
5. Cum anus idem pretium (rogare), Tarquinius id multd magis risit.

144 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves s

 SS Cum réx ed magis (ridére), tamen anus Ore séridsissimo fuit.
PS Cum mulier trés alids libros (combirére), Tarquinius attonitus fuit.
8. Cum Tarquinius trés reliqués libros (emére), eds in sacrarium con-
didit.
9. Cum mulier ab régia (digredi), nusquam postea visa est.
10. Cum Tarquinius librés in sacrarium (condére), quindecimviri soli eds
interdum consuluérunt.

EEE 6 ouseNGATVES
Two negatives are regularly equivalent to an affirmative.

nec non = et and

non semel = saepissimé quite often (lit: not once)
non nihil = aliquid something
non nulli some
non numquam sometimes
non sine causa with good reason (lit: not without reason)
non némOd some people (lit: not no one)
némo non audiet everyone will hear
non possum non confitéri [Cic.] I must confess
Non ignarus istorum malorum sum. I am quite familiar with those
troubles (lit: not unacquainted).
haud magnum spatium a short period of time
architecti haud imperiti very experienced architects (lit: not inexperi-
enced)

MASTERS AND SLAVES

n Rome, as in all the ancient world, slavery was practiced and taken as
[=< for granted as was the use of beasts of burden. In earliest Roman
times, when the Romans were a people of small farmers and shepherds,
the lot of the slaves was relatively good, at least as the free Romans viewed
the situation.

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 145

 After Rome’s great successful wars of the third, second, and first cen-
turies B.c., huge numbers of prisoners of war poured into Rome and Italy to
provide cheap labor, especially on the large country estates. For example,
Julius Caesar brought over 50,000 captives to Rome to be sold as slaves.
Slave auctions were held on a regular basis in Rome. Slaves were expected
to display their physical qualities, even if it meant undressing on the auc-
tion block. Children were separated from their parents and wives from
husbands without any qualms. Most slaves were foreigners, but even
Roman citizens could be sold into slavery for debt or serious crime. The
poet Horace, in the first century B.C., thought that every household should
have at least ten slaves.

It is necessary to distinguish between the household slaves (familia) and

those that worked the farms in the country. Some of the household slaves,
such as the Greeks, were often better educated than their masters. Some of
them served as musicians, entertainers, accountants, secretaries, copyists of
books, and attendants to the Roman children. For.example, Cicero’s slave
Tiro, who served as his secretary and copyist, was treated almost like a fel-
low Roman. And we read in Cicero’s letters how concerned he was about
Tiro’s health. But it should be remembered that slaves were the absolute
property of the owner. Slaves, on the other hand, were often very clever in
making the best of their situation. Roman comedy, which probably reflects
the Roman situation, shows slaves pulling pranks and manipulating their
masters. Although many masters realized that they could get more work
out of well treated slaves, some of the masters were downright mean to
their slaves, and, as we will see in the account given below, sometimes the
slaves were driven to desperate measures against their mean masters. It
was not until the second century A.D. that the emperor Hadrian, who ruled
in A.D. 117-138, had a law passed forbidding masters to kill their slaves, and
ordered that any who were found guilty shoud be sentenced by the courts.

Slaves could gain their freedom in various ways. A frugal slave could
save the little cash he could get hold of (peciilium) and buy his freedom out
of his savings. As a master could kill a slave with impunity, so he could
simply set a slave free. Often the master would make provision in his last
will and testament to free faithful slaves. Such an ex-slave was called a
libertus. As a rule, he remained in his master’s service. But some eventual-
ly became very wealthy.

146 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

 Here is an account by Pliny the Younger (A.D. 61-c. 115) of slaves who
rebelled against the brutal treatment from their master and killed him at his
villa near Formiae, a very ancient town in Latium where there were numer-
ous villas of the Roman nobles. Cicero had a villa in that town and was
murdered there by the soldiers of Antony. As the name Macedo indicates,
he (or rather his father) came from Macedonia, north of Greece, as a slave.

Pliny adds an interesting earlier incident. As Macedo was once in a pub-

lic bath in Rome, Macedo’s slave, in order to clear the way for his master,
laid his hand gently on a Roman knight, who, suddenly turning around, by
mistake gave not the slave, but Macedo sucha violent slap that the blow
almost knocked him down. You can imagine the slave outwardly showing
concern for his master but inwardly delighted that the knight had belted his
master.

Rem atrdcem Larcius Macedo, vir atrOx atroc-is horrible praetori-us -a -um
praetOrius, a servis suis passus est; ex-praetor patior pati passus sum (dep)
dominus superbus et saevus erat et to suffer saev-us -a -um cruel et qui and
qui parum meminisset patrem one who [parum = nodn] memin-i -isse
suum serviisse. (def. verb) to remember servei6 -ire -ii to
be a slave
II
Lavabatur in villa Formiana. repente suddenly circumssistd -sistére
Repente eum servi circumsistunt; -steti to surround iugulum -i 1
alius iugulum invadit, alius 6s ver- throat alius ... alius one . . . another
berat, alius pectus et ventrem, atque invad-6 -ére invasi invasus to attack 6s
etiam foedum dicta, verenda con- Oreis n face verberare to beat ven-ter -tris
tundit; et cum exanimem putarent, m stomach foedum dicta shocking to
abiciunt in fervéns pavimentum ut say verendea -drum npl private parts
experirentur, an viveret. contund-6 -ére contudi contusus to
pound, crush exanim-is -is -e uncon-
scious abiceid -ére abiéci abiectus to
knock down ferv-éns -entis hot exper-ior
-irl expertus sum (dep) to find out viv-d
-ére vixi victum to be alive

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 147

 die ‘
in
p
»
Nubaoo
a

Slaves attack Macedo outside his bath in his villa.

148 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

 Ill
Ille, sive quia ndn sentiébat sive sive ... sive whether ... or sent-id -ire
quia sé non sentire simulabat, sénsi sénsus to feel (the heat of the pave-
immobilis et extentus persuasit eis ment) simulare to pretend immobil-is
sé mortuum esse. Tum démum -is -e motionless extent-us -a -um stretched
quasi aestai solitus effertur. Exci- out persuad-e6 -ére persuasi persuasum
piunt servi fidélidrés, concubinae (+ dat) (w. acc + inf) to convince (someone)
cum ululatai et clamodre concurrunt. (that) quasi asif aest-us-ismheat solit-us
-a -um overcome (by heat) efferd efferre
extuli é@latus to carry out for
burial excip-id -ére excépi exceptus to
intercept, rescue concubinea -ae f mis-
tress, concubine ululat-us -tis m wail
IV
Ita et vocibus excitatus et loci et...et both... and excitare to arouse
frigore recreatus, sublatis oculis frig-us -oris n coolness recreare to revive
agitatOque corpore vivére sé (et iam toll-6 -ére sustuli sublatus to raise agitare
tutum esse) confitétur. Diffugiunt to move around cOnfit-eor -éri confessus
servi; quarum magna pars com- sum (dep) to reveal, give signs diffug-i6
prehénsa est; céterl requiruntur. -ére diffiigi to scatter comprehend-6 -ére
Ipse paucis diébus aegré focilatus, -I comprehénsus to arrest requir-d -ére
non sine ultidnis solacio décéssit. requisivi requisitus to hunt down aegré
with difficulty focilare to revive ulti-6
-onis f revenge solacieum -1 1 consola-
tion, satisfaction décéd-6 -ére décéssi
décéssum to pass on

V
Vidés, quot periculis, quot con- quot indecl adj how many contuméli-a
tuméliis, quot lidibriis simus -ae f outrage, insult lidibrieum -I n
obnoxii; nec est, quod quisquam prank obnoxi-us -a -um (+ dat) exposed,
possit séctrus, quia sit remissus et subject (to) nec est quod nor is there any
mitis; nOn enim itidicid, sed scelere reason why quisquam anyone remiss-us
servoOrum perimuntur. -a -um lenient mit-is -is -e mild, gentle
itidici-um -i 1 just cause scelus sceler-is
n crime per-im6 -imére -émi -emptus to
kill

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 149

 I. Answer the following questions in English.

ae Which Latin word or expression indicates that Macedo, the son

of an ex-slave, had advanced himself?
2 Which Latin words indicate that Macedo had it coming to him?
2g: Why would memory of his father have helped Macedo in his
life?

II 4. Where in his villa did his slaves attack him?

. How do you know that the slaves had planned the attack in
advance?
. To whom did the attack seem sudden?
. How did they test whether Macedo was still alive?

Ill 8. What convinced the slaves that their master was dead?
. To cover up the murder, what did the slaves pretend?
10. Who were the ones to realize that Macedo had not died of heat-
stroke? ‘
it: What indication is there that Macedo had not been cruel to
everyone in the household?

IV 12. What revived Macedo?

13: How did Macedo indicate that he was still alive?
14. What did the guilty slaves then do?
1% How successful were they in that?
16. How long did Macedo survive the attack?
I: What satisfaction did Macedo have before he died?
18. What is the construction of sublatis oculis agitatoque corpore?

Vi 19; The author Pliny himself was wealthy and owned many villas.
How does this last paragraph indicate where his sympathies
lay?
20. Does Pliny believe that kindness to slaves will solve all rela-
tions between master and slave?

150 Chapter 9. Masters and Slaves

Pluperfect Subjunctive; Double Negatives 151
Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses
Gaius Plinius

amo amare habeod habére mittd mittére capiO capére audio audire
amavi amatus habui habitus misI missus cépi captus audivi auditus
to love to have to send to take to hear

amaverim habuerim miserim céperim audiverim

amaveris habueris miseris céperis audiveris
amaverit habuerit miserit céperit audiverit
amaverimus habuerimus miserimus céperimus audiverimus
amaveritis habueritis miseritis céperitis audiveritis
amaverint habuerint miserint céperint audiverint

amatus sim habitus sim missus sim captus sim auditus sim
amatus sis habitus sis missus sis captus sis auditus sis
amatus sit habitus sit missus sit captus sit auditus sit
amati simus habiti simus missi simus capti simus auditi simus
amati sitis habiti sitis missi sitis capti sitis auditi sitis
amati sint habiti sint missi sint capti sint auditi sint

152 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

sum esse possum posse _ fero ferre volo velle n6l6 ndlle eo ire ivi
ful futirus _potui tuli latus volui nolui or ii ittrus
to be to be able to bring, bear to want not towant to go

fuerim potuerim tulerim voluerim noluerim Iverim

fueris potueris tuleris volueris nolueris Iveris
fuerit potuerit tulerit voluerit noluerit Iverit
fuerimus potuerimus tulerimus voluerimus ndluerimus Iverimus
fueritis potueritis tuleritis volueritis nolueritis iveritis
fuerint potuerint tulerint voluerint noluerint iverint

NOTES

1) The perfect subjunctive active is very similar in form to the future

perfect indicative. The only difference in form occurs in the ending
of the first person singular. See Book I, p. 294. It will help you to
remember the forms of the perfect subjunctive active if you note that
it consists of two parts: the perfect stem, e.g., amav- plus the future
forms of sum, except in the first person singular and third person
plural. Furthermore, notice the typical personal endings: -m -s -t
-mus -tis -nt that you have seen in the formation of the present,
imperfect, and pluperfect subjunctive. Remembering those few
observations, you can easily form the perfect subjunctive active of all
Latin verbs! Let’s put the future perfect indicative and perfect sub-
junctive side by side for comparison:

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

amavero amaverim
amaveris amaveris
amaverit amaverit
amaverimus amaverimus
amaveritis amaveritis
amaverint amaverint

Looking closely at the above forms, you can see that, as far as the
accent is concerned, there is a difference in the second person singu-
lar and the first and second person plural between the future perfect

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 153

 indicative and the subjunctive perfect. But even this distinction was
not always observed in Roman poetry.

2) The formation of the perfect subjunctive passive is equally simple, if

you remember that it consists of the past passive participle (the
fourth principal part of a verb) and the present subjunctive forms of
sum.

3) The endings of the participle (-us -a -um), like those of adjectives of

the first and second declension, agree with the subject.

A. Complete the following analogies, based on forms of the subjunctive.

The relationship may be active-passive, singular-plural, or different
tenses of the subjunctive.

1. amaverit : améta sit :: audiverit> roar

2. capiant > c&perint 2c, SeMACCANTON ae ee ose
3. eamus : Iverimus :: nodlint an
4. possim : potuerim sim Tog ee
5. amatisint : améatiessent : __ > capti essent
6. habuerit : habita sit =: -miserit > Sees
7. céperint : captae sint owe ratrcverint, | <ee
8. moverim : modtasim : cOMspexerim : __
9. visae sint : viderint = Sainatae sint > @ee
10. €missem : émerim <*) habuissem <= "ae!

B. Pick out the grammatical misfit and explain the reason for your selec-
tion.

1. amaverim persuaserit audiveris cépissés

2. interim amaverim audiverim habuerim
3. amata sit possit visasit audita sit
4. fuerImus potuerimus iverimus audimus
5. requisivit vixerit décésserit excitaverit

C. Change the following verbs from the present subjunctive to the

perfect
subjunctive.

1. rogent accipiam aperias velim

2. vocémus scribamus recipiatis eamus

154 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

 3. teneant dicant timeat videant
4. mittam diicat possim intellegatis
5. exspectétis custddias nolis audiat

D. Change the following verbs from the perfect active to the perfect passive
subjunctive.

1. fécerim audiverint démiserit cOnspexerimus

2. miseris émerit céperit dériserit
3. défenderit cognOverimus terruerim invéneris
4. scripserint —habuerit rediderimus nominaverint
5. terrueritis incliderim miutaveritis commoverim

(I sUseEs OF THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

i: SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Now that we have seen all tenses of Latin verbs in both the active and
passive voices in both the indicative and subjunctive, we are in a posi-
tion to consider the sequence of tenses in full. It simply means this: the
tense of the verb in the main clause determines the tense of the verb in
the subordinate clause. The segence of tenses applies also to English.
Consider the following sets of sentences.

Jack, I know that you can do this.

Jack, I knew that you could do this.
Jill, I tell you that I may go with you.
Jill, I told you that I might go with you.

Whereas in English only a few verbs show these forms, in Latin all
verbs do. The tense of a subjunctive verb in a subordinate clause is
determined by the tense of the main verb.

a) When the main verb denotes present or future time, the subjunctive
in a subordinate clause is regularly in the present or perfect tense.

Examples Haec dico ut animum tuum confirmem. I say this to (or that I may)
encourage you.
Video quid agas. I see what you are doing.
Video quid égeris. I see what you have done.

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 155

 Numquam intellegam quamobrem haec féceris. I will never under-
stand why you did this.

b) when the main verb denotes a past time, the subjunctive in the sub-
ordinate clause is regularly in the imperfect or pluperfect.

Examples Haec dixi ut animum tuum confirmarem. I said this to (or that I
might) encourage you.
Vidébam or vidi quid agerés. I saw what you were doing.
Vidébam or vidi quid égissés. I saw what you had done

However, when the main Latin verb is equivalent to our present per-
fect, with “have” or “has,” the dependent subjunctive may be in the
present tense.

Example Omnés iam vidérunt quid agas. All have now seen what you are
doing.

Do not confuse the indirect statement with the indirect question.

Notice the difference beween the two in the following sentences.

INDIRECT STATEMENT
Scio té in urbe manére. I know that you are staying in town.
INDIRECT QUESTION
Scio ubi in urbe maneas. I know where you are staying in town.

An indirect question depends not only on words meaning “ask,” but

also on words meaning “know,” “understand,” “wonder” and the like.

E. Combine the following sets of sentences, converting the direct questions

to indirect questions. In all instances the present subjunctive is called
for. Remember that in Latin the indirect question generally, but not
always, stands before the main clause containing the verb that intro-
duces the indirect question.

156 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

Example Ubi calcei mei sunt? Nescid. Where are my shoes? I don’t know.
Ubi calcei mei sint, nescid. 1 don’t know where my shoes are.
(If the English translation were to be put into the Latin word order, we
would have: Where my shoes are, I don’t know).

Macedo quaerit. Ubi sunt servi fidélés?

Non intellego. Car servi tam dit in balned manent?
Omnés quaerunt. Quamobrem servi dominum verberant?
Cur Romani tot servos habent? Nesci6.
eu Cur Plato Proserpinam sédiicit? Ném@ intellegit.
Se

. Convert the following direct questions to indirect questions. In all

instances the perfect subjunctive is called for in the dependent clause.

Example Quod in locd Cererem vidisti? Ego scire vol6. Where did you see
Ceres? I want to know.
Quo in loco Cererem videris ego scire vol6. I want to know where
you saw Ceres.

Quando Proserpina in pratd fuit? Nescio.

Cur comités Proserpinam nOn itivérunt? Non intellego.
Omnés quaerunt. Car Cerés tam maesta erat?
Quid Prdserpina in prato faciébat? Cerés rogat.
Cur Cerés per tot terras errabat? Nunc démum scio.
Car Pandora arcam aperuit? Iuppiter solus dicet.
Quid Epimétheus ex caelo surripuit? Omnés sciunt.
Ubi Epimétheus arcam concélavit? Pandora nescit.
Quid ex arca tum évolavit? Pandora mox cognOscet.
eeCir morbus et avaritia et invidia corda hominum complévérunt?
eyee
Ot
Numquam sciam.

G. Change the verbs of the following indirect questions to the perfect sub-
junctive. Notice that the synonym for cur, why, can be written as one
word quamobrem or separately quam ob rem.

Example Valdé aved scire, quid agas. [Cic.] I am dying (lit: 1am very eager) to
know what you are doing.
Valdé aved scire, quid égeris. Iam dying to know what you did.

1. Dominus quaerit quamobrem servi eum verberent.

2. Servi rogant cur dominus tam saevus sit.

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 157

 Non memini quid servi dicant.
Dominus quaerit cir servi eum in pavimentum abiciant.
Dominus rogat ubi servi fidélidrés sint.
Servus quaerit quam ob rem concubinae cum clamore concurrant.
Macedo videt quid servi in villa faciant.
Quid dominum recreare possit nesci6.
SO
i Quid servi mani teneant Macedo nescit.
NEON
10. Ego non audire possum quid servi dicant.
11. Tarquinius quaerit quam ob rem anus ad régiam veniat.
12. Tarquinius rogat quid mulier mani teneat.
13. Cur Tarquinius rideat mulier nescit.
14. Tarquinius non intellegit cir pretium tam inménsum sit.
15. Tarquinius quaerit cir anus illds libros combirére velit.

2. CUM CAUSAL

We have seen in Chapter 7 that the conjunction cum, when it means

“since,” takes the subjunctive. With the meaning “since,” any tense of
the subjunctive may occur. The verb in a cum clause is translated into
English as an indicative. Sometimes the phrase praesertim cum (espe-
cially since) occurs. |

Examples PRESENT Quae cum ita sint, consulatum non petam. Since this is so,
I will not run for the consulship.
PERFECT Cum abs té nihil litterarum accéperim, incertus sum ubi
sis. [Cic.] Since I have received no letter from you, I don’t
know where you are.

. Change the infinitives in parentheses to the perfect subjunctive in these

causal clauses.

1. Cum Macedo dominus superbus et saevus (esse), servi eum

interfécérunt.
2. Cum servi dominum interficére (temptare), diffagérunt.
3. Praesertim cum Prométheus genus himanum iuvare (velle), ignem
ex caelo surripuit.
3. Cum Prometheus ignem ex caeld (surripére), luppiter eum pinire
voluit.
4. Cum Pand6ra ciiridsa (esse), arcam cum sécrétd aperuit.

158 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

 Cum Pandora arcam (aperire), multa mala in terra nunc sunt.
Cum autem dei spem in arca (ponére), omnés hominés spem habent.
Cum Platd Préserpinam (sédiicére), mater maestissima est.
Cum Cerés dé filia désperata (esse), sé flens ad Iovis pedés proiécit.
Oo
30.
FoneIuppiter, cum lacrimis Cereris (commovére), matationem animi habet.
10. Iuppiter, cum Cererem (amare), Proserpinam ex Orco liberare voluit.

3. CUM ADVERSATIVE/CONCESSIVE

We have seen in Chapter 7 that the conjunction cum can be not only
causal but also adversative, when it is followed by the adverb tamen
(nevertheless, still) in the main clause. In such instances, cum means
“although.” When the action of the main clause happens in the present
or future and the action of the adversative clause happened prior to it,
the verb in the adversative clause will be in the perfect tense. But when
the action of the main clause happened in the past and the action of the
adversative clause happened prior to it, the verb in the adversative
clause will be in the pluperfect tense. The following examples will help
to make the difference clear.

Examples PRIOR TO A PRESENT TENSE

Cum amicum meum saepe iiverim, tamen mé invicem noén
iuvat. Although I have often helped my friend, still he does not
help me in turn.
PRIOR TO A PAST TENSE
Cum amicum meum saepe iivissem, tamen mé invicem non
iuvit. Although I had often helped my friend, still he didn’t help
me in turn.

I. The adverb tamen will be your clue that the sentence contains an adver-
sative/concessive clause. Change the infinitives in parentheses to the
perfect subjunctive form.

1. Cum ego epistulas ad té frequenter (mittére), tamen ti numquam

rescribis.
2. Cum servi semper fidélés (esse), Macedo tamen superbus et saevus
est.
3. Cum vos Rodmam numquam (vidére), tamen eam hac aestate
vidébitis.

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 159

 4. Cum aliqui servi dominum focilare (temptare), tamen mortuus
vidétur.
5. Cum Cerés filiam ubique (quaerére), tamen eam nusquam invenire
potest.

FAIR TREATMENT OF SLAVES

ow read about the kindness of a master toward his slaves. This is

Newt account by Pliny the Younger (A.D. 61-115). It was pointed
out in the previous discussion of slavery that household slaves,
especially the educated ones, were often treated with fairness and even
with affection. Such is the case with Pliny’s ex-slave (libertus), Zosimus.

It is interesting and revealing to note that Cicero in a letter to his close

friend Atticus confides that he is more distressed at the death of one of his
well-educated slaves “than one would expect him to be.” In other words,
Cicero indicates that in Roman society of his day slave masters were not
supposed to feel grief at the death of a slave. You will see at the end of the
first paragraph in the letter below that Pliny over a century later expresses
a similar sentiment regarding the ex-slave Zosimus.

In order to understand the abilities of Zosimus, you need to know that a

form of entertainment for the educated was public readings and recitals. In
the absence of movies, television, and radio, people in Rome would gather
to hear public recitals of comedies and tragedies, of orations and poetry.
The performer had to have not only a good voice but also the ability to ges-
ture dramatically as he read. He would also have to speak loudly in order
to be heard byalarge audience. In one of his letters, Pliny says that if his
voice is not up to the occasion, he will have one of his slaves perform the
recital for him. People came to these recitals out of genuine love of litera-
ture. Sometimes also they came to demonstrate how sophisticated they
were.

The account below is taken from Pliny’s letter to his friend Valerius
Paulinus. The letter begins with the typical greeting. Except for a bit of
shortening, the letter is essentially as Pliny wrote it. The use of the reflexive
adjective sud in this formula indicates affection, just as we address some-
one as “dear” ina letter, although in English that word ina letter has
become simply conventional.

160 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

 C. Plinius Valerid Paulino sud saliitem dicit
Gaius Plinius greets his (friend) Valerius Paulinus.

I
Video, quam molliter tuds servos quam molliter how gently tractare to
Tums. ene?
tractés; quod simplicius tibi treat quo simplicius all the more
SS40er) CD emngipsy
confitébor, qua indulgentia meds straightforwardly confit-edr -éri confes-
servos tractem. Est mihi semper in sus sum (dep) to confess, admit
animo hoc nostrum verbum “pater indulgenti-a -ae f indulgence (abl. of man-
familiae.” Quod si essem natura ner) verbeum -i n word, expression
asperior et durior, frangeret mé famili-a -ae f household quod si but if
tamen infirmitas liberti met Zosimi. asper asper-a -um rough dir-us -a -um
tough frang:6 -ére frégi fractus to break,
crush infirmit-as -atis f ill health
II
Homo probus est, officidsus, lit- prob-us -a -um honest officids-us -a -um
teratus; et arte quidem comoedi dutiful litterateus -a -um_ cultured
praestat. Nam prontntiat 4criter, comoed-us -1 m comic actor, reader of
sapienter, apté, decenter etiam; comedies praest-6 -are praestiti to stand
tititur et cithara perité. Idem tam out pronintiare to recite in public Acrit-
commodé et orationés et historias et er clearly apté appropriately decenter
carmina legit, ut hoc solum didi- gracefully iit-or iti isus sum (dep) (+ abl)
cisse videatur. to play cithar-a -ae flyre perité skillfully
idem likewise commodé nicely carm-en
-inis n poem
Ill
Haec tibi sédulo exposui, quo magis séduld in detail exponére to explain qué
scires quam multa mihi et quam magis so that... better quam multa how
iucunda ministeria praestaret. many iticund-us -a -um pleasant minis-
Accédit longa iam caritas hominis, teri-um -I 7 service praestare to perform
quam ipsa pericula auxérunt. Nam accédit there is in addition long-us -a
ante aliquot annos, dum -um long-standing carit-As -atis f affec-
pronuntiat, sanguinem reiécit atque tion aug-ed -ére auxi auctus to increase
ob hoc in Egyptum missus est 4 m6; sangu-is -inis m blood reic-id -ére reiéci
post longam peregrinationem reiectus to cough up peregrinati-6 -dnis f
confirmatus rediit niper; deinde traveling abroad confirmat-us -a -um
dum per continuds diés nimis having regained strength nimis exces-
imperat voci, rursus sanguinem sively, too much imperare (+ dat) to
reddidit. make demands on

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 161

Plinius and his good slave Zosimus

IV
Qua ex causa déstinavi eum mittére déstinare to decide praedi-um -i7 estate,
in praedia tua, quae Foro luli pos- farm Forum -i n Tali Market-town of
sidés. Audivi enim té saepe Julius possid-e6 -ére possédi possessus
referentem esse ibi et aéra salibrem to own refero referre rettuli relatus to
et lac ei'usmodi cirratidnibus accom- say, relate saliib-er -ris -re healthful lac
modatissimum. Rogo ergo ut lact-is n milk eiusmodi that kind of
scribas tuls servis, ut villa illt patéat. curati-6 -dnis f treatment accommodat-us
-a -um suitable, suited pat-ed -ére -ui to
be open, be available

162 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

 J. Answer in English the following questions based on the account that
you have just read.

I . How does Valerius Paulinus treat his slaves?

. How does Pliny treat his slaves?
. Why does Pliny feel free to speak about his treatment of slaves?
. Whom does a Roman familia include that modern families do not?
RK
or
WN . Why is Pliny crushed with worry?

II . Which qualities do you think make Zosimus a good slave?

. Which quality makes Zosimus a valuable slave to Pliny?
. What instrument can Zosimus play?
\9
OD
CON. What forms of literature does Zosimus generally recite?

III 10. What reason does Pliny give for such a detailed account?
11. In addition to Pliny’s appreciation of the talents of Zosimus,
what else does Pliny value about him?
12. What has heightened that feeling?
13. What happened one day as Zosimus was giving a recital?
14. Where did Pliny send Zosimus?
15. Americans who have certain ailments of throat or lungs go to
Arizona because of its dry climate. Why would Pliny send
Zosimus to Egypt?
16. What effect did the travels abroad have on Zosimus?
17. What happened while he was again giving a recitation?
18. What was the cause?

IV 19. Where did Pliny decide to send Zosimus this time?

20. Why did Pliny think that that place would do Zosimus any
good?

Here is what the same author, Pliny, wrote to his friend about those read-
ing circles in the Rome of his day, that is, around A.D. 100.

Magnum proéventum poétarum hic provent-us -is m crop, harvest

annus attulit; toto ménse April adferd adferre attuli allatus to pro-

1
nillus feré diés erat, quo non duce recitare to give a recital iuvat mé it
T] reme.ecuse
MRAGCI) CD pmigiDy
recitaret aliquis. Iuvat mé, quod delights me quod that vig-eO -ére -ui to
—.| vigent studia, tametsi ad audien- thrive studi-a -drum npl (literary) studies
dum pigré coitur. Plerique in tametsi even if pigré reluctantly coitur

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 163

 stationibus sedent tempusque audi- (impers. verb) people get together ad
endi fabulis conterunt ac subinde audiendum to listen plerique mostly
sibi nuntiari iubent, an iam recitator stati-d -dnis f hallway fabulis in chatting
intraverit, an dixerit praefationem, conter-O -ére contrivi contritus to waste
an ex magna parte évolverit librum; | subinde from time to time iubent ask
tum demum ac tunc quoque lenté = sibi nuntiari (impers. verb) that it be
cunctanterque veniunt nec tamen announced to them an... an... . whe-
permanent, sed ante finem __ ther...or...or recitat-or -Gris m the one
recédunt, alii ftirtim, alii simpliciter giving the recital praefati-0 -onis f pref-
et liberé. ace, introduction ex magna parte for the
most part, almost évolvére to finish read-
ing démum finally lenté slowly cunctanter
hesitantly permanére to stay to the
end recédére to go back (out) again
furtim on the sly liberé openly

Pliny goes on to say in his letter:

“Nowadays those with the greatest leisure time, though asked well in
advance and reminded time and again, either do not show up, or if they
come, they complain that they have wasted their day. As for myself, I hard-
ly ever refuse to be present on such occasions. Though, to tell you the truth,
the authors giving the recital have generally been my friends.”

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A ROMAN GENTLEMAN

The following letter from Pliny to a friend is quoted, with a few slight
changes, exactly as he wrote it. One can hardly find a better authentic doc-
ument as evidence of what a typical day in the life of the members of
Rome’s upper classes was like. He was born at Comum in northern Italy in
A.D. 61. Since his father died when Pliny was young, he was adopted by his
uncle, the elder Pliny, who is famous for his books on natural history. Pliny,
as we saw in the account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79, was
a studious fellow. At age 14 he was writing Greek tragedies. At age 19 he
was practicing law in the Roman forum. He rose to the highest office, the
consulship, in A.D. 100. His published letters include his correspondence
with the emperor Trajan during the two years in which he was governor of

164 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

a province in Asia Minor. In the course of time he owned villas in various
parts of Italy, such as the estate in Etruria, mentioned in this letter.

The Romans reckoned time of day from sunrise to sunset. Thus héra
prima is the first hour in the morning, namely 6 o'clock; 12 o’clock noon
would thus be the seventh hour. According to some scholars, the Romans
computed time at the end of the hours, as we do today. Thus, héra prima
would be 7 o’clock in the morning.

In this letter, the various ellipses (words to be understood) have been

inserted. An ellipsis is the omission of a word or phrase necessary for a com-
plete syntactical construction but not necessary for understanding. Ellipses
have been supplied in parentheses in the readings of previous chapters, but
here the ellipses have been placed in brackets to draw your attention to
them.

_c Plinius Fuscé sud saliitem dicit. ae

‘Gaius Pliniusgreets his friend) *y-

I
Quaeris, quem ad modum in Tuscis quem ad modum how in Tuscis on my
diem aestate dispodnam. Etruscan estate diem disp6dnére to
arrange the day’s schedule
Evigild, cum libuit, plérumque circa évigilare to wake up libuit I please
horam primam, saepe ante [primam plérumque generally tardius later
horam|], tardius rard. Clausae fenes- fenestr-a -ae f shutter miré surprisingly
trae manent. Miré enim silentio et tenebr-ae -arum fp! darkness silentio et
tenebris ab eis, quae Aavocant, tenebris abl of means avocare to be dis-
abductus et liber et mihi relictus, tracting abductus diverted animum my
animum oculis sequor, qui eadem thoughts quotiéns whenever si quid in
quae méns [videt] vident, quotiéns manibus habed if I am working on some-
non vident alia. Cogito, si quid in thing tum then, at that time ad verbum
manibus habed. Tum sum ad ver- literally, actually émendare to correct,
bum [alicui] scribenti émendantique edit notari-us -1 m stenographer dié
similis. Notarium voco et, dié admisso daylight having been let in (to
admisso, [ea] quae formaveram the bedroom) formare to imagine, think
dictd. Abit [notarius] rursusque up dictare to dictate riirsusque time and
revocatur rirsusque remittitur. again remittére to send away again

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 165

 II
Ubi hora quarta vel quinta est certus -a -um definite dimét-ior -iri
(neque enim [est] certum diménsus sum (dep) to count off ut diés
diménsumque tempus) ut diés suasit depending on the weather (lit: as
suasit, in xystum mé vel cryptopor- the day has suggested) xyst-us -i m walk-
ticum cOonferd, reliqua meditor et way cryptoporticus -is f covered
dicts. Vehiculum ascendo. Ibi portico sé cénferre to go medit-or -ari
quoque idem [facio] quod ambulans meditatus sum (dep) to think over
aut iacéns [féci]; durat intentio, vehicul-um -1 1 carriage intenti-d -dnis f
mitatione ipsa refecta. attention dirare to persist miutati-O -Onis
f change (of scene) reficére to refresh
Ill
Paulum redormid, dein ambuli, paulumalittle claré et intenté aloud and
mox orationem Graecam with emphasis (Doctors recommended walk-
Latinamve claré et intenté non tam ing and reading aloud to get rid of stomach
vocis causa quam stomachi [causa] aches!) non tam ... quam not so much...
lego; pariter tamen et illa firmatur. as illa(= vox) firmare to strengthen parit-
er equally

K. Answer the following questions in English, based on this portion of

Pliny’s letter.

I . At what time does Pliny usually wake up?

. Why does he keep the shutters of his bedroom window closed?
. How does he spend his time there?
. What construction is dié admisso?
FR
Or
WN . What specifically is the task of the notarius?

II . What does Pliny do around 9 or 10 in the morning?

. In what weather does he use the xystus?
. In what weather does he use the cryptoporticus?
\O
BD
CON. What does Pliny do when riding in his carriage?
10. What benefit or advantage does he derive from the carriage
ride?

III 11. If dormid means “I sleep,” what does redormid mean?

166 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

Pliny’s letter continues.

IV
Iterum ambul6, ungor, exerceor, ungor I am massaged
lavor. Cénanti mihi, si cum uxdre
vel paucis [amicis], liber legitur;
post cénam cOmoedus aut lyristés cOmoed-us -i m comedian lyrist-és -ae m
[mé oblectat]; mox cum meis [servis] lyre player oblectare to entertain mox
ambuld, qudrum in numero sunt then
éruditi [servi]. Ita variis sermonibus érudit-us -a -um educated
vespera extenditur, et diés, vesperra -ae f evening
quamquam longissimus, cito condi- conditur is brought to a close
tur.

V
Non numquam ex hoc ordine ali- ord-6 -inis m routine
qua mitantur. Nam, si dit iacui vel iac-e0 -ére -uil to lie down
ambulavi, post somnum démum somn-us -I m sleep lecti6 -dnis f
lectionemque non vehiculd [gestor], reading gest-or -ari -atus sum (+ abl) to
sed, quod brevius, quia volicius ride interveniunt drop by ad sé trahunt
[est], equo gestor. Interveniunt take up, claim interdum sometimes
amici ex proximis oppidis lassat-us -a -um tired out opportiin-us -a
partemque diéi ad sé trahunt inter- -um timely interpellati-6 -dnis f inter-
dumque lassato mihi opportina ruption subven-id -ire subvéni subven-
interpellatione subveniunt. tum (+ dat) to come to (someone’s) relief

VI
Vénor aliquando, sed non sine vén-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to go hunting
pugillaribus. Dum vénor, compond aliquando sometimes pugillar-ia -ium
aliquid in pugillaribus. Ad rétia npl notebook rét-e -is n hunting net
sedeo. Manibus' tened non
venabulum sed stitum. Silvae et venabulum -i n hunting spear stil-us -i m
solitudd et silentium sunt magna pen
incitamenta ad _ cogitationem. incitamentum -I n inducement cogitati-d
Itaque, si nihil in rétibus cépero, -onis f thinking plén-us -a -um full reportare
tamen pléna pugillaria reportabo. to bring back (home)
Vale. Valé farewell, goodbye

Perfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses 167

 L. Answer the following questions in English, based on this portion of
Pliny’s letter.

IV . What occurs while Pliny is eating dinner?

. How is he entertained after dinner?
. With whom does he take a walk after dinner?
. How is the time spent while they walk?
Re
PON

. What does he sometimes do if he has slept or read for a long

time?
. Why does he prefer that activity?
. What is his attitude towards friends stopping by?
D . Where do his friends come from?
CON

VI . Why does he take pugillaria along when he goes hunting?

\

168 Chapter 10. Gaius Plinius

Gerund and Gerundive
Orpheus and Eurydice

Faciend® discimus. We learn by doing. _

amo amare habed habére mitto mittére capiO capére audio audire
amavi amatus habui habitus misi missus cépi captus audivi auditus
to love to have to send to take to hear

Noo.
GEN. amandi habendi mittendi capiendi audiendi
DaT. amando habendo mittendo capiendo audiendo
Acc. amandum habendum mittendum capiendum audiendum
ABL. amandod habendo mittend6 capiendo audiendo

_A gerund is a word which is partly verb and partly noun; hence the term
verbal noun. As a noun, it can be inflected; as a verb it can take an object. The
gerund occurs only in the singular and is declined like a neuter noun of the
second declension, except that it has no nominative. The present infinitive
is used in place of the nominative; for example: vidére est crédére seeing is
believing.

Gerund and Gerundive 169 —

 Since an English -ing form can be a verbal noun (gerund), or a verbal
adjective (participle), or a part of a verbal phrase, it is important to distin-
guish between these three forms.

Example GERUND Mother enjoys working in the kitchen.

PARTICIPLE She is a working mother.
VERBAL PHRASE Mother is working.

*.uses
OF THE GERUND
A Latin gerund can function in any way that a noun can function, except
as subject or direct object of a sentence. In those two cases, the infinitive is
used. The most common uses of gerunds are the following.

1. GENITIVE: The genitive of gerunds is used

a) with nouns:
Examples cupiditas imperandi the desire of ruling
ars scribendi the art of writing

b) with adjectives:
Example studidsus discendi desirous of learning

c) with causa, (and less frequently) gratia

Examples bene vivendi causa for the sake of living well
quiéscendi gratia for the sake of resting

2. Dative: The dative of gerunds is used after adjectives to express pur-

pose.
Examples genus armorum aptum pugnando the type of arms suitable for
fighting
situs iddneus aedificandd a site suitable for building

3. ACCUSATIVE: It is used with the preposition ad to express purpose:

Example ad resistendum concurrére to flock together to offer resistance

170 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

 4. ABLATIVE: The gerund in the ablative is used

a) after the prepositions ab, dé, ex, in:

Examples Ex discendd capiunt voluptatem. [Cic.] They get pleasure out of
learning.
Nihil dé discend6 est facile. There is nothing easy about learning.
(Brutus) in liberand6 patriam est interfectus. (Brutus) was killed in (=
while) freeing his country.

b) without a preposition, as an ablative of cause, means, etc.

Examples Méns discendo alitur et cogitand6. [Cic.] The mind is nourished by
learning and thinking. |
miles bellando fessus a soldier weary of fighting
Unus homo nobis cunctand6 restituit rem. [Cic.] One person restored
the State to us by delaying.
Illi primum purgando terunt tempus. [Liv.] They first use up time in
apologizing.

A. Change the first verb of the sentence to a gerund as an ablative of means

or cause.

Examples Ambul6 et mé exerced. I walk and I exercise

Ambuland6 mé exerced. By walking I exercise.
Ambulabam et mé exercébam. I used to walk and exercise.
Ambulando mé exercébam. By walking I exercised.

VOCABULARY
cogndsc-6 -ére cognovi cognitus to learn, find out
lavare to wash
mund-us -a -um clean

Athlétae currunt et sé exercent.

Lavo et mundus sum.
Quaerimus et cognOscimus.
Discipulus legit et discit.
Rogavimus et didicimus.
ae?
SON Cantamus et félicés sumus.

Gerund and Gerundive 171

 7. Audio et disco.
8. Dominus clamat et mox auditur.

B. In order to learn the gerund and at the same time reinforce the purpose
clause, repeat the main clause of the sentence, but change the purpose
clause to ad with the gerund in the accusative and then causa with the
gerund in the genitive.

Example Horatius pugnat ut vincat.

Horatius pugnat ad vincendum / vincendi causa.
Horatius fights to win

In scholam ivimus ut discerémus.

Ego domum reverti ut dormirem.
Amici événérunt ut liderent.
Omnés laborant ut féliciter vivant.
a Auditis ut intellegatis.
Ee

. Change the noun of the prepositional phrase into a gerund and change
the adjective, if there is one, into an adverb.

Example Dé bona vita cogitat. He thinks about the good life.

Dé bene vivendo cogitat. He thinks about living well.

VOCABULARY
paup-er -eris m a poor person
somniare to dream

Servus dé fuga cégitat.

Milités dé victoria cogitant.
Pauper dé optima vita somniat.
Discipula in studio diligéns est.
Athlétae
Le dé curst cOgitant.

. Using the verb given in parentheses, form the gerund in the case
required by the sense of the sentence.

VOCABULARY
met-O -ére messul messus to reap, harvest
quiésc-0 -ére quiévi quiétum to rest, sleep
ser-0 -ére sévi satus to sow, plant
ver véris n spring

le Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

 Philosophi multa dé bene (vivére) dicunt.
Amicus meus locum iddneum (natiare) invénit.
Cicero quidem artem (dicére) habuit.
Multi in forum vénérunt (audire) causa.
Titus Livius artem (scribére) cOnstanter exercuit.
Epimétheus in cubiculum ivit (quiéscére) gratia.
Quis senatdrem ab (loqui) prohibuit?
Proserpina nullam cupiditatem (régnare) habuit.
Vér est maximé iddneum (serére).
ie
oe
Se
ee Autumnus est optimum anni tempus ad (metére) .
Discipull non semper (discére) cupidi sunt.
Plinius Zosimum ad sé vocavit ad (legére).
. Plinius multum tempus in (studére) consumpsit.
. Senatorés circum Caesarem stetérunt ad (audire.)
. Haec aqua est ittilis (potare).
pea
be . Corpus
btAo
PWN (dormire) recreatur.

EE 0.1 CERUNDIVE
1. The gerundive is formed like the gerund, except that it has the nomi-
native form as well. Thus it is declined just like bonus bona bonum.
(English does not have a gerundive.) The gerundive is a verbal adjec-
tive. Like any adjective, it agrees with its noun or pronoun in gender,
number, and case. Although the gerundive is passive in form and
meaning, it is usually best translated as active; the noun that it modifies
is then translated as its object.

Examples Plutd, cupidus puellae sédiicendae, in Siciliam vénit. (lit: Pluto,

desirous of the girl to be led away, came to Sicily.) Pluto, desirous of
leading the girl away, came to Sicily.
consilium condendae urbis [Liv.] (lit: the wisdom of a city to be
founded) the wisdom offounding a city

0A gerund in the genitive or ablative case can, as a verbal noun, take a

direct object. But such gerund constructions are relatively rare. Instead,
the gerundive construction is generally used. Note the difference
between the gerund construction and the gerundive construction.

Gerund and Gerundive 173

 Examples GERUND GERUNDIVE

cupidus urbem cupidus urbis desirous of seeing

videndi videndae the city
Mé oblecto ludos Mé oblecto lidis I amuse myself by
spectando. spectandis. watching sports

When translating from English to Latin, it is best to think first of the

noun without the gerundive.

For example, in translating “He was occupied with attacking the

city,” first translate “He was occupied with the city: Urbe occupatus
est.” Then make the gerundive agree with the noun: Urbe oppugnanda
occupatus est.

The uses of the gerundive are in general like those of the gerund. The
gerundive occurs much more frequently than the gerund. The most com-
mon uses of gerundives are the following.

1. GENITIVE: The genitive of the gerundive is used

a) with nouns:
Example voluptas amicdrum videndorum the pleasure of seeing friends

b) with adjectives:
Example cupidus drationum audiendarum desirous of listening to speeches

c) with causa, (and more rarely) gratia

Examples pacis petendae causa for the sake of seeking peace
animorum plébis conciliandorum gratia for the sake of winning the
hearts of the people

174 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

 E. To become more familiar with both the ut purpose clause and the gerun-
dive with causa, repeat the main clause of the sentence, but change the
ut purpose clause to a gerundive with causa. Hint: since causa takes the
genitive, first give the noun in the genitive; then write the gerundive,
making it agree with that noun.

Example Populus in forum festinat ut consulem audiat.

Populus in forum festinat cénsulis audiendi causa.
The people are rushing to the forum to hear the consul.

VOCABULARY
sédiic-6 -ére sédiixi séductus to carry off
vénuned6 —dare -dedi —datus to offer for sale

Plato in pratum vénit ut Proserpinam sédiceret.

Perseus per aérem volat ut Medtisam occidat.
Cerés ubique quaerit ut Proserpinam inveniat.
Sibylla ad Tarquinium vénit ut libros venundaret.
he Pandora arcam aperuit ut sécrétum vidéret.
ites

2. DATIVE: The dative of the gerundive is used

a) to express purpose. This is relatively rare, since ad with the

accusative of the gerundive is usually used to express purpose.

Examples Mé Albani gerendo bello ducem creavere. [Liv.] The Albans

appointed me general to conduct the war.
haud magnum spatium quod volneribus ciirandis satis erat [Liv.]
a short period of time which was sufficient to treat the wounds

b) It is also used in some set expressions:

Example decemviri légibus scribundis a ten-man board to codify the laws

3. ACCUSATIVE: The accusative of the gerundive occurs only with prepo-

sitions, mainly with ad to express purpose.

Gerund and Gerundive 175

 Example Légatds mittunt ad pacem petendam. They send ambassadors to seek
peace.
dare spatium ad vehicula comparanda [Liv.] to grant a period of time
to purchase vehicles
Missi sunt ad id visendum prodigium. [Liv.] They were sent to
examine that prodigy.
aquam ad ignem restinguendum ferre [Liv.] to fetch water to put out
the fire

. As in Exercise E, repeat the main clause of the following sentences, but

change the ut purpose clause to a gerundive with ad and the accusative.

Example Senatorés curiam intrant ut Caesarem occidant.

Senatorés curiam intrant ad Caesarem occidendum.
The senators enter the senate building to kill Caesar.

Horatius Coclés pugnavit ut pontem défenderet.

Mucius Scaevola castra hostium intravit ut Porsennam necaret.
Volsci venérunt ut Romam délérent.
Thisbé celeriter currit ut Pyramum conveniret.
Coriolanus ad Volscés ivit ut eds iuvaret.
Marcius urbi Coriolis appropinquat ut aedificia incenderet.
Tarquinius ad Porsennam perfigit ut auxilium peteret.
Porsenna Ianiculum occupavit ut Romanos déléret.
ee
oe)
ee Aenéas in Italiam navigavit ut urbem novam conderet.
Sree eePrOserpina in prato erat ut florés carperet.
iS
eeentire nen Sr tsaS

4. ABLATIVE: The gerundive occurs both with and without a preposition.

a) with a preposition:
Examples animus in régno avit6 reciperand6 [Liv.] courage in regaining his
ancestral kingdom
locus quem in condendis urbibus quondam Etrusci consecrabant
[Liv.] a space which the Etruscans at one time used to consecrate
when founding cities

176 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

Example Nihil dé ré piblica bene gerenda est facile. Nothing about running
the government well is easy.

b) without a preposition: The gerundive then expresses cause or

means.
Example Colonis mittendis extendére latius imperii finés volébat. [Liv.] By
sending out settlers, he wished to extend farther the borders of his
dominions.

. Change the first sentence of each set to a gerundive in the ablative case.

Example Castra defendit. Coriolanus vincit.

Castris défendendis, Coriolanus vincit.
By defending the camp, Coriolanus wins.

Pontem défendit. Horatius urbem servat.

Légatos misérunt. Rutuli pacem faciunt.
Auxilium dant. Trdiani amicds habent.
Mur6s aedificabant. Romani urbem minivérunt.
Sige
peHostés occidit. Horatius Coclés sé servat.

. Occasionally a preposition occurs with the ablative of the gerundive. In

the following sentences a cognate noun will be used. A cognate noun in
this instance is one that is related (cognatus means “related”) to the
verb. For example the noun défénsio is related to the verb défendére,
and so they are said to be cognates. In the same way, the noun abductié
and the verb abdiicére are cognates. In the following sentences, look at
the cognate noun and then express the same idea with a gerundive
expression.

Example Dé défensione urbis Romulus saepe locitus est.

Romulus often talked about the defense of the city.
Dé urbe défendenda Romulus saepe locitus est.
‘ Romulus often talked (lit: about the city to be defended) about
defending the city.

1. Dé abductidne féminarum Sabini cogitabant.

2. Dé lectione librorum cogitate.

Gerund and Gerundive 177

 3. Dé libertate Cloeliae loquuntur omnés.
4. Dé amore parentum magistra nds monet.
5. Dé scriptione litterarum nolite nunc cogitare.

ORPHEUS AND HIS WIFE EURYDICE

ow read the story of a devoted husband who “went through hell” to

N= his wife from the world of the dead. The ancients never wrote
a book specifically on psychology; however, they often used myths to
demonstrate a point in psychology. The story of Apollo the Sun God and
Phaéthon, for example, illustrates the relation between a powerful yet loving
and caring father and an earnest, daredevil son who is determined to prove to
his friends that he is indeed the son of Apollo by driving the chariot of the sun
through the sky for a day.

Orpheus, whom the Greeks regarded as the greatest poet before Homer, was
the son of the Muse Calliope. He was presented with a lyre (lyr-a -ae f) by
Apollo and instructed by the Muses to play it. With its music he enchanted not
only birds and wild beasts but also the trees and rocks. After participating in
the expedition of the Argonauts who went in quest of the golden fleece, he set-
tled down in Thrace and married the beautiful nymph, Eurydice.

Nymphs (nymphva —ae f ) were pretty female spirits of nature with

whom the Greeks peopled all parts of nature. There were ocean-nymphs,
daughters of Oceanus, called Oceanides; sea nymphs, daughters of Nereus,
who peopled the Mediterranean Sea, called Nereides; fresh-water nymphs,
who peopled rivers, brooks, lakes, or springs, called Naiades; they were
believed to have prophetic powers; mountain nymphs, called Oreades; tree
nymphs, called Dryades or Hymadryades. The Roman poet Ovid (43 B.c. —
A.D.18), who provided the Roman account of Orpheus and Eurydice, does
not tell us what type of nymph Eurydice was.

When his young, pretty wife died of a snake bite, Orpheus followed her
into the abodes of the dead, where he charmed various monsters with the
music of his harp. He succeeded in getting Pluto to release his beloved wife,
but only on condition that he should not look back until they arrived in the
upper world. As fate would have it, at the very moment when they were
about to reach the world of sunlight, beauty, and happiness, he, in his anx-
iety, looked around to make sure that Eurydice was following him. As a

178 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

 Pe ;
ee
1)

Orpheus enchants the animals as Eurydice is bitten by a snake.

Gerund and Gerundive 179

 result, she was drawn back into the lower world and was lost to him for-
ever.

One of the points of this myth is the fragile nature of human happiness.

Orpheus et Eurydicé.
I
Orpheus est tnus ex illis paucis pauc-l -ae -a a few
TUL OCRIEL
mortalibus qui ante mortem in infer-us -a -um infernal super-us -a -um
88) CD pmvigip
regionés inferas déscendérunt et of this world, upper
iterum in superas terras reversi revert-or -1 reversus sum (dep) to return
sunt. Orpheus, filius Apollinis, haud not imperit-us -a -um (in + abl)
haud imperitus in lyra cantanda unskilled (in) lyrea -ae f lyre av-is -is f
erat. Avés, cum sonum amoenum bird cantare to sing; (+ abl) to play (an
audivissent, cantare céssabant. instrument) son-us -tis or -1 m sound
Béstiae ferae et arborés et etiam amoen-us -a -um charming céssare to
saxa (nam ita 4 poétis narratur), cease, stop commov-eOd -ére commdivi
elus arte commovébantur. comm@étus to touch, move

II
Eurydicé quoque, nympha formo- quoque too formés-us -a -um beautiful,
sissima, Orpheum _ cantantem shapely
audivit et statim ad eum trahébatur; trah-6 -ére traxi tractus to attract, draw,
et ille invicem Eurydicén amabat et pull invicem in turn
tandem eam in matrimodnium daxit.

Ill
Quondam Eurydicé, dum in agris quondam one day, once ager agri m field;
per herbas ambulat, 4 venénato ser- pl countryside venénat-us -a -um poiso-
pente Icta est, et paucis horis post, é nous ico (icid) icére ici ictus to sting,
vita discéssit ac in Orcum déscen- bite disecéd6 -cédére -céssi -céssum to
dit. depart Orc-us -i Orcus, lower world

IV
Orpheus mortem uxoris diem
noctemque lugébat. Per totum liig-e6 -ére luxt to mourn, lament

180 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

orbem terrarum errabat, dé uxodre recuperare to get back
recuperanda cOgitans. Dénique ad spélunc-a -ae f cave alt-us -a -um deep
altam spéluncam vénit, quae aditus adit-us -tis m entrance subter (+ acc)
ad regidnés tenebrodsas subter ter- below
ram erat.

Vv
Cum Orpheus ad flimen Stygem Styx Styg-isfStyx
pervénisset, horrendus portitor, horrend-us -a -um grim portit-or -dris m
Charon, eum viventem trans ferryman
flamen portare rectisavit. “Procul procul es! (imperative) away from here!
es, ta vivéns!” clamavit Charon;
“nefas est tibi viventi esse in régnd nefas est (+ inf) it is wrong, it is not right
défunctorum!” défunct-I -drum mpl the dead

I. Latiné respondé complétis sententiis.

I 1. Quod (whereto) déscendit Orpheus?

2. Cuius filius erat Orpheus?
3. Quo instriimentd miisicod Orpheus cantabat?
4. Quae animalia sonum amoenum audivérunt?

II 5. Quae nympha lyram Orphei audivit?

III 6. A qué Eurydicé icta est?

7. Ubi Eurydicé tum ambulabat?
8. Post eius mortem, quo déscendit Eurydicé?

IV 9. Quis mortem Eurydicés lagébat?

10. Ubi errabat Orpheus, uxOrem quaeréns?

- V 11. Quod némen est flaimini in Orcd?

12. Quis erat portitor istius flaminis?
13. Cur portitor reciisavit portare Orpheum trans istud flamen?

Gerund and Gerundive 181

 VI
Orpheus autem lyra cantando por-
TUL. ORIEL
titorem iratum placavit. Charon
MEADE) CS emytaTnu
Orpheum in cumba trans Stygem placare to calm down, placate
portavit et ad vestibulum régiae cumbea -ae f boat
Platdnis et Prodserpinae duxit. Tlic véstibul-um -i 7 entrance hall
ante Ostium recumbébat ingéns illic there Ssti-um -1 1 door, entranceway
Cerberus, canis, cul tria capita recumb-6 -ére rectibui to crouch ing-éns
erant, furenter latrans. Canis ei -entis mighty
obstat. Tum iterum Orpheus lyra furenter furiously latrare to bark
cantando canem ferocem placat. obst-6 -are obstiti (+ dat) to block (some-
one’s) way
VII
Orpheus démum_ ad _=§6 solium
Plutdnis ipstus et réginae Proser- démum at last solieum -i 1 throne
pinae appropinquat ad uxdrem
infélicem recuperandam. “Redde
mihi, O réx omnipoténs, uxdrem red-do -dére -didi -ditus to give back
pulchram. Post mortem ego et omnipot-éns -entis almighty
Eurydicé, sicut omnés mortalés,
hic pro certo redibimus.” “Quando sicut as, like
ta hic rededs, nescid; sed certé hic here, hither pro cert6d for sure reded
redibis. Quidquid dicas, ego, mihi -Ire -il -itum to return certé certainly,
créde, numquam Eurydicén dimit- unquestionably quidquid whatever
tam.” dimitt-6 -ére dimisi dimissus to let go

VIll
Tum Orpheus lyram iterum cépit et
cantare coepit, régis Plaitonis concil- coepi -isse ( def. verb) I began
iandi causa. Dénique Plato ei céssit conciliare to win over
hac condicidne: Vos ad terram céd-6 -ére céssi (+ dat) to give in to
procédite; uxor tua té secitira est.
Noli respicére. Si ad Eurydicén
respexeris, uxor tua in Orcum sta- respiceid -ére respexi respectum to look
tim rediticétur.” His dictis, eds back
dimisit.

182 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

 IX
Tum quidem Orpheus et Eurydicé
maximo cum gaudid ex inferis
festinabant. Primd Orpheus non
respexit. lam erant prope finem festinare to hurry, rush
itineris difficilis, et iam exitus in in cOnspecti esse to be in sight
conspecti erat. Tum maximé, tum maximé just then exhort-or -Aari
Orpheus, uxG6ris carae exhortandae exhortatus sum (dep) to encourage
causa, mandatorum Plitonis mandat-a -drum npl instructions
oblitus est et ad Eurydicén respexit. oblivisc-or -i oblitus sum (dep) (+ gen) to
forget
X
“Vale,” misera Eurydicé clamat,
“valé, mi marite care!” Tum
Mercurius, dux défunct6rum, eam valé! goodbye!
in regiOnés tenebrosas reduxit. dux duc-is m guide
Orpheus nunc vitam maestissimam
vixit, et quidem per breve tempus; maest-us —a —um sad

J. Latiné respondé complétis sententiis.

VI 1. Quis véstibulum régiae Plitonis custddivit?

2. Quot capita iste canis habuit?
3. Qudmodo Orpheus canem ferdcem placavit?

VII 4. Quis erat réx omnipoténs Orci?

5. Quis erat réginae Orci?
6. Ubi sedébant réx et régina?
7. Qudmodo Orpheus Platonem conciliavit?

VIII 8. Cui dixit Platd:” Noli respicére!”

IX 9. Ubi Orpheus erat cum ad Eurydicén respexisset?

10. Car tandem Orpheus ad Eurydicén respexit?

X 11. Quis Eurydicén in regionés tenebrosas reduxit?

12. Qualem vitam Orpheus deinde vixit?

Gerund and Gerundive 183

 K. The following analogy exercise is based on culture or ideas. The rela-
tionships can be of all kinds: specific name to a general name, parent to
child, husband to wife, synonyms, antonyms, etc.

1. Orpheus : Eurydicé :: maritus io be

DE AULO ) Proserpindy a. a tex ie
3. Romulus : Remus :: Epimétheus eas
4. caelum : Iuppiter ay AOTCUS a gio
5. mater : filia :: Cerés ss
6. Roma : urbs fy OYX eae
7. Faustulus : Larentia :: Epimétheus ee
8. maestus : félix Vivéns
9. galea > caput :: sandalium pa
10. dominus : servus :: pater familias

1
2. aviary
3. cantata
4
5

184 Chapter 11. Orpheus and Eurydice

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine
The Deluge

_ Dé gustibus non disputandum est. You should not argue about _

ieee a rr Se

There are two periphrastic conjugations: the active and the passive. The
word periphrastic means “round-about expression.”

amatitrus (-a -um) sum amattrus (-a -um) eram amattrus (-a -um) fui
amatirus es amatirus eras amattrus fuisti
amattrus est amatirus erat amatirus fuit

am§atiri (-ae -a) sumus amatiri (-ae -a) eramus amaturi (-ae -a) fuimus
amatiri estis amatiri eratis amatiri fuistis
amaturi sunt amaturi erant amattri fuérunt

amattrus (-a -um) sim amattrus (-a -um) essem amatirus (-a -um) fuerim
amattrus sis , amattrus esses amattrus fueris
amatirus sit amattrus esset amatitrus fuerit

amatiri (-ae -a) simus amatiiri (-ae -a) essémus amatiri (-ae -a) fuerimus
amatiri sitis amattri essétis amatiuri fueritis
amatiri sint amattri essent . amaturi fuerint
ee

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 185

 1. FORMATION
The active periphrastic conjugation is formed by combining the future
active participle with the various forms of the auxiliary verb esse and
denotes a future or intended action. (The future active participle is
formed by adding -ir-us -a -um to the fourth principal part of a verb
after dropping the -us ending.) The active carries the sense of to be about
to, going to.

Example Plinius litteras ad Imperatorem Traianum scriptiirus est. Pliny is

about to / is going to write a letter to the Emperor Trajan.

NOTES
1) The future active participle can also occur with the imperfect forms
of esse.

Example Rutuli Romanos oppugnatiri erant. The Rutulians were about

to/were going to attack the Romans.

2) The forms with sum and eram, and the corresponding subjunctive
forms of sim and essem are much more common than those with ful,
fuerim, etc. The forms with sim and essem occur in subordinate
clauses.

Example Remus quaesivit ubi Romulus mirum aedificatirus esset. Remus

asked where Romulus was about to/was going to build the wall.

A. Change the verbs in the following sentences from the present to the
imperfect periphrastic.

Example Servi dominum necatiri sunt. The slaves are going to kill their
master.
Servi dominum necatiiri erant. The slaves were going to kill their
master.

. Medtsa multds in saxam mitatira est.

Perseus gladium 4 Mercurio acceptirus est.
Minerva parmam fulgidam Perseo datira est.
Gorgonés Perseum necare temptatirae sunt.
RON
Perseus in Mediisae faciem numquam inspectirus est.

186 Chapter 12. The Deluge

 B. Substitute a periphrastic form of the verb in place of the future form. To
arrive at the future active participle, just run through the principal parts
of the verb.

Example Cicero proximus consul erit. Cicero will be the next consul.
Cicerd proximus consul futirus est. Cicero is going to be the next
consul.

VOCABULARY
émitt-6 -ére Emisi Emissus to let out
red-d6 -dére -didi -ditus to make, render
superare to overcome, get the better of

Dei multa dona Pandorae dabunt.

Venus eam venustam reddet.
Pandora deinde venusta erit.
Epimétheus maritus Pandorae erit.
Pandora 4 Iove arcam accipiet.
Pandora invicem arcam marito dabit.
Epimétheus arcam sub lectuld sud concélabit.
Pandora arcam mox inveniet.
Curidsitas tandem Pandoram superabit.
Oo Pandora deinde arcam aperiet et omnia mala émittet.
f=SO
2
eee

C. Each of the following sentences contains an indirect question in the sub-

ordinate clause. Select the correct periphrastic form in the subordinate
clause. Remember the sequence of tenses, namely, if the verb of the main
clause is in the present tense, the verb of the subordinate clause must be
in the present tense; but if the verb of the main clause is in the past tense,
the verb of the subordinate clause must also be in the past tense.

1. Tarquinius rogat quid Sibylla ei

a) vénditirus sit; b) vénditiira sit; c) vénditira esset.
2. Sibylla nesciébat quid Tarquinius
a) dictirus sit; b) dicttrumerat; c) dictirus esset.
3. Tarquinius rogat cir Sibylla trés libros
a) délétira esset; b) délétira sit; c) délétirds sint.
4. Sibylla rogavit quid Tarquinius dé aliis libris
a) factirum sit; b) factiirus esset; c) facttirum esset
5. Tarquinius non intellegit quaamobrem Sibylla libros
a) combissitros sint; b) combissiira esset; c) combissira sit

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 187

 2. FUTURE INFINITIVE
The Latin future infinitive is also part of the periphrastic conjugation.
English does not have a future infinitive. We can say “to see” and “to
have seen,” but the closest that we can get to a future infinitive is to use
the round-about expression “to be about to see.” The future infinitive is
used in indirect discourse after verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, sur-
mising, promising, etc. The subject of the infinitive is put into the
accusative case. (For discussion and review of the infinitive in indirect
discourse, see Chapter 5.)

Examples Porsenna dicit EtruscOs reditiirds esse. Porsenna says that the
Etruscans will return.
Porsenna dixit Etrusc6s reditir6s esse. Porsenna said that the
Etruscans would return.

Notice in the two examples above that the form of the Latin future
infinitive does not change, whether the verb of the main clause is in the
present or in the past tense. Remember that if the subject of the indirect
statement is the same as the subject of the main clause, the reflexive
pronoun must be used in the indirect statement.

Example Porsenna dicit sé redittrum esse. Porsenna says that he will return.

D. Change the present infinitive in the indirect statement to the future

infinitive. Be sure to make the participial endings -us -a -um agree with
the subject.

Perseus dicit sé ad Mediisam volare.

Medisa dicit sé Perseum in saxum reddére.
Perseus respondit sé in speculum inspicére.
Perseus cogitat Gorgonés hominibus nocére.
Se
Caesar dixit sé librum dé Bello Gallicd scribére.

188 Chapter 12. The Deluge

 eee II. THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION [iH

amandus (-a -um) sum amandus (-a -um) eram amandus (-a -um) fui
amandus es amandus eras amandus fuisti
amandus est amandus erat amandus fuit

amandi (-ae -a) sumus amandi (-ae -a) eramus amandi (-ae -a) fuimus
amandi estis amandi eratis amandi fuistis
amandi sunt amandi erant amandi fuérunt

amandus (-a -um) sim amandus (-a -um) essem amandus (-a -um) fuerim
amandus sis amandus essés amandus fueris
amandus sit amandus esset amandus fuerit

amandi (-ae -a) simus amandi (-ae -a) essémus amandi (-ae -a) fuerimus
amandi sitis amandi essé@tis amandi fueritis
amandi sint amandi essent amandi fuerint

FORMATION

The passive periphrastic conjugation is formed by combining the

gerundive with the various forms of the auxiliary verb esse and
denotes necessity, obligation, or propriety. Theoretically, any tense of esse
could be used with the gerundive, but in practice, the present and
imperfect, indicative and subjunctive, occur most frequently. You have
seen in the previous chapter both the formation and the uses of the
gerundive. It would be a good idea to review those sections of the chap-
ter. The gerundive can be translated in several different ways.

Example amand-us -a -um sum [| am to be loved, must be loved, should be

loved, deserve to be loved.

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 189

 The subjunctive forms occur in dependent (subordinate) clauses and
are translated in the same way as the indicative. It is simply that certain
Latin subordinating conjunctions require the subjunctive.

2. DEPONENT VERBS

They have a gerundive that is passive in both form and meaning.

Remember that deponent verbs are defined as verbs that are passive in
form but active in meaning. Perhaps, therefore, a good name for them
would be fake passives.

Example Omnés studentés hortandi sunt. All students should be/must be

encouraged.

3. DATIVE OF AGENCY

The personal agency with a passive periphrastic is expressed by the

dative. It is called the dative of agency, in contrast to ab and the ablative
of personal agency with passive verbs.

Examples DATIVE OF AGENCY a

Patria omnibus civibus défendenda est. The country must be
defended by all citizens.
ABLATIVE OF AGENCY
Patria ab omnibus défénsa est. The country was defended by all.

. The idea of obligation or propriety expressed by the passive periphrastic

conjugation can also at times be expressed by the verb débére and the
passive present infinitive. Change the following sentences to the passive
periphrastic, as shown in the example below.

Example Patria ab omnibus civibus défendi débet.

Patria omnibus civibus défendenda est.
The country ought to be defended/should be defended by all citizens.

VOCABULARY
déser-6 -ére -ui -tus to desert, abandon
édisc-d -ére édidici to learn by heart
leg-6 -ére légi léctus to read
régul-a -ae f rule
vers-us -iis m line (of prose or poetry)

190 Chapter 12. The Deluge

 Pons ab Horatid défendi débet.
MinOtaurus a4 Thésed occidi débet.
Ariadné 4 Thésed déseri non débet.
Romulus et Remus 4 Faustuld educari débent.
Trdiani ab Aenéa in Italiam dici débent.
Magistrae nostrae ab omnibus laudari débébunt.
Multa verba Latina 4 nobis édisci débent.
Multae régulae a discipulis disci débébant.
Multi versiis 4 nobis cotidié legi débent.
2 Omnés régulae ab omnibus observari débent.
—Se
So
SPS

4. INTRANSITIVE VERBS

There are many verbs that are intransitive. That is, they govern a case
other than the accusative. Some of the intransitive verbs take the dative,
but a few take the genitive or the ablative case. Since such verbs are not
transitive, they cannot become passive. For example, the verb paréo (to
obey) takes the dative case. In the case of such intransitive verbs, the
gerundive is used impersonally.

Example Parentibus parendum est. Parents must be obeyed. (lit: it must be

obeyed to the parents, or better, obedience must be given to the parents.)

But since there already is a dative in the sentence, if agency is expressed

in the sentence, the preposition ab with the ablative of agency is used.

Example Parentibus 4 liberis parendum est. Parents must be obeyed by their

children.

It sounds like a very strange construction to our ears because English

rarely uses impersonal constructions, e.g., “it is raining.” But the imper-
sonal construction is somewhat more frequent in Latin. In addition,
Latin uses the passive form perhaps ten times as often as English does.
However, it would be more natural for us to say: “Children must obey
their parents.” Look at the next example of impersonal construction.

Example ‘Ventum est démum ad Apollinis templum. People finally came to

the temple of Apollo. (lit: it was finally come to the temple of Apollo.)

Obviously the impersonal construction with the gerundive did not

sound strange to the ears of the Romans.

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 191

 Here is a list of commonly used intransitive verbs that require the
dative.

créd-6 -ére crédidi créditum (+ dat) to trust, believe

igndsc-d -ére ignovi ignotum (+ dat) to pardon, excuse, forgive
noc-ed -ére -ui nocitum (+ dat) to hurt, harm
persuad-ed -ére persuasi persudsum (+ dat) to persuade
plac-e6 -ére -ui -itum (+ dat) to please

F. Translate the following sentences into Latin.

Example [ Good citizens had to be trusted. Bonis civibus crédendum erat.

Pandora must not be trusted.

Proserpina must not be harmed.
The senators will have to be persuaded.
Why must the cruel master be forgiven?
es
SeThe king must be pleased.

ice, ieieina,oo,UL THE SUPINE (Sea

anal
The supine is a verbal noun and has only two cases: the accusative and
the ablative singular. The supines are formed by changing the -us of the
perfect passive participle (fourth principal part of a verb) to -um for the
accusative and -w for the ablative. The supine is a noun of the fourth declen-
sion.

Acc. amatum habitum missum captum auditum

ABL. amati habita missii capti auditi
eee

The accusative is used to express purpose with a verb of motion.

192 Chapter 12. The Deluge

Example In cubiculum sé recépit dormitum. He retired to his bedroom to
sleep.

The supine may take a direct object:

Example Aenéas trés virds misit régiam inventum. Aeneas sent three men to
find the palace.

The ablative is used with a few adjectives as an ablative of respect.

Examples Mirabile dicta! Strange to say!

difficile prontintiati hard to pronounce
monstrum foedum visi a monster disgusting to look at

G. The only common supines in -i occur in the following verbs. Provide

the ablative of the supine for each verb.

1. audire 3. intellegére 5. vidére

2. facére 4. audire

INE read the story of the great deluge, handed down from the
Greeks to the Romans. Where the Greeks got the story is unknown.
The similarities between the account of the two survivors,
Deucalion and Pyrrha on the one hand, and that of Noah and his wife on
the other hand are striking. In both cases the flood is attributed to divine
anger at the degenerate human race. It was at the advice of his father
Prometheus that Deucalion built a big boat for himself and his wife and
thus escaped the anger of Jupiter.

There was a strong belief that under the reign of Saturn, people led an
ideal, paradisaical existence. It was called the Golden Age. The Silver Age
was not as good. It was not until the Iron Age that man indulged in every
kind of vice and depravity.

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 193

 Quondam, Satirnod régnante, genus quondam once gen-us -eris 1 race
mume.ectuss
hiamanum fuerat pium_ et pis -a -um dutiful, god-fearing
“$4001:
EBPeY CD rayiainae
benignum. Hominés, pacis homin-és -um mpl people pacis am-ans
amantés, deds timébant’ et -antis peace-loving
adorabant. Bella erant nilla.
Hospés ab hospite, accola ab accola, hos-pés -pitis m host; guest accolea -ae m
uxor 4 marito, frater a fratre, filius a neighbor tiit-us -a -um safe
patre tutus erat. Odium et caedés odi-um -i 1 hatred caed-és -is f murder
erant inaudita. Hominés_ vitas inaudit-us -a -um unheard of
beatas dicébant. beat-us -a -um happy

II
Sed paulatim genus htimanum paulatim little by little
fiébat semper péius. Pericula et vio- fiébat became péi-or -or -us worse
lentia erant ubique. Latronés latr-6 -Onis m robber
interficiébant innocentés. Una natio interfic-i6 -ére interféci interfectus to kill
contra aliam nationem bellum
gerébat. Cum lIuppiter, Saturni cum when
filius, haec mala vidéret, hominibus
irascébatur. irasc-or -1 (+ dat) to become angry with

Hil
Ad _ concilium deds deasque concili-um -i n meeting, parley
vocavit. Omnés dei conticuérunt. conticésc-O -ére conticui to fall silent
Tum lIuppiter silentium ripit: rump-6 -ére rupi ruptus to break
“Genus himanum non iam pium
est. Qui in terra habitant, nds in
caelo neque timent neque adorant.
Mea monita non iam audiunt. Non monit-um -i 1 warning, admonition non
possum énumerare maleficia quae iam no longer énumerare to count
nunc committunt. Eds non igne sed malefici-um -i 1 misdeed, crime
aqua punittrus sum. Pluvia mit- pun-io -ire -ivi -itus to punish pluviea -ae
tenda per multds diés, ego hominés frain
et animdalia et segetés délétirus seg-es -itis f crop
sum. Genus himanum mihi
délendum est.”

194 Chapter 12. The Deluge

Pyrrha and Deucalion throwing rocks over their shoulders

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 195

 IV
Tum Iuppiter multam pluviam in mult-us -a -um much, heavy (rain)
terram misit. Aqua agros et domods
et campos et silvas et collés inundare to flood, inundate
inundavit. Omnia erant mare, et lit-us -oris n shore hic... hic one. . .
mare erat sine litoribus. Hic in another cumbea -ae f boat rémigare to
cumba sedet et remigat ubi nuper row nuper recently arare to plow pisc-is
arabat; hic piscés captat in summis -is m fish captare to try to catch in
arboribus. Lupi et leonés et tigrés summis arboribus in the tree tops
natant inter ovés. Hominés pecud-és -um fpl cattle per-e6 -ire -ii to
pecudésque ubique periunt. Quibus perish parc-O -ére peperci parsurus (+
aqua pepercit, fame lenté moriun- dat) to spare lenté slowly fam-és -is f
tur. hunger

V
Post novem diés pluvia céssavit et céssare to cease
aquae recéssérunt. Deucalion sdlus, recéd-o -ére recéssi recéssum to recede,
vir bonus et pius, Gna cum uxore go down ina cum (+ abl) together with
fida, Pyrrha, fémina bona et pia, fid-us -a -um trusty, faithful
superfuit. Vident totam terram esse super-sum -esse -fui to survive
vanam et désolatam. Neque van-us -a -um empty
hominés neque pecudés viventés
vident. Tum Pyrrha marito dicit:
“Quid nunc faciamus aut quo quo where (to)
eamus, nescid. Nillum hominem
dé tot modo milibus vidére pos- tot indecl adj so many modo just now, just
sum. Dic mihi quid ndbis a while ago
faciendum sit aut quo nobis eun-
dum sit.”

VI
Respondit sic Deucalidn: “Temp- sic thus, in this way
lum in proximod est. In illud in proxim6 nearby
templum nobis eundum est. Noli
timére. Ibi auxilium inventtri
sumus. Nunc illic festinémus. Né illtc there, to that place
hic morémur. Agedum, cara uxor mor-or -arl moratus sum (dep) to delay
mea!” agedum come on! car-us -a -um dear

196 Chapter 12. The Deluge

 Vil
His verbis dictis, dud in templum
eunt ad auxilium petendum. In
templo Oravérunt, “Dei miseri- miseri-cors -cordis merciful
cordés, iuvate nds. Explicate nobis explicare to explain
quid faciamus.” Oraculum autem discéd-6 -ére discéssi discéssum ab
els dixit: “Discédite 4 templo et (+ abl) depart from, leave
velate caput et iacite ossa magnae vélare to veil, cover with a veil os ossis
matris post terga.” bone terg-um -i 1 back

VIII
Pyrrha prima lociita est: “Hoc
ambiguum non omnino intellego.” ambigu-um -i 7 riddle ndn omnino not
Deucalidn autem clamavit, “Id at all id tened! I get it!
teneo! Magna mater enim terra est.
Saxa in corpore terrae sunt. Saxa saxeum -i 1 rock
ergo sunt ossa magnae matris. Haec
mandata quidem mira sunt. Sed mandat-a -drum np! instructions mir-us
quid temptare nocébit?” His verbis -a-um strange temptare to try (out)
dictis, caput vélant. Deucalion saxa
post tergum iécit; haec_ saxa,
mirabile dicti, in virds muatata sunt.
Pyrrha deinde saxa post tergum
iécit; illa saxa, mirabile visi, in
feminas mutata sunt. Ita terra
multds risus incolas habuit.

H. Answer in English the following questions, based on the story of the del-
uge.

I . Which Latin words support the idea of peace-loving people?

. What undesirable features were absent in this age?
eR
WON. Which god ruled over the world at that time?

I . What happened to the people in the course of time?

. What was now to be found everywhere?
. How would you describe international relations?
. What
OF
ND was the reaction of Jupiter to the situation?

Periphrastic Conjugation; Supine 197

 Ill 8. What was the first measure that Jupiter took?
. Which Latin words indicate that all the other gods showed
their respect for Jupiter?
10). What is the attitude of the people toward the gods?
11. By what means will Jupiter not punish the human race?

Voi Which Latin words best indicate how high the water had risen?
13. What was unsual about the sea at this time?
14. What was the normal occupation of the man in the boat?
TS, Why didn’t the wild beasts kill the sheep?
16. By which two methods were people dying?
LZ: Which would have been an easier death?

V 18. How long did the rains last?

19 How many people survived besides Pyrrha and Deucalion?
20. Of the two, who seemed more in control of the situation?

VI 21. Why does Deucalion propose that they go to the temple?

22. Which Latin words best indicate Deucalion’s attempt to com-
fort his wife?

VII 23. What instructions are they given in the temple?

VIII 24. Which of the two seems more puzzled by the oracle?
22: Who or what is “the great mother?”
26. What did the rocks turn into?

198 Chapter 12. The Deluge

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names
The Second Punic War (I)

Silent légés inter arma. [Cic.] _The laws fall silent during armed
conflicts. — y _ - oe

ES |susstantive
causes
A noun clause, also called a substantive clause, is one that functions like a
noun as the object, sometimes as the subject, of a verb. Similarly, a relative
clause may be called an adjective clause, and temporal and causal clauses
may be called adverbial clauses. Look at the following example, which
clearly shows howa clause functions as a noun.

Example Jupiter demanded their silence.

Jupiter demanded that they be silent.

Here it is obvious that the group of words “that they be silent” functions
in exactly the same way in the sentence as the single word “silence,” name-
ly, as the direct object of the verb “demanded.” Often the Latin noun clause
is best translated into English with an infinitive.

Example The general orders that the troops (should) pull back.
The general orders the troops to pull back.

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 199

 In the first example, a noun clause is the direct object of the verb; in the
second example, it is an infinitive phrase that is the direct object of the verb.
Both function in the same way.
A noun clause occasionally can be the subject of the verb.

Example It happened that the two met in the park.

Here the noun clause is the subject of the verb “happened.” It answers
the question “what happened?” The pronoun “it” is an expletive, some-
times called the “grammatical subject”; it is a device for postponing the real
subject, which in this instance is the noun clause: “that the two met in the
park.”
A noun clause in Latin is introduced by the conjunction ut (negative né).
The usual rule of the sequence of tenses applies to noun clauses. That is, if the
leading verb is in the present or future tense, the verb in the noun clause
will be in the present subjunctive. If, on the other hand, the verb of the main
clause is in a past tense, the verb in the noun clause will be in the imperfect
subjunctive.

Examples Cerés Plutoni persuadet ut Proserpinam filiam reddat.

Ceres persuades Pluto to give back her daughter Proserpina.
Cerés Plutoni persuasit ut Proserpinam filiam redderet.
Ceres persuaded Pluto to give back her daughter Proserpina.

In the first example, the leading verb persuadet is in the present tense,
and therefore the verb reddat in the noun clause is in the present subjunc-
tive. In the second example, the verb persuasit is in the perfect tense, and
therefore the verb redderet in the noun clause must be in the imperfect sub-
junctive.
Noun clauses are used with the following classes of verbs.

1. Verbs meaning to ask, command, admonish, persuade, encourage, urge,

especially the following verbs:

Or-O -are -avi -atus to beg, plead, implore

pet-o -ére -ivi -Itus to ask, beg, entreat
postul-6 -are -avi -atus to demand
rog:0 -are -avi -atus to ask , beg, entreat
imper-0 -are -avi -atus to command, order
mand-0 -are -avi -atus to command, order
praecip-io -ére praecépi praeceptus to instruct, order, direct

200 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

 admon-e0 -ére -ui -itus to admonish, suggest; to warn
mon:eO -ére -ul -itus to advise; to warn
persuad-e0 -ére persuasi persuasum to persuade, convince
suad-eO -ére suasi suasum to urge, induce; to suggest, recommend

cohort-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to encourage

exhort-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to exhort, encourage
hort-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to encourage, urge

Examples Mé rogas ut sim firmior. [Cic.] You ask me to be firmer.

Maximé rogo ut quam primum revisas mé. [Cic.] I earnestly ask you
to pay me a visit again as soon as possible.
Peto abs té, ut haec diligenter ciirés. [Cic.] I ask of you that you
diligently take care of these matters.
Consul imperavit né lictor abiret. The consul ordered the lictor not to
leave.
Mé Peducaeus ut ad té scriberem admonuit. [Cic.] Peducaeus
suggested that I (should) write to you.
Hortatur eds né animo déficiant. [Caes.] He urges them not to lose
heart.

The verbs iub-e6 -ére iussi iussus (to order) and vet-6 -are -ui -itus (to
forbid) take the accusative-and-infinitive construction.
Senatus iussit pacem cum Karthaginiénsibus fieri. [Eutrop.] The
senate ordered peace to be made with the Carthaginians.
Eds fugientés longius Caesar prosequi vetuit. [Caes.] Caesar forbade
them to pursue any longer those (who were) fleeing.

The noun clauses used with these verbs (with the exception of iubed and
veto) are like clauses of purpose in these particulars:
1) They express what is wanted.
2) They are introduced by ut and né.
3) The verb is in the subjunctive.
4) The action is future in relation to the action represented by the verb
of the main clause.
5) The sequence of tenses applies.
6) The best translation is often the English infinitive.

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 201

 A. Complete each sentence by selecting an appropriate form from the
group in parentheses. Explain the reason for your choice or why you did
not choose the alternatives.

1. Orpheus rogavit ut Charon eum trans Stygem (portet; portaret;

portare)
2. Orpheus Eurydicén cohortatur ut sé (sequi; sequatur; sequerétur)
3. Orpheus Platonem oravit ut pulchram uxdrem (redditirus sit; red-
deret; reddeat)
4. Plato Orpheo imperat né ad Eurydicén (respiciat; respexerit;
respiceret)
5. Eurydicé Orpheum monuit né nimis (too) celeriter (ambulare;
ambularet; ambulet)
6. Eurydicé iterum atque iterum petit né Orpheus eam in Orcd (relin-
quit; relinquat; relinqueret)

2. Verbs meaning to permit, allow, decide, resolve, decree, with the conjunc-
tions ut, né or ut né, especially the following verbs:

concéd-0 -ére concéssi concéssum to allow

permitt-0 -ére permisi permissus to permit
cOnstitu-6 -ére -1 cOnstititum to decide, determine
décern:6 -ére décrévi décrétum to decree, decide

Examples Rus ut irem cOnstitui [Plaut.] I decided to go to the country.

Senatus décrévit ut eas statuas locarent. [Cic.] The senate decreed
that they should set up those statues.
Senatus décrévit ut né quid agerétur. [Cic.] The senate decided that
no action be taken.

- Complete each sentence by changing the infinitive in parentheses to the

proper subjunctive form. Be careful to note the tense of the verb in the
main clause. All the sentences deal with the story of Pandora.

1. Dei constituunt ut multa dona Pandérae (dare).

2. Iuppiter Pandorae imperavit ut arcam (accipére).
3. Sed luppiter praecipit né Pandora arcam (aperire).

202 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

 4. Iuppiter postulat ut Pandora statim ad maritum (festinare).
5. Epimétheus Pandorae permisit ut sibi arcam (ostendére).
6. Epimétheus constituébat ut arcam sub lectuld (concélare).
7. Pandora nesciébat quid in arca (esse).
8. Quia Pand6ra fémina ciridsa est, constituit ut in arcam (inspicére).
9. Nunc dei Pandorae non concédunt ut arcam statim (claudére).
10. Iuppiter ipse permisit ut omnia mala ex arca (@volare).
11. Deinde vox ex caelé Pandorae praecipit ut arcam iterum (aperire).
12. Pandora non intellegit quid vox ex caeld (velle).
13. Dei tandem décrévérunt ut aliquis Panddram (iuvire).
14. Iuppiter nunc permittit ut Pandora spem in arca (invenire).
15. Iuppiter décrévit ut spés corda omnium hominum (compleére).

3. Verbs meaning to fear take the subjunctive, with né in the affirmative

and ut (or né non) in the negative. The following verbs are common
verbs of fearing; they are synonyms and carry about the same meaning.

metu-0 -ére -i to fear

tim-e6 -ére -ul to fear, be afraid
ver-eor -éri veritus sum (dep) to fear

Examples Vereor né id accidat. I am afraid that that may happen.

Vereor ut (or né non) veniat. I am afraid that he is not coming.
Timébant omnés ut nostri urbem défenderent. All feared that our
men would not defend the city.

NOTE
In each of the above examples the subject of the noun clause is different
from the subject of the introducing verb. If the subject is the same, the
verb of fearing must be followed by the infinitive.

Examples Puer vénari timet. [Hor.] The boy is afraid to go hunting.

Si sola timés latebras intrare ferarum . . . [Ovid] If you are afraid
to enter the lairs of wild animals by yourself...

Verbs meaning to prevent, hinder take the subjunctive, with the conjunc-
tions né and quéminus (sometimes written as two words: quo minus).
Among such verbs are the following:

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 203

 déterr-e6 -ére -ul -itus to deter, discourage
imped-i6 -ire -ivi or -ii -Itus to hinder, prevent
prohib-e6 -ére -ui -itus to prohibit, prevent, hold back, keep

Examples Nihil eum prohibuit né rem ptblicam iniret. Nothing prevented him
from entering politics.
Nihil impedit quominus id facére possimus. [Cic.] Nothing hinders
us from being able to do that.

NOTE

Verbs of preventing can also take the simple ablative. In such instances,
there is no noun clause involved.

Examples Cum opere prohibentur, ad pilam sé conferunt. [Cic.] When they

are kept from work, they resort to (playing) ball.
Q. Fabius Maximus eum ab impeti prohibuit. [Eutrop.] Quintus
Fabius Maximus prevented him from attacking.

Verbs meaning to doubt, when accompanied by a negative, take the sub-

junctive with the conjunction quin, particularly after such expressions
as non dubit6 | do not doubt; nbn dubium est or haud dubium est there
is no doubt; quis dubitat? who doubts?

Examples Nec dubitari debet quin fuerint ante Homérum poetae. [Cic.] And
there should be no doubt that there were poets before Homer.
Dubitetne quisquam quin idem fécerit? [Cic.] Should anyone doubt
that the same person did it?

NOTE
Dubitare, meaning to doubt, when affirmative, introduces an indirect
question.

Example Dubitd num vérum sit. I doubt whether it is true.

Dubitare, meaning to hesitate, takes the infinitive.

Example Respondére non dubitavit. He did not hesitate to answer.

204 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (I)

C. Change the italicized verbs to the present tense.

Haud dubium fuit quin Perseus iuvenis fortis esset.

Quis dubitavit quin Mediisa serpentés prd coma habéret?
Perseus veritus est né Mediisa eum in saxum mitaret.
Polydectés petivit ut Perseus Mediisam necaret.
Mater Persei eum non prohibuit quin Mediisam quaereret.
Primum Perseus rogavit ut det auxilium darent.
Perseus Minervae persuasit ut fulgidam parmam donaret.
Non dubitari poterat quin Perseus magno in periculé esset.
RorNihil Perseum déterruit quominus iter per aérem faceret.
3EnO2
awe:
[SOE
—oO Haud dubium erat quin mater et filius féliciter semper postea

viverent.

D. Read each sentence carefully, and then choose the conjunction that best
suits the sentence.

Polydectés constituit (quin; ut) Perseus Medtisam inveniret.

Haud dubium est (quominus; quin) Gorgonés Perseum terruerint.
Polydectés rogavit (ut; quin) Perseus Mediisam necaret.
Mater verita est (né; ut) Mediisa Perseum occideret.
2Quomod6 potest quisquam dubitare (quominus; quin) Perseus fortis
ee
Dt
sit?

Verbs meaning to wish, desire take the subjunctive with the conjunctions
ut, né, ut né, especially with the following verbs:

cup-i6 -ére -ivi -itus to desire, wish

malo malle malui to prefer
opt-o -are -avi -atus to desire, wish, hope
vol6 velle volui to wish, want

These verbs take the complementary infinitive when they have the
same subject as the subject of the main clause. When they have a sub-
ject that is different from the subject of the main verb, these verbs
introduce a noun clause.

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 205

 Examples Cupid né ex urbe discédas. I wish that you not leave the city.
Malumus ut ti nihil dé hac ré dicas. I prefer that you say nothing
about this matter.
Volé ut fidem servétis. I want you to keep your word.

Sometimes the noun clause occurs without the conjunction ut in

short sentences.

Example Velim ad mé scribas. [Cic.] I’d like you to write me.

7. Verbs meaning to do, bring about, cause take the subjunctive with the
conjunctions ut, ut non. The clauses are substantive clauses of result;
they occur especially with the following verbs.

confic-id -ére conféci confectus to cause, bring it about (that)

effic-id -ére efféci effectus to cause, bring it about (that)
fac-id -ére féci factus to make, cause (that)
operam dare to take pains, do one’s best, see to it (that)

Examples Hoc effécit ut castra tiita essent. This made the camp safe (lit: this fact
brought it about that the camp was safe).
Ut ego Aquini manérem diés fécit. [Cic.] The holiday caused me to
stay in Aquinum.
Fac ut sciam quid agas. [Cic.] Let me know how you are doing
(Jit: make it that I may know how you are doing).
Piso operam dat ut ea rogatid antiquétur. [Cic.] Piso does his best to
have the bill shelved.
Tarquinius effécit ut templum in Capitdlid aedificarétur. Tarquinius
had a temple built on the Capitoline (it: Tarquinius brought it about
that a temple was built on the Capitoline).

8. A noun clause, introduced by the conjunction ut, is used as the subject

of impersonal verbs such as:

accédit (accédére accessit) there is the added fact

accidit (accidére accidit) it happens, it is the case
évenit (Evenire événit) it turns out

206 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

 fierl potest (posse potuit) it is possible
fit (fieri factum est) it happens
reliquum est (esse fuit) it remains
restat (restare restitit) it remains
sequitur (sequi seciitum est) it follows

Examples Forte accidit ut T. Manlium consulem habérent. [Liv.] It happened by

chance that they had Titus Manlius as consul.
Restat ut copiae copiis comparentur. [Liv.] It remains to compare the
forces on both sides (lit: it remains that forces be compared with
forces).
Sequitur ut dé frimentd empto vos, itidicés, doceam. [Cic.] It
follows, members of the jury, that I should inform you about the
purchase of grain.
Eo accédébat ut metii régnum titandum esset. [Liv.] There was the
additional fact that his reign had to be safeguarded by fear.

. Change the italicized verb of the main clause from the present to the
perfect tense and the italicized verb of the noun clause from the present
to the imperfect tense.

. Accidit ut Phaéthon filius Apollinis sit.

. Accédit ut pater Phaéthontis deus sit.
Amici Phaéthontis dicébant: “Non fieri potest ut ti filius dei sis.”
Amici eius cupiunt ut Phaéthon ad thronum Solis eat.
. Phaéthon operam dat ut domum patris visitet.
Tum évenit ut filius primum Apollinem patrem aspiciat.
Phaéthon sine mora 4 patre petit ut currum Solis agitet.
. Pater autem optat né Phaéthon in currum ascendat.
. Accédit ut illi equi flammias ex Ooribus expirent.
— SOMNATVAWNS
Accédit quoque ut equi novum agitatorem ignorent.
jonk= . Phaéthon tamen patri persuadet ut currum agitare possit.

Nihil Phaéthontem déterret quominus iter per caelum faciat.

Apollo ipse non dubitat quin filius magno in periculo sit.
Phaéthon efficit ut currus Solis multas urbés et silvas inflammet.
TR
pe
ee ON . Sic accidit ut Iuppiter currum cum agitatore fulmine déleat.

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 207

 Distinguish the above ut clauses with the subjunctive from the following:

i) ut as, with the indicative,

ut supra dixi as I said above
Haec, ut opinor, némini nocuérunt. This, (as) I suppose, hurts no one.

ii) ut how, to introduce an indirect question,

Ut Romae isti vixerint, longum est dicére mihi. [Cic.] It would take
me too long to tell how those people lived in Rome.
PITFALL Scin tu ut tibi rés sé habeat? [Ter.] Do you know how things are with
you?

iii) ut how, in exclamations,

Ut miser est hom6 qui amat! [Plaut.] How pitiful is a person who is in
love!
Ut ludos facit! How he plays jokes!
Ut efferuntur laetitia! How elated they are with joy!

The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the

praendmen (first name), the ndmen (name of the géns or clan), and the
cognomen (family name). Sometimes an agndmen was bestowed onaper-
son as an honorary title, especially for military accomplishments. For
example, Publius Cornélius Scipid Africanus. Because the Romans used
very few first names, those names were regularly abbreviated as follows.

A. = Aulus L. = Liicius Sex. = Sextus

App. = Appius M. = Marcus Ser. = Servius
C. = Gaius M’. = Manius T. = Titus
Cn. = Gnaeus P. = Pablius Ti. = Tiberius
D. = Decimus Q. = Quintus

Many Roman names referred to bodily characteristics. Here are just a few.

Caesius blue-eyed Calvus bald

208 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (I)

 Cincinnatus — kinky-haired Paetus squint-eyed
Coclés blind-in-one-eye Pansa flat-footed
Crassus stout Plancus flat-footed
Crispus curly-haired Plautus flat-footed
Lentulus somewhat slow Rifus red-head
Longus tall Valgus knock-kneed
Naso big-nosed

Other names have interesting meanings. Cicerd means “chickpea”;

Scipid means “a staff”; Verrés means’ male pig, boar.” There was a famous
war hero whose name was Decius Mis, meaning “Decius Mouse.”

THE SECOND PUNIC WAR

ow read some longer selections of authentic Latin. It is the unal-

Ne« account of one of the great wars in Roman history, the Second
Punic War, provided to us by the Roman historian Eutropius, who
lived in the 4th century A.D.

When the emperor Valens (A.D. 367-378) wanted to learn about the his-
tory of his empire and found that he did not have enough leisure time to
read such voluminous works like those of Livy, who had spent 40 years
writing a history of Rome in 142 books, he asked a scholar at his court to
write a short version of Roman history for him. The resultant Breviarium, or
synopsis, covers the history of Rome from Romulus to the death of
Emperor Jovian (A.D. 364), who reigned for just seven months. For centuries
Eutropius was the first Roman author that students read because he writes
in a simple, pleasant style.

Carthage, according to legend, had been founded by the Phoenicians

under queen Dido. The traditional date of the founding of Carthage is 814
B.C.; it is thus an older city than Rome, which, according to tradition, was
founded more than a half century later, in 753 B.c. Situated on the coast of
North Africa, it was only 90 miles south of Sicily.

Carthage was a sea power; its merchant ships patrolled the

Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, Rome was a land power; it had just
completed the conquest of Italy when, shortly thereafter, Rome and
Carthage were on a collision course. As the Roman historian Livy tells us,
both nations were at the height of their power and influence. Hostilities
broke out in 264 B.c. over the control of Sicily, in what is known as the First

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 209

 Punic War. The great Carthaginian general, Hamilcar, surnamed Barca or
Lightning, after many years of fighting the Romans in Sicily, realized that
Carthage needed a period of peace to regroup, and so a peace treaty was
signed in 241 B.c. after twenty-two years of war. This treaty gave Rome its
first overseas province, namely Sicily. But both Carthage and Rome want-
ed time to gear up for a new war. Strangely enough, it was a great Roman
naval victory that had brought that war to an end. How did that come
about? During the war, the Romans found the hulk of a Carthaginian ship
that had washed ashore. Using it as a model, they built a fleet to challenge
the Carthaginians on their own terms.

Hamilcar convinced his government to send him to conquer Spain as a

first step to renewing the war with Rome. Before Hamilcar left Carthage, he
offered a sacrifice to Jupiter the Best, the Greatest, (Iuppiter Optimus
Maximus, the usual title of the Capitoline Jupiter). He called his young son,
Hannibal, who was only nine years old, to the altar and had him swear an
oath that he would never be a friend of the Romans. Hannibal never forgot
that scene. He spent the rest of his life living up to his father’s expectation.

Hamilcar fought in Spain and conquered much of the country. But the
Romans had notified him that he was not to set foot north of the Hiberus
(Ebro) River. When he died, his son-in-law Hasdrubal expanded the con-
quests there and founded the town of New Carthage, which was meant to
be a center of commercial importance. And when Hasdrubal was assassi-
nated in 221 B.c., Hannibal became supreme commander of the army at the
age of twenty-six. The Carthaginian army was jubilant; the soldiers claimed
that Hannibal was the spitting image of his father Hamilcar, whom they
had revered.

Two years later in 219 B.c. Hannibal, now twenty-eight years old, felt that
he was ready to fight the Romans. He laid siege to the city of Saguntum on
the east coast of Spain south of the Hiberus River, although he knew that it
was an ally of the Romans. After an eight-month siege, the city, suffering
from starvation, fell to the Carthaginians.

Then the Romans sent ambassadors to Carthage to complain. One of the

ambassadors holding his toga together as if he were carrying something in
it said, “I bring you peace or war; take whichever you prefer.” The
Carthaginians said, “Give us whichever one you wish.” The ambassador
shook his toga open and said, “I give you war.” And the Carthaginians
shouted, “So be it.” And so began the Second Punic War. The year was 218
BC

210 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

Hannibal and Hamilcar before the altar in Carthage

Hannibal decided to march to Italy by a land route rather than by sea.

Only an energetic, absolutely fearless twenty-eight-year-old general would
dare to lead almost 100,000 infantry and cavalry, including thirty-seven ele-
phants, across the Pyrenees Mountains, across the swift current of the
Rhone River in Gaul, and across the snowy, wind-swept Alps to enter Italy.
After leaving his brother Hasdrubal behind with forces adequate to secure
Spain, he set out in autumn.

By the time he reached northern Italy, he had lost over half of his troops.
And now he had to fight the Roman army. His first battle with the Romans
was at the Trebia, a small stream that flows into the mighty Po River in
Northern Italy. And remember that, unlike modern soldiers who kill the
enemy with rifles and machine guns at great distances, the soldiers of
Hannibal's time fought hand-to-hand and could see and hear the sword or
spear pierce the body of the enemy. The casualty figures that Eutropius

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 211

 records are simply staggering. It may be a good idea to review Chapter 16
of Book I on numbers in order to understand the casualty figures given by
the author.

Before you read the history of the Second Punic War, it will be enlight-
ening to read the following account by Cornelius Nepos, a contemporary of
Cicero, who in his biography of Hannibal, gives us this vivid description of
the oath that Hannibal took at the altar at his father’s suggestion, allegedly
quoting Hannibal directly.

“Pater meus,” inquit,” Hamilcar inquit (with direct quotations) he said

puerulo mé, non amplius novem pueruld mé (abl. abs.) when I was alittle
annos natd, in Hispaniam boy non amplius no more (than) [nato
imperator proficiscéns Karthagine, agrees with mé pueruld] imperator as
Iovi Optimo Maximo §hostias commander-in-chief proficisc-or -1 pro-
immolavit. Quae divina rés dum fectus sum (dep) to set out hosti-a -ae f
conficiébatur, quaesivit 4 mé victim immolare to sacrifice divina rés
vellemne sécum in castra proficisci. ritual, ceremony conficére to perform
Id cum libenter accépissem atque quaer-0 -ére quaesivi quaesitus (ab + abl)
ab e0 petére coepissem né dubitaret to ask (of) libenter gladly, readily
dicére, tum ille, “Faciam,” inquit, dubitare to hesitate diicére to take (me
“si mihi fidem, quam postuld, ded- along) fidem dare to give one’s word of
eris.” Simul mé ad aram addiaxit honor, give a pledge postulare to ask
apud quam sacrificare instituerat simul at the same time instituére to begin
eamque, céteris remOtis, tenentem eam it (the altar) céteris rem@tis after all
jurare iussit numquam mé in the others had been dismissed tenentem
amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego [agrees with mé] touching in amicitia on
iusitrandum patri datum usque ad friendly terms [fore = futirum esse]
hanc aetatem ita cOnservavi, ut iusitrand-um -1 n oath usque ad hanc
némini dubium esse debeat quin aetatem to this period of life cOnservare to
reliquo tempore eddem mente sim keep ném-6 -inis m no one reliqué tem-
futirus. pore forever méns mentis f frame of mind

NOTE
The Romans indicated dates either by the number of years since the
founding of the city (Ab urbe condita) or by naming the consuls of the
year in the ablative case; for example: M. Minucid Rafd P. Cornelis
consulibus, Marcus Minucius Rufus (and) Publius Cornelius (being)
consuls. These two were the consuls for the year 218 B.c. The word
consulibus was often abbreviated as coss.

212 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

 Bellum Panicum Secundum
The Second Punic War

I
Second Punic War begins, 218 B.c.

M. Minucio Rufo P. Cornelis

rom. eau?
WSSAO ry C3 raraipy
inferd inferre intuli inlatus to bring
I consulibus, bellum Panicum secun- upon bellum inferre (+ dat) to make war
dum Roméanis inlatum est per on
Hannibalem, Karthaginiénsium Hannib-al -alis m Hannibal Hispani-a
ducem, qui Saguntum, Hispaniae -ae f Spain civit-ds -atis m town, city
civitatem ROmanis amicam, aggred-ior -i aggressus sum (dep) to
oppugnare aggressus est, annum approach; (+ inf) to undertake to, begin to
agens vicésimum aetatis, cdpiis annum ... aetatis being twenty years of
congregatis CL milium. MHuic age (lit. passing the twentieth year of his
Romani per légatos déntintiavérunt life) cOpi-ae -arum fpl forces congregare
ut bello abstinéret. Is légatds to assemble énintiare to notify, give offi-
admittére noluit. Romani légatds cial warning abstin-éo -ére -ui abstentus
etiam Karthaginem misérunt, ut (+abl) to refrain (from)
mandarétur Hannibali né bellum mandarétur (impersonal use) (that) orders
contra socids populi Romani ger- be given dir-us -a -um harsh respons-um
eret. Dara respOnsa a -I n answer Saguntin-I -drum mpl the
Karthaginiénsibus data sunt. people of Saguntum, Saguntines fam-és
Saguntini interea famé victi sunt, -is f hunger, starvation adfic-id -ére
captique ab Hannibale_ ultimis adféci adfectus to treat poen-a -ae f
poenis adficiuntur. Bellum penalty; revenge ultim-us -a -um extreme
Karthaginiénsibus indictum est. indic-6 -ére indixi indictus to declare

Il
Hannibal crosses the Alps
Tum P. Cornélius Scipio cum proficisc-or -1 profectus sum (dep) to set
exercitti: in Hispaniam profectus out relinqu-d -ére reliqui relictus to
est, Ti. Sempronius in Siciliam. leave behind trans-e6 -ire -ivi or -ii -itus
Hannibal, relicto in Hispania fratre to cross adhiic until then pars partis f
Hasdrubale, Pyrénaeum transiit. district, area invieus -a -um impassable
Alpés, adhic in ea parte invias, sibi- patefac-id -ére pateféci patefactus to
patefécit. Traditur ad Italiam LXxx open up, make accessible traditur he is
milia peditum, X milia equitum, recorded, is said ped-és -itis m infantry-
septem et XXX __ elephantos man equ-és -itis m cavalryman Ligur-és
addixisse. Interea multi Ligurés et -um mpl Ligurians (on the NW coast of

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 2iS

 - |
-
is
—
—— PISS SON SSNS oe eee eZZZ8}
r

The Roman ambassadors in Carthage

214 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (I)

Galli Hannibali sé coniinxérunt. Italy) sé coniungére (+ dat) to join
Sempronius Gracchus, cognitd ad cognOsc-0 -ére cognOvi cognitus to learn
Italiam Hannibalis adventi, ex of Arimin-um -in Ariminum (town on the
Sicilia exercitum Ariminum traiécit. NE coast of Italy) traiceid -ére traiéci
traiectus to bring (troops) across

Battle of the Trebia River, 218 B.c.

Battle of Lake Trasumenus, 217 B.c.
P. Cornélius Scipio Hannibali
primus occurrit. Commisso proelio, occurr-O -ére -I occursum (+ dat) to run
fugatis suis, ipse vulneratus in cas- across, encounter proelium committére
tra rediit. Sempronius Gracchus to begin the battle fugare to rout, put to
ipse confligit apud Trebiam flight [suis supply copiis] conflig-d -ére
amnem. Is quoque _ vincitur. conflixi conflictus to clash, fight amn-is
Hannibali multi sé in Italia -is m river, stream sé dédére (+ dat) to
dédidérunt. Inde ad Tusciam surrender to Tusciea -ae f Etruria
veniéns Hannibal Flaminio cénsuli
prope Lacum Trasuménum occur- laceus -tis m lake inter-im6 -imére -émi
rit. Ipsum Flaminium interémit; -emptus to kill caed-6 -ére cecidi caesus
Rom4an6rum XXV milia caesa sunt, to kill diffug-id -ére diffigi diffigitum
céteri diffigérunt. Missus adversus to flee (in different directions)
Hannibalem posted 4 Romanis Q. differd differre distuli dilatus to post-
Fabius Maximus. Is eum, differ- pone prohib-ed -ére -ui -itus to prevent
endo pugnam, ab impeti prohibuit, impet-us -iis m attack, attacking occasi-O
mox inventa occasiOne vicit. -onis f opportunity, the right moment

Battle of Cannae, 216 B.c.

Quingentésimo et quadragésimo
anno a4 condita urbe L. Aemilius a condita urbe = ab urbe condita from
Paulus et P. Terentius Varro contra the founding of the city
Hannibalem mittuntur Fabidque
succédunt, qui abiéns ambo succéd:6 -ére succéssi succéssus (+ dat) to
consulés monuit ut Hannibalem, succeed (someone) abiéns abient-is (on)
callidum et impatientem ducem, departing amb-6 -ae -6 both (inflected like
non aliter vincerent quam proelium duo) callid-eus -a -um clever, shrewd
differendd. Vérum cum apud impati-éns -entis impatient non aliter
vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in quam not otherwise than (by), only (by)

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 215

Hannibal crossing the Alps

216 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

Apulia pugnatum esset, ambo vérum but cum . . . pugnatum esset
consulés ab Hannibale vincuntur. when the battle was fought vic-us -i m
In e@ pugna tria milia Afrorum town, village appellare to call
pereunt; magna pars dé exerciti per-eo -ire -ii to die, perish
Hannibalis sauciatur. Nalld tamen sauciare to wound
proelid Pinicd bells Romani grav- gravius accepti sunt (they) received
ius accepti sunt. Periit enim in ed rougher treatment
proelid consul Aemilius Paulus,
consularés aut praetorii Xx, consular-is -is m ex-consul praetori-us -i
senatores capti aut oOccisi XXX, m ex-praetor
nobilés virl CCC, militum XL milia,
equitum III milia et quingenti. In in quibus malis amidst these troubles
quibus malis némd_ tamen dign-or -ari -atus sum (dep) (+ inf) to
Romanorum pacis mentionem deign to, think fit to menti6nem habére
habére dignatus est. Servi, quod to make mention
numquam ante, mantmissi et maniumitt-6 -ére manimisi manimissus
milités facti sunt. to free, manumit (a slave)

F. Answer the following questions, based on Eutropius’ account of the

beginning of the Second Punic War.

I . How does Eutropius indicate the date?

. What position did Hannibal hold?
. According to Eutropius, how old was Hannibal at this time?
. Why was it dangerous for Hannibal to blockade Saguntum?
. How many troops is he said to have collected?
Who warned him not to attack Saguntum?
. What was Hannibal’s reaction?
. What construction is cOpiis congregatis?
. What is the antecedent of the pronoun huic?
CANADTRWNE
. What construction is ut bello abstinéret?
ai
©- . What construction is ut mandarétur Hannibali?
12. What construction is né bellum... gereret?
13. How did Hannibal treat the defeated Saguntines?

II 14. Why do you suppose P. Cornelius Scipio was sent to Spain?

15. Why do you suppose Tiberius Sempronius was sent to Sicily?
16. Whom did Hannibal leave behind in Spain?
17. What mountains did Hannibal have to cross first?
18. How many infantrymen did he bring to Italy?

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 217

 19: How many cavalrymen did he bring to Italy?
20. What news caused Sempronius Gracchus to leave Sicily?
ise What construction is cognité ... adventii?

II 22. Who clashed first with Hannibal?

23: What construction is commisso proeli6d?
24. What construction is fugatis suis?
209. What happened to P. Cornelius Scipio in the battle?
26. How did his troops fare?
276 How did Sempronius Gracchus fare in the battle at the Trebia
River?
28. How did the consul Flaminius fare at the battle of Lake
Trasumenus?
20 How many Roman soldiers were killed in battle?
a0! If you were keeping score, what is the score of Hannibal
against the Romans?
31. How did Quintus Fabius Maximus keep Hannibal from attack-
ing?
B2e What is the construction of differendd pugnam?
33) What construction is inventa occasidne?
34. What Latin word tells you that the tactics of Q. Fabius
Maximus worked?

IV 35. Who were the generals that succeeded Q. Fabius Maximus?

36. What warning did Fabius give them?
os: What characteristics described the character of Hannibal?
38. What Latin words tell you that they didn’t listen to Fabius’
warning?
Oo: How many Carthaginians were killed?
40. How many ex-consuls and ex-praetors were either killed or
captured at Cannae?
41. How many senators were either killed or captured at Cannae?
42. How many soldiers were killed at Cannae?
43. How many cavalrymen were killed Cannae?
44. What word was not mentioned by the Romans? What does that
tell you about the character of the Romans?
45, What evidence is there that the Romans were in desperate need
of replacements?

218 Chapter 13. The Second Punic War (1)

Substantive Clauses; Roman Names 219
Additional Uses of the Subjunctive;
Passive of facio
The Second Punic War (II)

MN |. CAUSAL CLAUSES WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE

Causal clauses, introduced by quod, quia, quoniam take the indicative
when the writer or speaker presents the cause as his own or as a known
fact. Quod, quia, quoniam take the subjunctive when the cause is viewed
as that of someone other than the writer or speaker; as such there is an ele-
ment of uncertainty or doubt about it. When translating Latin causal
clauses into English, we always use the indicative.

Examples Multi plébéi ex urbe fagérunt quod patricids timuérunt. Many

plebeians fled from the city because they feared the patricians.
Perseus Medisam petivit quia Polydectés el mandavisset. Perseus
went after Medusa because [so he claimed] Polydectes had ordered
him to.
Romani Carthagini bellum indixérunt quoniam Hannibal Saguntum
oppugnasset. The Romans declared war on Carthage because [so the
Romans claimed] Hannibal had attacked Saguntum.

220 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

 As we saw earlier, cum causal always takes the subjunctive, no matter in
what tense the verb is.

A. Combine the following sets of sentences, changing the second one to a

causal clause, introduced by quia with the verb in the subjunctive.

Example Romanus imperator in Hispaniam vénit. Oppidum Saguntum

servare voluit.
Romanus imperator in Hispaniam vénit, quia oppidum Saguntum
servare vellet.
The Roman general came to Spain, because [so he claimed] he wished to
save the town of Saguntum.

1. Romani légatds Carthaginem mittunt. Carthaginiénsés belld non

abstinent.
Multi sé Hannibali dédidérunt. Romans copias timuérunt.
Romani Hannibalem timent. Callidus et saevus est.
Exercitus Romanus vincitur. Paene omnés milités sauciantur.
a1
eaeHannibal multis proeliis vincit. Fortior et callidior est quam dux
Romanus.

II. TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE (i

1. Antequam and priusquam before (sometimes written ante ... quam or
prius ... quam, separated by several words) may take the subjunctive,
especially in the imperfect tense. The same principle is at work here as
in the causal clauses given above. The imperfect is common when the
verb in the subordinate clause implies purpose or expectancy in the past,
or when the action did not take place.

Example Priusquam Scipio respondére posset, a tribunod repetundarum

accusatus est.
Prius 4 tribin6d repetundarum accisatus est quam Scipio respondére
posset.
Before Scipio could respond, he was accused by the tribune of
embezzlement.

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of faci6 221

 B. Change the infinitive of the temporal clauses to the imperfect subjunc-
tive.

— Cicero ex urbe discessit antequam Catilina advenire.

2. Priusquam conspiratorés dicére, Cicero Catilinam apud senatum
accusavit.
eS Priusquam amicae Proserpinam défendére posse, Plato eam séduxit.
4. Priusquam Carthaginiénsés Saguntum oppugnare, Romani légatos ad
Hannibalem misérunt.
5. Priusquam Hamilcar in Hispaniam proficisct, filium ad aram adduxit.

2. Cum temporal, when, is followed by the imperfect or pluperfect sub-

junctive when describing the circumstances that accompanied or
preceded the action of the verb of the main clause.

Examples Cum HorAatius puerulus esset, pater Romam migravit. When Horace
was a small boy, his father moved to Rome.
Cum id nintiatum esset, castra statim movit. When that had been
reported, he immediately moved the camp.

The temporal idea of when can be expressed also with an ablative

absolute. The when clause and the ablative absolute are both adverbial.
Look at these two sentences.

Having completed the work, the writer returned to the city.

When he had completed the work, the writer returned to the city.

These two English sentences have the same meaning. Likewise in

Latin there is practically no difference between the two sentences below.

Opere confect6, scriptor in urbem rediit.

Cum opus confécisset, scriptor in urbem rediit.
When he completed the work, the writer returned to the city.

. Change the ablative absolute to a cum temporal clause with the pluper-
fect subjunctive active, using the examples above as your model.

222 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

 His verbis auditis, consul senatum convocavit.
Medisa necata, Perseus domum rediit.
Deis ad concilium vocatis, Iuppiter silentium postulavit.
Pluvia dé caeld démissa4, aqua agrds campdsque inundavit.
ae
Oe His verbis dictis, Deucalidn et Pyrrha montem ascendérunt.

D. Again, change the ablative absolute to a cum temporal clause with the
pluperfect subjunctive in the passive voice.

Régibus expulsis, populus Romanus duds consulés creavérunt.

Turno occiso, Aenéas Laviniam in matrimonium dixit.
Rutulis victis, omnés pacem exspectavérunt.
Duce nominato, omnia ad bellum gerendum comparata sunt.
Maro aedificato, Romulus parvam urbem condidit.
ee

(HNNNENY 1. ADVERSATIVE/CONCESSIVE CLAUSES

Adversative clauses, introduced by quamvis or licet, although, do not
introduce a statement of fact, but rather a possibility, and therefore take the
subjunctive.

Examples Marcellus, quamvis fortis sit, tamen Hannibalem numquam vincet.

Although Marcellus may be brave, yet he will never defeat Hannibal.
Licet Sibylla nimium pretium poposcerit, tamen illi libri multum
valuérunt.
Although the Sibyl asked an exorbitant amount, still those books were
worth alot.

E. Using the examples above as your model, change the infinitive in the
adversative clause to the proper form of the subjunctive. Look to the
verb of the main clause for your clue as to the tense of the verb in the
subordinate clause.

1. Quamvis ego iuvenis esse, tamen multa dé historia nostra scio.

2. Licet ti per multas gentés iter facére, cir numquam Romam
visitavisti?

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of faci6 223

 Go. Quamvis Pandora pulchra et callida esse, tamen curidsissima est.
4. Quamvis Polydectés réx bonus esse, tamen Perseum magnis periculis
exposuit.
5. Quamvis Platd Prdserpinam amare, tamen cridélis in Proserpinam
est.

(NE Iv.CONDITIONAL
CLAUSES OF COMPARISON [RW
Conditional clauses of comparison, introduced by the particles quasi,
tamquam si, quam si, ac si, having the sense of as if, take the subjunctive.

Example Réx, quasi anus aetate désiperet, eam dérisit. The king, as if (or on the
grounds that) the old lady was out of her mind because of her age,
laughed at her.

MV. RELATIVE CLAUSES

OF CHARACTERISTIC
A relative clause used to express a quality or characteristic, not of a spe-
cific antecedent but of a group, takes the subjunctive. You can see that an
expression such as sunt qui, there are (those, some, people) who, is descriptive
of a general group rather than specific individuals. Notice that the word
there is used in translating many such clauses, but not all of them, and that
the antecedent, whether stated or omitted, is indefinite. Relative clauses of
characteristic, also called descriptive relative clauses, are used especially
after such expressions as sunt qui; est qui; némd est qui; nillus est qui;
quis est qui.

Examples Sunt qui putent sdlam mortem pertiméscendam esse. There are
people who think that only death is to be feared.
Est qui semper dé sé loquatur. He is (the kind of person) who always
talks about himself.
Nem est qui patriam magis amAaverit. There is no one who loved his
country more.
Quis est qui Hannibalem non admirétur? Who is there who does not
admire Hannibal?

224 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

 F. Read the following sentences carefully. If the relative clause has a spe-
cific antecedent, change the Latin infinitive to the proper indicative
form. If, however, it is a descriptive relative clause, change the Latin
infinitive to the proper subjunctive form.

Minerva erat dea quae parmam Persed dare.

Sunt qui numquam dé errodribus suis loqui.
. Quis est qui patriam non amare.
. Ném0 est qui véré crédére deds non exsistére.
iP. Scipio erat imperator qui Hannibalem tandem superare.
WNe

EEE
Vi.Passive FORMSOF facio
Fi0 is used as the passive of faci; but the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect forms, as well as the future infinitive, and the gerundive are the reg-
ular forms of facid. However, the compounds, such as cénficid and
perficid have regular passive forms throughout.

The verb fid has many meanings: to be made; to be done; to become, get;
to happen, occur, take place; to be appointed, be elected; (of physical phe-
nomena) to arise, develop; (of food) to be prepared. It is a frequently
occurring verb; you have seen several forms in some of the readings.

Examples Si omnia fato fiant [Cic.] If everything should happen by fate

Hodié fient nuptiae. [Plaut.] The wedding will take place today.
é quibus floribus mella fiunt [Plin., NH] from those flowers honey
develops
Quem ex porcis vultis in cénam fieri? [Petr.] Which of those pigs do
you want prepared for dinner?
ita fit feré ut... so it generally happens that...
fier potest ut... it is possible that .. ., it can happen that...
Quid ill fiet? [Cic.] What will become of him?

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of faci6 225

 INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT

fid fimus fiam fiamus

fis fitis fias fiatis
fit fiunt fiat fiant

IMPERFECT

fiébam fiébamus fierem fierémus

fiébas fiébatis fierés fierétis
fiébat fiébant fieret fierint

FUTURE

fiam fiémus
fiés fiétis
fiet fient

PERFECT

factus sum facti sumus factus sim facti simus

factus es facti estis factus sis facti sitis
factus est facti sunt factus sit facti sint

PLUPERFECT

factus eram facti eramus factus essem facti ess¢mus

factus eras facti eratis factus essés facti essétis
factus erat facti erant factus esset facti essent

FUTURE PERFECT

factus ero facti erimus

factus eris facti eritis
factus erit facti erunt

INFINITIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLES

PRES. fieri PRES. SING. fi PERF. PASSIVE factus

PERF. factus esse PRES. PLUR. fite GERUNDIVE faciendus
FUT. factum iri

Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

G. Complete the following sentences by translating the English into Latin.

. Impetis were being made in milités Carthaginiénsés.

. Triumphus Pablii Scipionis mox will take place.
Duo ex candidatis will be elected consulés.
Tribi&ini cum imperid consulari were elected.
Quid in cénam is being prepared?
. Néro iussit sibi statuam maidrem colosséd to be made.
Senatul suasit, né pax cum Poenis be made. [Imperfect tense]
Quaedam mitatid can occur.
. Thus it happens ut dictator creétur.
PSAWN
—SSMNAT
. Thus it happened ut dictator was appointed.

THE Scirios “Up CLOSE AND PERSONAL”

I will be easier to understand the course and nature of the Punic Wars if
you look at the important role that the amazing Scipios played in that
costly conflict.

The Scipio family of the patrician Cornelia clan (géns Cornélia) pro-
duced some of the greatest men of Rome. The earliest of them was Publius
Cornelius Scipio, commander of the cavalry (magister equitum) in 396 B.c.
and consular tribune in 395 B.c. and 394 B.c. A series of subsequent Scipios
became consuls, two of whom fought the Carthaginians in the First Punic
War (264-241 B.c.)

Publius Cornelius Scipio, consul in 218 B.c. encountered Hannibal in

Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) soon after the latter emerged from the Alps.
Hannibal defeated his adversary near the Ticinus River, a tributary of the
Po River, and Scipio himself was seriously wounded and was saved by his
courageous son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. Scipio retreated
across the Po River and then encamped near Placentia, on the left bank of
the Trebia River (another tributary of the Po) where his colleague, the con-
sul Sempronius Longus, joined him. Going against the advice of Scipio,
who had learned his lesson, Longus decided to go into battle against
Hannibal and, as we saw in the previous chapter, was thoroughly defeated
at the Trebia River. In the following year (217 B.c.) Publius Cornelius Scipio
was sent to Spain. There he and his brother Gnaeus fought the

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of facio 227

 Carthaginians until 211 B.c., when they were both defeated and killed in
action.

His son, also named Publius Cornelius Scipio (later known as Africanus),
was without doubt one of the most outstanding men of Rome. He believed
that he was a special favorite of the gods, and he never engaged in impor-
tant public or private business without first going to the temple of Jupiter
on the Capitoline Hill, where he sat for some time in prayer, “communicat-
ing with the gods.”

Scipio came into prominence in 218 B.c. at the battle of the Ticinus River,
where through his bravery he saved his father’s life, an act for which today
he would merit the Medal of Honor. In 216 B.c. he fought at the battle of
Cannae as a military tribune. Cannae was the greatest of many
Carthaginian victories in Italy. Nevertheless Hannibal was unable to cap-
ture the city of Rome. Scipio was one of the very few Roman officers to
survive the battle of Cannae. In 210 B.c., after the death of his father and
uncle in Spain, Scipio, then only 24 years old, was chosen supreme com-
mander of the army. In his first campaign, in 210 B.c., he captured the
important city of New Carthage in Spain. In the next three years Scipio
drove the Carthaginians completely out of Spain.

He returned to Rome in 206 B.c. and was elected consul for the following
year, 205 B.c., although he was not yet thirty years old. (Most men were well
into their forties before being elected consul.) He wanted to cross over to
Africa at once to put an end to the conflict. After much opposition, he was
given a fleet and an army. After spending the winter in Sicily to prepare for
the invasion of North Africa, he crossed over in the following year (204 B.c.)
In Africa, while Hannibal was still fighting in Italy, Scipio defeated the
Carthaginians and their ally King Syphax, inflicting severe losses on them.
The Carthaginians were forced to recall Hannibal from Italy. Finally, on
October 19, 202 B.c., Scipio defeated Hannibal in the battle near the city of
Zama and forced the Carthaginians to surrender; however, the final treaty
was not signed until the following year, 201 B.c.. Scipio returned to Italy as
a war hero and entered Rome in triumph. The surname Africanus was con-
ferred on him. After the battle of Zama Rome annexed Carthaginian
territory in Spain.

Scipio held several high offices in the next few years. In 185 B.c. he and
his brother were accused of pocketing bribes from Antiochus the Great,
king of Syria, who had paid a substantial amount of money to get more
favorable peace terms from Rome. When Africanus was summoned to

228 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

court and accused by the Plebeian tribune, he tore up the financial records
in public, reminded the people that it was the anniversary day of his victo-
ry over Hannibal at Zama, and invited the admiring throngs to follow him
to the Capitol to give thanks to the immortal gods and to ask them to grant
the Roman state another citizen like himself. The enthusiastic crowd fol-
lowed him to the Capitol.

Then Scipio left Rome for his villa at Liternum, a town on the Campanian
coast, and never returned to Rome. He died two years later in 185 B.c.

Hannibal himself was compelled some years after the battle of Zama to
flee for his life from Carthage, where he had been declared a public enemy
by his political opponents. Rome had been putting pressure on the govern-
ment of Carthage to turn Hannibal over to the Romans. He fled to
Antiochus III, King of Syria, who was on the verge of war with Rome.
Hannibal tried in vain to convince Antiochus to invade Italy. When Rome
sent representatives to demand that Hannibal be handed over to them,
Hannibal took poison in 183 B.c. to avoid falling into the hands of his sworn
enemies.

In the next chapter you will read about yet another Scipio, also named
Publius Cornelius Scipio, who destroyed Carthage after the Third Punic War.

Before reading the historian Eutropius’s account of the second phase of

the Second Punic War, read the following short biography of Publius
Cornelius Scipio Africanus (Maior), included in Dé Viris Illistribus, some-
times ascribed to Sextus Aurelius Victor, who wrote at the end of the 4th
century A.D. You will see how the account of his life was embellished by the
Romans over the centuries. Note that this biographer wrote some 600 years
after Scipio had died!

DeVita Pablii Scipionis

The Life of Publius Scipio

I
Publius Scipio ex virtutibus ex (+ abl) as the result of virt-us -itis f
nominatus Africanus, lovis filius valor, valorous deed nam for concip-i6d
créditus; J
nam antequam conci- -ére concépi conceptus to conceive
perétur, serpéns in lectd matris eius _lect-us -1 m bed

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of faci6 229

 apparuit, et ips] parvulo draco cir- appar-eo -ére -ui -itum to appear drac-
cumfasus nihil nocuit. In -onis m (huge) snake circumfisus (+ dat)
Capitolium intempesta nocte eun- wrapped around nihil = non intempesta
tem numquam canés latravérunt. nocte in the dead of night latrare to bark
Nec hic quicquam prius coepit, at quicquam anything coep-i -isse (def.
quam in cella lIovis dittissimé verb; no present form) began,
sédisset quasi divinam mentem undertook cell-4 -ae f sanctuary quasi as
accépisset. if accipére to understand méns mentis f
mind, frame of mind, intentions
Il
Decem et octd annorum, patrem
apud Ticinum singular virtite
servavit. Clade Cannénsi nobilis- clad-és -is f disaster Cannéns-is -is -e of
simos iuvenés Italiam déserére Cannae
cupientés sua auctoritate compés- compésc-6 -ére -ui to restrain, check
cuit. Reliquias incolumés per media reliqui-ae -arum fpl remnants (of the
hostium castra Canusium perduxit. forces), the survivors incolumeis -is -e
Viginti quattuor annoOrum praetor unharmed Canusi-um -i 1 Canusium
in Hispaniam missus, Carthaginem (Greek town in Apulia a mile or two south of
Novam, quo dié vénit, cépit. Cannae)
Hasdrubalem Magonemque, fratrés
Hannibalis, Hispania expulit.

Ill
Amicitiam cum Syphace, Mau- Syph-ax -acis m Syphax Mauri -drum
rorum rége, conitinxit. Masinissam mpl Moors amicitiam coniungére cum to
in societatem recépit. Victor form partnership of friendship with
domum regressus, consul ante Masinissa -ae m king of the Numidians
annos factus est; concédente societ-as -atis f alliance regred-ior -i
colléga, in Africam classem traiécit. regressus sum (dep) to go back, return
Hasdrubalis et Syphacis castra ina ante annds before the required age
nocte perrupit. Revocatum ex Italia concédente colléga with the agreement of
Hannibalem —superavit. Victis his colleague
Carthaginénsibus légés imposuit.

IV
Bello Antiochi légatus fratri fuit; bello Antiochi in the war against
captum filium gratis recépit. A Antiochus légat-us -i m deputy comman-

230 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

Petillio Ateid tribind plebis der gratis gratis, without ransom
repetundarum accisatus, librum recipére to get back repetundae -arum
rationum in cOnspecti populi scid- fpl extortion libeer -ri m ratidénum
it: “Hac dié,” inquit, “Carthaginem account book scind-6 -ére scidi scissus to
vicl; quaré, bonum factum, in tear up; to split hac dié on this date
Capitdlium edmus et deis sup- bonum factum (a formula of good omen)
plicemus! Inde in voluntarium blessed day! supplicare (+ dat) to offer
exilium concéssit, ubi reliquam égit thanksgiving to concéd:6 -ére concéssi
aetatem. Moriéns ab ux6re petiit, né concéssum to retire, go exili-um -in exile
corpus suum Romam referrétur. aetatem agére to spend one’s life (Scipio's
tomb has been discovered just outside Rome
on the Via Appia)

H. Answer the questions based on the biography of Scipio.

Iogie What auxiliary verb is to be supplied with créditus?

2. What do you think the incident of the snake predicted about
Scipio?
3. What gave the Romans the idea that Scipio was the son of
Jupiter?

II . How old was Scipio when he saved his dad?

. Why did the young men try to flee from Italy?
By what means did he stop them?
. How old was he when he was elected praetor?
. How long did it take Scipio to capture New Carthage?
OA
ONA

TTY, 9: Explain the construction of domum.

10. What office did Scipio’s colleague hold?

IV 11. Why did Scipio tear up the accounting books?

12. Why did he ask the people to follow him specifically to the
Capitoline temple?
13. How long did Scipio stay in exile?
14. What request did he make of his wife?
15. What do you think was the motive for this request?

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of facid 231

 | Roman territory
\A CISA LPINA
pe

Carthaginian territory ‘
Ge Canin iG
fg

Tiber,
© @@ eG eed Ry
CORSICA

HISPANIA SARDINIA

pene gue Ont

@o0?
e
OC Soe
AFRICA Zama
tse, Coes.
Hadrumetum

Hannibal’s route

Aftermath of the Battle of Cannae, 216 B.c.

Post eam pugnam apud Cannas, Cann-ae -arum fpl small town in south-
multae Italiae civitatés, quae ern Italy
Romanis paruerant, sé ad Han- Par-eO -ére -ul (+ dat) to obey, be obedi-
nSa
TUL OCIEL
CS rain nibalem transtulérunt. Hannibal ent to sé trans-fero -ferre -tuli -latus to
Romanis obtulit ut captivos red- transfer their allegiance to offerd offerre
imerent, responsumque est 4 senatt obtuli oblatus to offer redim-6 -ére
eOs civés nOn esse necessarids qui, redémi redémptus to buy back

232 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

cum armati essent, capi potuissent. respond-eo -ére -i responsus to answer
Ille omnés postea variis suppliciis (here impersonal) supplici-um -i n pun-
interfécit et trés modids 4nulorum ishment, torture modi-us -i m peck (one
auredrum Karthaginem misit, sixth of a bushel) anul-us -i m ring (sena-
quos ex manibus equitum tors and knights wore special rings)
Romanorum, senatdrum et détrah-6 -ére détraxi détractus to pull off
militum détraxerat. Interea in
Hispania, ubi frater Hannibalis reman-e6 -ére remansi to stay behind
Hasdrubal remanserat cum magnd [eam = Hispaniam] Afr-i -drum mpl
exerciti, ut eam totam Afris Carthaginians sub-ig6 -igére -égi -actus
subigeret, 4 dudbus Scipidnibus, to subject
Romanis ducibus, vincitur. Perdit per-do -dére -didi -ditus to lose
in pugna XXXV milia hominum; ex
his capiuntur X milia, occiduntur [el = ad eum i.e., Hannibal]
XXV milia. Mittuntur eI 4 reparare to renew, restore vir-és -ium fp!
Karthaginiénsibus ad reparandas strength, forces
virés XII milia peditum, IV milia
equitum, Xx elephanti.

Battle near Nola in Campania, 215 B.c.

Anno quarto postquam ad Italiam

Hannibal vénit, M. Claudius
Marcellus consul apud Nolam,
civitatem Campaniae, contra Han-
nibalem bene pugnavit. Hannibal
multas civitatés Romanorum per per (+ acc) throughout (for the districts of
Apiliam, Calabriam, Bruttids Apulia, etc., see the map of Italy)
occupavit. Interea in Hispania ab
Scipionibus Hasdrubal vincitur et Mag;o -onis m Mago
Mago, tertius frater Hannibalis.

Hannibal’s March on Rome, 210 B.c.

Decim6 anno postquam Hannibal

in Italiam vénerat, P. Sulpicio Gn.
Fulvio consulibus, Hannibal isque tisque ad (+ acc) as far as
ad quartum miliarium urbi miliari-um -i 1 mile marker
accéssit, equités Gius iisque ad por- accéd-6 -ére accéssi accéssum (+ dat) to
tam. Mox consulum cum exerciti approach

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of facid 233

 venientium mett, Hannibal ad met-us -is m fear [here: ablative of cause
Campaniam sé recépit. In Hispania consulum ... metii out of fear of the
a fratre éius Hasdrubale ambo consuls] sé recip-i6 -ére recépi receptus
Scipionés, qui per multds annds to withdraw, retreat inte-ger -gra -grum
victorés fuerant, interficiuntur, whole, intact cas-us -tis m chance, acci-
exercitus tamen integer mansit; dent magis ... quam rather than virt-us
castt enim magis erant quam virtite -iitis f valor décip-i6 -ére décépi décep-
décepti. tus to deceive, trick

I. Answer in English the following questions, based on the historical

account above.

I 1. After the battle of Cannae, how did many of the towns of Italy
react?
. What was the offer that Hannibal made to the Romans?
. What kind of clause is ut captivés redimerent?
. What construction is eds civés ndn esse necessari6ds?
. What verb introduces this construction?
. How did Hannibal treat the Roman prisoners of war?
. What did Hannibal send to Carthage?
. What do you think his motive was in doing that?
OS
TP
WN . Who
OANA was the Carthaginian general in Spain at this time?
. What did he hope to accomplish there?
© . How
PH
pe did he do in the battle with the Scipio brothers?
12. Whose casualties are listed after the battle between Hasdrubal
and the Scipio brothers?
13. Of these casualties, how many were killed?
14. What did the Carthaginians do to help Hasdrubal?

II 15. Who was the victor at the battle of Nola?

16. What Latin word suggests that the people of Apulia, Calabria,
and the Brutii did not voluntarily join Hannibal?
17. How did Hannibal’s third brother, Mago, fare in his battles
with the Scipio brothers?

III 18. How long had Hannibal been in Italy before he marched on
Rome itself?
19. How close did Hannibal get to Rome?
20. Which of his contingents reached the gate of Rome?

234 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

 21. What caused Hannibal to retreat from the outskirts of Rome?
22. Meanwhile in Spain, how did Hasdrubal fare in his battles
against the Scipio brothers?
23. By what means was the victory achieved?
24. What shape were the Roman forces in after that battle?

War in Spain, 210-206 B.c.

Interea ad Hispanias, ubi occisis ad Hispanias (the Romans spoke of two
dudbus Scipionibus nillus Roma- Spains, Nearer and Farther Spain)
nus dux erat, Publius Cornélius
Scipid mittitur, filius Publii
ScipiOnis, qui ibidem bellum ibidem in the same place
gesserat, annos natus quattuor et annos natus at age
viginti, vir Romandrum omnium et
sua aetate et posteridre tempore aet-as -atis f age, period poster-ior -ior
feré primus. Is Karthaginem -ius later feré almost [Karthaginem
Hispaniae capit, in qua omne Hispaniae = Karthaginem Novam]
aurum, argentum et belli appara-
tum Afri habébant, ndbilissimds apparat-us -us m equipment, armaments
quoque obsidés, quos ab Hispanis obs-es -idis mf hostage
accéperant. Magonem etiam, frat-
rem Hannibalis, ibidem capit, quem
Romam cum aliis mittit. Romae
ingéns laetitia post hunc nintium laetiti-a -ae fjoy niinti-us -1 m message,
fuit. Scipio Hispanorum obsidés news; messenger
parentibus reddidit; quaré omnés quaré adv wherefore, for this reason
feré Hispani tind animo ad eum tind anim6 with one accord
transiérunt. Post quae Hasdru- quae (transitional pronoun) these events
balem, Hannibalis fratrem, victum fugare to put to flight
fugat et praedam maximam capit. victum fugat = vicit et fugat

Recapture of Tarentum, 209 B.c.

Interea in Italia cOnsul Q. Fabius Quintus Fabius Maximus (the general
Maximus Tarentum recépit, in qua who had tried to wear down Hannibal by
ingentés copiae Hannibalis erant. delaying tactics) recip-i6 -ére recépi
Ibi etiam ducem Hannibalis receptus to get back, regain

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of faci 235

 Carthalonem occidit, XxV milia
hominum captivdrum vendidit,
praedam militibus dispertivit. Tum praedea -ae f booty dispert-id -ire -ivi
multae civitatés Romanorum, quae -Itus to distribute
ad Hannibalem transierant prius,
rursus sé Fabio Maximo deédi- sé dédére (+ dat) to surrender to
dérunt. Insequenti anno Scipio in Insequ-éns -entis following
Hispania €gregias rés égit et per sé égregi-us -a -um outstanding égregias
et per fratrem suum Licium rés agére to perform outstanding
Scipionem; LXX civitatés recépérunt. exploits et... et both... and
In Italia tamen male pugnatum est.
Nam Claudius Marcellus consul ab
Hannibale occisus est.

Tertio anno postquam Scipio ad proficisc-or -i profectus sum (dep) to set

Hispanias profectus fuerat, rirsus out, inclit-us -a -um famous
rés inclitas gerit. Regem His- rés gerére to perform exploits
paniarum magno proelid victum in in amicitiam accipére to make (someone)
amicitiam accépit et primus omni- a friend of the Roman people posc-6 -ére
um 4 victo obsidés non poposcit. poposci to demand

Hannibal sends for his brother Hasdrubal from Spain, 207 B.C.
Déspérans Hannibal Hispanias déspérans Hispanias retinéri giving up
contra Scipionem dititius retinéri, hope that the (two) Spains could be
fratrem suum Hasdrubalem ad retained diitius (any) longer
Italiam cum omnibus _ copiis
évocavit. Is, veniéns eddem itinere évocare to call forth, recall
quo etiam Hannibal vénerat, a it-er -ineris 1 route
consulibus App. Claudio Nerdne et
M. Livio Salinatore apud Sénam,
Picéni civitatem, in Insidias incidit. insidi-ae -arum fpl ambush, trap incid-d
Strénué tamen pugnans occisus est; -ére -I (w. in + acc) to fall into strenué
Romani MHasdrubalem ipsum vigorously, hard
détruncavérunt, et caput @ius in détruncare to behead
Hannibalis castra iniécérunt; inic-id -ére iniéci iniectus to throw (into)
ingentés eius cdpiae captae aut
interfectae sunt, magnum pondus pond-us -eris n weight
aurl atque argenti Romam relatum referO referre retuli relatus to bring back
est. Post haec Hannibal diffidére diffid-6 -ére diffisus sum (semi-dep) to
iam dé belli coepit éventa. Romanis lose faith, have doubts évent-us -is m

236 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

ingéns animus accéssit; itaque et outcome anim-us -I m morale ing-éns
ipsI @vocavérunt ex Hispania P. -entis great, (already) high accéd-6 -ére
Cornélium Scipidnem. Is Romam accéssi accéssum (+ dat) to come to, be
cum ingenti gloria vénit. added to (elements already present),
increase
Q. Caecilis L. Valerid cdonsulibus
omnés civitatés, quae in Bruttiis ab Brutti-I -drum mpl inhabitants of the toe
Hannibale tenébantur, ROmanis sé of Italy, or their territory
tradidérunt.

J. Answer in English the following questions, based on the historical

account above.

IV_ 1. Whom did the Romans send to Spain in place of the two
Scipios?
2. How old was he at the time when he was sent to Spain?
Qo. In what way was he similar to Hannibal when Hannibal first
took command?
. What major city did he capture?
. Who had founded that city as a commercial center?
. What were the valuables that young Scipio captured as booty?
. Who were the nobles that the Carthaginians had taken as
Oe
ND
hostages?
8. What happened to Hannibal’s brother Mago?
9. What did Scipio do with the Spanish hostages?
10. How did the Spanish people react to this move?
11. What motive other than simple kindness could have motivated
Scipio to treat the hostages in this way?
12. How does the expression Hannibalis fratrem function in this
sentence?
13. How did Hasdrubal fare in a subsequent battle?

V 14. What two reasons made the capture of the city of Tarentum
important to the Romans?
15. How many Carthaginian prisoners of war were taken?
16. What was done with them?
17. What was done with the spoils that were taken?
18. What effect would this custom have on the soldiers?

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of facid 237

 19. What was the reaction of the surrounding towns to the capture
of Tarentum?
20. How were operations going for the Scipio brothers in Spain?
21. Meanwhile, how were things going for the Roman side in Italy?

Ne read a short account of Hasdrubal’s fate as reported by a

Roman biographer of the 4th century A.D., Sextus Aurelius Victor,
in a book entitled Dé Viris Illustribus. Getting your information
from different sources enriches your knowledge and understanding of
these events.

Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis,

ingentibus cOpiis in Italiam traiécit, traiécit crossed over
actumque dé Romano imperio actum esset dé (+ abl) it would have been
esset, si sé iungére Hannibali all over for imperi-um -i 1 military dom-
potuisset. Sed Claudius Nero, inance sé iungére (+ dat) to join up with
consul Romanus, qui in Apulia cum
Hannibale castra conitinxerat, castra coniungére cum (+ abl) to encamp
relicta in castris parte, cum déléctis next to déléct-us -a -um select
copiis ad Hasdrubalem properavit
et sé Livio collégae apud Sénam
oppidum et Metaurum flimen
conitnxit amboque Hasdrubalem
vicérunt. Nér6, regressus pari celer- par par-is the same vall-um -i 1 rampart
itate, qua vénerat, caput Hasdrubalis proic-id -ére proiéci prodiectus to toss
ante vallum Hannibalis proiécit. fortinea -ae f bad luck, misfortune
Quo viso ille vinci sé fortina confit-eor -érl confessus sum to acknowl-
Carthaginis coOnfessus est. Ob haec edge ob haec for these reasons ovare to
Livius triumphans, Nérd ovans celebrate a minor triumph (the victor at an
urbem introiérunt. “ovation” walked, whereas a general celebrat-
ing a “triumph” rode in a chariot.) urbem =
Romam

K. Answer the following questions based on the account that you have just
read.

1. What, according to this account, was Hasdrubal’s aim?

2. What construction is relicta . .. parte?
3. What genitive plural noun is to be understood with parte?

238 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

 va!

Ye
=
AOU

The head of Hasdrubal is thrown into Hannibal’s camp.

Additional Uses of the Subjunctive; Passive of facio 239

 . What kind of ablative is pari celeritate?
. What is the antecedent of quo?
. What construction is quo viso?
. What construction does confessus est introduce?
fe
O1
DD
CON. What part of speech are triumphans and ovans?

wy

240 Chapter 14. The Second Punic War (II)

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative
The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

Qui désiderat pacem Pracparet bellum. He who oe peace

should prepare for war.

(NN I. FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE SQ)

Besides the accusative as the direct object of a verb, there are other fea-
tures of the accusative that require attention.

1. Many intransitive verbs, when compounded with a preposition, become

transitive.

Examples hostés circumstare to surround the enemy

urbem praeterire to pass (by) the city
oppidum adire to approach the town
consulatum inire to enter the consulship
consilium inire to form a plan
pericula subire to undergo dangers
flimen transire to cross the river
amicoés convenire to meet friends

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 241

 2. Many verbs expressing emotions, regularly intransitive, have also a tran-
sitive function.

Examples anum ridére to laugh at the old lady

eius mortem dolére to mourn his death
éventum horrére to shudder at the outcome

. Complete the sentence by changing the italicized words in parentheses

from the nominative to the accusative case, and change the infinitive to
the proper form of the imperfect tense.

Servi (dominus suus, Macedo) circumstare.

Exercitus Panicus (Lacus Trasuménus) praeterire.
Sempronius (castra ipsa) nOn inire.
Hannibal (multi impetis) Romanorum subire.
Ot
ee Hannibal (mors) Hasdrubalis fratris maximé dolére.

3. Some impersonal verbs of feeling take the accusative of the person who
feels and the genitive of the person or thing toward whom or what the
feeling is directed.

miseret miserére miseruit it causes pity

oportet oportére oportuit it is proper, it is right
paenitet paenitére paenituit it causes regret
pudet pudére puduit it causes shame
taedet taedére taeduit it irks

Examples Miseret mé alidrum. I pity the others (or I feel sorry for the others).
Inde mé non oportet décédére [Cic.] I ought not depart from there.
Mé taedet sermOnis tui. Your talk irks me. (or I’m sick and tired of
your talk.)
Mé non nostri consilii vitaeque paenitet. [Cic.] I don’t regret my
policy and (way of) life.
Eds infamiae non pudet. They are not ashamed of their bad
reputation.

242 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 B. Translate the following sentences into Latin.

1. Hannibal does not feel sorry for the Saguntines.

2. The Romans ought to defeat Hannibal at Cannae.
3. All are sick and tired of this war.
4. I don’t regret my military service (militi-a -ae f).
5. Who is not ashamed of his mistakes?

4. Many verbs of making, choosing, electing, calling, showing, teaching take a

double accusative.

Examples Romulus urbem Rbmam vocavit. Romulus called the city Rome.
Populus Camillum secundum Romulum appellavit. The people
called Camillus a second Romulus.
Avunculus Plinium herédem fécit. (His) uncle made Pliny (his) heir.
Cincinnatus sé virum magnum praestitit. Cincinnatus showed
himself a great man.
Ciceronem et Antonium consulés fécérunt. They made Cicero and
Antonius consuls.
Té tua fata docébd. [Verg.] I will show you your fate.

NOTE
The predicate accusative may be an adjective.

Example Amor eum caecum reddit. Love makes him blind.

5. Verbs of requesting, demanding, asking can take a double accusative.

Examples Divos otium rogat. He asks the gods for peace.

Quis t@ sententiam rogavit? Who asked you your opinion?
Atticus mé duds epistulas postulavit. Atticus asked me for two
letters.

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 243

 C. Complete the sentences by translating the English into Latin.

Populus Romanus (Camillus a dictator) creavit.

Plébs (Tiberius Gracchus a tribune) fécit.
Consulés (Cicero his opinion) rogaverunt.
Coriolanus (himself an enemy) dénique praestitit.
Magistratus (the history of the Punic War) docébit.
Victoria dé Poenis (the Romans happy) féecit.
Hispani (the Romans for help) rogaverunt.
Ol
GS
OO
She
eo Milités ipsi (Camillus as leader) nOminavérunt

6. Prepositions governing the accusative case were treated in Book I,

Chapter 8, pp.81-84. Here are some additional uses of prepositions with
the accusative case that need to be understood in order to see the range
of meanings and thereby read authentic Latin with comprehension. Be
sure to notice the various English prepositions that are needed to trans-
late the Latin prepositions. Each language has its own idiomatic
expressions.

Examples Nos hic té ad Kalendas Iinias exspectamus. [Cic.] I am expecting you

here on the Kalends of June.
ingentés cOpiae ad bellum paratae huge forces prepared for the war
(ad + acc showing purpose)
ad imitatiOnem fratris to imitate his brother (ad + acc showing
purpose)
meo ndmine ad invidiam uti to use my name to provoke resentment
proelium ad Cannas the battle at Cannae, near Cannae
unus imperator ad id bellum déposcére to demand one general for
that war
ad diem on the right day, promptly
ad multds annos for many years (to come)
ad tua praecepta according to your instructions
ad tempus in time; for the occasion

ad summam in short, in a word

ad summum at most

244 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 ad extremum to the very end, finally
ad anum (inam) one and all, to a man

Examples Summam benevolentiam in nos significat. [Cic.] He shows the

greatest goodwill towards us.
Crébri impetiis in nostros facti sunt. Repeated attacks were made
against our men.
Alia dixit in eam sententiam. [Cic.] He said other things in that vein
(or to that effect).
comitia differre in ménsem Octdbrem to postpone the elections until
the month of October
in Italiam proficisci to set out for Italy (The phrase ad Italiam would
mean “in the direction of Italy”.)
in mercédem quattuor dénari6s dare to give four denarii as pay
in horas, in diés from hour to hour, from day to day
in decem diés ten days from now

. Complete the sentences by translating the English expressions into

Latin. Note the expressions given in the above examples.

1. Carthaginiénsés Hannibalem imperatorem for the war against the

Romans déposceébant.
Hannibal per Alpés to Italy iter fécit.
Cornélius Scipio Hannibalem from day to day exspectavit.
Hannibal proelium until the next month differre noluit.
1S Cornélius Scipid impetum against the forces of Hannibal statim facére
ise?
voluit.
Hannibal the battle at Trebia commisit.
Copiae ROmanae Acriter to the very end pugnaverunt.
on Exercitus Hannibalis deinde iter to Cannae fécit.
9. Proelium for many hours Romanis favet.
10. Milités Romani paene one and all occisi sunt in proelio at Cannae.
11. Trés aut quattuor at most légati Carthaginem profecti sunt.
12. Ina word, Hannibal égregius dux erat.

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 245

 7. The accusative, usually modified by an adjective, is used in exclama-
tions.

Examples O celeritatem incrédibilem! [Cic.] What incredible speed!

O rem miseram! [Cic.] What a sorry plight!
Mé miserum! [Cic.] Poor me!
O rem turpem! [Cic.] What a disgrace!
O tempora, O morés! Oh, what times, Oh, what morals!

es Nunes
Diminutive forms express not only smaller size but are also often used to
express affection, pity, or contempt. The diminutive regularly has the same
gender as the basic form.

Examples umbrella (from umbra shade) little shade, umbrella

bracchiolum (from bracchium arm) dainty arm

muliercula (from mulier woman) poor (weak) woman
Graeculus (from Graecus a Greek) miserable Greek
atriolum (from atrium front hall) little front hall
béstiola (from béstia beast) insect
negotiolum (from negotium task, business) little job
bullula (from bulla bubble) little bubble
récula (from rés thing, estate) little thing, little estate

E. Increase your Latin vocabulary effortlessly. Observe the following

diminutives and provide their basic form and meaning.

1. amiculus 3. hortulus 5. filiolus

2. amicula 4. puerulus 6. filiola

246 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 7. corpusculum 10. ménsula 13. anicula
Sa sororcula 11. gladiolus 14. rivulus
9. fratellus 12. sermunculus 15. libellus
(or fraterculus)

SERENE 00. FREQUENTATIVE FORMS SE

The frequentative or intensive forms of the verb denote repeated or intense
action. For example, fundum véndidit means “he sold his farm.” Of course,
he would do that only once. But a sales clerk or a merchant would sell
repeatedly; for example, pistor panem vénditat means “the baker sells
bread.” Frequentatives are formed by adding the endings -to or, less fre-
quently, -s6 to the stem of the fourth principal part. Those derived from
verbs of the first conjugation end in -itd (not -at6, as you would expect).

Examples capt-6 -are (from cap-i6 -ére cépi captus) to catch, try to catch
ventit-6 -are (from ven-i6 -ire véni ventum) to keep coming
curs-0 -are (from curr-6 -ére cucurri cursum) to run regularly, run up
and down
cursit-O -are (also from curr6) to keep running, run up and down

. Give the principal parts of the basic verb from which the following fre-
quentative forms are derived. Then drop off the ending of the fourth
principal part and compare it with the frequentative verb.

iact-O -are to brandish, toss about

volit-6 -are to flit about
dormit:-o -are to be sleepy, keep nodding off
agit- -are to move about, stir; to drive (a vehicle), to ride (a horse), etc.
venit-d -are to keep coming, come regularly
lectit-6 -are to read regularly, read all the time
cénit-d -are to dine regularly
gest-o -are to bear, wear; to take for a ride; passive to ride, drive, sail
advent-o -are to keep coming closer; (of time, events) to draw near
2 factit-O -are to keep doing
—Oe
SNC
Ce
He
SU
———

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 247

 THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: FINAL PHASE

ow see how the Second Punic war draws toa close, as related by
Eutropius. Both Rome and Carthage were at the height of their
power and resources at the beginning of the war in 218 B.c. It is not
easy to pinpoint why the Romans won and the Carthaginians lost, since
there could be many reasons for the outcome: leadership, manpower, arma-
ments, tactics, determination and endurance.

Scipio crosses over into Africa, 204 B.C.

yan

Anno quarto decimo posteaquam posteaquam = postquam conj after

ws VOTE
TULL
MEAOrIy CY pmytatpu
in Italiam Hannibal vénerat, Scipio, multa pl many things
qui multa bene in Hispania égerat, ag-d -ére égi actus to do, perform
consul est factus et in Africam mis-
sus. Cul viro divinum quiddam divinum quiddam an element of the
inesse existimabatur, adeo ut divine (lit: something divine)
putarétur etiam cum ntiminibus existimare to think aded ut so much so
habére sermonem. Is in Africa that niim-en -inis n deity, god
contra Hannodnem, ducem serm:0 -Onis m conversation, communica-
Afrorum, pugnat; exercitum eius tion
interficit. Secundo proeliO castra
capit cum quattuor milibus et
quingentis militibus, XV milibus
occisis. Syphacem, Numidiae Syph-ax -acis m Syphax Numidia -ae f
régem, qui sé Afris conitnxerat, section of N. Africa neighboring Carthage
capit et castra eius invadit. Syphax sé coniungére (+ dat) to join invad-6 -ére
cum nobilissimis Numidis_ et invasi invasus to attack; to invade
Infinitis spoliis Romam 4 Scipione Infinit-us -a -um countless spoli-a -drum
mittitur. Qua ré audita, omnis feré npl spoils (of war) Qua ré audita when
Italia Hannibalem déserit. Ipse 4 this news was heard déser-6 -ére -ui -tus
Karthaginiénsibus _redire in to desert vastare to devastate, leave deso-
Africam iubétur, quam Scipio late (Note the force of the imperfect tense.)
vastabat.

248 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 (ok
g

Ac
é ~
: Ae y7
pO

A
.
a

A Roman Victory Parade

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 249

 Il
Peace efforts are made.
Ita anno septimd decimod ab ita and so ab from (not “by” in this con-
Hannibale Italia liberata est. Légati text)
Karthaginiénsium pacem 4 Scipione
petivérunt; ab e0 ad senatum petére 4 to ask of, ask someone for
Romam missi sunt. Quadraginta et
quinque diébus his indttiae datae inditi-ae -arum fp! armistice, truce
sunt, quotisque Ire Romam et quotsque = donec until regred-ior -i
regredi possent; et triginta milia regressus sum (dep) to return [supply
pondo argenti ab his accepta sunt. librarum (libr-a -ae f pound) after milia]
Senatus ex arbitrio Scipionis pacem pondo in weight ab his accepta sunt
iussit cum Karthaginiénsibus fier. were received from these (ambassadors)
Scipio his condicionibus dedit: né ex arbitrid at the suggestion [dedit sup-
amplius quam triginta naves ply pacem] né amplius no more perfug-a
habérent, ut quingenta milia pondo -ae m deserter né . . . redderent indirect
argenti darent, captivos et perfugas disc. with jussive subjunct., depending on the
redderent. idea of commanding implied in his dedit

Ill
Hannibal returns to Africa.
Interim Hannibale veniente ad interim meanwhile
Africam pax turbata est, multa turbare to disturb, upset, throw into con-
hostilia ab Afris facta sunt. Léegati fusion hostil-is -is -e hostile; npl hostile
tamen edrum ex urbe venientés a acts
Romanis capti sunt, sed iubente
Scipione dimissi. Hannibal quoque
frequentibus proeliis victus, 4
ScipiOne petit etiam ipse pacem.
Cum ventum esset ad colloquium, ventum est impers. form they came collo-
isdem condicionibus data est quibus qui-um -i 1 conference [data est supply:
prius, additis quingentis milibus nova condici6] [prius adv earlier, before -
pondo argenti centum milibus supply: data esset] quingentis milibus
librarum propter novam perfidiam. dat., indir. object of additis, (i.e., 100,000
Karthaginiénsibus condicionés dis- lbs. having been added to the 500,000
plicuérunt iusséruntque Hanni- lbs.) perfidi-a -ae f treachery (The Romans
balem pugnare. Infertur 4 Scipidne always considered Carthaginians to be under-
et Masinissa, alio rege Numidarum, handed) displic-e6 -ére -ui -itum (+ dat) to
qui amicitiam cum Scipione fécerat, displease
Karthagini bellum. Hannibal trés

250 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

exploratorés ad Scipidnis castra explorat-or -dris m spy
misit, quds captds Scipio cir- circumdtcére to take around, show
cumdiici per castra __ iussit around
ostendique his totum exercitum,
mox etiam prandium dari dimit- mox then, next prandieum -i n lunch
tique, ut rentntiarent Hannibali dimittére to dismiss, let go apud prep (+
quae apud Romans vidissent. acc) among, at the camp of

Battle of Zama, 202 B.c.

End of the Second Punic War, 201 B.c.
Interea proelium ab utroque proeli-um -i 7 battle, battle lines uterque,
duce instriictum est, quale vix alla utraque, utrumque either (of two) ab
memoria fuit, cum peritissimi viri utrdque duce by both generals instru-o
copias suas ad bellum édiicerent. -ére -xi -ctus to draw up, deploy qual-is
Scipio victor recédit paene ipso -is -e rel. pron. such as alla memoria
Hannibale capto, qui primum cum within anyone’s memory perit-us -a -um
multis equitibus, deinde cum skilled recédit came off primum .
viginti, postreémoO cum quattuor deinde . . . postrémd first... then...
évasit. Inventa in castris Hannibalis finally évad-6 -ére évasi évasus to escape
argenti pondo viginti milia, auri
octoginta, et supellectilis cOpiosa. supellectil-is -is m furniture (nom. usually:
Post id certamen pax cum supellex) cOpids-eus -a -um copious,
Karthaginiénsibus facta est. Scipio loads of certam-en -inis n battle
Romam rediit, ingenti gloria tri-
umphavit atque Africanus ex ed [ex ed supply tempore from then on]
appellari coeptus est. Finem accépit appellare to call, name
secundum Pinicum bellum post post... quam after
annum nonum decimum quam coep-i -isse coeptus (defect verb) to begin
coeperat.

G. Answer the following questions based on the account that you have just
read.

I 1. How long after Hannibal arrived in Italy did Scipio become

consul?
2. Where had Scipio gotten his prior military experience?

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 251

 . Why did the Romans think that there was something divine
about Scipio?
. What kind of clause is aded ut putarétur?
Ol. Against whom did he first fight in Africa?
What was the notable achievement of his first battle?
. What was the notable achievement of his second battle?
. How many Carthaginian soldiers were killed?
COND
. On whose side was the Numidian king Syphax?
. What happened to Syphax upon his capture?
iL What effect did the fate of Syphax have on Italy?
122 What construction is Qua ré audita?

II 13. How many years had Hannibal spent fighting in Italy?

14. To whom does the pronoun e6 in ab e6 refer?
15: What was the purpose of the truce?
16. How long was the truce to last?
VW. What did the ambassadors bring with them to sway the senate?
18. What other fact contributed to the senate’s decision to make
peace?
19: What kind of clause is ne amplius.... habérent and ut darent?
20. Since Carthage was a highly commercial state, which condition
would be hardest on it?

Il 21. What effect did Hannibal’s arrival in Africa have on the peace
process?
22 In line 3, what is the antecedent of e6Grum?
23. In line 5, what construction is iubente Scipidne?
24. What caused even Hannibal to sue for peace?
23% Do you think the Romans were fair at the conference?
26. How did the Carthaginians react to the conditions imposed on
them at the conference?
ee What orders did they give to Hannibal?
28. On whose side was King Masinissa?
2 Why do you think Scipio treated the Carthaginian spies so
kindly?

IV 30 Why, according to Eutropius, was the next battle so memo-

rable?
When Hannibal fled, how many cavalrymen accompanied him
in the end?
32 What do you think happened to the other cavalrymen?

252 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 33. What three types of valuables were found in Hannibal’s camp
by the Romans?
34. Where did Scipio go after the final battle?
35. How long does Eutropius say the war lasted?

THE AFTERMATH OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR

fter Carthage and the Carthaginian empire were destroyed, Rome

Av on to fight other wars, mainly against her enemies, or sup-
posed enemies, to the East. The following is a somewhat shortened
account of the aftermath of the Second Punic war, as related by Eutropius.
Rome made Carthage pay heavy war indemnities. The Romans did not
immediately demand that Hannibal be turned over to them, although the
common fate of the enemy’s leader was that he be displayed in the tri-
umphal parade and then executed. See what happened to Hannibal.

But first you need to get to know yet another Scipio, again named
Publius Cornelius Scipio, whom you will see in action in this war. In tact;
you will understand the following Latin passages much better if you read
carefully this account of his life. Publius Cornelius Scipio was actually the
youngest son of Lucius Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. He
was born around 185 B.c. When he was only 17 years old, he fought at his
father’s side at Pydna, the final battle against Perseus, the last king of
Macedonia, in 168 B.c.

Later on he was adopted into the illustrious Scipio family by P. Cornelius

Scipio, the elder son of the great Africanus, who was prevented because of
poor health from participating in any public affairs. He was then called
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. Like his adoptive grandfather, Scipio
Africanus, he devoted himself to literature and gathered around him the
great writers of his age, such as the historian Polybius, and Terence, the
famous writer of comedies.

He first served in Spain in 151 B.c. as military tribune. (There were six
tribunes in a legion; the position was held by young aristocrats before
launching their political careers.) At the outbreak of the Third Punic War in
149 B.c. he went with the Roman army to Africa, again with the rank of mil-
itary tribune. By his extraordinary skill and courage he repaired to a great
extent the mistakes of the incompetent consul who commanded the army

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 253

 and had almost caused its annihilation. Scipio returned to Rome in 148,
where he was so popular that, when he ran for the aedileship (the first rung
on the political ladder), he was chosen consul although he was only thirty-
seven years old, five years before the legal age. The senate assigned Africa
as his province, and he sailed immediately. He besieged Carthage with
utmost vigor and captured it in 146 B.C. He was given the title Scipio
Africanus Minor (Minor means “the younger.”)

I
War Against King Philip of Macedonia, 200-196 B.c.
Transactd Painicod bello, secitum est trans-ig6 -igére -égi -actus to finish, settle
bellum Macedonicum contra
Philippum régem. T. Quintius
Flamininus, adversum Philippum rem prosperé gessit conducted the cam-
régem missus, rem prosperé gessit. paign (or operations) successfully
Pax ei data est his légibus: (1) né légibus = condicidnibus
Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani
contra eum défenderant, bellum bellum inferre (+ dat) to make war on
mferret, » (2) pc tite neapiyOs! 1 ct
transfugas redderet, (3) quinqua- transfug-a -ae m deserter
ginta solas navés habéret, reliquas habéret (that) he keep déderet surrender
Romanis déderet, (4) per annos
decem quaterna milia pondo quaterna four (It is the distributive form.)
argenti praestaret (5) et obsidem [milia supply librarum (of) pounds]
daret filium suum Démétrium. T. prae-std -stare -stiti -stitus to supply
Quintius Flamininus ingenti gloria obs-es -idis m/f hostage
triumphavit; dixit ante currum curt-us -us m chariot
nobilissimos obsidés, in eis in eis among them
Démétrium, Philippi filium.

War Against King Antiochus of Syria, 192-189 B.c.

Transact6 bello Macedonicd,
secutum est bellum contra
Antiochum régem Syriae, P. [On Antiochus, see chapter 14, pp. 230,
Cornélis Scipisne M. Acilid 232.]
Glabriodne consulibus. Huic
Antiocho Hannibal sé itnxerat, sé iungére (+ dat) to join

Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 SCYTHIA

SARMATIA © Oy Oy
SD
Pontus Euxinus

ARMENIA
BITHYNIA

Taurus Mons
PARTHIA
Pergamum

Soe ASIA be Gaile =

=
. > 2 Magnesia CILIG Antiochia “, ¥ w
- “2 Oe yn oS
5 “
SICILIA a & Frnopus > Babylon\®
CYPRUS
é6
Sidon
Tyrus
pees 18 bee 4

UY
ARABIA
LIBYA AEGYPTUS

lacedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor

Karthaginem, patriam suam, mett [patriam suam object of relinquéns] meta

né Roménis traderétur, relinquéns. out of fear
M. Acilius Glabrio in Achaea contra Achaera -ae f Achaea (district of the N.
Antiochum bene pugnavit. Castra Peloponnesus in Greece, where
régis Antiochi nocturna pugna Antiochus had come from Asia Minor to
capta sunt, ipse fugatus (est). fight the Romans) nocturn-us -a -um
Philippo, quia contra Antiochum night-, at night
Romanis fuisset auxilid, filius fugare to put to flight
Démétrius redditus est.

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 259

 Ill
L. Cornélis Scipidne et C. Laelid
consulibus, Scipio Africanus, fratri
suo L. Cornélio Scipidni consuli
légatus datus, contra Antiochum légateus -1 m deputy commander
profectus est. Hannibal, qui cum (Although he was the légatus of his
Antiocho erat, navali proelio victus brother, he practically acted as comman-
est. Postea ipse Antiochus apud der in chief, since his half-brother had no
Magnésiam, Asiae civitatem, 4 ability) navali proelio (It was the first
consule Cornelio Scipione ingenti and last naval battle that Hannibal fought
proelio fasus est. Quinquaginta against the Romans.) fund-o -ére fudi
milia peditum, tria (milia) equitum fisus to pour; (mil) to rout
ed certamine ex parte régis occisa ex parte régis on the king’s side
sunt.

IV
Tum réx pacem petit. Isdem condi-
cidnibus data est 4 senati, quibus [data est supply pax]
ante offerébatur: ut ex Europa et
Asia recéderet atque intra Taurum [Asia = Asia Minor] Taur-us -1 m moun-
sé continéret, decem milia tain range in eastern Asia Minor
talentorum et viginti obsidés talent-um -i 1 talent ( unit of currency
praebéret, Hannibalem, concita- worth about $600) praeb-ed -ére -ui -itus
torem belli, déderet. Scipio Romam to supply, give, surrender concitat-or
rediit, ingenti gloria triumphavit. -dris m instigator
Nomen et ipse ad imitationem ad imitationem fratris in imitation of his
fratris Asiatic! accépit, quia Asiam brother Asiatic-us -i m the Asian (He had
vicerat, sicuti frater ipsius propter been consul in 190 B.c.)
Africam domitam Africanus dom-9 -are -ui -itus to tame, conquer
appellabatur.

Vv
Hannibal, qui, victo Antiochd, né
Romanis traderétur, ad Priisiam, Prisi-as -ae m Prusias tra-dd -dére -didi
Bithyniae régem, figerat, repetitus -itus to hand over repet-6 -ére -ivi -itus
etiam ab ed est per T. Quintium to ask for again, demand again ab ed
Flamininum. Et cum tradendus from him (i.e., King Prusias) per is used in
Romanis esset, venénum bibit et place of a + abl of agency bib-6 -ére -i -itum
apud oppidum Libyssam sepultus to drink venén-um -i 1 poison sepel-id
est. -Ire -ivi sepultus to bury

256 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 Macedonian War, 176-168 B.c.
Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortud,
qui et adversum Romanos bellum [qui et... gesserat et . . . tulerat |
gesserat et posted ROmAanis contra
Antiochum auxilium tulerat, filius auxilium ferre to give help
eius Perseus in Macedonia
rebellavit, ingentibus cdpiis ad bel- rebellare to rebel
lum paratis. Romanis autem auxilid auxilid esse (+ dat) to be of help to
erat Eumenés, Asiae réx. Dux Eumen-és -is m king of Pergamus in Asia
Romanorum P. Licinius consul Minor, who cultivated friendship with
contra Perseum missus est et 4 rége the Romans
gravi proelid victus. Neque tamen
Romani, quamquam superati, régi
petenti pacem praestare voluérunt, praestare to offer, grant
nisi his condicionibus: ut sé et suds suds i.e., members of his family
senatui et populd Romano déderet.

G. Answer the following questions in English, based on the narrative

above.

I 1. In what country was Philip king?

2. According to the peace treaty, against whom was Philip forbid-
den to make war?
3. Whom did Philip have to turn over to the Romans?
4. Why did Philip have to give his son Demetrius as a hostage?
5. Who walked ahead of Flamininus’s triumphal chariot in the
victory parade?

II 6. In which country was Antiochus king?

7. Why had Hannibal fled to Antiochus?
8. Why was Demetrius returned by the Romans to his father, King
Philip?
9. What grammatical construction is auxilid in the phrase
Romanis fuisset auxilid?
10. Why is the verb fuisset in the subjunctive mood?

III. 11. Why was Scipio Africanus assigned as deputy commander to

his brother?

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 257

 12. Against whom did Hannibal fight in the naval battle?
13. Who was the victor in that battle?
14. How did Antiochus fare against the Romans at the battle at
Magnesia?

IV 15. Who in Rome laid down the terms of peace?

16. What reason did the Romans give for demanding that Hannibal
be handed over to them?
17. Were the Roman charges against him justified?
18. What was P.Cornelius Scipio’s two-fold reward for his success-
ful campaign?

V 19. Why didn’t Hannibal any longer feel safe staying at the court of
King Antiochus?
20. How did Hannibal end his life?
21. What would most probably have happened to him if taken cap-
tive?

VI 22. Who became king of Macedonia after Philip died?

23. How was he related to Demetrius?
24. Against whom did Perseus lead a rebellion?
25. In the war between Perseus and the Romans, who was the
victor?

VII
Mox missus est contra eum L. mox then
Aemilius Paulus consul. Cum
Persed Aemilius Paulus dimicavit
vicitque eum, viginti milibus pedi-
tum eius occisis. Equitatus cum equitat-us -us m cavalry
rége integer fugit. Romanorum cen- inte-ger -gra -grum unharmed
tum milités amissi sunt. Urbés amitt-O -ére A4misi Aamissus to lose
Macedoniae omnés, quas_ réx
tenuerat, ROmanis sé dédidérunt;
ipse réx, cum déserétur ab amicis, in potestatem venire to come under the
venit in Pauli potestatem. Sed control
hondrem ei consul non quasi victd honorem . . . ei habuit had respect for
habuit. Nam et volentem ad pedés him [ndn quasi victd as if he weren't
sibi cadére nOn permisit et itixta sé conquered—Construe vict6 with et] [sibi
in sella conlocavit. and sé refer to Paulus ] itixta (+ acc) next to
sell-a -ae f seat, chair conlocare to place

258 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

 Vill
Macedonibus et Illyriis hae légés 4 Illyri-i -6rum mpl Illyrians (people on the
Romanis datae: ut liberi essent et Adriatic, in modern Jugoslavia and Albania
dimidium edrum _ tribitorum that had fought the Romans) [légés = condi-
praestarent, quae régibus praestitis- cidnés] lib-er -era -erum free dimidi-um
sent, ut apparéret populum -I n half tribiitteum -i 1 tax, tribute
Romanum pro aequitate magis appar-e6 -ére -ui -itum to be apparent, be
quam avaritia dimicare. clear aequit-4s -atis f evenness, justice,
fairness magis quam rather than
avariti-a -ae f greed

IX

Third Punic War, 149-146 B.c.

Tertium bellum contra Kartha-

ginem suscipitur, L. Manio suscip-id -ére suscépi susceptus to
Cénsdrind et M. Manilio consul- undertake
ibus, annO quinquagésimo primo
postquam secundum Pinicum
transactum erat. Hi consulés pro- prae-sum -esse -fui (+ dat) to be in com-
fecti Karthaginem oppugnavérunt. mand of
Contra eds Hasdrubal, dux Kartha-
giniénsium dimicabat. Famea, dux
alius, equitatul Karthaginiénsium
praeerat.

X
Scipio tunc, Scipidnis Africani
nepos, tribtinus ibi militabat. Huius nepos (adoptive) grandson tribin-us -1 m
apud omnés ingéns metus et rever- (as) military tribune militare to serve
entia erat. Nam et paratissimus ad [Huius objective genit. after metus et rever-
dimicandum et cOnsultissimus entia] cOnsult-us -a -um experienced
habébatur. Itaque per eum multa 4 habébatur was considered per eum (See
consulibus prosperé gesta sunt, his biography) prosperé successfully ger-6
neque vel Hasdrubal vel Famea -ére gessi gestus to do, accomplish vel .
vitabant quicquam magis quam . vel either . . . or vitare to avoid quic-
contra eam RoOmanorum partem quam anything (proelium) committére
committére ubi Scipio dimicaret. to engage in battle

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 259

 XI
Per idem tempus Masinissa, rex
Numidarum, per annOs sexaginta
feré amicus populi Romani, anno
vitae nonagésimo septimO mortuus,
quadraginta quattuor filiis relictis,
Scipionem divisoOrem régni inter divis-or -dris m divider, executor (of an
filids sus esse iussit. estate)

XII
Cum igitur clarum Scipidnis nomen
esset, iuvenis adhiic cdnsul est fac- iuven-is -is m young man adhic still, as
tus et contra Karthaginem missus. yet
Is eam cépit ac diruit. Spolia ibi diru-o -ére -i -tus to destroy, demolish
inventa, quae variarum civitatum
excidiis Karthago collégerat, et excidi-um -i 1 overthrow, destruction
Ornamenta urbium civitatibus colleg-6 -ére collégi collectus to collect
Siciliae, Italiae, Africae reddidit, ornmament-um -1 1 ornament (i.e, statues,
quae sua_ recognoscébant. Ita mosaics, gold objects, etc.) quae sua
Karthago septingentésimdO anno recognoscébant which they recognized as
quam condita erat, déléta est. Scipio their own
nomen, quod avus eius accéperat, avus (adoptive) grandfather mer-ed -ére
meruit, scilicet ut propter virtitem -ul -itus to earn scilicet namely etiam
etiam ipse Africanus Iunior ipse he too iunior here is adversative:
vocaretur. Africanus (but) younger

H. Answer the following questions in English, based on the narrative

above.

VII 1. How do you know that Perseus rejected the Roman conditions
of peace?
. How did Aemilius Paulus fare in his battle against Perseus?
. How many Romans were killed in that battle?
. How did Perseus escape capture?
. How did the cities of Macedonia react to the Roman victory?
. When Perseus was brought before L. Aemilius Paulus, what
wWN
Dor
did he try to do?
7. How did Aemilius Paulus treat Perseus?

260 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

Vill 8. Comparing the usual conditions for peace imposed by the
Romans, how do you regard the conditions imposed on
Macedonians and Illyrians?
. What did the Romans wish to prove thereby?

IX 10. How long was the interval between the second and third Punic
wars?
dhe Where did the action of the third Punic war begin?

az Why was Scipio so highly regarded?

1S. One Carthaginian commander’s name was Hasdrubal. Who
was the Hasdrubal in the second Punic war?
14. What element of the Roman army did the Carthaginian gener-
als try to avoid?

XI 15. How old was Masinissa at his death?

. How many sons did he have?
i. How did he show his great trust in Scipio?

XII 1S: What is the meaning of cum in this context?

19. How many years did Carthage exist?
20. Since it was destroyed in 146 B.c, when was Carthage founded?
24: By how many years did the founding of Carthage precede the
founding of Rome?
22; What did Scipio do with the huge amount of loot he found in
Carthage?
oe In addition to the title Africanus, what honor do you suppose
Scipio received upon his return to Rome?

I. For each ofthe following English derivatives, supply |theLatin source

word. If the Latin word is a noun or see give the nominative
ee ifitis a verb, give the infinitive. : |
spoils — eS condition oo 8 integral
_ deserter 9. nocturnal ..._ 16, tribute
devastate. —-—«=—“séiés*dC aval. SC equity
. colloquy jLict 83. 18. juvenile
instruction ._ (imitation . 19. meritorious
evade 18, repeat 20. ornament —
. prosperous -—™_—'14.. rebellion a

Accusative; Diminutives; Frequentative 261

 I. Expand your vocabulary. Take the fourth principal part of the verb,
drop the ending, add -i6, and you know another Latin word, namely, a
noun designating the action of that verb. Just add an n, and you have the
English counterpart. (See Book I, Exercise I, p. 290)

Example ! PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB confundé confundére confisi confisus

LATIN NOUN confitis¢i6 ENGLISH COUNTERPART confusion

1. transigére 8. déserére IS: transire

2. iungére : évadére 16. convenire
3. fundére 10. apparere je concédére
4. tradére Ty dividére 18. progredi
5. repetére 12 recognoscére 1: détrahére
6. mittére LS: vocare 20. décipére
7a petere 14. Instruére

262 Chapter 15. The Second Punic War (Final Phase)

Further Uses of the Ablative
Life of Vergil

Repetitio est mater studidrum. Repetition is the mother of studies.

The common uses of the ablative case were explained in Book I, Chapter
2, pp. 24-27, Chapter 11, p. 120, paragraphs 3 and 4, and the ablative
absolute was explained earlier in Chapter 6 of this book. It would be a good
idea to review those pages. Now look at some further uses of the ablative
case.

1. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE ABLATIVE

They were treated in Book I, chapter 8, pp. 85-86. Now would be a

good time to review them. Here are some additional, important uses of
the prepositions with the ablative case. As with prepositions governing
the accusative case, so also Latin prepositions governing the ablative
case require various English prepositions when being translated. For
example, to try to translate every instance of the preposition ex by “out
of, from” would result in stilted or meaningless English. What follows
is by no means a complete list of usages. But seeing the range of uses of
Latin prepositions will help you to manage other prepositional phrases
that are not listed here.

a, ab
a Romuld exdrdium habére [Evtrop.] to begin with Romulus

Further Uses of the Ablative 263

 a dextro latere on the right side; (mil) on the right flank
a sinistra et a dextra on the left and on the right
a tergo in the rear
asummo at the top
ab imo at the bottom
a pueruld from boyhood on
ab singulari amore out of unparalleled love
a stomachd laborare to have a stomach ache (lit: to suffer from the
stomach)
a faucibus et dolore capitis laborare to have a throat ache and
headache (lit: to suffer from the throat and pain of the head)
a parentibus dépendére to depend on one’s parents
ab avo vocari (or appellari or ndminari) to be named after one’s grand-
father
ab aliqud dissentire to disagree with someone
abs té petd ut mihi igndscas I ask (of) you to forgive me
a tud digress Romam véni [Cic.] I came to Rome after your departure

coram
coram itdice before the judge
coram rége in the presence of the king

. Complete the sentences by translating the English phrases into Latin,

using the examples above as models.

Micius Scaevola from boyhood on fortis et validus erat.

Mitcius Scaevola nunc before king Porsenna stabat.
Milités Etrusci on the left and on the right stabant.
Micius non poterat depend on his friends ad auxilium.
OE Micius in hostium castra inivit out of love of (his) country.

264 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

 é, ex

ex matre nobili natus born of a noble mother

ex Scribonia Iuliam filiam Augustus tulit. [Suet.] Augustus had (lit:
bore) a daughter Julia by Scribonia.
ex ea dié from that date on
ex ed from then on
Ex parte régis multi occisi sunt. Many were killed on the king’s side.
ex acclamatiOne advocatorum Clédi [Cic.] after the booing of Clodius’
supporters

ex Asia discédére to depart from Asia Minor

ex imbre right after the rain
Ex omnibus molestiis et laboribus nds conquiéscémus. [Cic.] After all
(those) annoyances and troubles we will get some rest.
ex mea sententia to my liking
Omnia ex sententia sunt apud matrem tuam. [Cic.] Everything is as
expected (or, to your liking) at your mother’s.
quaerit ex mé he asks me
velim ex té cognéscére (audire, scire, quaerére) I'd like to find out
from (hear from, know from, ask of) you
ex virtutibus Scipid nodminatur Africanus. Scipio is called Africanus as
the result of his valorous deeds.
ex senatis cOnsult6 in accordance with the decree of the senate
ex aequo equally

in
pontem in flumine facére to build a bridge over a river
Quid in céna habuisti? [Petr.] What did you have for dinner?
. in via erant they were on their way (or, en route)
in alto on the high seas
in scribendo while writing
in ancoris at anchor

Further Uses of the Ablative 265

 in hdc homine in the case of this man
in culpa esse to be at fault
in légatis esse to be among the envoys

prae
prae magnitidine corporum [Caes.] in comparison with the size of their
bodies
prae laetitia lacrimare to weep for joy
Nec loqui prae maerore potuit. And he could not speak because of his
grief.
prae sé ferre to display, manifest (lit: to bear before oneself)

pro
pro nostra consuetiidine in view of our close association
stare pro senati to be on the side of the senate _
pro certo habére to regard as certain
Utrum pro ancilla mé habés an filia? Do you regard me as a maid ora
daughter?
pro rostris 6ratidnem habére to give a speech from the rostrum

B. Complete the following sentences by translating the English phrases

into Latin, using the examples above as models.

Hamilcar et Hannibal from Africa to Spain discédébant.

Navis Hamilcaris adhtic at anchor erat.
Sed aliae navés iam on the high seas navigabant.
Mox Hamilcar ipse cum filio on his way erat.
Hamilcar et Hannibal erant equally fortés.
Hannibal numquam from all his troubles conquiéscébat.
P. Cornélius Scipio in accordance with the decree of the senate missus est.
From then on bellum acriter pugnatum est.
Hannibal victoriam regarded as certain.
eeRight after the battle apud Saguntum, Hannibal from Spain for Italy pro-
Spe
Sr
le
a
Seal

fectus est.

266 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil -

 11. Exercitus Hannibalis in view of its size erat prosperus.
12. Sed permulti occisi sunt on Hannibal's side and on the side of the
Romans.
13. Hanno erat among the envoys qui pacem petébant.
14. Sed non poterant loqui because offear.
15. “Romani are at fault,” inquiunt légati.

2. DEPONENTS TAKING THE ABLATIVE

Certain verbs take the ablative instead of the accusative.

utor uti usus sum to use

fruor frui fructus sum to enjoy
fungor fungi finctus sum to perform
potior potiri potitus sum to gain; to gain possession of
vescor vescli to feed on, live on

The verb itor, uti, isus sum has a number of important meanings
besides “to use.”

Examples lyra uti to play the lyre

solutis tunicis uti to wear loose tunics
hospitio Didonis uti to enjoy the hospitality of Dido
vino vetere uti to drink old wine
brassica uti to eat cabbage
sécéssii Campaniae uti to enjoy the solitude of Campania
bene armis uti to handle weapons well

NOTES
1) Expressions with ati, such as brassica uti to eat cabbage, indicate a
general practice, whereas a single instance would be expressed, for
example, by brassicam edit he is eating cabbage.

2) The verb potior, potiri, potitus sum can also take the genitive.

Example Caesar potestate (or potestatis) potitus est. Caesar gained power.

Further Uses of the Ablative 267

 C. Translate the following English expressions into Latin, employing the
various meanings of itor as shown above.

VOCABULARY
bésti-a -ae f wild beast
dom-6 -are -uil -itus to tame
etiam even
familiarit-As -atis f close friendship
fél-ix -icis successful
lactiicea -ae f lettuce
matrimG6ni-um -i 1 marriage

Prodserpina did not enjoy a successful marriage.

Orpheus played the lyre et domuit etiam béstias.
Scipio Africanus et eius exercitus enjoyed a triumph in Rome.
Masinissa enjoyed a close friendship cum eorOns Africano.
Philémon et Baucis wore old tunics.
Philémon and Baucis ate lettuce cotidié.
Vergilius enjoyed the solitude Siciliae.
Hannibal handled weapons very well.
Scipio numquam drank wine.
YO
SOScipio held many offices.
jakale

3. ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION

Verbs and adjectives indicating separation, removal, deprivation, libera-

tion are followed by the ablative (sometimes with ab or ex). When
accompanied by prepositions, the expressions are more easily under-
stood than when no preposition is involved. Therefore you need to take
a close look at the use of the ablative of separation without preposi-
tions.

Examples Caesar hostés armis exuit. [Caes.] Caesar stripped the enemy of (their)
arms.
Nudata statidnibus et custddiis hostium est urbs. [Liv.] The enemy’s
city was stripped of sentry posts and guards.
magna peciunia fraudari to be cheated out of a lot of money
vita libera omni metii a life free from every fear

268 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

 oculis captus bereft of sight, blind
auribus captus bereft of hearing, deaf
Domis signis et tabulis pictis erant vacuae. [Cic.] The homes were
devoid of statues and paintings.
ut UbiOs obsidione liberaret [Caes.] in order to liberate the Ubii from
the blockade
Germani hostés finibus prohibuérunt. The Germans kept the enemy
from their territory.
Paucis diébus sé cibo abstinuit. [Cic.] For a few days he abstained from
food.
aliquem vita privare to deprive someone of life
aliquem dolore privare to free someone from pain
caret sensi’ commini he lacks civic pride
eget auxilid he needs help

NOTES
1) The verbs eg-e6 -ére -ui and indig-e6 -ére -ul to need, lack can take the
ablative or the genitive without any difference in meaning.

2) Don’t forget that there is also a dative of separation.

Example Fortina filids me6s mihi éripuit. Fate tore my sons from me.

D. Complete the following sentences by translating the English words into

Latin, using the examples above as models.

. Scipid Saguntum from the blockade liberare non potuit.

. Mirus Sagunti of (its) defenders nadatus est.
Saguntum deinde erat devoid of houses and temples.
Hannibal égit vitam free from all fear.
. Scipid Carthaginiénsés of arms exuit.
. Saguntum help egebat.

Further Uses of the Ablative 269

 4. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE

The ablative (with or without the prepositions ab, dé, ex, and prae) is
used to express cause. It is used with verbs such as laborare, lacrimare,
ardére.

Examples ab ré frumentaria laborare [Caes.] to have trouble from (lack of )

supplies
graviter ex intestinis laborare [Cic.] to have serious intestinal troubles
(lit: to suffer seriously from the intestines)
Nec loqui prae maerore potuit. [Cic.] He could not speak because of
his grief.
Gaudio lacrimavi. I wept for joy.
Milités studio pugnae ardent. The soldiers burn with eagerness for a
fight.

ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION

Most ablatives are equivalent to adverbs. But the ablative of quality,

like the genitive of quality, modifies a noun by describing it. Therefore
it is equivalent to an adjective. The quality of a person or thing is denot-
ed by the ablative. It can involve external characteristics or internal
qualities.

Examples EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Augustus forma fuit eximia. [Suet.] Augustus was of exceptional

handsomeness.
mulier eximia pulchritudine [Cic.] a woman of exceptional beauty
Corpore et statura fuit grandi, aquilo colore. [Suet.] He was (a man)
with a large body and considerable height and with a dark
complexion.
Vergilius modicis parentibus fuit. [Suet.] Vergil came from (was of)
average parents.

INTERNAL QUALITIES:
Anim06 bono esto. Cheer up.
Eddem animd sum quo ti. I am of the same mind as you.

270 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

 Aristotelés, vir summ6 ingenié, scientia [Cic.] Aristotle, a man of
highest intelligence and knowledge

Change the genitive of description in italics to the ablative of descrip-

tion.

Pandora erat fémina iniisitatae citridsitatis.

Scipio Africanus erat superidris experientiae et scientiae rei militaris.
Quis dubitare potest quin Hannibal dux magnae virtiitis fuerit?
Nam iter trans Alpés, ut opinor, erat magni laboris.
Vergilius erat puerulus eximiae industriae.
Vergilius erat iuvenis grandis statirae.
Vergilius erat vir faciéi risticainae.
Vergilius erat vir valetidinis adversae.
One
ee
et Vergilius erat homo mitis vultis.
—ySS Vergilius erat poéta magni ingenii.

The expression opus est there is need:

It takes the ablative of the thing needed and the dative of the person
in need.

Example Graecis iis libris mihi opus est. [Cic.] I need those Greek books.

ABLATIVE OF RESPECT

The ablative of respect denotes in what respect or in what regard any-

thing is or is done. It can occur with verbs or with adjectives.

Examples Non tota ré sed temporibus errasti. [Cic.] You were wrong not in
(regard to) the whole matter but in (respect to) the time.
Quod numero militum praestarent [Caes.] Because they were superior
in (regard to) the number of soldiers
viribus et celeritate valére to prevail in (regard to) strength and speed
sermone tardissimus [Suet.] very slow in (regard to) speech
claudus alterd pede [Nep.] lame in (regard to) one foot
maior nati older (lit: greater in respect to birth)
minor nati younger (lit: less in respect to birth)

Further Uses of the Ablative 271

 Examples mirabile dicta strange to say (lit: in respect to saying)
foedum visi horrible to see (lit: in respect to seeing)

To these may be added such expressions as:

mea sententia in my opinion

med itidicid in my judgment
omnium itidicid in the judgment of all

F. Translate the English phrases in italics into Latin ablatives of respect.

Look over the examples of the ablative of respect given above.

VOCABULARY
mental ability ingeni-um -in
outdo praestare (+ dat)
speech serm:6 -onis m

. Vergilius erat older quam Flaccus frater.

. Vergilius autem erat younger quam Silo frater.
. Vergilius erat tardissimus in regard to speech.
. Vergilius aliis discipulis praestabat in regard to mental ability.
FR
oF
WN . Vergilius in my judgment erat longé optimus poéta Romanus.

PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO

he following is an abbreviated biography of Vergil, written by the

Roman biographer Suetonius (A.D. 70-137), who was the private sec-
retary of Emperor Hadrian. He wrote also the Biographies of the Twelve
Caesars. The text of Suetonius is given below practically unchanged.

Vergil (70-19 B.c.) had an interesting and unusual personality, as you will
see. Born in the country, he was rather shy, but very likeable. He was born
in the hamlet of Andes near Mantua in northern Italy. The stories about the
miraculous events surrounding his birth, such as those recounted below,
were undoubtedly invented after he had become famous. We are told that
he had two brothers, named Flaccus and Silo, one of whom died in child-
hood.

272 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

Vergil assumes the toga of manhood.

Further Uses of the Ablative 273

 Vergil, like all Romans boys, began to wear the “manly toga,” toga virilis
(also called toga piira) around the age of fifteen. Till then he had worn a
toga praetexta, a toga with a purple border. Both boys and girls wore the
toga praetexta when they got dressed up; normally they wore a knee-
length dress, called a tunic. Girls wore the toga praetexta till they got
married; boys wore it until they attained manhood. The “toga of manhood”
was a plain white toga that all male Roman citizens wore. The occasion of
assuming the toga virilis called for a family celebration.

His parents were neither rich nor poor—just average. His father, proba-
bly a Roman citizen, saw to it that his son received a good education, first
in Cremona, then in Milan. At age seventeen (53 B.c.) Vergil went to Naples
and then, in 47 B.c., he went to Rome to complete his education, probably
with a view to a career in law and politics. But writing poetry was his pas-
sion and, later on, his career. There in Rome he made friends with the
Emperor Augustus and with his later literary patrons Maecenas and
Asinius Pollio, who were Augustus’ wealthy advisers. He also became a
good friend of the poet Horace, who came from the small town of Venusia
in southern Italy. He was given a home in the fashionable district of the
Esquiline Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome. His neighbor was Maecenas,
who had a sprawling estate there and who probably had given Vergil that
home. Despite these important connections, Vergil was said to have felt
very uncomfortable staying in Rome and preferred the seclusion of his vil-
las in Campania and Sicily, which had possibly been purchased with the
proceeds of his inheritance.

As a young man, then living in Naples, he first studied Greek and Latin
literature. Naples at that time was essentially a Greek city, and so Vergil
had the opportunity to speak Greek in the streets and marketplace. Most
educated Romans were bilingual, being equally fluent in Latin and in
Greek. He next studied “mathematics” and medicine, especially veterinary
medicine, which, as you will see, led to his first job in the imperial stables
when he returned to Rome. Veterinary medicine was a practical field of
study in an agricultural society.

His study of mathematica needs some explanation. The word math-

ematicea -ae f had two meanings: mathematics and astrology. The Romans
of Vergil’s time made no distinction between astronomy and astrology. The
stars were studied because their movements were indicators of weather,
and so their study was important to both farmers and sailors. (Remember,
the Romans did not have the convenience of daily weather forecasts in

274 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

newspapers and television.) But the Romans believed also that the stars had
a great influence on the lives of men, and so astrology was very popular.

Vergil first published a series of ten pastoral poems called Eclogues

(“Selections’) or Bucolics (the Greek word for Pastorals). He was about thir-
ty years old at that time. These are conversations between shepherds, who
seem to be talking about simple country life, but actually the conversations
contain many allusions, i.e., indirect references, to the political and social
situation of the period, including allusions to his own life. These pastoral
poems became instantly popular in Rome.

He next wrote four books on farming, called Georgics (the Greek word for
poems on farming), probably at the suggestion of his literary patron and
friend, Maecenas. Remember that the Roman economy at that time was
agricultural, not industrial. The Georgics were not a practical handbook on
running a farm. They were poems that glorified life in the country with its
old-time simplicity, honesty, and thrift. It took him seven years to complete
the four poems of the Georgics.

To understand why his Bucolics and his Georgics were so popular, you
have to understand that his readers were city people. Remember that Rome
was some 700 years old by Vergil’s day. Wars such as the Hannibalic war
and especially the civil wars of Vergil’s century had ruined the old farms,
and many people had moved to the cities. After the successful foreign wars,
luxuries and huge numbers of slaves poured into Rome from the conquered
lands. Gone were not only the farms but also the simple, honest, hard-
working, unspoiled lifestyle of the countryside. Along came Vergil, who
with his first-hand experience with life on the farm and his gift for poetry,
recreated the magic of those bygone days. As Vergil recited his poetry to
the members of the imperial court and educated friends, they could once
more catch a glimpse of that world which was gone forever.

The rest of his life he spent writing the Aeneid, which he began around 27
B.C., this time at the suggestion of Octavian, who in that very year took the
title of Augustus. You will read in Vergil’s biography how he went about
writing Rome’s greatest epic.

When Augustus was returning from the Greek island of Samos, where
he had spent the winter of the year 20, he met Vergil at Athens. Vergil, it is
said, had intended to tour Greece, probably to visit the sites that he had
mentioned in his Aeneid. He had written about Troy, Delos, Crete, and other

Further Uses of the Ablattve 275

 Greek islands, but he had never seen them. But when he met Augustus, he
decided instead to accompany the emperor back to Italy. Vergil’s health
had been failing, which was made worse by the rough voyage. He died
soon after his arrival at the port city of Brundisium on September 22, 19 B.c.
His ashes were taken to his beloved Naples. His tomb there became a shrine
for centuries. Unfortunately, we no longer know today exactly where his
tomb once was.

Now read the biography of Rome’s greatest poet. (Latin authors often
leave out words to be understood. Such words are supplied in parentheses
for your convenience.)

I
P. Vergilius Maro parentibus modic-us -a -um average, middle-class
pits
TMs. OUEe
modicis fuit, et praecipué patre fuit came from praecipué especially
“S614 CY pmyrTou
Marone, quem quidam (tradidé- figul-us -1 m potter tra-edd -dére -didi
runt) figulum (fuisse), plirés -ditus to record, say initid initially
tradidérunt (Mardnem fuisse) initid mercénnari-us -i m hired hand mercat-or
mercénnarium Magi cuiusdam -Oris m merchant gen-er -erl m son-in-
mercatoris, et mox ob industriam law co-em6 -ére -émi -emptus to buy up
(fuisse) generum; silvis coémendis apis -is f bee cirare to keep,
et apibus ctirandis, réculam auxit. raise réculea -ae f little property

I
Natus est Cn. Pompéio Magno, M. Coss. = consulibus (October 15, 70 B.c.)
Licinid CrassO primum Coss., primum for the first time pag-us -1 m vil-
Iduum Octodbrium dié, in pago, qui lage non procul not far ed praegn-ans
Andés dicitur, qui est 4 Mantua non -antis pregnant with him Maica -ae f
procul. Praegnans ed mater Maia Maia, Mae somniare to dream par-id -ére
somniavit sé peperisse laureum peperi partus to give birth to laure-us -a
ramum, quem, contacta terra, -um laurel ram-us -i m branch conting-6
vidéret statim coaluisse, et -ére contigi contactus to touch coalésc-d
excrévisse ilicd in speciem matirae -ére coalui to take root excrésc-d -ére
arboris, refertae variis pomis et excrévi to grow (up) ilic6d then and there
floribus; ac sequenti dié, cum speci-és -é1 f shape, likeness matir-us -a

276 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

marito rus propinquum peténs, ex -um full-grown refert-us -a -um full (of)
itinere divertit, atque in fossa prope pom-um -i n fruit peténs heading for ex
viam filium peperit. itinere divertére to turn off the road
fossea -ae f ditch
Til
Ferunt infantem, ut est natus, non ferunt they say
vagisse, et aded miti vulti fuisse, ut vag-io -Ire -Ivi or -Ti (of a baby) to cry adeo
haud dubiam spem prosperidris mit+is -is -e such mild haud dubi-us -um
geniturae iam tum indicaret. Et in a sure genitirea -ae f destiny, horo-
ed loco, ubi mater filium peperit, scope iam tum already then prosper-us
parva populus stabat. Illa arbor -a-um happy popul-us -if poplar tree
brevi tempore sic évaluit, ut mox évalésc-6 -ére évalui to grow strong,
omnés alias populds adaequaret, grow up adaequare to equal (in height)
quamquam alterae arborés iam dit iam dit long ago
satae erant. Quae “arbor Vergilii” ser-d -ére sévi satus to plant
ex ed dicta (est) atque cOnsecrata est ex ed from that (time on) cOnsecrare to
summa cum religione 4 praegnan- hallow religi-6 -dnis f veneration
tibus mulieribus.

IV
Pueritiam, id est usque ad septi- pueriti-a -ae f boyhood
mum decimum annum, Crem6dnae
égit; decim6 quintd anno virilem égit he spent
togam cépit, illis consulibus iterum, illis consulibus 55 B.c. iterum a second
quibus natus erat. Evénitque, ut ed time événit it happened
ipso dié Lucrétius poéta mortuus
est. Sed Vergilius Cremona Mediolan-um -i 1 Milan Nedpol-is -is f
Mediolanum et inde paulo post Naples litter-ae -arum fp! literature
Neapolim transiit. Ibi primum lit- vehementissimé most energetically
teris et Graecis et Latinis operam dare to devote one’s attention
vehementissimé operam dedit; tan- studi-um -i 7 interest indulg-ed -ére
dem omni cira omnique studio indialsi (+ dat) to indulge in, devote one-
indilsit medicinae et mathema- self to mathematic-a -ae f mathematics;

ticae. astronomy

V
Quibus rébus cum ante alids Quibus = his (rébus) (in these subjects)
éruditior peritiorque esset, in ante alids more so than the other (stu-
Urbem transiit statimque, amiciti- dents) érudit-us -a -um trained, educated

am magistri stabuli equorum perit-us -a -um talented Urbem = Romam

magis-ter -tri m stabuli stable boss

Further Uses of the Ablative 277

 Augusti nactus, multds varidsque nancisc-or -1 nactus sum (dep) to
morbos incidentés equis ciravit. At gain morb-us -i m sickness incidére (+
ille in mercédem singulis diébus dat) to happen to curare to treat at ille
panés Vergilid, ut ini ex stabulariis, but he (Augustus) merc-és -édis f pay
dari iussit. [singulis diébus = cotidié] pan-is -is m
(loaf of) bread ut as (if he were just a. . .)
stabulari-us -i m stable hand

G. Answer the following questions based on the portion of Vergil’s life that
you have just read.

I 1. What do some say was the trade of Vergil’s father Maro?

. What do others say?
rR
QN . What caused the merchant Magus to want Vergil’s father as his
son-in-law? |
aS. How did he increase his wealth?

II 5. What was the name of Vergil’s birthplace?

. In what part of Italy was it located?
. What was the nearest bigger town to his village?
OD
CON
O1 . What was unusual about the laurel branch that Maia dreamed
about?
9. Great poets were crowned with laurel wreathes. What did the
dream indicate?
10. What do you think the fruit and flowers on the tree symbol-
ized?
11. Where did Maia give birth to Vergil?

III 12. What two things were unusual about baby Vergil?
13. Is miti vultt an ablative of cause or of description?
14. Is summa cum religidne an ablative of means or manner?

IV 15. How long did Vergil live in Cremona?

16. How old was Vergil when he put on the “grown-up” toga?
17. What also happened on that same day?
18. Why isn’t the preposition ab used with Crémona?
19. Why isn’t the preposition ad used with Mediolanum and
Neapolim?

278 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

 20. What did he study first in Naples?
21. Is the expression omni ciira omnique studio an ablative of
means or of manner?
22. What Latin words indicate that Vergil did not complain about
too much homework?

V 23. Does the conjunction cum mean “when” or “because?

24. How do you know that cum does not mean “although”?
25. Why did Vergil move to Rome?
26. What was the first job that Vergil held in Rome?
27. Who owned the stables?
28. What training had he had in Naples that qualified him for that
job?
29. Is the phrase in mercédem an accusative of direction or of pur-
pose?
30. Did Vergil work there as a mere stable hand or a veterinarian?

VI
Interea 4 Crotoniatis pullus equi, pull-us -1 m equi colt mir-us -a -um strik-
mirae pulchritidinis, CaesarI dono ing Crotoniat-I -drum mpl people of
fuit missus, qui omnium itdicio Crotona (in S. Italy) itidicid in the judg-
portendébat spem virtitis et celer- ment porten-dd -dére -di -tum_ to
itatis imménsae. Hunc cum portend, give promise of virt-iis -itis f
adspexisset Maro, magistro stabuli high quality adspic-id -ére adspexi
dixit, ndtum esse ex morbOsa equa, adspectus to look at morbds-us -a -um
et nec viribus valitarum nec celer- sickly equa -ae f mare virés -ium fpl
itate; idque vérum fuisse inventum vigor val-e6 -ére -ui valitum to be effec-
est. tive, prevail

VII
Quod, cum magister stabul1 Augu- [Quod = hoc connective rel. pron.] recitare
sto recitasset, duplicari ipsi in to tell duplicare to double ipsi for him
mercédem panés_ iussit. Cum (Vergil) in mercédem as pay anim-us -I m
iterum ex Hispania Augusto canés spirit, spunk (Vergil, by looking over horses
dono mitterentur, etiam parentés and dogs, could tell whether they were ofgood
edrum dixit Vergilius et animum stock.)
celeritatemque habuisse. Quo cog- [Quo = hoc connective rel. pron.] cogndsc-o
nitd, iussit iterum Vergilid panés -ére cognovi cognitus to learn, hear, find
duplicari. out; (in perfect tenses) to know

Further Uses of the Ablative 279

 VII
Dubitavit Augustus, Octaviine dubitare to wonder alt-er -erius another
filius esset, an alterius; idque aper-io -ire -ui -itus to open, explain
Maronem aperire posse arbitratus arbitr-r -ari -atus sum (dep) to think
est, quia et natiram parentésque parentés lineage, pedigree [cognorat =
canum cognorat. AmOotis igitur cognoverat] 4mOdvére to remove
omnibus’ arbitris, illum in arbi-ter -tri m eyewitness penit-ior -ior
penitisrem partem domis vocat, et -ius inner, more private an whether
sdlum rogat an sciat quinam esset, quinam exactly who (referring to
et quam facultatem ad félicitandds Augustus) facult-ds -atis f ability félici-
hominés habéret. tare to make happy

IX
“NOvi,” inquit Maro, “té, Caesar Distinguish novi = I know from novi =
Auguste, habére potestatem fermé new (ones) potest-as -atis f power fermé
aequam cum dis immortalibus, ut almost
felicem facias quem vis.” “EO animo ed animod sum ut I am of a mind to
sum,” respondit Caesar, “ut té
felicem reddam, si vérum pro vér-um -i 7 the truth pro (+ abl) in answer
rogata dixeris.” “Utinam,” ait to ait said utinam queam I hope that I
Maro, “interroganti tibi vérum am able to, hopefully I can
dicére queam!” Tunc Augustus: qu-ed -Ire -Ivi to be able to (conjugated like
“Putant alii mé natum Octavio; e0 Ire) alii... quidem some . . certain
quidem suspicantur mé natum alid (people)
viro.”

X
Maro subridéns, “Facile id dicam,” subrid-ed -ére subrisi to smile impuné
inquit, “si imptiné licenterque, quae with impunity licenter frankly sent-id
sentio, loqui iubés.” Affirmat -Ire sensi sénsus to feel, think affirmare
Caesar itreitiirand6, sé non eius dic- iureitirand6 to affirm with an oath, to
tum aegré lattrum esse. Ad haec, swear dict-um -i n statement, prediction
oculds oculis Augusti infigéns aegré ferre to resent infig-d -ére infixi
Maro, “Facilius,” ait, “in certis infixus (+ dat) to fix (on) (ie., looking
animalibus qualitatés parentum 4 Augustus straight in the eye) in (+ abl) in
mathematicis et philosophis the case of certeus -a -um certain
cognosci possunt; in homine mathematic-us -1 m astrologer philo-
néquaquam possibile est; sed dé té soph-us -i m philosopher in (+ abl) in the
coniecttram habed similem véri, ut, case of néquaquam by no means
quid exercuerit pater tuus, scire coniecttirea -ae f inkling simil-is -is -e

280 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

possim.” Attent@ exspectabat vert likely, good quid exercuerit what
Augustus quidnam diceret. At ille: (profession, trade) he practiced attenté
“Quantum ego rem intellegére pos- intently quidnam just what quantum as
sum, pistoris filius es,” inquit. far as pist-or -Oris m baker

XI
Obstupuerat Caesar, et statim obstup-eo -ére -ui to be stunned
animo volvébat, quomodo fieri animd6 volvére to wonder, ponder
potuerit. Interrumpéns Vergilius: interrump-0 -ére interrupi interruptus to
“Audi,” inquit, “quomodo id coni- interrupt conic-id -ére coniéci coniectus
cid: “Ta, Princeps orbis, item et item to guess prin-ceps -cipis m ruler, emper-
panés in mercédem dari iussisti, or orb-is -is m the world item et item
quod quidem erat officium aut again and again offici-um -in job
pistoris, aut nati pistore.” Placuit nat-us -1 m™ son
Caesari facétia. “At deinceps,” facéti-a -ae f joke, humor deinceps from
inquit Caesar, “non 4 pistore sed 4 now on magnanim-us -a -um big-heart-
rége magnanimo dona _ ferés.” ed, generous
Illumque plirimi fécit, et Pollioni plirimi facére to think highly of, make
commendavit. much of commendare to recommend

H. Answer the following questions based on this portion of Vergil’s life.

VI . Is the noun d6nG a dative of purpose or an indirect object?

. What was the prediction of everyone about the colt?
. Did Vergil agree with them?
. Why did Vergil take that position?
. Who
or
WN turned out to be right, the stable hands or Vergil?

VII 6. When the stable boss reported this to the emperor Augustus,
what did the latter do?
7. Does the conjunction cum in the first two sentences mean
“when” or “because”?
8. How do you know that it does not mean “although”?
9. Is the noun dono dative of purpose or ablative of cause in this
sentence?
10. What quality besides spunk did the parents of the dogs have?
11. What is the construction of Quo cognitd?
12. Is ad félicitand6s hominés a gerund or gerundive construc-
tion?

Further Uses of the Ablative 281

 VIII 13. What did the emperor wonder about?
14. What construction is 4m6tis arbitris?
15. Why did Augustus think that Vergil could solve the problem of
his parentage?
16. Why did Augustus then lead Vergil to the inner part of the
palace?
17. What two things did Augustus want to find out from Vergil?

IX 18. Does ut facias introduce a purpose clause or a result clause?

19. Under what condition will the emperor make young Vergil
happy?
20. What, according to Augustus, did some people suspect?

X 21. Under what conditions will Vergil be willing to speak frankly?

22. Who, according to Vergil, can know the qualities of parents in
the case of certain animals?

XI 23. Why was Caesar Augustus stunned?

24. How did Augustus take the joke?
25. What does this incident tell you about the character of
Augustus and Vergil? .

282 Chapter 16. Life of Vergil

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative
Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns
Vergil’s Career

Salis populi supréma est léx. Thewelfare of the people iethe us

: ' | 7
supreme law. |

a iI. INDIRECT DOUBLE QUESTIONS ae

Double questions can be direct or indirect. In Chapter 2 you saw how
direct double questions were formed. In direct questions, the indicative is
used; in indirect questions, the subjunctive is used. The same particles are
used to introduce both direct and indirect questions. The following parti-
cles are used:

utrum...an tere tate an

-ne....an aeenoRe
yeseus -ne

If the second member is negative, necne (or not) is used.

Example Iudex quaerit utrum crimen vérum sit an falsum.

Pana! Iudex quaerit crimen vérumne sit an falsum.
or Iudex quaerit crimen vérum an falsum sit.
or Iudex quaerit crimen vérum falsumne sit.
The judge asks whether the charge is true or false.

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 283

 Example Iudex quaerit utrum crimen vérum sit necne.
The judge asks whether the charge is true or not.

The usual sequence of tenses applies, namely, if the main verb is present,
future, or future perfect, the dependent subjunctive should be present or
perfect; if the main verb is imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect, the dependent
subjunctive should be imperfect or pluperfect.

Examples Iadex quaerit utrum crimen vérum sit (fuerit) an falsum. The judge
is asking whether the charge is (was) true or false.
Iudex quaerébat (quaesivit) utrum crimen vérum esset (fuisset) an
falsum. The judge asked whether the charge was (had been) true or
false.

If the verb in the indirect question refers to the future, the active
periphrastic form of the verb is used.

Examples Rogat utrum ab urbe discéssiirus sis necne. He is asking whether

you are going to leave the city or not.
Rogavit utrum ab urbe discéssiirus essés necne. He asked whether
you were going to leave the city or not.

. Change the following double direct questions to indirect questions. The

subject and verb are provided in parentheses.

Example Vergilius utrum Romae an Mantuae habitat?

Is Vergil living either in Rome or in Mantua?
Vol6 scire utrum Vergilius Romae an Mantuae habitet.
I want to know whether Vergil is living in Rome or in Mantua.

VOCABULARY
curare to look after, treat (medically)
figul-us -1m potter, pottery maker
mercénnari-us -1 7m hired hand, laborer

1. Vergilius utrum Romae an Mantuae habitavit? (Omnés volunt scire .. .)

2. Vergilius utrum medicinae an mathematicae studet? (Vol6 scire . . .)

284 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 3. Vergilius utrum maior nati an minor nati quam frater
fuit? (Nesci6. . .)
4. Pater Vergilii erat utrum figulus an mercénnarius? (Discipuli
rogant. ..)
5. Utrum Vergilius equés Augusti ctiravit annon? (Nesci6. . .)

I CU. REVIEW OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS [RH

Conjunctions are words that join one word, phrase, or clause to another.
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs. This list adds a few correlative
conjunctions to those that you saw discussed in Chapter I.

et...et both...and
cum...tum while... atthe same time; both... and
neque... neque neither... nor
nec...nec neither... nor
non sdlum ...sed etiam not only .. . but also
non tantum...sed etiam not only... but also
non modo... sed etiam not only... but also
non modo... vérum etiam not only ... but also

Examples Vergilius et mathematicae et medicinae (or cum mathematicae tum

medicinae) studébat. Vergil studied both astrology and medicine.
Parentés Vergilil neque (or nec) opulenti neque (or nec) pauperés
erant. The parents of Vergil were neither rich nor poor.
Vergilius villam non sélum (or ndn modo or non tantum) in
Campania sed etiam (or vérum etiam) in Sicilia habuit. Vergil had a
villa not only in Campania but also in Sicily.

B. All the correlative conjunctions given above have alternate forms. In the
following sentences, simply substitute one of the alternate forms as
shown in the examples above.

1. Et Augustus et Maecénds erant amicissimi Vergilio.

2. Vergilius nec honGrés nec divitias désideravit.

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 285

 3. Vergilius non modo Romae habitavit sed etiam multds annos in
Campania égit.
4. Vergilius tisus est amicitia non tantum Augusti sed etiam Horatil.

SC. INDEFINITE RELATIVE PRONOUNS SQ)

The indefinite relative pronoun quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque (whoever, whatever) is declined like the regular relative pronoun,
butthe ending -cumque is invariable.

SINGULAR

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

NoM. quicumque quaecumque quodcumque
GEN. cuiuscumque cuiuscumque cuiuscumque
Dat. cuicumque cuicumque cuicumque
ACG, quemcumque quamcumque quodcumque
ABL. quocumque quacumque quocumque

PLURAL

NoM. quicumque quaecumque quaecumque

GEN. quorumcumque quarumcumque quorumcumque
DAT quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque
ACE. quoscumque quascumque quaecumque
ABL. quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque

Examples Quicumque hoc fécit erravit. Whoever did this made a mistake.
Quaecumque Vergilius rogavit, Augustus numquam
recusavit. Whatever (things) Vergil asked for, Augustus never
refused.
In quamcumque urbem vénit, Vergilius benigné acceptus est. Vergil
was welcomed in whatever city he came to.

286 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 C. Complete the Sentences by translating into Latin the English phrases in
italics.

. Da mihi whatever help potes.

Whomever Atalanta in certamine vicerit, moriétur.
. To whomever dei vitam longam dant, ei félicés sunt.
. Di tibi dent whatever (things) optés.
. Whoever Bicolica Vergilii leget, multam voluptatem ex eis dérivabit.
COPWN

VERGIL AND THE AUGUSTAN AGE

Ves epic, the Aeneid, is one of the greatest achievements in the lit-
erature of the Western world. For two thousand years his work has
been accepted as the model of epic and heroic poetry. It is natural to
want to know more about the life of such a great poet.

Vergil never forgot his roots. He loved the country and is said to have
had a heavy country drawl. He had an easy-going way about him that
endeared him to all who got to know him. Although he left home for Rome
to get a better education and pursue a career, he regularly sent money to his
parents and returned for visits. In 41 B.c., when he was twenty-nine years
old, he came close to losing his life. In the civil war that followed the assas-
sination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.c., the city of Cremona, forty miles from
Vergil’s birthplace, sided with the Republican party led by Brutus and
Cassius. After their defeat at the battle of Philippi in Macedonia (42 B.c.),
the territory of Cremona and Mantua was confiscated and distributed
among the victorious soldiers by the Triumvirs—Octavian (later
Augustus), Marc Antony, and Lepidus. The estate of Vergil’s father, who
was still living, was seized, or at least was in danger of seizure. It was prob-
ably in connection with the confiscation of this land that Vergil was
involved in a boundary dispute in which his life was threatened. A soldier,
probably the new occupier of the confiscated land, chased him, wielding
his sword. Vergil was just able to escape by swimming the Mincius River.

Asinius Pollio, who had been military governor in North Italy (called
Cisalpine Gaul), took a warm interest in the up-and-coming poet.
Maecenas, his literary patron, also used his influence to protect Vergil.
Cornelius Gallus, himself a poet, and Alfenus Varus, both probably Vergil’s

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 287

Vergil’s narrow escape at his farm

288 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 fellow students, appear to have interceded for him. He himself went to
Rome and appealed to Octavian, who assured him that his property would
be safe. In the first poem of the Bucolics, Vergil expresses his gratitude to
Octavian, who, after more civil wars, would become the sole ruler of the
Roman world and assume the title of Augustus.

The period in which Vergil lived, the so-called Augustan Age, was a time
when Latin literature truly flourished. It extended from the death of Julius
Caesar (44 B.C.) to the death of Augustus (A.D. 14). It was an age when liter-
ature was recognized as a profession apart from law and politics. Augustus
himself was a well educated man who took an active interest in art and lit-
erature, and the wealthy nobles in his court followed his example.
Literature became fashionable, and everybody who wanted to be some-
body aspired to be a writer. In those days even a poet such as Vergil who
published “best-sellers” did not make a lot of money from his books.
Writers, whether of prose or poetry, gained their popularity from their
recitations before an educated audience rather than from receipts from
bookstores. Although there were a few bookstores in Rome, books were
very expensive and beyond the means of most people. When Vergil died,
he left a substantial inheritance to his friends, including Augustus.

Now read more about the life and works of Vergil as recorded by
Suetonius and Donatus, the famous grammarian of the 4th century A.D.

- Curriculum Vitae Vergil 7

_ ‘Vergil’s Career

I
Grandi corpore et statira fuit, grand-is -is -e large, great grandi corpore
aquild colore, facié risticana, husky statirea -ae f height grandi
valétadine varia. Nam plérumque statira tall aquil-us -a -um dark, swarthy
ab stomacho, et faucibus, ac dolore col-or -dris m complexion rustican-us -a
capitis laborabat; sanguinem etiam -um peasant, rustic valétid-d -inis f
saepius reiécit; cilbum vinumque health varieus -a -um variable, varied
minimum cOnstimpsit. plérumque generally fauc-és -ium fpl
throat reic+id -ére reiéci reiectus to cough
mp

Rarissimé Romam vénit. Si quando Si quando whenever vis-6 -ére -i -us to

Romae viserétur in pwtblico, sec- look at, gawk at sectantés (those) follow-

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 289

 tantés démonstrantésque sé vitavit ing démonstrantés (those) pointing
et in proximum téctum subterfigit. (him) out sé (i.e., Vergil) vitare to avoid
téct-um -i n shelter, house subterfug-id
-ére subterfiigi to slip away
Il
Augusto bona autem cuiusdam bona -6rum np! property
exsulantis offerente, nOn sustinuit exsul-ans -antis m man _ sent into
accipére. Possédit prope centiés ses- exile non sustinuit could not bring him-
tertium, ex liberalitatibus amicOrum self possid-ed -ére possédi possessus to
habuitque domum Romae in own centiés ten million sestertieus -1 m
Esquiliis iaxta hortos Maecénatis, (gen pl: sestertium) silver coin Esquili-ae
quamquam sécessi Campdaniae -arum fp! Esquiline Hill Maecén-as -atis
Siciliaeque plirimum iUterétur. m Maecenas sécéss-us -iis 1 solitude
Quaecumque ab Augusto peteret, plirimum very much
repulsam numquam __habuit. repulsea -ae f refusal
Parentibus quotannis aurum ad ali- quotannis every year ad alitum to sup-
tum mittébat, quos iam grandis port them iam grandis already grown up
amisit; ex quibus (parentibus) pater
oculis captus est; et amisit duds oculis captus est went blind
fratrés, Silonem imptiberem, Flaccum impib-és -eris adj young défl-ed -ére
iam adultum, cuius mortem sub -évi -étus to mourn Daphniis -idis m
nodmine Daphnidis in “Btcolicis” Daphnis (a shepherd) Bicolic-a -6rum npl
déflet. pastoral poems

Il
Inter cétera studia, ut supra dixi,
medicinae quoque, ac maximé maximé especially
mathematicae, studébat. Egit etiam causam agére to plead a case omnin6 in
causam tinam omnino, nec amplius all, all told semel once serm:-6 -dnis m
quam semel. Sermone tardissimum, speech tard-us -a -um_ slow paene
ac paene indoctd similem fuisse, almost indoct-us -I m uneducated person
Melissus tradit. tradit records, says

IV
“Bucolica” scripsit, maximé ut
Asinium Pollionem celebraret, quia celebrare to honor
in distribtitione agrorum, qui post
Philippénsem victdriam veteranis Philippéns:is -is -e at Philippi
trans Padum dividébantur, Asinius Pad-us -i m Po (river)
Pollid agrds Vergilil protéxerat. proteg-0 -ére protéxi protéctus to protect

290 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 Deinde scripsit “Gedrgica” in Gedrgic-a -drum npl Georgics (poems on
honorem Maecénatis, qui sibi, farming) sibi (1.e., to Vergil)
mediocriter adhiic n6td, opem mediocriter only slightly n6t-us -a -um
tulerat adversus veterani cuiusdam known opem ferre (+ dat) to lend help
violentiam, 4 quo in altercatione dé (to) adversus (+ acc) against altercati-o
agris suis paene occisus est. -dnis f dispute, argument

V
Novissimé “Aenéidem” inchoavit, novissimé lastly Aenéis -idis f (acc:
argumentum varium et multiplex et Aenéidem or Aenéida) the Aeneid
quasi simile ambobus carminibus inchoadre to begin argument-um -i n
Homéri, in quo origo et ROmanae theme, topic multipl-ex -icis complex
urbis et Augusti continérétur. quasi in a way ambo ambae ambo both
“Aenéida” prosa oratidne prius carm-en -inis 1 poem contin-ére to
formavit et in duodecim libros include formare to compose prosa
divisit; deinde particulatim orati-S -dnis f prose particulatim piece
componére instituit, pro-ut quidque by piece componére instituit began to
ei libéret, et nihil in Ordinem turn into verse pro-ut... eI libéret just as
arripiéns. “Bicolica” triennio ... pleased him quidque each (piece) in
perfécit, “Gedrgica” septem annis ordinem arripére to take in order per-
Neapoli, “Aenéida” tindecim annis ficeid -ére perféci perfectus to finish
perfécit, partim in Sicilia, partim in partim partly
Campania.

D. Indicate whether the following statements on the life of Vergil are true
or false.

I 1. Vergil had a sophisticated appearance.

2. Grandi... valétiidine are instances of the ablative of descrip-
tion.
3 . Vergil’s health problems resulted from overeating.
+ . Vergil rarely stayed in Rome, but when he did, he enjoyed it.
5. Autograph hounds would have had little success with Vergil.

Il 6. Because of his poverty, he accepted confiscated property from

Augustus.
N He lived largely off the generosity of his friends.
.
8. He preferred the solitude of Campania and Sicily to his fashion-
able residence in Rome.

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 291

 9. He was already an adult by the time his parents died.
10. Both his brothers died before Vergil.

III 11. Vergil seems to have studied law but decided not to make a
career of it.

IV 12. He wrote the “Bucolics” in honor of his friend Asinius Pollio.

13. The “Georgics” consist of a description of the confiscation of his
farm near Mantua.
14. Maecenas at that time was one of the authorities who super-
vised the confiscation of land.

V 15. The Aeneid is in a way similar to both books of Homer, the

Iliad and the Odyssey.
16. Vergil first wrote the Aeneid in prose, then put it into verse.
17. Vergil wrote the Aeneid methodically, book after book.
18. It took him seven years to write the ten poems of the
“Bucolics.”
19. He wrote the “Georgics” while living in Rome.
20. It took him longer to write the Aeneid than the combined years
it took him to write the “Bucolics” and the “Georgics.”

VI
“Bucolica” ed succéssti édidit, ut in eo = tali (with) such éd-6 -ére édidi
scéna quoque per cantorés fre- éditus to publish cant-or -6ris m singer,
quenter proniintiarentur. “Georgica” professional reader (of poetry) scénea -ae
Vergilius Augusto per continuum f stage pronintiare to recite, deliver
quadriduum Jlégit, suscipiente quadridu-um -i n four days
Maecénate legendi vicem, quotiéns vicem suscipére to take one’s turn
vox déficiébat. Prontintiabat autem quotiéns whenever déficére to give out,
suaviter. Poéta Iilius Montanus fail suaviter pleasantly
dicébat edsdem versiis, Vergilid
prontntiante, bene sonare, sine illo bene sonare to sound good inansis -is -e
inané€s esse mutosque. empty, flat miit-us -a -um toneless

VII
Augustus véro—nam forte expedi- véro in fact abesse to be away, be absent
tione in Hispania aberat—suppli- expediti-O -dnis f campaign suppl-ex
cibus atque etiam minacibus per -icis suppliant, begging min-ax -acis
idcum litteris flagitarat, ut “sibi dé threatening per idcum jokingly litter-ae

292 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

Vergil with two Muses (Calliope and Melpomene)

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 293

 “Aenéide” vel prima carminis -arum fpl letter flagit-are to demand vel
hypographa mitterétur, sed Ver- even hypographea -ae f draft
gilius negavit. Multo post, tamen, negare to say no
perfecta démum matéria, trés démum finally matéri-a -ae f material
omnino librds recitavit Augusto: omnino in all
secundum, quartum et sextum.

Vill
Recitavit etiam pliribus, sed neque pluribus to larger groups ea npl those
frequenter et ea feré dé quibus (parts) feré generally ambig:6 -ére to be
ambigébat, quo magis itdicium unsure quod magis in order to better
hominum experirétur. Anno aetatis exper-ior -irl expertus sum (dep) to test,
quinquagésimo secundo, inposi- find out summam manum inponére (+
turus “Aenéidi” summam manum, dat) to put the finishing touches sécéd-o
statuit in Graeciam et in Asiam -ére sécéssi sécéssum to go off to trien-
sécédére triennidque continuo nihil nid for three years occurred -ére -I
amplius facére quam émendare occursum (+ dat) to run into, meet (unex-
“Aenéidem.” Sed cum Vergilius pectedly) revert-or -i reversus sum (dep) to
Athenis occurrisset Augusto ab return déstindre to decide ina cum
Oriente Romam revertenti, dés- together with febr-is -is f fever non
tinavit ina cum ed in Italiam redire. intermissa uninterrupted nancisc-or -i
Sed febrem nactus est; nOn inter- nactus sum (dep) to get, catch navigati-o
missa navigatio febrem auxit; et -dnis f sea voyage ob-ed -ire -ii -itum to
Brundisii paucis diébus obiit. Ossa die os ossis n bone; pl bones, ashes (from
eius Neapolim translata sunt et ibi the pyre) tumul-eum -1 n tomb con-dd
in tumulo condita sunt. -dére -didi -ditus to store; to lay to rest

IX
L. Varius et Plotius Tucca eius
“Aenéida” post obitum, iusst obit-us -tis m death iussi (+ abl) at the
Caesaris, émendavérunt. Vergilius bidding of [Caesaris = Augusti] émen-
égerat cum Vario, priusquam Italia dare to correct agére cum (+ abl) to plead
décéderet, ut, “Aeneida” com- with siquid if anything accid:d -ére -i to
bureret, siquid sibi accidisset; sed happen pernegare to deny or say no
Varius sé ita facttrum_ esse emphatically valétid-6 -inis f illness
pernegarat; igitur in extréma scrinitum -i n bookcase, book box
valétidine assidué scrinia déside- désiderare to ask for crémare to burn
ravit, crematirus ipse “Aenéida”; cav-eO -ére cavi cautus to make provi-
sed némine offerente, nihil quidem sions (in his will) ndminatim by name,
nominatim dé eis cavit. specifically

294 Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 X
Sed eidem Vario et Tuccae scripta
sua légavit sub ea condicidne né légare to leave, bequeathe ne quid that
quid éderent, quod non 4 se éditum (they) not... anything @d6 édére édidi
esset. Varius édidit autem scripta, éditus to publish auctore Augusto on the
auctore Augusto, sed summatim advice of Augustus summéatim slightly
émendata, ut versiis reliquerit, qui émendata (refers to scripta) corrected ut
etiam imperfecti erant. Gram- with the result that imperfect-us -a -um
maticus Nisus aiébat sé audisse 4 incomplete gramm§tic-us -I m grammari-
senioribus, Varium dudrum lib- an aiébat used to say senidribus his
rorum Oordinem commitasse, et qui elders commitare to change (around)
tunc secundus esset in tertium tunc then trans-fer6 -ferre -tuli -latus to
locum transtulisse, etiam principi- shift, switch principi-um -i n beginning
um primi libri corréxisse. cor-rig6 -rigére -rexi -rectus to correct

XI
Sed Vergilio obtrectatdrés num- obtrectat-or -dris m detractor
quam défuérunt; nec mirum est; désum déésse défui (+ dat) to be lacking
nam né Homéro quidem défuérunt. to mir-us -a -um surprising
Dixérunt Vergilium pléraque ab pléraque (too) many things, a lot
Homéro sumpsisse. sum-6 -ére sumpsi sumptus to borrow

E. Indicate whether the following statements on the life and works of

Vergil are true or false.

VI 1. Vergil’s Pastorals (the “Bucolics”) were so popular that they

were presented at recitations before audiences.
2. Maecenas took turns reading the “Georgics” to Augustus when
Vergil’s voice gave out.
3. Vergil is reputed to have had a very pleasant reading voice.

VII 4. When Augustus while in Spain asked that Vergil send him a
draft of his “Aeneid,” Vergil refused because he felt that the
epic needed improvement.

VIII 5. Vergil gave recitals before an audience mostly to see what their
reaction would be.
6. Vergil went to Greece to meet with Augustus.

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 295

 ie Vergil decided to return to Rome because he was afraid of
developing a fever in Greece.
8. He died before making it back to Italy.

Xe: Vergil wanted his friends Varius and Tucca to burn the
“Aeneid.”
10. Varius insisted that he would do no such thing.

Xe, Vergil wanted Varius and Tucca to publish only what he him-
self had published before.
1 Augustus, like Vergil, thought that the “Aeneid” should be
burned.
TS. Varius made some changes and corrections in the “Aeneid.”

XI 14. Some people criticized Vergil for copying too much from
Homer.

. Look over the first paragraph of the biography of Vergil given above.
You'll find most of the words there that you will need. Then translate
the following sentences into Latin. You need not translate the words in
parentheses. They are there merely to guide you.

. Vergil suffered from stomach (aches).

. Vergil suffered headaches.
. Vergil ate very little food.
. Vergil very rarely visited Rome.
FR
Or
WN . Augustus was afriend of Vergil’s.

. Expand your Latin vocabulary. There are a good number of Latin verbs,
mainly from the second conjugation, that express state or conditions,
which have a cognate Latin adjective in -idus. Following the examples,
give the Latin and English cognate adjectives for the following verbs.

Examples flored to flower floridus florid, flowery

fluo to flow fluidus fluid, flowing

1. humeod _ to be moist 6. palleo _— to be pale

2. placed _ to please 7. riged to be stiff
3. valeo to be strong 8. rapido to rush off
4. cupio to desire 9. stuped _ to be stunned
5. canded _ to be white 10. horred —_ to shudder

Chapter 17. Vergil’s Career

 qd). torred 9) to bum 15. timed to be fearful
12. liqued __ to be clear, be 16. aveo to be eager
liquid 17. frigeO —_ to be cold
13. langued_ to be weary; to feel 18. luced to be light
sickish 19. vivo to live, be alive
14. splended to gleam 20. torpedo to be numb

H. The suffix -fy comes from the Latin base fac (fic), meaning “to make,
do.” The connecting vowel i joins the base to the suffix. The suffix can
be attached to almost any Latin part of speech (noun, pronoun, verb,
adverb, adjective) to form English words.

Examples ENGLISH WORD AND MEANING — LATIN SOURCE WORD LATIN BASE
terrify to make afraid territus adj frightened terr-
pacify to make peaceful pax pacis f peace pac-
amplify to enlarge amplus adj large, ample ampl-
ossify to convert to bone os ossis n bone oss-
satisfy to make enough satis adj/n enough satis-

Supply the same information for the following English derivatives.

1. falsify 5. verify 9. nullify

2. rectify 6. sanctify 10. qualify
3. clarify 7. simplify 11. classify
4. unify 8. signify 12. vivify

LL ‘Supply the Latin source word for the following English derivatives. If
the Latin source word is a noun or adjective, one the nominative sin-
gular; ifitis a ee eve the infinitive.
1 grand — ok_‘cremate 7 5. scene
2. stature — 9. caution 16. inane
3. subterfuge — 10. edition — 17. expedition
4. possession. 11. commute — 18. ossify
5, recitation 12. protection _ 19. reject
6. frequently — 13. cantor 20. material
7. occurrence 14. obituary

Indirect Double Questions; Correlative Conjunctions; Indefinite Relative Pronouns 297

Double Negatives; Ellipsis
The Augustan Age

Non progredi est regredi. Not to goforward isto go backward. ©

CE
| ousienccatives
In English the use of a double negative is grammatically incorrect. For
instance, to say “I don’t have no money” is substandard. The Romans, on
the other hand, used double negatives to make an emphatic positive state-
ment. The following are typical examples of double negatives:

nec non and (indeed) (lit: and not not)

non indoctus highly educated (lit: not uneducated)
non ignarus mali well aware of the problem (lit: not ignorant of the
problem)
non immeritd quite deservedly (Jit: not undeservedly)
non sine causa with good reason (lit: not without cause)
non némd someone (lit: not no one)
non nego | admit (lit: I do not deny)
non nihil something, a lot (Jit: not nothing)
non nulli some people, a good many people (lit: not no people)
non numquam sometimes (lit: not never)

298 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 A. Complete the following Latin sentences by translating the English in
italics, using the examples listed above.

. Tam well aware of periculorum belli.

. Tadmit Aenéan fuisse fortisrem quam Turnum.
With good reason Aenéas Didonem reliquit et in Italiam navigavit.
. Some people dicunt Augustum fuisse secundum Romulum.
. With good reason Romani Augustum amavérunt.
. Tird fuit a highly educated servus Ciceronis.
. Indi ad Augustum légatds and obsidés misérunt.
. Sometimes Vergilius apud amicés in Sicilia mansit.
OCNAUTPRWNE

PMOL 1 us aE
Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words necessary to complete the
sense. This happens more frequently in Latin than in English. Unless you
are aware of this characteristic, you may find some Latin sentences confus-
ing. In the reading from Eutropius in this chapter, the omitted Latin words
have been supplied in parentheses for your convenience. A common omis-
sion is some form of the helping verb esse. In English, for example, one
might say: “Do you like football? I don’t.” In this case the omitted words
are easily understood: “I don’t (like football).” In Latin the omitted words are
not as easily supplied unless you are familiar with the Romans’ way of
speaking.
The following are elliptical sentences from Cicero:

Examples Quid pliira [Cic.] Why say more?

Quid id ad mé? [Cic.] What’s that to me?
Ego paulisper hic; deinde in Tusculanum [Cic.] I will stay here a
little while, then I will go to my Tusculan estate.
Exinde senatus postridié Idis. Domi Clédius. Egregius Marcellinus,
omnés Acrés. [Cic.] Then there was a senate session on the day after
the Ides. Clodius stayed at home. Marcellinus was splendid; all were
enthusiastic.
Here are the same sentences from Cicero with the words to be under-
stood supplied in italics and parentheses:

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 299

 Quid plira (dicam)? [Cic.] Why say (lit: should I say) more?
Quid id ad mé (attinet)? [Cic.] What's that to me? (lit: how does that
pertain to me?)
Ego paulisper hic (manébo), deinde in Tusculanum (ibd). [Cic.] I will
stay here a little while, then I will go to my Tusculan estate.
Exinde senatus postridié Idis (fuit). Domi (mansit) Clodius. Egregius
(fuit) Marcellinus, omnés (fuérunt) acrés. [Cic.] Then there was a
senate session on the day after the Ides. Clodius stayed at home.
Marcellinus was splendid; all were enthusiastic.

B. Inthe following sentences, supply the ellipses according to the examples

given above.

Js Ego domi ful; frater meus in foro. .

2s Ego hodié ad té scribd; Claudius cras (tomorrow).
oF Apud Actium M. Antonius victus est; apud Phillipods Britus et
Cassius.
4. Vergilius dé Aenéa scripsit; Homérus et alii dé Ulixe.
D: Maecénas in urbe mansit; Vergilius et Pollio in Campania.

CiviL WARS

N«* that you have become familiar with the life of Vergil and have
learned something about the times in which he lived, it would be a
good idea to round out the picture by reading the account of the
period from the death of Julius Caesar to the death of Augustus, as record-
ed by the Roman historian Eutropius.

To understand what was going on, you need to know something about
the politics of the time. The politicians wanted to protect and prolong their
careers. The senatorial aristocracy had been pretty well in control of the
government for some five hundred years. It was in their interest to keep the
status quo. Many senators, led by Cicero, viewed Julius Caesar as a threat
to their power, especially after Caesar had assumed the position of life-time
dictator.

300 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 Brutus and Cassius were leaders of the conspiracy against Caesar. But
twenty-three senators participated in stabbing Caesar to death in a session
of the senate. Brutus and Cassius were at first hailed as national heroes. The
conspirators and their backers thought that upon the death of Caesar the
Republican form of government would immediately spring back to life.
Antony, who had been a long-time supporter of Caesar and high-ranking
officer in his army, felt that he was the rightful successor to Caesar. As
Caesar’s body was being cremated in the forum, Antony gave a fiery
speech and read Caesar’s will to the people. (He was suspected by his
opponents of having doctored the will to gain the support of the Roman
people.)

Antony and the senate reached a compromise: the conspirators would go

unpunished, but Caesar’s acts, even those still unpublished and in
Antony’s possession, would be ratified. The principal conspirators quietly
left Rome for their provincial assignments, and Antony set about establish-
ing himself as Caesar’s successor. To his surprise, he found a new and
unexpected rival in the eighteen-year-old Octavian, who had at first joined
ranks with the senate against him. The senate, which did not trust Antony,
was glad to have someone like Octavian to get rid of Antony. (As Cicero, in
a gross miscalculation, said at the time: “We can get rid of that youngster
later.”) So the senate conferred consular power on Octavian so that he
could rally Caesar’s veterans and march against Antony.

At the end of the year 44 B.c. Antony had proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul in
northern Italy, which had previously been assigned to him by the senate;
but Decimus Brutus refused to surrender the province to Antony, since
Cicero had obtained a resolution in the senate which authorized Decimus
Brutus to stay in the province until further notice. Antony’s troops then
trapped Brutus in the town of Mutina.

The senate supported Decimus Brutus. At the instigation of Cicero, the

senate declared Antony a public enemy. Antony and Cicero hated each
other; for when Cicero as consul in 63 B.c. had crushed the Catilinarian con-
spiracy, he had the conspirators put to death. One of these was Antony’s
beloved stepfather. Antony would never forgive nor forget.

The senate now entrusted the conduct of the war against Antony to
young Octavian. Brutus was still holding out in Mutina when Octavian
arrived at the beleagured city with his army. Antony was defeated at the
battle of Mutina in April of 43 B.c. and was forced to flee across the Alps.

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 301

 He then joined forces with Lepidus, who had been consul with Julius
Caesar in 46 B.C. and was now governor of the provinces of Spain and Gaul.

With this background, it will be easier to follow the account of the events
given below, since the historian Eutropius’ narrative moves rather quickly.

Civil War begins with an attack on Decimus Antonius at Mutina 44-43 B.c.

Anno urbis septingentésimo feré ac feré around, approximately

nono, interfectd Caesare, civilia
bella reparata sunt. Percussoribus reparare to ‘renew percuss-or -Oris m
enim Caesaris senatus favébat. assassin fav-ed -ére favi fautum (+ dat) to
Antonius consul partium! Caesaris favor, side with part-és -ium fp! (politi-
civilibus bellis opprimére eos cal) party partium Caesaris (a member)
conabatur. Ergo turbata ré publica of Caesar’s party opprim-0 -ére oppressiI
Antonius, multa scelera commit- oppressus to suppress, crush con-or -ari
téns, 4 senatti hostis itidicatus est. -atus sum (dep) to try rés publica, rei
Missi ad eum persequendum duo publicae f the government turbare to
consulés, Pansa et Hirtius, et throw into confusion scel-us -eris n crime
Octavianus* aduléscéns annos x et host-is -is m public enemy persequ-or -i
vill natus, Caesaris nepos, quem ille persecitus sum (dep) to pursue
testamento hérédem reliquerat et testamento in his will hér-és -édis m heir
nomen suum ferre iusserat. Hic est, ferd ferre tuli latus to bear
qui postea Augustus est dictus et
rérum potitus (est). Qui trés ducés, rérum potiri to get control of the govern-

1 partium Caesaris: Antony at first pretended to side with the assassins, Brutus and
Cassius; but after he had gotten possession of Caesar’s papers and money, he changed
sides and tried to wipe them out.
2 Octavianus: He was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister
of Caesar. So he was the grandson of Caesar’s sister, Julia, and the grand-nephew of
Caesar. After his adoption by Caesar, he took the name Octavianus. He now bore the
name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. The magic of his name won him the allegiance of
Caesar’s legions. He will be called Octavian until he becomes Augustus in 27 B.c.
However, Eutropius calls him by various names: Octavianus; Caesar Octavianus
Augustus; Caesar Augustus Octavianus; Caesar; Augustus.

302 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 profecti contra Antdnium, vicérunt ment qui = ei these
eum.? Evénit tamen ut victorés
consulés ambod morerentur.4 Quaré évenit ut it turned out, it happened that
trés exercitis tini Caesari Augusto quaré accordingly
paruerunt. pared -ére -ui (+ dat) to obey, give alle-
giance to

3 vicérunt eum: At the battle of Mutina in northern Italy in 43 B.c. Antony escaped across
the Alps to Lepidus, the governor of Gaul.
4 morerentur: They were wounded in battle, but Octavian was accused of having mur-
dered the two consuls.

C. Respondé Latiné.

I 1. Quo interfecto, civilia bella reparata sunt?

2. Qui erant percussOrés Caesaris?
3. Quis 4 senati hostis itidicatus est?
4. Quis erat nepOs Caesaris?
5. Quis testamentd hérés Caesaris nominatus est?

The Second Triumvirate, 43 B.c.

Fugatus Antonius, amisso exerciti,

confagit ad Lepidum!, qui Caesari fugatus having been driven away
magister equitum fuerat et tum confug-id -ére cOnfiigi (+ ad) to take
militum copias grandés habébat, 4 refuge with magister equitum cavalry
quo susceptus est. Mox Lepido commander militum cdpias military
operam dante, Caesar pacem cum forces suscip-id -ére suscépi susceptus to
Antonio fécit? et quasi vindicaturus accept, welcome operam dare to give
patris sul mortem, a4 quo per assistance Caesar = Augustus
testamentum fuerat adoptatus, quasi as if; on the grounds that vindicare
R6mam cum exerciti profectus est, to avenge

1 Lepidum: After Antony joined forces with M. Aemilius Lepidus, they crossed the Alps
at the head of large forces and met Augustus in Italy.
2 f8cit: This was known as the “Second Triumvirate.” (The First Triumvirate had consist-
ed of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.) The three divided the Roman world among
themselves: Octavian would have the western, Antony the eastern provinces, and
Lepidus would have Africa.

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 303

 et extorsit ut sibi vicésimd annd ~~ extorqu-ed -ére extorsi extortus to

consulatus darétur. Senatum pro- demand

scripsit. Cum Antonid ac Lepidd _proscribére to post, proscribe, outlaw
rem publicam armis tenére coepit. rem publicam tenére to run the govern-
Per hos etiam Cicerd* orator ment
occisus est multique alii nobilés.

3 proscripsit: The names of those condemned to die were posted in public places and
their property was confiscated; 300 senators and 2000 knights were proscribed.
Remember, the senate had sided with Brutus and Cassius. The three traded their own
friends and relatives for liquidation, some because of personal grudges, others simply
because they were wealthy. Every once in a while a “revised list” was posted.
4 Cicero: Augustus wanted to spare his life but Antony demanded his death. Cicero was
hunted down at his villa and beheaded. His head and right arm were nailed to the ros-
tra in Rome by Antony in revenge for the speeches that Cicero had made against him
from the rostra.

D. Respondé Latiné.

II 1. Ad quem Antonius configit?

2. Quis cum Antonio pacem fécit?
3. Quo Caesar Augustus cum exercitti profectus est?
4. Quem annum agéns (at what age) Augustus consul factus est?
5. Quis praecipué mortem Cicerdnis désideravit?

Ill
The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.c.

Interea Briitus et Cassius, inter- _ interfect-or -dris m killer

fectorés Caesaris, ingéns bellum _ bellum movére to stir up a war
moOvérunt. Erant enim per Macedo-
niam et Orientem multi exercitis,
quos occupaverant. Profecti sunt occupare to take over
igitur contra eds Caesar Octavianus
Augustus et M. Antonius; reman- _remanére to stay behind
serat enim ad défendendam Italiam

304 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 Lepidus. Apud Philippos!, Mace-
doniae urbem, contra’ eos
pugnaverunt. Primo proelid victi
sunt Antonius et Caesar, periit per-eo -ire -iI to perish, lose one’s life
tamen dux ndbilitatis Cassius;
secundod (proelis) Britum_ et
infinitam nodbilitatem, quae cum infinitam nobilitatem a huge number of
illis bellum gesserat, vicérunt et the nobility
interfécérunt. Ac sic inter eds divisa
est rés publica, ut Augustus His-
panias, Gallias et Italiam tenéret, teneére to hold, control
Antonius Asiam, Pontum, Orien-
tem. Sed in Italia L. Antonius
consul bellum civile? commiovit,
frater ius, qui cum Caesare contra
Britum et Cassium dimicaverat. Is dimicare = pugnare
apud Perusiam, Tusciae civitatem Civit-as -atis f city Tusci-a -ae f Etruria
victus et captus est, neque occisus?.

1 apud Philippos: The battle of Philippi in Macedonia was fought in November of 42 B.c.
Both Brutus and Cassius, after being defeated, committed suicide. Cassius, thinking that
Brutus had already been defeated (he wasn’t), took his own life rather than be captured.
2 bellum civile: At the instigation of his sister-in-law Fulvia (M. Antony’s wife), L.
Antonius, Antony’s younger brother and consul in 41 B.c., went to war against Octavian
in Italy, but Octavian’s army cornered him in Perusia (modern Perugia) in Etruria.
Antony, who was in the East, was going to return to Italy to support his relatives, but
his brother was defeated at Perusia before he could reach Italy.
3 neque occisus: After the capture of Perusia, L. Antonius’ life was spared. Antony made
up with Octavian, who gave his sister Octavia in marriage to Antony. The “marriages
of convenience” were not unusual among these politicians.

E. Respondeé Latiné.

III 1. Ubi Britus et Cassius multds exercitis occupavérunt?

2. Quis contra Briitum et Cassium profectus est?
3. Quis ad défendendam Italiam ibi rem4nsit?
4. Post proelium apud Philippos, quis Hispanias et Gallias et
Italiam tenuit?

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 305

 5. Quis Asiam et Pontum et Orientem tenuit?
6. Quis bellumEe civile in ItaliaeecommOvit?
eS eee

War with Sextus Pompey

Interim 4 Sex. Pompéio!, Cn.

Pompéi Magni filio, ingéns bellum
in Sicilia commdtum est, his qui bellum commovére to stir up a war
superfuerant ex partibus Bruti super-sum -esse -ful to survive, remain
Cassiique ad eum confluentibus?. conflu-o -ére conflixi to gather, flock
Bellatum est per Caesarem Augus- together (lit: to flow together) bellare to
tum Octavianum et M. Antonium conduct war bellatum est (impers. verb)
adversus Sex. Pompéium. Pax war was conducted (Eutropius often uses
postrémo convenit?. per (+ acc) instead of ab (+ abl of personal
agency) postrém6 finally, at last
convenire to be agreed upon

1 Sex. Pompéis: Pompey the Great’s son had collected a band of pirates and made him-
self master of the Mediterranean. ;
2 What construction is his ... confluentibus?
3 pax convénit: According to the terms of agreement, Sextus Pompey was to retain his
command over the sea and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.

F. Respondé Latiné.

IV_ 1. Quis ingéns bellum in Sicilia commdvit?

2. Qui ad Sextum Pompéium confluxérunt?
3. Quis adversus Sextum Pompéium pugnavit?

Vv
Military Successes of Agrippa and Bassus

Eo tempore M. Agrippa! in Aquitani-a -ae f Aquitania (a part of Gaul

Aquitania rem prosperé gessit et L. just north of the Pyrenees) rem gerére to
conduct a military operation

1M. Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been Augustus’ fellow student. It was
mostly through his generalship that Augustus secured power and retained it. Augustus

306 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 Ventidius Bassus inrumpentés in inrump-6 -ére inrapi inruptus to break
Syriam Persas? tribus proeliis vicit. into, invade
Pacorum, régis Oréddis filium,
interfécit ed ipsd dié quod dlim
Orodés, Persarum réx, per ducem
Surénam occiderat Crassum3. Hic _ hici.e., Bassus triumphum agére dé
primus dé Parthis itistissimum tri- _—_(+abl) to celebrate a triumph over
umphum# Romae égit. itist-us -a -um justified

gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, even though Agrippa was old enough to be her
father. Agrippa in his second consulship built the Pantheon in the Campus Martius.
2 Persas: Eutropius calls the Parthians “Persians.”
3 Crassum: Crassus, a member of the first triumvirate made an unprovoked attack on the
Parthians just to win military glory. He was defeated by Orodes, king of the Parthians,
in 54 B.c. The Roman army suffered 40,000 killed or captured. Crassus himself died on
the battlefield.
4 The conditions for a triumph to be justified (iiistus) were as follows: the war had to be
against a foreign foe in which at least 5000 of the enemy had been killed; the honor of a
triumph could be conferred only on a dictator, consul, praetor, or pro-magistrates act-
ing on behalf of a consul or praetor.

G. Respondé Latiné.

V_ 1. Ubi Marcus Agrippa rem prosperé gessit?

2. Quem L. Ventidius Bassus tribus proeliis vicit?
3. Quis primus dé Parthis triumphum Romae égit?

VI
The Exploits of Antony

Interim Sextus Pompéius pacem _ interim meanwhile

rupit et, navali proelio victus, rump-d -ére rupi ruptus to break
fugiéns ad Asiam interfectus est.
Antonius, qui Asiam et Orientem
tenébat, repudiata sordre Caesaris _ repudiare to divorce
Augusti Octaviani, Cleopatram,1

1 Cleopatram: Cleopatra, famous for her seductive beauty, was 17 years old when she
succeeded her father Ptolemy to the throne of Egypt, which she was to share with her
younger brother, Ptolemy. Expelled from the throne by her brother’s guardians, she was

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 307

 réginam Aegypti, duxit uxdrem. uxdrem dicére to marry
Contra Persas etiam ipse pugnavit. regred-ior -i regressus sum (dep) to go
Primis eds proeliis vicit, regrediéns back, return regrediéns as he was return-
tamen famé et pestilentia laboravit ing fam-és -is f hunger, starvation
et, cum Parthi instarent fugienti, laborare (+ abl) to suffer from Instare (+
ipse pro victo recessit.? dat) to be in hot pursuit of pro victd as if
defeated (lit: for a defeated one)

restored to the throne by Julius Caesar, who had fallen in love with her and had fathered
a son, Caesarion, by her. She was in Rome when Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.c. In 41
B.c., when she was 28 years old, she met Antony, who also fell in love with her.
Cleopatra descended from a successor to Alexander the Great of Macedonia.
2 He lacked the siege engines necessary for penetrating the walls of fortified cities; and
besides, he was very eager to return to Cleopatra in Alexandria.

H. Respondé Latiné.

VI 1. Quis pacem rupit?

2. Ubi Sextus Pompéius interfectus est?
3. Quem Marcus Antonius repudiavit?
4. Quem Marcus Antonius deinde daixit uxdrem?

VII
Civil War between Augustus and Antony. The Battle of Actium, 31 B.c.

Hic quoque ingéns bellum civile hic (i.e., Antony)

commOvit cogente uxdre Cleopatra, cOg-0 -ére coégi coactus to coax, compel
régina Aegypti, dum optat etiam in dum... optat = optans hoping
urbe régnare. Victus est ab Augusto in urbe in Rome
navali pugna clara et illtstri apud illistr-is -is -e brilliant, illustrious
Actium,! qui locus in Epiro est, ex [ex qua the antecedent is pugna]
qua fagit in Aegyptum. Déspératis déspérat-us -a -um desperate, hopeless
rebus, cum omnés ad Augustum déspératis rébus the situation being
transirent, ipse sé interémit. hopeless transire to cross over, desert to
Cleopatra sibi aspidem admisit et interim-O -ére interémi interemptus to
kill asp-is -idis f asp (poisonous snake)

1 apud Actium: 31 B.c. Actium is on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Antony had
large forces, but his ships were too large to be maneuvered. In the middle of the battle
Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony, deserting his troops, followed her. Octavian
was now the sole ruler of the Roman empire.

308 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 venéno éius exstincta est. Aegy- venén-um -i 1 poison exstingu-d -ére
ptus per Octavianum Augustum exstinxi exstinctus to extinguish; to kill;
imperiO Romano adiecta est prae- (passive) to die adic+id -ére adiéci
positusque et C. Cornélius Gallus. adiectus to add, annex praeponére (+
Hunc primum Aegyptus Romanum dat) to place over, put in charge of
itdicem habuit.

N
exstincta est: As the poet Horace says, she was too proud to be taken to Rome to be
exhibited in Augustus’ triumphal parade.

I. Respondé Latiné.

VII 1. Quis Antonium coégit ut bellum civile commovéret?

2. Cleopatra ubi erat régina?
3. Ubi Augustus Antonium et Cleopatram navali pugna vicit?
4. Ubi est Actium?
5. Quo fugit Antonius post illam pugnam navalem?

VIII
Imperial Government Established, 31 B.c.

Ita bellis tdtd orbe confectis confic-i6 -ére cOnféci confectus to end
Octavianis, Augustus Romam redi- bellis Octavianis wars fought by
it, duodecimd anno postquam Octavian
consul! fuerat. Ex ed (tempore) rem
publicam per quadraginta et quat-
tuor annés sdlus* obtinuit. Ante obtin-eo -ére -ul to rule, control ante adv
enim duodecim annis cum Antonio previously, before duodecim annis for
et Lepido (rem publicam) tenuerat. twelve years (abl of duration of time)
Ita ab initio principatis? Gius tisque principat-us -us m principate

2 consul: In 42 B.c., twelve years before, Octavian, just a teenager, at age 18, after defeat-
ing Antony in Mutina in 43 B.c., marched on and occupied Rome. He demanded and
received the consulship from a frightened senate.
2 sdlus: Of the triumvirs, Lepidus, who had been assigned Africa, was stripped of power
by Augustus for having tried to take over Sicily.
3 principatus: Augustus, as sole ruler, didn’t want the title dictator, a title which Julius
Caesar had assumed for life and paid for with his life. Augustus made a pretense of

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 309

 ad finem quinquaginta et sex anni
fuérunt. Obiit autem septuagésimo ob-e6 -ire -ii obitum to die
sextO annd morte communi in morte communi of natural causes (cf.
oppido Campaniae Atella. Romae morbo déceédére)
in Campo Martio° sepultus est, vir, non immerit6 see the section on double neg-
qui non immeritd ex maxima parte atives ex maxima parte for the most
ded similis est putatus. Neque enim part nec facile hardly e6 abl of compari-
facile tllus ed aut in bellis féelicior son fél-ix -icis fortunate, successful
fuit aut in pace moderatior. imperium gerére to hold supreme
Quadraginta et quattuor annis, power civilissimé exactly like an ordi-
quibus sdlus gessit imperium, nary citizen liberal-is -is -e in (+ acc)
civilissimé vixit, in ctnctds generous towards éveh-O -ére évexi
liberalissimus, in amicos fidissimus, évectus to advance, promote, raise hon-or

quos tantis évexit honoribus ut eds -oris m high office aequare (+ dat) to make
paene aequaret fastigiO suo. equal to, put on the same level
as fastigi-um -i 1 rank, dignity

restoring the Republican form of government, which had existed since 509 B.c. and had
been controlled by the senate. So he accepted the title of princeps (prince, leading citi-
zen), since the title princeps senatiis (senate ee had been used during the late
Republican Period.
4 morte commini: There was a rumor that his wife Livia had poisoned Augustus to make
sure that her son Tiberius by her former husband would ascend the throne.
> in Campo Martio: The Campus Martius (field of Mars, god of war) was so called
because in early Rome it was an open field near the Tiber where soldiers trained for war.
Even in the time of Augustus, there was still enough open space for riding horses and
conducting military drills and military exercises. In the course of the Empire, it was
filled with public buildings. The ruins of the mausoleum of Augustus still exist. Several
emperors were subsequently entombed there too.

J. Respondé Latiné.

VIW =1. Quam dit (how long) Augustus sdlus rem piblicam obtinuit?
2. Quem annum agéns Augustus obiit?
3. Ubi Augustus obiit?
4. Ubi Augustus sepultus est?

IX
Extension of the Empire

Nallo tempore ante eum magis rés rés Romana Roman State
Romana floruit. Nam _ exceptis flor-ed -ére -ui to flourish, prosper

310 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 asy urysnsny 93y} Ur pjIo\, URWIOY au} Jo dey

Sit
Double Negatives; Ellipsis
Ta--H2,
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oon
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 civilibus bellis, in quibus invictus invict-us -a -um unconquered
fuit, Romano adiécit imperio
Aegyptum, Cantabriam,! Dalma-
tiam saepe ante victam, sed penitus penitus completely
tunc subactam, Pannoniam, Aquita- subig-6 -ére subégi subactus to subjugate
niam, Illyricum, Raetiam, omnés
Ponti maritimas civitatés. Vicit
autem multis proeliis Dacos.
Germanorum ingentés copias
cecidit, ipsds (GermanOds) quoque
trans Albim fluvium summOvit, qui summovére to move up, move north

in Barbaricd longé ultra Rhénum Alb-is -is m Elbe River longé ultra
est. Hoc tamen bellum per Rhénum far beyond the Rhine
Driisum,? privignum suum, admin- Barbaric-cum -i 1 barbarism, uncivilized
istravit, sicut per Tiberium, territory privign-us -I m stepson
privignum alterum, Pannonicum
bellum, quo bello XL captivorum
milia ex Germania transtulit et trans-ferod -férre -tuli -latus to transfer
supra ripam Rhéni in Gallia con-
locavit. Armeniam 4 Parthis recépit.
Obsidés, quod niulli antea sign-um -I 1 military standard
(dedérunt), Persae ei dedérunt.
Reddidérunt etiam signa? Romana, adim-o -ére adémi ademptus to take
quae Crasso* victo adémerant. away Crass vict6 (dat of separation) from
Crassus after he had been defeated

1 Cantabriam: For these and other countries, consult the map.

2 Drisum: Both Drusus and his old brother Tiberius were the children of Livia by her for-
mer husband. Augustus had no children by Livia. He had one daughter, Julia, by his
former wife Scribonia.
3 signa: The military standard was a long pole with the badge of the military unit. The
standard of the entire legion had an eagle at the top. The standard was carried by the
standard-bearer in the front line. In the noise and confusion of battle, where voice com-
mands could not be heard, soldiers followed the standard of their particular unit.
Losing the standards to the enemy was considered a disgrace.
4 Crasso victo: The final battle scene in Parthia in 54 B.c. looked very much like Custer’s
Last Stand. The Parthians on horseback, just like the American Indians, kept forming
ever tighter circles around Crassus and his men, accurately shooting arrows till the last
Roman soldier was killed.

312 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age

 K. Respondé Latiné.

IX 1. Quis in civilibus bellis erat invictus?

2. Ubi est Albis fluvius?
3. Per quem Augustus bellum Germanicum administravit?
4. Per quem Augustus bellum Pannonicum administravit?

X
Death of Augustus, A.D. 14

Scythae et Indi, quibus antea Scyth-ae -drum (or -arum) Scythians (bar-
RoOmanorum nomen incognitum baric tribe north of the Black Sea in modern
fuerat, miinera et légatds ad eum Russia) miin-us -eris n gift
misérunt. Galatia quoque sub hdc Galati-a -ae f Galatia (in central Asia
provincia facta est, cum antea Minor) sub hoc under him (Augustus)
régnum fuisset; primusque eam M.
Lollius pro praetore! administravit.
Tant6d autem amore etiam apud bar- tantd amore fuit (abl of quality) he was
bards fuit ut régés qui populi held in such great affection (lit: he was of
ROmani amici erant, in hondrem such affection)
eius conderent civitatés, quas
Caesaréas nominarent. Multi autem
régés ex régnis suis vénerunt, ut el
obsequerentur, et habit Romano, obsequ-or -i obseciitus sum (dep) (+ dat)
togati scilicet, ad vehiculum vel to submit to habit-us -tis m style (of
equum ipsius cucurrérunt. Moriéns dress) togat-us scilicet namely, wearing
Divus? appellatus (est). Rem togas div-us -a -um divine; m god, deity
ptiblicam beatissimam Tiberio? suc- beat-us -a -um happy, prosperous,
cessori reliquit, qui privignus el, blessed
mox gener, postrémo adoptidone
filius fuerat.
1 pro praetore: Lollius governed as a propraetor, i.e., as an ex-praetor. When the Romans
acquired provinces, they did not create a new office of “provincial governor.” They sim-
ply assigned to the provinces ex-praetors and ex-consuls who had held office in Rome.
2 Divus: It is the title that was given to emperors who were deified after death; temples
were built in their honor.
3 Tiberid: Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, the third wife
of Augustus. As such he was the stepson (privignus) of Augustus. Augustus had him
marry his daughter Julia, and so he became his son-in-law (gener); finally, he was
adopted by Augustus and so became his son.

Double Negatives; Ellipsis 313

 L. Respondé Latiné.

X 1. Quid aut quos Scythae et Indi ad Augustum misérunt?

2. Quis primus Galatiam pro praetore administravit?
3. Cui Augustus rem ptblicam reliquit?

314 Chapter 18. The Augustan Age _

 Multi famam, conscientiam pauci verentur. [Plin.] ey fear Pr
their reputation, few for their conscience.

L is amazing how well you can get to know the true personality of
Augustus by reading his biography. It is only then that you see the real
human person behind the public, formal, imperial image. His biograph-
er Suetonius (A.D. 70-137), who was private secretary to the Emperor
Hadrian, had access to imperial records. He tells us of reading letters writ-
ten by Augustus in his own hand rather than by a secretary. In addition,
Suetonius’ grandfather and elder relatives and friends spent their youth
under the reign of Augustus and therefore could tell him first-hand about
the emperor who, by the time of his death, was universally admired.
Reading Suetonius’ account is like climbing up the slope of the Palatine Hill
and peeking over the wall of the imperial palace grounds to watch the
emperor at work and at play. Augustus himself wrote an autobiography
which unfortunately did not survive.

You might be interested in learning what the emperor himself thought

about writing good Latin. He said that he himself avoided the stench of
“big words,” and took care to express his thoughts as clearly as possible. He
didn’t like artificial word order or such literary devices as asyndeton, that is,
stringing together a series of words without conjunctions because, as

Augustus and the Imperial Family 315

 Suetonius says, it could confuse the reader, although it adds grace. For the
sake of clarity, he used prepositions with names of cities. He believed that
words should be spelled as they were pronounced. For example, he pro-
nounced the word causa as if it contained a double s, and so he spelled it
caussa. He poked fun at those Latin writers, including his friend and advis-
er Maecenas, for trying to be too fancy. He also criticized writers for using
archaic words, that is, words that had long gone out of style. In general, he
felt very strongly that the main purpose of writing was to communicate
ideas clearly and simply. Although his autobiography did not survive, his
account of his achievements (Rés Gestae) which was posted on walls in
various parts of the Roman empire did survive. You will get to read selec-
tions of it later in this chapter.

So, what do you think of Augustus so far? You will see that the family
life of Augustus was a mess. Some of it would make good material for a
soap opera. He married three times, mostly for political connections. He
first married Claudia, the stepdaughter of Marc Antony, in order to team
up with him politically. He divorced her because he had an argument with
his mother-in-law, Antony’s wife Fulvia. He next married Scribonia, who
was related by marriage to Sextus Pompey, at the suggestion of his friend
Maecenas. Why? Because he was at that time afraid that Sextus Pompey
would team up with Marc Antony and crush him. Having settled his dif-
ferences with Marc Antony, he divorced Scribonia on the very day that she
gave birth to his only child, Julia, saying she nagged him too much, in order
to marry Livia, who was six months pregnant at the time by her husband,
Tiberius Claudius Nero. Livia already had a son, Tiberius. Suetonius
reports that Augustus forced her husband to divorce Livia and then
required him to attend their wedding.

Augustus married off his daughter Julia in 25 B.c. to her first cousin
Marcellus, who was the son of Octavia, the revered sister of Augustus,
since he wanted Marcellus to be his successor someday. Julia was 14 years
old and Marcellus was 18 years old. When Marcellus died two years later
(in 23 B.c.), Augustus had his daughter Julia marry Marcus Vipsanius
Agrippa, who was exactly as old as Augustus himself. They had five chil-
dren, two of whom Augustus hoped would eventually succeed him,
namely Gaius and Lucius. When Agrippa died about 10 years later (in 12
B.c.), Augustus forced his stepson Tiberius to divorce Vipsania, whom he
truly loved, in order to marry Julia, whom he didn’t care for at all. Later
Julia became very promiscuous and the object of gossip. The day would
come when Augustus would send his only daughter, Julia, and her daugh-

316 Chapter 19.

 THE JULIAN FAMILY TREE

Julia m C. Marius Gaius Caesar m Aurelia

C. JULIUS CAESAR m Cornelia (daughter of Cinna) Julia m M. Atius Balbus

Julia (d. 54 B.c.) m Gn. Pompey Atia m C. Octavius (d. 58 B.C.)

Octavia m (a) C. Marcellus C. Octavius m (a) Scribonia

(b) M. Antony (AUGUSTUS CAESAR) _ (b) Livia m Tib. Claudius Nero (d. 33 B.c.)

by (
a) by b) by (a)

M. Marcellus Antonia minor Juliam (a)M. Marcellus TIBERIUS m (a) Vipsania Drusus
(43-23 B.C.) (36 B.C. - A.D. 37) (b) M. Agrippa (b) Julia
(c) TIBERIUS

by (b)

Gaius Caesar Lucius Caesar Julia Agrippina Agrippa Postumus

(20 B.c.- A.D.4) (17 B.C.- A.D.2)
CALIGULA

ter Julia, his granddaughter, into permanent exile ona little island off the
Campanian coast. Scribonia voluntarily accompanied her daughter and
granddaughter into exile.

In the end, because his favorites, his nephew Marcellus and his two
grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius, had died, Augustus was left no choice
but to have his stepson Tiberius succeed him. Livia had constantly worked
behind the scenes to have her son Tiberius be the next emperor of Rome.
When Tiberius succeeded Augustus in A.D 14, she wanted to share the
throne with him, but Tiberius would have none of it. Livia died at the age
of 86 in A.D. 27.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 317

 If you are a little confused, don’t blame yourself; blame Augustus. You
will need to re-read this section when you read Eutropius’ account of the
marriages of Augustus. To further facilitate reading the abbreviated biog-
raphy of Augustus, it will be a good idea to get some practice in indicating
family relationships.

A. The purpose of this exercise is as much to learn about the family of

Augustus as it is to reinforce your knowledge of grammar. Most, but not
all the of names of family members, will be used in this exercise. The
names “Octavian” and “Augustus” are used interchangeably, even
though Octavian was not called Augustus until 27 B.c. Read over each
sentence carefully; then translate the English words into Latin.

VOCABULARY
aunt (mother’s sister) materter-a -ae f great-uncle mai-or -dris avuncul-us -1 m
aunt (father’s sister) amitea -ae f husband marit-us -I m
brother-in-law fra-ter -tris m uxOris mother-in-law socr-us -is f
(or mariti) nephew fili-us -i m sororis (or fratris)
children liber-i -drum mpl niece fili-a -ae f sororis (or fratris)
cousin consobrin-us -1 m; son-in-law gener generi m
consObrinea -ae f stepchildren privign-i -6rum mpl
daughter-in-law nur-us -iis f stepdaughter privignea -ae f
father-in-law socer socri m stepfather vitric-us -1 m
granddaughter nepteis -is f stepmother noverc.a -ae f
grandfather av-us -I m stepson privigneus -1 m
grandmother aviea -ae f uncle (mother’s brother) avuncul-us -1 m
grandson nep-6s -otis m uncle (father’s brother) patrueus -i m
great-grandfather pro-av-us -i m wife ux-or -dris f
great-grandmother pro-avica -ae f

NOTE

The common expressions for a man marrying a woman are: maritare;

in matrimOnium dicére; in matrimonium accipére, uxdrem diicére, or
even simply diicére where the context makes the meaning obvious. The
expression for a woman to marry a man is nib-d -ére nupsi nupta (+
dat). The expressions for divorcing are: divortium facére cum (+ abl),
repudiare, dimittére. The expression for giving a young lady in mar-

318 Chapter 19.

 riage is féminam (filiam) niiptum dare or collocare, where nuptum is
the accusative of the supine of purpose. The word matrimonium
(mater + monium) has the approximate meaning of “motherhood.”

Now translate the English words into Latin, using the vocabulary
given above.

VOCABULARY
amitt-6 -ére 4misi 4missus to lose
fi0 fieri factus sum to become
gign-0 -ére genui genitus to beget, have (children)

The great-grandfather Octaviani in oppido in Latio natus est.

The great-grandfather of Octavian tribinus militum fuerat.
The grandfather of Octavian fuerat magistratus miinicipalis.
aye
ea C. Octavius, father of Octavian, in matrimonium dixit Atiam, the
daughter of Julia, quae fuit the sister of Julius Caesar.
Ex Atia C. Octavius duds children, Augustum et Octaviam, genuit.
oreErgo lilia, the sister lulit Caesaris, erat the grandmother ofAugustus and
Octavia.
Et Idlius Caesar erat the great-uncle of Augustus.
Quartum annum agéns, Augustus amisit his father.
©ONDuodecimum annum agéns, Augustus amisit his grandmother Taliam.
10. Primum Augustus Claudiam, Marci Antonii stepdaughter, duxit
uxorem.
11. Itaque Fulvia, the wife Antonii, fiébat the mother-in-law of Augustus, et
Augustus fiébat the son-in-law Fulviae.
12. Postquam Augustus divortium cum Claudia fécit, Scriboniam in
matrimOniam dixit, ex qua daughter Julia genuit.
13. Dénique Liviam, the mother of Tiberius ex pridre marit0, uxorem
daxit.
14. Ex Livia Augustus neither a son nor a daughter genuit.
15. Sic Tiberius erat the stepson of Augustus, et Augustus erat the stepfather
of Tiberius.
16. Marcellus erat the son of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, ex Gaid
Marcello, pridre marito.
17. Itaque Marcellus erat the nephew of Augustus, et Augustus erat the
uncle of Marcellus.
18. Primum Augustus his daughter Julia naptum dedit Marcello, his
nephew, qui adhtic puer erat.
19. Sic Marcellus erat simul the nephew and son-in-law Augusti.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 319

 20. Postquam Marcellus obiit, Augustus Itliam daughter Marco
Agrippae nuptum dedit; itaque Augustus fiebat the father-in-law
Marci Agrippae.
21. Itaque Marcus Agrippa nunc erat the son-in-law of Augustus.
22. Ex filia Iulia et Marco Agrippa, Augustus trés grandsons habuit,
Gaium et Licium et Agrippam Postumum.
23. Et ex filia lalia, Augustus etiam duas granddaughters habuit, Iuliam et
Agrippinam.
24. Tiberius, the son of Livia et the stepson of Augustus, successit Augusto
his stepfather.
25. Augustus trés wives habuit, sed tantummodo tnam daughter et
nullum son.

The Family of Augustus

TUL. OES
reyugtos Pro-avus Augusti secundo Pinico
bello in Sicilia tribGnus militum
militavit. Avus Augusti erat
municipalis magistratus in oppido magistrat-us -iis m magistrate, official
Velitris, in Latio prope Albam Velitr-ae -arum fp! Velitrae (here locative)
Longam. C. Octavius pater fuit
primus senator in familia; 4
principio aetatis, et ré et exis- principi-um -i 1 beginning aet-as -atis f
timatiOne magna fuit. Quadrimus life rés ret f wealth existimati-d -onis f
patrem 4misit. Duodecimum reputation quadrimus at age four
annum agéns, aviam liliam
déftnctam! laudavit. Avia Ilia erat défiinct-us -a -um having died laudare to
soror C. Jalit Caesaris. Atiam deliver the eulogy for, eulogize

1 défanctam: One of the meanings of the deponent verb défung:or -i défiinctus sum (+
abl) means, among other meanings “to finish, complete.” The word vita is to be under-
stood, so that (vita) défainctus est means “he finished his life, or, he died.” Like us, the
Romans often avoided the word morior mori mortuus sum “to die.” Besides défungor
they used ob-e0 -ire -ii -itus “to meet (death)” with mortem understood. They also used
vita discédére or dé vita décédére or é vita excédére or (vita) concédére “to depart
(from life)” or interire “to pass away.”

320 Chapter 19.

Augustus and his sister Octavia

matrem amisit in primo consulati,2

sorérem Octaviam? quinquagé-
simum et quartum aetatis annum viveus -a -um while alive praecipu-us -a
agéns. Utrique vivae praecipua offi- -um special, particular officia praestare
cia praestitit; etiam (utrique) to show respect trib-u6 -uére -ui -titus to
définctae honGrés maximGs tribuit. grant, bestow

2 in primo consulata: He was given consular authority by the senate in 44 B.c. to fight
against Decimus Brutus in Mutina and became consul in 43 B.c.
3 Octaviam: Octavia, a beautiful and warm-hearted person, was first married to C.
Marcellus, consul in 50 B.c. Augustus adopted one of her five children, M. Marcellus,
whom he wanted to be his successor. But Marcellus died in 23 B.c. under mysterious cir-
cumstances. Only five months after the death of her husband, Augustus had his sister
marry Marc Antony in order to cement the relations between him and Antony after the
quarrel they had. Even though she was devoted to him and had two children by him,
Marc Antony abandoned her in favor of Cleopatra and even ordered Octavia out of
their house. She obediently left it. After Marc Antony died, Octavia raised his two chil-
dren by his first wife Fulvia, as well as her two children by him. Octavia died in 11 B.c.,
not in 19 B.c., as Eutropius says.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 321

 II
The Wives of Augustus

Sponsam habuerat aduléscéns P. sponsea -ae f fiancée

Servilii filiam. Sed reconciliatus reconciliateus -a -um (+ dat) having
post primam discordiam! Antonié, become reconciled with
Claudiam, privignam M. Antonii et
filiam Fulviae,2 in matrimonium vixdum barely as yet niubil-is -is -e of
dixit, vixdum nitbilem. Sed marriageable age (which could be as early as
altercatione cum Fulvia socri orta, thirteen) altercatiO -onis f argument
cum Claudia divortium fécit. or-ior -iri ortus sum (dep) to arise

Mox Scriboniam? in matrimonium

duxit, quae antea dudbus consu-
laribus niipta erat. Cum hac quoque consular-is -is m ex-consul
divortium fécit, propter “perver-
sitatem eius,” ut ipse dixit; ac statim perversit-as -atis f unreasonableness, nag-
Liviam, praegnantem ex marito ging
Tiberio Claudio Nerdne, in
matrimonium diuxit. Ex Scribonia
filiam Itliam habuit; ex Livia nihil nihil liberdrum = nillos liberds
liberdrum. Nepotés ex Agrippa et
lulia trés habuit: Gaium Caesarem,
Lacium Caesarem,4 Agrippam
Postumum.

1 post primam discordiam. Notice that this was his first disagreement. M. Antonius,
known to us as Marc Antony, had besieged Decimus Brutus in Mutina, and Octavian in
turn marched against Marc Antony, who was obliged to flee across the Alps.
2 Fulviae: Fulvia, the wife of Marc Antony at the time, was the one who urged her broth-
er-in-law, Lucius Antonius, to try to gain control of Italy.
3 Scriboniam: Scribonia also had two children by her first two husbands.
4 Lacium Caesarem: After his nephew Marcellus, his first choice to succeed him, died in
23 B.c and then his next choice, Agrippa died in 12 B.c., Augustus hoped his two grand-
sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar would succeed him. To this end, he adopted them as his
sons when they were mere tots. Gaius was introduced to the public with great fanfare,
but only a short time afterwards both Gaius and Lucius died in A.D. 2 and 4. Finally and
with reluctance, he adopted his stepson Tiberius as his son, much to Livia’s delight.

322 Chapter 19.

 Ill
The Home of Augustus

Habitavit primo itxta Romanum in dom@6 in the house (when domus means
Forum in domo quae Calvi oratoris simply the building or house, prepositions are
fuerat; postea in Palatis,! sed used) nihilominus nevertheless modic-us
nihilominus in dom6 modica, quae -a -um modest magnitid-6 -inis f
neque magnitudine neque culti size cult-us -iis m elegance marm-or
cOnspicua fuit, et sine marmore -oris m marble amplius quam more
ullo. Ac per annds amplius quam than hiemss -is f winter aest-as -atis
quadraginta eddem cubiculd hieme summer aeger aegra aegrum sick cub-d
et aestate mansit; aeger autem in -are -ui (or -avi) -itum to lie down; to
domo Maecénatis? cubabat. sleep

1 in Palatid: His home on the Palatine, known today as the “house of Livia,” is surpris-
ingly small, consisting of only a few small rooms and a small peristyle. Most better
homes had floors decorated with mosaics. His floors were of plain cement.
2 Maecenatis: Maecenas, as you will recall, had a beautiful home with spacious gardens
on the Esquiline Hill.

IV
His Personal Habits

CibI minimi erat atque vulgaris erat (+ gen) he was a man of vulgar-is -is
fere. Vini quoque natura parcis- -e ordinary feré generally natara by
simus erat. Post cibum meri- nature, natural disposition parcissim-us
dianum, ita ut vestitus erat, -a -um (+ gen) most sparing of
paulisper conquiéscébat. A céna in meridian-us -a -um noonday ita ut
lecticulam licubratoriam sé vestitus erat just as he was clothed
recipiébat; ibi ad multam noctem paulisper for a little while conquiésc-6
permanébat, donec omnia residua -ére conquiévi to rest lecticula licu-
diurni actus codnficeret. Non bratdria easy chair sé recipére to
amplius quam septem horas retire ad multam noctem till late at night
dormiébat, ac ne eas quidem con- residuea -Orum np! remains diurnus
tinuas; sed in illd temporis spatio, act-us -iis m day’s business ter aut quater
ter aut quater évigilabat. Si inter- three or four times évigilare to wake up
ruptum somnum reciperare, ut reciperare to get back to lect-or -dris m
évenit, non posset, lectoribus aut reader fabulat-or -dris m storyteller
fabulatoribus arcessitis, somnum arcess-O -ére -ivil -itus to summon

resumébat prodiicébatque ultra prodicére to prolong ultra (+ acc)

primam saepe licem. beyond

Augustus and the Imperial Family — 323

 Vv
His Physical Characteristics

Forma fuit eximia et per omnés forma -ae f handsomeness eximi-us -a

aetatis gradtis venustissima (for- -um exceptional grad-us -tis m stage
ma), quamquam omnis lén6cinii venust-us -a -um graceful lénOdcini-um -i
neglégéns. In capite comendo tam n personal adornments cOm-6 -ére -psi
inctridsus erat ut raptim compli- -ptus to groom incurids-us -a -um indif-
ribus simul tonsoribus Uterétur. ferent, careless raptim quickly
Tonsdrés modo barbam tondébant complir-és -ium several tons-or -Oris m
modo radébant, eOque ipso tem- barber simul at the same time modo...
pore aut legébat aliquid aut etiam modo sometimes . . . sometimes tond-eo
scribébat. -ére totondi tonsus to cut rad-6 -ére rasi
rasus to shave

Oculds habuit clards ac nitidods. clareus -a -um bright nitid-us -a -um

Dentés raros et exiguds (habuit); shiny rar-us -a -um far apart exigu-us -a
capillum leviter inflexum_ et -um small leviter inflex-us -a -um slight-
subflavum (habuit); supercilia con- ly wavy subflav-us -a -um blondish
iuncta (habuit); mediocrés aurés supercili-um -i n eyebrow
(habuit); nadsum! et 4 summod nas-us -I m nose
€minentioOrem et ab imo déduc- éminéns -entis raised déducti-or -dris
tidrem (habuit); coldrem_ inter slightly turned in
aquilum candidumque (habuit); aquil-eus -a -um swarthy candid-us -a
staturam brevem (habuit), quam -um fair
tamen libertus* tradit fuisse libert-us -1 m freedman, ex-slave
quinque pedum et dodrantis?; sed quinque pedum dédrantis (of) five feet
propter proportionem membrorum nine inches
procerior vidébatur. Calceis altius- procer-us -a -um tall calce-us -1 m shoe
culis tsus est ut procerior quam altiuscul-us -a -um high-heeled
erat vidérétur. Veste non alia quam vest-is -is f domestica house clothes
domestica tsus est, ab sorore et
uxOre et filia et neptibusque confec- con-ficid -ficére -féci -fectus to make
ta. Et forénsia autem et calceos* foréns-ia -ium np! street clothes
semper intra cubiculum habuit, ad repentin-us -a -um unexpected cas-us
casus repentinos parata. -us m occasion

1 nasum: The so-called “Roman nose.”

2 libertus: Probably the freedman, or ex-slave, who attended to the emperor’s wardrobe.
3 dodr-ans -antis m Three-fourths; as a measurement, nine inches.
4 calceds: these would be red shoes, as all senators who held curule office wore red shoes.

324 Chapter 19.

 VI
His Health

Coxendix sinistra tam imbecilla fuit coxend-ix -icis f hip imbecill-us -a -um
ut saepe etiam inclaudicaret. weak inclaudicare to limp
Dextrae quoque mantis digitus
salataris! tam imbecillus interdum interdum sometimes torpentem when
fuit ut digitum torpentem frigore numb vix scarcely scripttrae admovére
vix scriptirae admovéret. Labora- to move (it) to write vésicea -ae f bladder
bat etiam ab vésica et 4 rénibus. rén-és -ium mp! kidneys

Aliquot gravés et periculdsas aliquot indecl. adj some valétid-6 -inis f

valétidinés per omnem vitam illness exper-ior -iri expertus sum (dep)
expertus est. Quasdam valétidinés to experience cert-us -a -um certain, spe-
tempore certO anni recurrentés cific sub (+ acc) just before natal-is -is m
experiébatur; nam sub natalem birthday plérumque generally langu-eo
suum plérumque languébat. Quaré -ére to feel sick quaré wherefore frig-us
neque frigora neque aestis facile -oris 1 cold; pl cold weather aest-us -tis m
tolerabat. heat; pl hot weather

Hieme quaternis tunicis cum pingui quatern-us -a -um four at a time pingu-is
toga et subiicula et thorace lanea et -is -e thick subicul-a -ae f undertunic
tibialibus tisus est. Aestate, apertis (worn by both sexes) thor-ax -acis f sweater
cubiculi foribus, ac saepe in peri- lane-us -a -um woolen tibial-ee -is n
stylo2 dormiébat, dum aliquis eum stocking for-és -ium fpl double doors
ventilat. Sdlem vérd ne hibernum ventilare to fan véro in fact hibern-us -a
quidem tolerabat, domi quoque -um winter-, in winter non nisi (double
non nisi petasatus? déambulabat negative) only (when) petasat-us -a -um
sub divo. wearing a broad-brimmed hat sub divo
out in the open déambulare to walk
around

1 digitus salitaris: Index finger, called salitaris because it was raised in greeting
(salaitare) people.
2 peristylo: The peristyle was an inner court, surrounded by a colonnade, which afford-
ed air and privacy.
3 petasatus: The petasus was a broad-brimmed felt hat similar to that worn today by
Catholic cardinals. It was used as protection against the sun. Mercury is often shown
wearing a winged petasus.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 325

 Vérum tantam infirmitatem magna vérum however infirmit-4s -atis f poor
cura tuébatur, in primis lavandi health tu-eor -éri tuitus sum (dep) to look
raritate; unguebatur enim saepius after laveO -are lavi lautus to wash
aut sudabat ad flammam; deinde ungu-d -ére unxi unctus to rub down
perfundébatur égelida aqua vel with oil stiidare to sweat perfund-6 -ére
tepida. perfidi perfiisus to douse égelid-us -a
-um cool tepid-us -a -um lukewarm

VII
His Leisure Activities

Exercitationés campestrés equorum campest-er -ris -e in the Campus Martius

et armorum statim post civilia bella Omitt-d -ére Omisi Gmissus to omit, drop
omisit et ad pilam! primo follicu- transire to shift, switch
lumque transiit; mox nihil aliud vect-or -ari -atus sum to ride (on horseback
quam vectabatur et déambulabat. or in a vehicle) laxare to relax pisc-or -ari
Animi laxandi causa, modo -atus sum (dep) to fish tal-I -6rum mpl
piscabatur, modo talis aut ocellatis2 jacks; dice ocellat-i -rum mpl marbles
lusit cum pueris miniitis, quorum lidére to play minit-us -a -um very
faciés et garrulitas amabilis eum small garrulit-ds -atis f chatter délectare
délectavérunt. to delight

Assidtie talis ltdére solébat assidué regularly solébat he used to

oblectamenti causa. Ut ipse scripsit oblectament-um -i 1 fun, entertainment
in epistula ad filium Tiberium:
“Nos, mi Tiberi, inter cénam et post inter (+ acc) during
cénam talis lusimus et heri et hodié. heri yesterday rem gerére to carry on
Frater? tuus rem magnis magn-us -a -um loud (shouts)
clamOribus gessit; sed ad summam ad summam in the end
perdidit non multum; ego perdidi nummum = nummo6rum (of) sesterces
viginti milia nummum.” (each equivalent to about a quarter today)
easy
ad pilam: The pila was a small hard ball. Three players stood at the three points ofa tri-
angle (that’s why the game was called trigon) and played catch. Each player had one
ball to start with. A skillful player used both his left as well as his right arm. He might
throw his ball to either player. The worst situation was for one player to be thrown three
balls at one time. The one who dropped the ball the fewest times was the winner. There
was a referee who kept score. The folliculus was similar in shape to a soccerball. The
same rules applied to both games.
N
talis aut ocellatis: Children and women played jacks. To play jacks, five pieces were
used, the length was greater than the width, so that they had four long sides and two
sharp ends; only the four long sides were marked. They were also used as dice in gam-
bling. Dice, just the same as modern dice, have been found in Etruscan tombs dating to

326 Chapter 19.

 the 6th century B.c. The regular word for gambling was alea (or aleam) ludére.
Gambling was forbidden by various laws during the Republican period, but those laws
seem to have had little effect on the Romans’ love of gambling.
3 frater: Drusus, the son of Livia and Tiberius Claudius Nero, was the younger brother of
Tiberius. He was born three months after Augustus married Livia in 38 B.c. Tiberius also
had a son named Drusus.

Vill
His Literary Interests

Eloquentiam studiaque liberalia ab éloquenti-a -ae f public speaking

aetate prima et cupidé et diligenter liberal-is -is -e liberal cupidé eagerly
exercuit. Multa (opera) varil generis exerc-eO -ére -ui -itus to study, pursue
prosa oratione composuit, ex op-us -eris n (literary) work, composition
quibus nonnilla amicis recitavit.
Aliqua volumina “De Vita Sua” prose
composuit. Poetica (opera) pauca
composuit. Unus liber exstat, exstare to exist still hexame-ter -tri m
scriptus ab ed hexametris versibus, hexameter
cuius et argiimentum et titulus est argument-um -in theme titul-us -i m title
“Sicilia.”

His Death and Burial

Obiit in cubiculd eddem, (in) quo

pater Octavius, septuagésimo et
sextd aetatis anno (obierat). Fuit qui fuit qui there was (someone) who
suadéret, ut omne tempus 4 primo suad-ed -ére suasi suasum to recom-
dié natali ad exitum eius “saeculum mend, suggest dis -éi1 m natalis
Augustum” appellarétur, et ita in birthday exit-us -iis m death saecul-eum
fastos referrétur. Pro aede Divi luli -Inage fast-I -orum mpl calendar referre
a Tiberid laudatus est, et pro to enter, record aed-és -is f temple Divus
rostris! a Drtsd, Tiberi filio, deified laudare to eulogize pro rostris
(laudatus est); ac senatorum umeris on the rostrum (in the forum) umer-us -i m
portatus est in Campum Martium shoulder

bm
pro rostris: The speaker’s platform in the Roman forum was so called because it was
embellished with the bronze prows of ships that Rome captured at Antium (modern
Anzio) from the Latins in 338 B.c. The basic meaning of rostrum is “beak, bill; snout.”
The curved prow of a ship was also known as rostrum.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 327

 *
\a
os
=4
FS
i
—|
|

Mausoleum of Augustus

crematusque. Primorés equestris primorés -um mpl leading men

Ordinis reliquias eius Mausoléo reliquieae -arum fpl remains, ashes
condidérunt. Id opus inter con-do -dére -didi -ditus to lay to rest
Flaminiam viam ripamque Tiberis Op-us -eris 1 structure
sextd sud consulata? exstruxerat. exstru:d -ére -xI_ -ctus to build
Testamentd vetuit Itliam, filiam testament-um -i n will
suam, et Itliam neptem Mausoled inferd inferre intuli inlatus to bring in,
inferri. bury

2 consulata: Augustus held his first consulship

in 43 B.c., his second ten years later, in 33
B.C., his sixth in 28 B.c. Some consulships he held for the full year, and not always with
a colleague as in former times; others he held for just several months. But he, and
emperors after him, renewed their tribunician power yearly.

328 Chapter 19.

B. Respondé Latiné. Dic utrum sententia véra an falsa sit.

Pro-avus et avus Augusti erant pauperrimi. (very poor)

Gaius Idlius Caesar fuit maior avunculus Augusti.
Octavia erat soror Augusti.
Augustus trés uxdrés dixit.
Ultima uxor Augusti erat Scribonia.
Tiberius erat filius Liviae.
Gaius Caesar et Licius Caesar erant nepotés Augusti.
Augustus in grandi domo in Monte Palatino habitavit.
In domo Augusti erant columnae marmoreae.
aAugustus multum vinum et cibum cotidié cOnstumpsit.
—SU
UT
ARS
IS
CR
RNS
. Augustus erat formdsus.
. Augustus barbam modo tondébat, modo radébat.
. Capilli Augusti erant leviter inflexi et subflavi.
. Augustus erat procerrimus.
. Domi per totum diem Augustus togam gerébat.
Interdum Augustus in peristylo dormiébat.
Augustus frigus et aestum facile tolerabat.
Etiam hieme Augustus sdlam tinam tunicam gerébat.
Pe
ee
eS
eee
Se . Quamquam Augustus
COMNATEWNEH senex erat, exercitationés campestrés
equorum numquam Oomisit.
20. Augustus, animi laxandi causa, interdum piscabatur.
24. Augustus rarissimé talis lusit.
22. Augustus studia liberalia cupidé exercuit.
23% Nepotés Gaius et Licius ante Augustum obiérunt.
24. Augustus, iam senex, cum Livia divortium fécit.
253 Augustus in Mausoléo in Campo Martio sepultus est.

C. This analogy test is based on culture or ideas, not grammar. The rela-
tionships deal in part with the extended family of Augustus: parent to
child, husband to wife, etc.

Livia : Augustus ss Fulvia haem

socer : gener 7)" SOCFrus Sie
nepos : neptis 2. puer Ss
avus > avia 4 ae Pater >
te
vieAugustus : LiciusCaesar <:: avus Bie

Augustus and the Imperial Family 329

 6. Livia : Tiberius =. mater geen
Zvi : fémina :: maritus cy eres
8. Octavia : Augustus : SOror eee
9. Atia : Augustus si avila Shc
10. Marcellus : Augustus = esororis filius® 7

ccording to Suetonius, in A.D. 13, the year before Augustus died, he

left instructions in three documents: the first contained directions
for his funeral; the second contained a list of his achievements,
which he wished to have inscribed on bronze tablets and set up at the
entrance to his Mausoleum; the third was a “State of the Empire” message.
The original inscription on bronze tablets at his Mausoleum has been lost,
but a copy inscribed on marble is preserved on the wall of his temple in
Ancyra in Asia Minor (modern Ankara in Turkey.)

Now you will have an opportunity to see a sample of Augustus’ own

writing style. You will remember some of the points Augustus made
regarding the proper writing style. Remember that these bronze tablets
were to be read by all passersby, nobles and ordinary folk, and so these
writings are a good example of what would be considered ordinary writ-
ing.

330 Chapter 19.

 idle 7,

RA ~ Sy
h: Wh 7 Lese
sd,
Sy,

MQ ASSES
Wy .PSE
Wee a Neo LS
SS = PRAE LORMAN
3SOT
atl SS ASS >

_</
= Aha’ #
SS Sos
ahuy ee
HES
‘pe
eA
&
ONG,
SS se 2
=
=
SS SZ. ge
44 Fe FE a
4 GAS GES o
= willie Oe ¢

a ee
eilef- EC
; wy eee

emYG
gZ Re
é Sa
z
& Se oS BS Im,aypere
ue ferent S3eySse
ee, .

ce HE,
oR i aeWy
U4 & tS
fran
ze = 4”‘ 2
BY Rg
CUS ZAG,
My = @y. aS 7 a a
ly, Paap
SY
Ua YS, EZ
ZG WINS ¢ Prk 0 Wao 2 3/4 1
Gy 0S
Cnt hi Caine =e

Bg
BEGe
44
Z Wipes
Gee ONE Mile ——————>

I
Annos indéviginti natus, exerci- privat-us -a -um private, one’s own

Tus OmUEL
tum privato consilio! et privata consili-um -i n plan, initiative impéns-a
RAGE
, JE
CD pmyigtps
impénsa comparavi, per quem rem -ae f expense comparare to raise, get
ptiblicam, 4 dominatione factionis2 together facti-O -dnis f faction, party
oppressam, in libertatem vindicavi. opprim-0 -ére oppressi oppressus to
Ed nomine, senatus, décrétis overthrow, suppress in libertatem vin-

1 privatd consilid: It was illegal for a private citizen to raise an army. His act was “egal-
ized” retroactively by the senate in January, 43 B.C.
2 factionis: Augustus is referring to the party led by Marc Antony. He doesn’t mention
any of his enemies by name. Here 4 dominatione is the ablative of personal agency with
oppressum.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 331

 dicare to liberate ed ndmine for that rea-
honorificis, in o6rdinem suum? mé
son décrét-um -i n decree honOrific-us -a
adlégit, Gaio Pansa et Aulo Hirtio
consulibus,4 consularem locum sen- -um conferring honor, complimen-
tentiae dicendae® tribuéns, et taty ord-O -inis m order, class,
imperium® mihi dedit. Populus rank adleg:-o -ére adléxi adléctus to elect,
autem eddem annd mé consulem, 4PPoint trib-uo -uére -ui -titus to grant,
cum consul uterque in bello cecidis- bestow cad-6 -ére cecidi casum to fall (in
set,’ et triumvirum rei publicae battle), be killed rei publicde constituen-
constituendae creavit. dae (gerundive dative of purpose) for the
purpose of reorganizing the government

woin drdinem suum: Octavian’s family had belonged to the equestrian order, or class.
Conditions for being included in the equestrian order were: Roman citizenship; free
birth, respectable standing in the community, and property worth 400,000 sesterces.
Conditions for being admitted to the senatorial order were: Roman citizenship; free
birth; property worth 800,000 sesterces; attainment of the age required by law for hold-
ing office; be an ex-magistrate, having been at least an aedile, quaestor, or tribune of the
people. Augustus had held none of these offices. Through his father’s marriage to a
niece of Julius Caesar and his own adoption by Caesar, he had become a member of a
patrician family.
4 cOnsulibus: 43 B.c.
> cOnsularem locum sententiae dicendae: The presiding officer, who had assembled the
senate, gave senators their turn (locus) to express their opinion (locus sententiae dicendae):
consuls first, followed by praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors.
© imperium: This “absolute power” was held by a consul, praetor, dictator, or his deputy
(magister equitum). Octavian was given the imperium of a praetor and thereby had the
right to hold a military command.
7 cecidisset: Since both consuls were killed in the battle of Mutina, Octavian and his
cousin Quintus Pedius were elected consuls in a special election in August, 43 B.C.

II
Qui parentem! meum trucidd- _ trucidare to slaughter
vérunt, eds in exilium expuli, — exili-um -i 1 exile expell-d -ére expuli
iudiciis légitimis? ultus edrum faci- —_expulsus to drive (out) itdici-um -i7 trial

1 parentem: Octavian was the son by adoption of Julius Caesar, who was actually his
great-uncle.
2 iadiciis légitimis: Cicero had the Catilinarian conspirators put to death without a trial
and was sent into exile for it. Octavian did not want to make the same mistake.Those
involved in Julius Caesar’s death were condemned by the lex Pedia, proposed by
Octavian’s cousin Quintus Pedius.

332 Chapter 19.

 nus, et postea bellum inferentés rei ulcisc-or -i ultus sum (dep) to avenge
publicae vict bis acié.> bis twice aci-és -é1 f battle

3 Augustus refers to the two battles against Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, Macedonia, in
the fall of 43 B.c. But Augustus exaggerates: Brutus actually defeated Octavian’s army
in battle and captured his camp. In fact, Augustus was bedridden during the first battle
and couldn’t even lead his troops. Antony saved the day.

Ill
Bella terra et mari civilia externaque victor as victor venira -ae f forgiveness
tdtd in orbe terrarum saepe gessit, parc-O -ére peperci (+ dat) to spare (the
victorque omnibus civibus veniam object of the verb is civibus) quibus tuto
petentibus peperci. Externas gentés, igndsci potuit whom it was safe to par-
quibus titd ignOsci potuit, cOn- don (the subject of potuit is the infinitive
servare quam excidére miéluli. igndsci, which here is used impersonally,
Circiter quingenta millia civium governing the relative pronoun quibus)
Romanorum sub sacramentd med quam rather than excid-6 -ére -1 excisus
fuérunt. Ex quibus dédiaxi in to eliminate mal6é malle mAlui to prefer
colonias! aut remisi in miinicipia sacrament-um -1 1 military oath of alle-
sua, stipendis émeritis, millia ali- giance in colonias dédiicére to settle in
quanto plaira quam trecenta, et iis colonies remittére to send _ back
omnibus agros* adsignavi aut municipi-um -i 1 municipality, township
peciniam prod praemis militiae stipendi-um -in military service @mer-ed
dedi. -ére -ui -itus to serve out, complete ali-
quanto plira somewhat more [trecenta
modifies millia] adsignare to assign pro
praemis (= praemiis) as rewards

—
colonias: The Romans established colonies of Roman citizens throughout Italy over the
centuries, sometimes to move the restless poor of crowded Rome out into the country,
sometimes to Romanize Italy and to serve as garrisons in controlling the surrounding
country.
N
agros: In a kind of G.I. Bill, veterans were given land upon discharge at the expense of
the evicted Italians. You saw what happened to farms around Mantua, which included
Vergil’s farm.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 933

 IV
Dictattiram! et apsenti et praesenti apséns = abs-éns -entis absent praes-éns
mihi délatam et 4 populd et 4 -entis present déferd déferre détuli
senati non recépi. Consulatum déelatus to confer annuus et perpetuus
quoque tum? annuum et perpetu- renewed each year mds mOris m custom
um mihi délatum non recépi. maiorum precedent (lit: the custom of our
Nillum magistratum contra morem ancestors) quae = ea quae the (tasks)
maiorum délatum recépi. Quae tum which ger-6 -ére gessi gestus to do perf-
per mé geri senatus voluit, per ic-id -ére perféci perfectus to carry out,
tribiniciam potestatem? perféci. accomplish

1 dictatiram: Over the centuries of the Republican period, a dictator was appointed dur-
ing national emergencies for a maximum of six months. During that time all
magistracies were suspended. Whereas each of the two consuls was escorted by 12
bodyguards (lictors), a dictator was escorted by 24 lictors to indicate that he held the
combined powers of the two consuls. Julius Caesar had accepted the dictatorship for life
in 44 B.c.. He was dead soon after, by March 15. Augustus learned his lesson.
2 tum: at that time, i.e., 22 B.C.
3 per tribiiniciam potestatem: The tribunician power appealed to Augustus because the
“tribune of the people” had traditionally been the protector of the common people
against the abuses of power by the high magistrates.»

Vv
Triumvirum rei ptblicae codns- triumvirum = triumvirdrum (a member)
tituendae fui per continuds annds of the three-man board (or of the triumvi-
decem. Princeps! senatiis ful usque rate) cOnstit-ud -ére -uil -itus to
ad eum diem quo scripseram haec reorganize princ-eps -itis m (senate)
per annOs quadraginta. Pontifex leader pontif-ex -icis m maximus chief
maximus? (et) augur? fui. pontiff, high priest aug-ur -uris m augur,
diviner

1 princeps senatus: “Senate Leader” is another title that appealed to Augustus, who
wished to give the appearance that he was restoring the Republican form of govern-
ment, in which princeps senatus was a traditional and therefore non-threatening title. In
time it came to characterize him as the first citizen of the state as princeps civitatis.
2 Pontifex maximus: As chief of the college of 15 pontiffs (7 patricians and 8 plebeians),
Augustus in 12 B.c. became the head of public religion in Rome. He held the position for
life. Augustus also became a member of several other priestly colleges.
3 augur: The augurs, said to have been
established by Romulus, formed another priestly
college in Rome. In early times no important transaction, public or private, was under-
taken without consulting the auspices. The college of augurs continued to exist until the
4th century A.D.

334 Chapter 19.

 VI
Filids meds, quds iuvenés mihi mihi dative of separation @rip-id -ére
éripuit fortina, Gaium et Licium éripul éreptus to tear away, wrest
Caesarés,! honoris mei caussa, fortiinea -ae f fate, bad luck désignare to
senatus populusque Romanus,” designate magistratum inire to enter
annum quintum et decimum office quinquenni-um -1 1 (a period of)
agentés, consulés désignavit, ut five years dédiicére to lead down, escort
eum magistratum inirent post décern:6 -ére décrévi décrétus to decide,
quinquennium. Et ex ed dié quo decree, vote interssum -esse -ful (+ dat)
déducti sunt in Forum, décrévit to participate in consiliea -drum npl
senatus ut interessent cdnsiliis deliberations tiniversi = omnés iuvent-tis
publicis. Equités autem Romani -itis f youth parmea -ae f (round)
iniversi principem iuventitis® shield hasta -ae f spear argente-us -a
utrumque edrum, parmis et hastis -um silver-, of silver dénatum presented
argenteis donatum appellavérunt. with (modifies utrumque) donatum et
appellavérunt = presented them and
called them

1 Gaium et Liicium Caesarés: You had seen that the two grandsons of Augustus, the sons
of his daughter Julia and Marcus Agrippa, were adopted by Augustus in 17 B.c. Thus
Augustus could refer to them as filids meds (my sons). Gaius was designated for the
consulship of the year 1 A.D., which he held; Lucius was designated for the consulship
of the year A.D. 4, but he died in A.D. 2. Traditionally under the Republic, a man had to
be 43 years old to hold the consulship. Augustus thought that his grandsons would be
ready by the age of 21. Augustus also passed a law that the sons of senators could
accompany their father to senate sessions to prepare them for public life.
2 Senatus populusque Romanus: Augustus takes these two as a single unit and therefore
uses the verb désignavit in the singular. In the next section he extends the idea: senatus
et equester rdd populusque Romanis iiniversus with the verb appellavit in the sin-
gular.
principem iuventitis: As “youth leaders” the imperial princes were in charge of six
equestrian squadrons, but it was mostly an honorary title. The equestrian order wished
to flatter Augustus by voting the honor upon his adoptive sons.

Vil
Tertium decimum codnsulatum! Notice that Augustus uses the indicative of
cum. gerebam, senatus et equester the verb after the conjunction cum and the
ordd populusque Romanus wniver- singular verb after a plural subject.

1 tertium decimum consulatum: 2 B.c.

Augustus and the Imperial Family 335

 sus appellavit mé patrem patriae eques-ter -tris -tre equestrian aed-és
idque in véstibulo aedium2 -ium fyl home véstibul-um -i 7 entrance,
medrum inscribendum et in curia forecourt ciriea -ae f senate building
Talia? et in foro Augusto4 sub quadrig-ae -arum fpl four-horse chariot ex
quadrigis quae mihi ex senatiis (+ abl)inaccordance with céns-e6 -ére -ul
consulto° positae sunt cénsuit. Cum to vote, propose [construe: senatus . . .
scripsi haec, annum agebam appellavit mé ... idque . . . inscriben-
septuagensumum sextum.® dum .. . cénsuit] septuagénsumum =
septuagésimum (an example of Augustus
spelling a word as he pronounced it)

2 aedium mearum: The singular of the noun aed:és -is indicates a temple, since the main
room of the temple contained the statue of the god or goddess; to indicate several tem-
ples, the term sacrae aedés was used, since a home, consisting of several rooms, was
called aedés -ium, a plural form.
3 in curia Iulia: The senate building in the Roman forum was said to have been first built
by Tullus Hostilius and was called ciria Hostilia. It was burned at the funeral of Clodius
in 52 B.c. After the restorations, carried out under Augustus, it was named ciria Tilia.
4 in foro Augusto: This forum, or marketplace, was built by Augustus “just across the
street” from the forum of Caesar, which had been built just outside the Roman forum
and senate building. In the middle of his forum was'a statue of Augustus as the “Father
of his country” riding a four-horse chariot. It has not survived.
> ex senatiis consultd: The people in their assemblies could pass laws (léx); the senate
could pass only decrees of the senate (senatis consultum). However, the distinction was
a mere technicality.
6 septuagénsumum sextum: Augustus was 76 on September 23, A.D. 13. He died on
August 19, A.D. 14 in the town of Nola in Campania.

336 Chapter 19.

The Aeneid of Vergil

Frustra laborat qui omnibus placére studet. He struggles in vain

who strives to please everybody. : :

Te Aeneid of Vergil consists of twelve “books.” Each “book” consists

of some 700-900 lines. A few of the books are justa little longer. You
have seen that Vergil first wrote out the epic in prose and then con-
verted it into verse, piece by piece rather than sequentially book after book.
He began to write his epic around 30 B.c. When Vergil set out for Greece in
19 B.c., he figured on spending another three years putting the final touch-
es to the work, but, as you learned in Chapter 17, he died in that year in the
port city of Brundisium before he could carry out the revision.

The epic was written in “dactylic hexameter.” A combination of syllables

forms what is known as a foot. A foot contains either a long syilable, fol-
lowed by two short syllables, called a dactyl; or it contains two long
syllables, and then the foot is called a spondee. It is called hexameter because
each line, or verse, contains six feet; it is called dactylic because dactyls are
more numerous than spondees. We will not be concerned with the versifi-
cation, but here is the way the opening line of the Aeneid is divided into six
feet. There are hyphens to separate the syllables, and vertical bars to sepa-
rate the feet. The first syllable of every foot receives the stress.

Ar-ma vi | rum-que ca | no Trd | iae qui | pri-mus ab | 6-ris

The Aeneid of Vergil 337

 The subject of the Aeneid is the destruction of Troy, the seven years’ wan-
dering of Aeneas from Troy to the Tiber, and then his settlement in Italy
and his wars against the native princes. Some portions of the story you
have read in adapted form in Book I. In modern courses in Vergil’s Aeneid
generally only several of the books are read, typically Books I, II, III, IV, and
VI. Now you can read ten books of the Aeneid—in outline form, of course,
written in dactylic hexameter lines. The first line will give the content of the
whole of each book. This is followed by a short summary of that book, writ-
ten in dactylic hexameters. Look over the map of the wanderings of Aeneas
in Book I, p. 37, and review the story of Aeneas in Chapters 2-6. The ordi-
nal numbers primo, secund6, etc., refer to the books of the Aeneid. Since
this is a very compact summary, using a minimum of words, expansions
and explanations of the succinct phrases are given in the notes.

LIBER I
Aenéas primo Libycis! appellitur oris. appell-6 -ére appuli appulsus to drive toward
Oris = ad Oras Libycas (poetic license)

Vir magnus bello nilli pietate? secundus

Aenéas odiis Iinénis* pressus iniquae ddi-um -i 1 hatred; pl acts of hatred press-us -a -um
oppressed iniqu-us -a -um unfair (Juno) Sicul-us -a
Italiam quaeréns Siculis erravit in undis, -um Sicilian errare to wander

naufragus et tandem Libyae est advectus ad Grads _—naufragus shipwrecked adveh-d -ére advexi
advectus to carry to; pass. to sail to
ignarusque loci, fido comitatus Achate,4 ignar-us -a -um (+ gen) ignorant of, unfamiliar
with comitare to accompany

1 Libycis: Liby-a -ae f was the district of North Africa west of Egypt.
2 pietate: piet-as -atis f (here abl. of specification) dutifulness; filial affection; reverence (for
the gods)
3 Tanonis: Juno is represented as brimming with unrelenting hatred of the Trojans
because at the beauty contest involving Juno, Venus, and Minerva, Paris, a Trojan
prince, had picked Venus over Juno. Thus, Juno’s hatred pursues Aeneas because she
doesn’t want him to found a “second Troy.” She is called unfair because Aeneas had
done her no wrong.
4 Achate: Achates was the faithful companion of Aeneas.

338
indicid matris° régnum cognovit Elissae.® indici-um -i n information, directions cognévit
learned about
quin etiam nebula saeptus’ pervenit in urbem, quin etiam moreover nebul-a -ae f mist saept-us -a
-um enveloped
abreptds socids® undis cum classe recépit abrip-i6 -ére abripui abreptus to carry off class-is -is f
fleet [Construe: recépit socids cum classe recovered his
hospitidque asus Didis? per cuncta benignae companions with their fleet] tisus (see its various mean-
ings in Ch. 16 section 2) hospitieum -i n hospitality
excidium Trdiae iussus narrare parabat.10 cunct-us -a -um all excidi-um -in destruction, fall

5 matris: After Aeneas landed on the shore of North Africa, Venus, his mother, appearing
as a local huntress, gave Aeneas directions to Dido’s city, Carthage. She also tells him
that his companions that had been lost at sea during the storm landed safely.
6 Blissae: Elissa was another name of Dido.
7 saeptus: Venus made Aeneas and Achates invisible by enveloping them in a miraculous
mist as they made their way to the city of Carthage. The mist disappears once it is clear
that Dido will be kind to them.
8 abreptds socids: During the storm that broke out off Sicily, half of his fleet was swept
away by the high seas (abreptds undis) but all except one ship made it to the African
shore on their own and were reunited with Aeneas in Carthage as the magical mist dis-
appeared.
9 Didis: alternate form of the genitive Didénis, modified by per cuncta benignae “kind
throughout it all.”
10 jussus: It was Dido that asked Aeneas to tell her about the fall of Troy and his previous
adventures. This Aeneas proceeds to do; it is the topic of Books II and III of the Aeneid.
The verb iubére, besides meaning “to order” also has the more gentle sense of “to tell,
bid.”

LIBER II
Fanera Dardaniae! narrat défletque secundo. fin-us -eris n funeral; death; pl havoc déflére to
weep over, mourn

Cogitur Aenéas bellorum exponére casts, cogére to urge, coax expOnére to tell of cas-us
-us m event

1 Dardaniae: Dardania was another name for Troy. The Trojans were often called
Dardanidés, that is, descendants of Dardanus, son of Jupiter and Electra and founder of
the race of Priam and Aeneas.

The Aeneid of Vergil 339

Graidrumque dolds* et equum, fraudemque Sinonis, 3 Grai-i -drum mpl Greeks dol-us im trick fraus
fraudis f treachery, wiles, deceit
excisamque urbem, Priamique* miserrima fata; excis-us -a -um destroyed, ruined

utque patrem° impositum forti cervice per ignés utque and how (introducing an indirect question with
the verbs extulerit and amisit dependent on
extulerit, céramque amiserit ipse Cretisam.® exponére) cerv-ix -icis f neck fort-is is -e strong
efferd efferre extuli exlatus to carry out

2 dolds: The reference is to the trick of the Greeks, who pretended to be sailing back to
Greece but actually hid behind the nearby island of Tenedos, leaving behind the “Trojan
horse.”
3 fraudemque SinOnis: Sinon pretended that he had been abandoned by the Greek lead-
ers and allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Trojans after the Greek fleet had left,
and then persuaded them to admit into their city the wooden horse filled with Greek
soldiers. After the horse had been dragged into the city, Sinon in the middle of the night
let the Greeks out of the horse.
4 Priamique: Priam, the aged king of Troy, was slain right before the altar by Pyrrhus, the
son of Achilles.
5) patrem: Aeneas carried his father Anchises piggy-back out of burning Troy, and led his
son Ascanius by the hand.
© Cretisam: Instead of having his wife Creusa walk ahead of him as he escaped from
burning Troy, Aeneas thoughtlessly had her follow him, and so he lost her amid the
rubble and flames of the narrow streets.

LIBER III
Tertius errorés canit, Amissumque parentem.| can-6 -ére cecini cantus to sing of, recite rhythmi-
cally parentem = patrem

Post casum Troiae fabricata classe superstes cas-us -us m fall, destruction superst-es -itis adj
having survived
vela dat Aenéas, urbemque in litore Thracum,3 véla dare to set sail Thrac-és -um mpl the
Thracians mox then, next pulsus driven (from
Thrace)

1 parentem: The reference is to the death of his father Anchises, not at Troy but later on
in Sicily.
2 classe: Escaping from Troy, Aeneas gathered the survivors and with them cut down
trees on Mt. Ida and built a fleet of 20 ships.
3 Thracum: Latin sometimes uses the name of the people rather than the name of the
country. In Thrace, Aeneas is warned by the ghost of Polydorus, a young Trojan buried
there, to leave the country immediately, since King Lycurgus would kill them as he had
killed Polydorus.

340 Chapter 20
mox aliam pulsus Crétaeis* condidit oris. [Construe: urbemque . . . aliam (urbem) condidit]
céd-6 -ére céssi céssum to withdraw, go
Cédit et hinc, Helenumque? videt, praeceptaque discit; away hinc from here Crétae-us -a -um Cretan, of
Crete praecept-a -drum npl instructions, direc-
Aetnaeum Cyclopa® fugit, sepelitque parentem.” tions Cycl-dps -dpis (acc: -6pa) m a Cyclops

4 Crétaeis: Having tried to found another city on Crete, he was driven from there by a
horrible plague.
5 Helenumque: Helenus, Priam’s prophetic son, had escaped from Troy and built a
duplicate of Troy in Epirus on the Adriatic Sea. There he welcomed Aeneas on his wan-
derings and gave him predictions and instructions on what lay ahead of him.
© Aetnaeum Cyclopa: On the island of Sicily near Mt. Aetna he ran into the Cyclops
Polyphemus, who had devoured many of Ulysses’ men. The Cyclopes were giants with
one eye in the middle of the forehead.
7 parentem: Sailing around the island of Sicily in order to avoid the monsters Scylla and
Charybdis in the strait between Sicily and Italy, he landed on the western shore of Sicily
to bury his father Anchises—a tragedy that Helenus had not predicted.

LIBER IV
Uritur in quarto Dido, flammasque fatétur. uritur (passive used intransitively) (Dido) burns, is
inflamed with love fat-eor -éri to confess, reveal

Ardet amGre gravi Dido; soror Anna suadet graveis -is -e intense (love) suad-e6 -ére suasi suasum
to suggest, urge
nubére. Iunguntur, nimbo cogente, sub antro.! iunguntur (Aeneas and Dido) get together nimb-us -i
m rainstorm cog:6 -ére cOégi coactus to bring together
Factum fama notat. Monitus tum namine divum? antr-um -in cave famea -ae f rumor, gossip notare to
make known mon-ed -ére -ui -itus to warn, admonish
Aenéas classemque fugae socidsque parabat. nim-en -inis n divine prompting, message [divum =
divorum = dedrum|]

1 sub antro: Juno, with the help of Venus, schemes to unite the couple in marriage. A
hunting party is formed for Dido and her guests. Driven by a rainstorm, Aeneas and
Dido seek refuge in the same cave, where they make love. Dido assumes that therefore
they are married.
2 namine divum: Jupiter sends his messenger Mercury to tell Aeneas, whom he finds lay-
ing the foundations of the citadel, that he must leave Carthage in order to sail on to Italy
to found his new city. Dido reproaches him bitterly for his intended flight.
3 necem sibi infert: Despairing at his flight, Dido pronounces a curse on Aeneas and his
posterity. She then has a funeral pyre built, kills herself with a sword, and is cremated
on the pyre.

The Aeneid of Vergil 341

Navigat Aenéas iussi Iovis. Ila dolore

impatiéns et amOre, necem sibi protinus infert.3 impati-éns -entis (+ abl) unable to endure necem sibi
inferre to commit suicide protinus at once

- LIBER V
Quintus habet lidés,! et classem corripit ignis. liid-us -i m game, sporting event corrip-i6 -ére -ui
correptus to seize, attack suddenly

In Siculas iterum terras Fortiina redicit2 redicére to bring back again

Aenéan, tumuldque patris persolvit honorem. hondrem persolvére to pay honor

Lidds ad tumulum faciunt, certamina ponunt. ladds facére to play games certamina podnunt to
put on competitions
Tum cégit navés incendére Troadés Iris. incen-d6 -dére -di incénsus to set on fire Troéad-és
-um fpl Trojan women Iris -idis f Iris
In somnis pater Anchisés* quae bella gerenda somn-us -1 m sleep [Construe: Anchisés monstrat
quae bella gerenda (sint) et quo dice déscendére
qudque duce? ad Manés possit déscendére monstrat. _possit] dux ducis m guide Man-és -ium mpl spirits
of the dead
Transcribit® matrés urbi populumque volentem transcribére urbi to register in another city

et placida Aenéas Palintrum’ quaerit in unda. in placida unda in the calm water

1 lados: Sporting events, consisting of a boat race, foot race, wrestling, boxing, archery,
and horse racing, were held in honor of the dead Anchises. The Romans, copying the
practice of the Etruscans in historical times, initiated gladiatorial contests in honor of the
dead in 264 B.c.
2 redicit: Aeneas and his ships return to the western shore of Sicily, where Acestes, a
Trojan who had founded the city of Segesta there, welcomes them.
3 Tris: Juno sends Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, down to Sicily
to assume the appearance of an old Trojan woman in order to rouse the other Trojan
women to set fire to the ships and thereby to end their wanderings. Aeneas prays to
Jupiter, who sends a sudden rainstorm to put out the fire.
4 Anchisés: His father predicts to Aeneas what wars are to be fought in Italy.
5 quoque duce: Although grammatically the expression is masculine, the reference is to
the Cumaean Sibyl, a female seer, who is to lead Aeneas down to the Underworld.

342 Chapter 20
 6 transcribit: Since some of the Trojan women set fire to the ships, Aeneas has those
women, as well as all others who wished to stay, enroll as citizens of Segesta.
7 Palinarum: As they set sail again, the sea was so calm that Palinurus, the pilot of the
lead ship, falls asleep and tumbles into the sea and drowns. His body is washed ashore.

LIBER VI
Quaeruntur sextd Manés et Tartara Ditis. Tartar-a -Grum np! the Underworld; the abode of the
damned Dis Ditis m Pluto

Camas! deinde venit; fert hic responsa Sibyllae. ferd ferre tuli latus to receive (responses)

Misénum? sepelit. Post haec adit infera régna; sepel-id -ire -ivi sepultus to bury

congressusque patri, discit genus omne? sudrum, __congred-ior -i congressus sum (dep) (+ dat) to meet
gen-us -eris 7 race, posterity
qudque mod6 casi valeat superare futiros. qudque mod and how, in what way valeat = possit
(subjunctive after discit) cas-us -tis m plight, eventuali-
Haec ubi percépit, graditur classemque revisit. ty percip-id -ére percépi perceptus to learn grad-ior
-I gressus sum (dep) to go

1 Camas: At Cumae, located near the northern tip of the Bay of Naples, there is a deep
cavern, still to be seen today. The old Sibyl is pictured as having lived deep inside that
cavern. It was here that she gave her responses to Aeneas. Near Cumae are the spooky
“fields of fire” with sulphurous steam rising constantly from the boiling mud, resulting
from volcanic activity. It was considered the entrance to the Underworld. Vergil, who
spent several years in nearby Naples, undoubtedly paid many avisit to this area.
2 Misénum: The death of his comrade Misenus is part of an old legend. Cape Misenum,
named after him, forms the northern tip of the Bay of Naples. According to one account,
he was the pilot of the fleet; hence the confusion between him and Palinurus. After
burying Misenus and according him due rites, Aeneas is guided by the Sibyl to the
lower world in order to meet his father Anchises.
3 genus omne: Vergil uses the opportunity to “predict” the sweep of Roman history from
the Alban kings and Romulus down the Julian line to Augustus himself, who will inau-
gurate the Golden Age. Many of the great historical figures of Roman history are
mentioned in the guise of a prediction of the future. It is said that when the lines in Book
VI of the Aeneid referring to the recently deceased Marcellus, the son of Octavia and
nephew and designated successor of Augustus, were read in the presence of Augustus
and Octavia, she fainted. When she came to, Vergil was paid 10,000 sesterces for each of
the twenty memorial lines. (There were four sesterces to a denarius, and so a sesterce
was worth about a quarter.)

The Aeneid of Vergil 343

As Vergil reads the versus in the Aeneid memorializing the death of young Marcellus, Octavia collapses into the
arms of Livia and Augustus gestures sympathetically for Vergil to interrupt the reading momentarily.

344 Chapter 20
 LIBER VII
Septimus Aenéan reddit fatalibus arvis. red-do -dére -didi -ditus to deliver fatal-is -is -e des-
tined arv-um -i n (plowed) land; p/ country

Tandem déveniunt Laurentia! Troés in arva. dévenire to arrive at Tr6-és -um mpl Trojans Laur-éns
-entis adj Laurentian
Et pace accepta laeti nova moenia condunt. moen-ia -ium npl city

Nocte satam Itind Furiam? évocat. Illa Latinos sata (+ abl) sprung (from), born (of), daughter (of)
evocare to call forth, call out
inter? et Aenéadas bellum serit, et ciet arma. Aenéad-és -ae m companion of Aeneas ser-6 -ére sévi
satus to sow Ci-e6 -ére civi citus to set in
Belli causa fuit violatus vulnere cervus.* motion [arma = bella] cerv-us -i m deer, stag
terra Itala the Italian countryside (i.e., the local inhabi-
Prdtinus auxiliis terra instruit Itala Turnum. tants) instru-6 -ére instriixi Instrictus (+ abl) to
provide (with) auxili-um -i 7 help; p/ auxiliary troops,
auxiliaries

1 Laurentia: Laurentum, a coastal town in Latium, was occupied by Turnus as his head-
quarters in the war against Aeneas.
2 Furiam: According to Greek mythology, there were three Furies, or avenging spirits,
daughters of night, represented as fearful maidens, with coal-black serpents twined in
their hair and blood dripping from their eyes. The Furies were avengers of terrible
crimes, such as murder, treason, and violation of the laws of hospitality. Juno sum-
moned one of them, Alecto, to sow the seeds of war. First Alecto turned Amata, wife of
King Latinus and queen of Latium, against Aeneas; then she aroused Turnus against
him, since Turnus had been engaged to princess Lavinia.
3 inter: The prose word order would be inter Latinds et Aenéadas
4 cervus: Alecto caused Ascanius while on the hunt to wound a pet deer belonging to a
farmer. When the local farmers gathered to attack Ascanius, the Trojans rushed to his
aid and thus this minor incident led to the war. Vergil, it seems, wanted to demonstrate
howa trivial dispute can lead to war.

LIBER VIII
Praeparat octavo bellum quosque mittat! in hostem. praeparare to prepare for

Laurent-um -i 1 (town of) Laurentum arx arcis f

Dat belli signum Laurenti Turnus ab arce. citadel

1 mittat: The subject of praeparat and some verb (understood) such as décernit (he decides)
introduces the indirect question: quos mittat whom he should send.

The Aeneid of Vergil 345

Videt ut Aenéas summa vi bella parari, ut when [Construe: ut Aenéas videt] summa vi with
utmost energy
Arcades Evandrumque? senem sibi foedere iungit; Arceas -adis adj Arcadian; mpl Arcadians foed-us -eris
n treaty Evand-er -ri m Evander sencex -is adj old; m
Dardanidque duci® sociatur Etriiria tota. old man sociare to ally, unite

Arma petit genetrix;4 dat Mulciber:> in clipeoque genetr-Ix -Icis f mother clipe-us -i m (round,bronze)
shield
Rés pingit Latias, et fortia facta nepotum. ping;d -ére pinxi pictus to depict Lati-us -a -um of
Latium nep-6s -6tis m grandson; descendant

2 Evandrumque: Evander, who had come from Arcadia in central Greece, is said to have
founded the town of Pallanteum on the Palatine Hill, where Romulus would later found
Rome. By Vergil’s day the Palatine was crowded with buildings, and so his readers
would enjoy Vergil’s description of the Palatine of those very early days. Aeneas with
his faithful comrade sails up the Tiber with a few boats to ask Evander for his help
against Turnus. Evander said that he himself was too old to lead the Etruscans, who pre-
sumably had asked him to be their leader. He asks Aeneas to take his son Pallas along
to learn warfare under him.
3 Dardanidque duci: namely, Aeneas, leader of the Trojans, or Dardanians, as they are
often called. While Aeneas is at the home of Evander, Evander offers to give him com-
mand of an Etruscan army to fight Turnus. The Etruscans happened to be looking for a
leader because they had risen against their cruel king Mezentius, who escaped to join
Turnus at Laurentum.
4 genetrix: Venus, the mother of Aeneas, goes to Vulcan and asks him to fashion new
armor for Aeneas.
° Mulciber: This is simply another name for Vulcan. On the bronze shield of Aeneas
Vulcan depicts in scene after scene the history of Rome from the time of Aeneas down
to the time of Augustus.

LIBER IX
Nonus habet pugnam nec adest réx ipse! tumulta. nec adest = abest to be absent tumult-us -iis m confu-
sion (of battle)

Ad Turnum properé IanOnis mittitur Iris, properé quickly

1 réx ipse: The king is, of course, Aeneas.

While he is at the home of Evander on the
Palatine to get help, Turnus moves his forces to attack the Trojan camp near the shore
and besieges it. The Trojans were eager to meet the enemy but stayed in their camp as
Aeneas had ordered.

346 Chapter 20
Instigatque animos. Aciés movet ille; Phrygasque2 _instigare to rile up animos the feelings of resentment
Phrygas= Troiands
obsidet. In Nymphis? versa est Aenéia classis. vert-0 -ére -i versus to change Aené@i-us -a -um of
Aeneas
Euryalus Nisusque‘ luunt nece proelia noctis. luo -ére -i (+ abl) to pay for (with) proelia noctis
night-battles nex necis f death (here: with their own
Vi Turnus? potitur castris, vi pellitur inde. death) vi by force pot-ior -iri -Itus sum (dep) (+ abl) to
gain control of pell-6 -ére pepuli pulsus to drive (out)

- Phrygasque: Phrygia was a district in north-western Asia Minor where Troy was locat-
ed.
3 Nymphas: Turnus prepares to set on fire the Troajan ships, which are anchored near the
camp. The ships are saved by a miracle: Jupiter causes them to break their moorings and
to sail out to the deep, where they are transformed into sea nymphs.
4 Euryalus Nisusque: Two Trojans, Euryalus and Nisus, volunteer to break through the
enemy lines at night to bring word to Aeneas that he should quickly return from
Evander to help his beleagured troops. On their way they kill many sleeping Latins sol-
diers but are themselves killed in the end.
5 Turnus: Turnus and his troops break through the gates of the Trojan camp and many
are killed on both sides. The Trojans rally, and Turnus has to plunge into the Tiber to
escape.

LIBER X
Occidit Aenéae decimé Mezentius! ira. occid-6 -ére occidi occasus to fall, be slain ira -ae f
anger [Aenéae ira = ab iratd Aenéa]

Concilium? divis hominum dé rébus habétur. concili-um -i 1 council, meeting divis by the gods (abl
of agency without ab)
Interea Rutuli portis circum omnibus instant. circum adv all around inst-6 -are institi (+ dat) to
attack
Advenit Aenéas multis cum milibus? inde. inde then

caedunturque ducés, cadit et sine nOmine vulgus. _caed-d -ére cecidi caesus to kill cad-6 -ére cecidi casus
to fall, be killed vulg-us -i n throng, common soldiers
Interimit Pallanta poténs in proelio Turnus; inter-im6 -imére -émi émptus to slay Pall-as -antis m
Pallas (son of Evander)

1 Mezentius: This Etruscan ally of Turnus becomes the arch foe of Aeneas.
2 Concilium: As Homer had the gods meet in council to decide the fate of the war, so
Vergil has Jupiter call a council of the gods. Venus argues for the Trojan cause; Juno for
the Rutulians. Jupiter declares that the fates must decide the outcome.
3 cum milibus: Aeneas returns leading thousands of Etruscans.

The Aeneid of Vergil 347

Subtrahitur pugna Itinonis numine Turnus.4 subtrah-6 -ére subtraxi subtractus to withdraw, take
out pugna abl. of separation nam-en -inis n divine
Aenéas vulnerat Mezentium; Lausus? eum servat. _ power, divine assistance

Mox ultor nati Mezentius occidit ipse. ult-or -ris m avenger (of his son’s death) nat-us -1 m
son.

4 Turnus: After Turnus kills Evander’s son Pallas, Aeneas seeks revenge, but Juno has
Aeneas chase a ghost of Turnus and thus gives Turnus a chance to escape.
5 Lausus: Lausus saves his wounded father Mezentius, but is himself slain in the rescue.
Mezentius later tries to avenge the death of his son Lausus but is killed in the effort by
Aeneas.

THE WRAP-UP OF THE WAR’

eneas erects a trophy of Mezentius’ arms and sends the body of

At to Evander amidst great mourning. A truce for the burial of
the dead is arranged. King Latinus convokes a council and suggests
terms of peace, and Turnus proclaims his readiness to meet Aeneas in sin-
gle combat. But a false alarm of an impending attack breaks up the council,
and the war goes on. The Latins give ground and the battle moves to the
very walls of Laurentum.

When Aeneas threatens to storm the city walls, Turnus realizes that he
must now keep his promise to meet Aeneas in single combat, and he refus-
es to be dissuaded either by King Latinus or by Queen Amata. After the
terms of combat have been ratified by oath and sacrifice, the spectators
gather, and the duel begins. Meanwhile Jupiter and Juno come to terms:
Turnus must die; Aeneas shall marry Lavinia and become king. But the
new nation must keep the ancient rites and names of Latium, and be called
not Trojans but Latins. Juno yields. Turnus is struck down. Aeneas is about
to spare his life when he sees that Turnus is wearing the belt of Pallas
whom he had slain. And so Aeneas kills Turnus in wrath and grief as an
atoning sacrifice for Pallas’ death.

Why not reread the story of the combat between Trojans and Rutulians
and the single combat between Aeneas and Turnus in Book I, Chapters 5
and 6?

348 Chapter 20
A. This analogy test is based on culture, that is, on personages of the Aeneid.

1 Evander Pallas Mezentius

2 Aeneas Trojans Turnus
3 Anchises Aeneas Aeneas
4 Latinus Latium Priam
5 Creusa Aeneas Amata

B. Identify the following characters and mythological figures in the Aeneid

and explain what role each played in the epic.

. Acestes Le Dido 21. Mercury

. Achates 12: Elissa 22. Mezentius
Aeolus 13% Evander 23. Palinurus
Alecto 14. Hecuba 24. Polyphemus
Amata 15; Iris 25. Paris
Anchises 16. Juno 26. Priam
Anna us Helenus 27. Sibyl
Ascanius 18. Lausus 28. Sinon
. Creusa 19: Latinus 29. Turnus
— SOMNAT
AWN
. Dardanus 20. Lavinia 30. Vulcan

C. Expand and reinforce your Latin vocabulary through the recognition of

opposites. Match the opposites; for each word in the numbered list,
select its antonym (opposite) in the lettered list.

amor discédére
hamanus accipére
vivus bellum
. ascendére vita
senex divinus
pax Tartara
dare perdére
ONAGTRONE
. mors juvenis
. potior déscendére
. urbs mortuus
. venire op
a
mo
sag
nr rus
=. caelum
NF
Ow — odium

The Aeneid of Vergil 349

350 Chapter 20
Roman Britain

Finis ecce labdrum! Look, the endsis in ve (lit: pe the end

of struggles!)

I is said that when the first Roman soldiers came home from Britain and
mentioned the existence of Britain, their friends were skeptical and
thought that the soldiers “were pulling their leg.” Caesar led his first
expedition into Britain in 55 B.c. and a second one in 54 B.c. These were
mere raids and did not lead to an occupation of Britain. The object of those
expeditions was not to conquer the island but to control the Britons on the
east coast of the island who had been supporting their kinsmen, the Belgae,
across the Channel in their struggle against the Romans.

Almost one hundred years would pass before the Emperor Claudius was
to invade Britain. In A.D. 43 Claudius gave the order to invade and occupy
Britain. Later, under the Flavian emperors, in A.D. 80, a Roman army com-
manded by Agricola invaded Scotland. Around A.D. 120 a 73-mile-long wall
was built completely across the island at its narrowest point from the
mouth of the Tyne to the Solway Firth. It was named “Hadrian’s Wall” after
the emperor Hadrian who visited Britain in A.D. 122. Such a wall discour-
aged raids by rebellious tribes, and reminded tribes on both sides that the
Romans were masters. It also served as a military road. It was defended by
the Romans until A.D. 400. A large number of writing tablets, discovered by
archaeologists at two sites near Hadrian’s Wall, Vindolanda and Carlisle,

Roman Britain 351

 give us a glimpse of what life was like for soldiers on the frontier. At the
end of this chapter there is a sample of a soldier’s letter written in London
to his army buddy at a fort near Hadrian’s Wall.

The Roman army controlled Britain until the early part of the fifth cen-
tury, when the empire began to crumble under barbarian attacks.
Romanization of Britain was most complete in the southeastern part of
Britain; it was less effective farther west and north. The southeastern part
of England began to be dotted with villas and towns, more or less Roman
in customs and language. Roman roads now led into the interior. London,
ancient Londinium, was probably established by the Romans and was
purely a Roman town. The names of towns such as Chester, Dorchester,
and Winchester bear a suffix developed from castra (camp). Some of the
towns were allowed local autonomy on the old tribal basis. But even in
such towns the Roman ideas about town planning are clearly detectable.

Hadrian's
Wall
Zs

BRITANNIA “~
}e

Londinium

Portus Dubris
(Dover) ° ee

oe : ar Portus Itius a ERMA

Oceanus Britannicus 7 7 Peace BELGAE = G NIA

] : MORINI 7
ATee
TREB, Te
lg SY s
Nex, Se
U
25
iE ide, >

Mare Cantabricum
GALLIA Lacus pn ESS
% | Lemannus#y
Sef
=
FrcsSe
SRG
y Les SS
zt
S it tee ALE
Dag 7 aX
a we

is 9
S% “i, Jit Bauyan
Ye
5 “Gwe
lie.
Geeo
< IGS an Oe‘af
x assSe. Myre
ehh anSs fans
Y Ht A

Map of Brittany, Gaul, and Southeast Britain

352 Chapter 21
 Before Caesar could invade Britain, he spent the year 56 B.c. in conquer-
ing the Veneti, who lived in the western part of the area now called Brittany
and with their fleet had carried on a prosperous trade with Britain. He con-
quered the Veneti in a decisive naval battle. He also had to secure promises
of loyalty from the Morini, a Belgic tribe that occupied the land closest to
his port of departure for Britain. He spent a great part of the following year
(55 B.C.) warding off a German invasion of Gaul by crossing the Rhine for
the first time. His purpose was to intimidate the Germans across the Rhine
who might have had designs on Romanized Gaul. On one occasion he mer-
cilessly slaughtered two German tribes; this atrocity was condemned by the
Roman senate, but it did not slow down the general. His engineers built a
bridge across the Rhine, which the Roman soldiers themselves destroyed
after they had returned to Gaul.

Then Caesar turned his attention to Britain to punish the southern British
tribes who had helped their kinsmen in Gaul in their resistance to the
Romans. The Roman army normally went into winter quarters and did not
return to fight until the spring, but Caesar, contrary to custom, crossed the
Channel towards the end of summer.

NOTE

It is important to read the appendix on the Roman army before begin-

ning to read of Caesar’s campaign against Britain. It will help you to
visualize army life. Please note that although Caesar is the author of the
following text, he always refers to himself in the third person.

Prima Expeditio in Britanniam

_ First Expedition to Britain _ :

I
Preparations for the Invasion of Britain

Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, exigu-us -a -um small

Caesar, etsI in his locis mattrae matir-us -a -um early
sunt hiemés, tamen in Britanniam
proficisci contendit, quod, omnibus _ contend-6 -ére -i to strive, make every
feré Gallicis bellis, hostibus nostris _ effort, be in a hurry
inde subministrata (esse) auxilia inde from there (ie., Britain) auxili-a

Roman Britain 353

 intellegébat! et, si tempus anni ad -drum npl auxiliary troops, reinforce-
bellum gerendum déficeret, tamen ments subadministrare to supply défic-id
magn0o sibi isui fore arbitrabatur, si -ére to be insufficient magn6d sibi usui
modo insulam adisset, genus fore it would be of great advantage to
hominum _ perspexisset, loca, him (fore = futurum esse) si modo if
portis, aditis cognodvisset; quae only perspic-id -ére perspexi perspectus
omnia feré Gallis erant incognita. to ascertain loca lay of the land aditus
Neque *’“enim’ * temere™” praeter approaches quae omnia all of which
mercatorés illd adit? quisquam, illo adv there, thither
neque eis ipsis quicquam praeter
Oram maritimam atque _ eas contra (+ acc) opposite, facing neque
regioOnés, quae sunt contra Galliam, quicquam and nothing nOdt-us -a -um
notum est.> Itaque vocatis ad sé known vocatis ad sé mercatoribus abl
undique mercatoribus, neque quan- absol = adversative clause nati-d -dnis f
ta esset insulae magnittid6o, neque tribe incol-d -ére -ui intr to live (there)
quae aut quantae natiOnés incol- us-us -iis m (+ gen) experience, skill (in)
erent, neque quem wtsum belli institiitis iti to practice customs [The indi-
habérent aut quibus instititis tter- rect questions quanta ... portiis depend on
entur, neque qui essent ad maidrem reperire] multitid-6 -inis f number
navium multitidinem* idonet iddne-us -a -um suitable reper-id -ire
portus reperire poterat. repperi repertus to find out.

1 intellegébat: introduces the indirect statement nostris hostibus inde subministrata

(esse) auxilia. There is no evidence that it was true that the Britons were supplying the
Belgae auxiliary forces (auxilia), and Caesar himself merely “understood” it to be so.
2 temere ill6 adit: goes there rashly, i.e., is rash enough to go there
3 neque eis ipsis quicquam ... ndtum est: nor is anything known to them; i.e., the traders
to Britain were acquainted with only the southeastern coast of Britain.
4 ad maidrem navium multitidinem: typical ad + acc to show purpose after iddnei

A. Answer the following questions based on this portion of the account.

— What reason does Caesar give for his urgency to invade Britain?
2. What did he hope to find out about Britain even if it was too late to
fight?
3. From whom did Caesar seek information about Britain?
4. What success did he have in obtaining the information that he
desired?

354 Chapter 21
 II
Caesar Sends an Officer to Reconnoiter Britain.
The Britons Send Envoys to Caesar.
Tums. eae!
a
“SAP 7 CD pmrgtps

Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam

periculum faceret, iddneum esse _ periculum facére to take the risk
arbitratus, Gaium Volusénum! cum
navi longa? praemittit. Huic mandat praemittére to send ahead
ut, exploratis omnibus rébus, ad sé
quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum quam primum as soon as possible
omnibus cdpiis in Morinds? prof- __revert-or -I reversus sum (dep) to return
iciscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus
in Britanniam traiectus. Hic navés __ traiect-us -iis m crossing
undique ex finitimis regionibus et | undique from everywhere
classem quam superidre aestate ad _super-ior -ior -ius previous
Veneticum* bellum effécerat, iubet efficére to form, build
convenire.
Interim, consilid eius cognitd et —consili-um -i7plan, intentions
per mercatorés perlatd ad Britannds, __ per-ferd -ferre -tuli -latus to report, pass
a compliribus eius insulae civita- | on complir-és -ium several; a good
tibus ad eum légati veniunt, qui number of, many civit-ds -atis f nation;
polliceantur obsidés dare atque _ city pollic-eor -éri pollicitus sum (dep) to
imperio populi Romani obtem- promise obtemperare (+ dat) to be obedi-
perare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter ent to, comply with
pollicitus hortatusque ut in eA sen- _in ea sententia permanére to stick to that
tentia permanérent, eds domum resolve
remittit et cum eis Gnd Commium®, cum eis ina together with them

1 Gaium Volusénum: a military tribune in Caesar’s army. There were six military tri-
bunes in a legion. One was a member of the senatorial order and five were members of
the equestrian order. They had served their first campaign on the staff of a general and
then began their political career with this office.
2 navis longa: a warship, galley. The rowers were men of the lowest order of navy per-
sonnel.
3 Morini: a Belgic tribe occupying the nearest point to Britain; the crossing at this point,
what is now the important French seaport of Boulogne, was only about 25 miles.
4 Veneti: Caesar had spent a long time in 56 B.c. in conquering the Veneti, a Belgic tribe.
These seasoned mariners lived in the western part of the area now called Brittany. See
the introduction.
5 Commium: Caesar had made Commius king of the Atrebates, a Belgic tribe, which he
defeated in 57 B.c.; Caesar gives his reason for entrusting Commius with this important
mission. Later, in 52 B.c. Commius led a revolt against Caesar after one of Caesar’s
legionary commanders betrayed and maliciously attacked Commius and his officers.

Roman Britain 355

 cuius et virtiitem et consilium cé6nsili-um -in good judgment
probabat et quem sibi fidélem esse _probare to think highly of
arbitrabatur cuiusque auctoritas in _auctorit-as -atis f influence, prestige
his regidnibus magni habebatur, magni habéri to be highly regarded
mittit. Huic imperat® quas possit
adeat civitatés hortéturque ut ad-e0 -ire -ii -itus to go to, visit
popult Romani fidem sequantur fidem sequi (+ gen) to rely on the good
séque celeriter ed ventirum niintiet. _ faith of ed adv there (to those tribes)
Volusénus, perspectis regionibus _perspicére to look over
omnibus, quantum’ ei facultatis _ facult-As -atis f opportunity; ability
dari potuit qui naviégrediacsébar- navi égred-ior -1 égressus sum (dep) to
baris committére non audéret, disembark
quinto dié ad Caesarem revertitur | sé committére (+ dat) to entrust oneself to
quaeque ibi perspexisset reniintiat. _ renintiare to report (back)

6 imperat: The orders that Caesar gives to Commius are expressed by the subjunctives
adeat, hortétur, nintiet in noun clauses. Note that verbs of ordering often take the sub-
junctive without ut. Here, supply ut before hortéturque’and nintiet. The indirect
reflexive sé refers to Caesar. ;
7 quantum ... potuit qui: as far as was possible for one who . . . Here qui introduces a
relative clause of characteristic, and hence the subjunctive.

B. The following multiple-choice exercise is based on the grammar and

syntax of the italicized words in the section that you have just read.

i ad haec cognoscenda is: a) a gerund construction; b) a gerundive

construction; c) an adverbial clause
a ad haec cogndscenda expresses: a) purpose; b) motion toward;
c) result
mandat ut introduces: a) a purpose clause; b) a noun clause;
c) a result clause
exploratis omnibus rébus is an ablative absolute that is the equiva-
lent of: a) a temporal clause; b) an adversative clause; c) a causal
clause
quod is: a)a relative pronoun; b) causal conjunction; c) temporal
conjunction
ad Veneticum bellum indicates: a) movement toward; b) purpose;
c) result
perlatd is: a) part of the ablative absolute; b) ablative of means;
c) ablative of separation

356 Chapter 21
 8. qui polliceantur is: a) relative clause of characteristic; b) simple rel-
ative clause; c) relative clause of purpose
9. atque connects: a) obsidés and Romani; b) dare and obtemperare;
c) obsidés and imperid
10. Quibus auditis is best translated: a) after hearing these (words);
b) because they were heard; c) although they heard these (words)
11. ut permanérent is: a) a purpose clause; b) a noun clause; c) a result
clause
12. cum els refers to: a) obsidés; b) ROmani; c) légati
13. magni is a genitive: a) of possession; b) of indefinite value; c) of
characteristic
14. nuntiet is: a) present indicative; b) present subjunctive; c) perfect
subjunctive
15. In this passage as a whole, the number of deponent verbs is: a) six;
b) eleven; c) fifteen

Ill
Caesar Assembles his Invasion Forces.

Navibus__ circiter octdginta navis oneraria transport (for troops and

onerariis coactis, quot satis esse ad _— supplies) cOg-0 -ére coégi coactus to
duas transportandas legionés! assemble quot the number that (lit: how
existimabat, quod praeterea many) existimare to think, consider
navium longarum habébat, quod... (praeterea in addition) habébat
quaestori,2 legatis?, praefectisque* the warships that he had in addition (lit:
distribuit. Hic accédébant what of warships he had) hic
duodéviginti onerariae navés, quae accédébant in addition to these there
ex ed loco 4 milibus passuum octo were 4 adv away, off vent-us -1 m wind

1 ad duds transportandas legionés: Since the appendix on the Roman army gives the
number of soldiers in a legion and two legions are placed on 80 ships, how many sol-
diers were transported in each transport?
2 quaestori: There were orginally two quaestors; by the time of Caesar their number had
grown to forty. In Rome, a quaestor served as a financial officer; in the field he served
as paymaster and staff officer.
3 légatis: The légatus legidnis was the commander of one or two legions. He is to be dis-
tinguished from the légatus consularis who was a provincial governor and the légatus
who served as an ambassador.
4 praefectisque: The six prefects were in command of auxiliary troops. They ranked with
the tribtini militum of the Roman legions.

Roman Britain 357

 vento tenébantur, quominus in eun- tenébantur quominus possent they were
dem portum venire possent; has kept from being able to
equitibus distribuit.°

> has equitibus distribuit: he assigned these (i.e., the eighteen transports) to the cavalry.
Since these ships were kept by the wind from reaching the port of departure, Caesar
thought that the cavalry could easily travel those eight miles, embark, and catch up with
the rest of the ships. As we shall see, they failed to do so, and as a result Caesar’s oper-
ations in Britain were seriously handicapped by his lack of cavalry.

Caesar Crosses the English Channel, but his Cavalry Fails to Join up with Him.

His constititis rébus, nactus constit-u6 -uére -ui -titus to arrange nac-
iddneam ad navigandum tem- tus having gotten tempest-as -atis f
pestatem tertia feré vigilia! naveés weather
solvit equitésque in ulteriorem por- solvit (navés) weighed anchor (Jit: untied
tum? progredi et navés cOnscendére the ships) cénscendére to climb aboard
et sé sequi iussit. A quibus cum
paulo tardius? esset administratum, administrare to carry out
ipse hora diéi circiter quarta* cum
primis navibus Britanniam attigit atting-6 -ére attigi attactus to reach,
atque ibi in omnibus collibus® arrive at
expositas hostium copias armatas expon-0 -ére exposui expositus to station
conspexit. Cuius loci haec erat haec such ita montibus angusté mare
natura, atque ita montibus angusté continébatur so closely was the sea bor-
mare continébatur uti ex locis dered by the heights [uti = ut] téleum -in
superioribus in litus télum adigi weapon adig:6 -ére adégi adactus to hurl

1 tertia fere vigilia: The night was divided into watches of three hours each, beginning at
6 P.M., the vigilium secundum beginning at 9 P.M., the third beginning at midnight.
in ulteridrem portum: It is uncertain what Caesar meant by the “upper port.” It may
have been modern Ambleteuse or Calais, according to the location of the main port. The
configuration of the coastline has changed considerably since Caesar’s time.
3 tardius: ie., too slowly to take advantage of the favorable winds which carried Caesar
to Britain. A change of wind kept the cavalry in port for three days. They arrived after
the battle.
4 hora diet circiter quarta: The first hour of the day began at 6 A.M.; hence, around 10 A.M.
collibus: the cliffs of Dover, i.e., the cliffs came close to the shore.

358 Chapter 21
 posset. Hunc ad égrediendum
néquaquam idodneum locum arbi- nequaquam in no way, by no means
tratus, dum reliquae navés® ed
convenirent, ad horam nodnam in ad horam nonam till the ninth hour (i.e.,
ancoris expectavit. till 3 PM) in ancoris at anchor
Interim légatis tribiinisque
militum convocatis, et quae ex
Volusénd cognévisset et quae fieri
vellet ostendit. His dimissis, et ven- ostendére to explain
tum et aestum und tempore nactus aest-us -tis m tide secund-us -a -um
secundum, dato signd et sublatis favorable toll-6 -ére sustuli sublatus to
ancoris, circiter milia passum VII ab lift, weigh (anchor)
ed locd progressus apertd ac plano plan-us -a -um flat, level
litore navés cOnstituit. constituére to moor

oO
reliquae navés: i.e., the eighteen ships that had been assigned to the cavalry. Caesar’s
forces were completely untrained for an amphibious landing, as will be obvious in the
next section. However, they were assisted by their “naval artillery.” The subjunctive
mood of the verb convenirent suggests that the ships did not arrive.

C. Latiné respondé complétis sententiis. (The questions cover Sections III

and IV.)

Quot (how many) navés onerarias Caesar habuit?

Quot legionés in illis navibus oner€riis transportatae sunt?
Qualés (what kind of) alias navés Caesar habuit?
Quibus Caesar distribuit navés longas?
Quot navés Caesar equitibus distribuit?
Erant illae navés onerariae an navés longae?
Ad quam insulam Caesar cum copiis navigavit?
Quota hora (at what hour) Caesar navés solvit?
ae)
Se
ea Quota hora Caesar insulam attigit?
Ubi erant copiae hostium expositae?
. Quam dit (how long) Caesar reliquas navés expectavit?
. Qués Caesar ad colloquium (conference) convocavit?
= NRO
SS

Roman Britain 359

 Vi
The Romans Have Problems with their Amphibious Landing in Britain.
Tun ems!
L6R60ery EY pmytaTDs! At barbari, consilio Romandrum _at but essedari-us -1 m charioteer
cognitd, praemissO equitatti et quo gener e (of troops) which (the
a type
essedariis,| quo plérumque genere Britons) (abl with ati) plérumque adv
in proeliis ati cOnsuérunt, (cum) generally cOnsu-éscO -éscére -evi or -I
reliquis cOpiis subseciti, nostrds —-étus to become accustomed to (perf. in
navibus égredi prohibébant.* Erat present sense: to be in the habit of) subse-
ob has causas summa difficultas, qu-or -1 subseciitus sum (dep) to follow
quod navés propter magnitudinem closely behind ob has causas for the fol-
nisi in altd constitui ndn poterant; lowing reasons summa (= maxima)
militibus? autem, igndotis locis, greatest nisi in altd only in deep water
impeditis manibus, magno et gravi constituére to run aground, moor
onere armorum oppressis,4 simulet igndt-us -a-um unfamiliar impedit-us -a
dé navibus (erat) désiliendum et in -um encumbered (with weapons and gear)
flictibus (erat) cOnsistendum et on-us -eris n weight simul simultaneous-
cum hostibus erat pugnandum, ly désil-io -ire -uil to jump down
cum illi aut ex aridd aut paulum in _consist-6 -ére constiti to get one’s footing
aquam progressi, omnibus cum illi while they (the Britons) ex aridd
membris expeditis, notissimis locis, from dry land paulum adv a little
audacter téla conicerent et equds _progred-ior -1 progressus sum (dep) to
insuéfactds incitarent. Quibus réebus advance, proceed membrea -odrum npl
nostri perterriti atque huius omnino arms and legs expedit-us -a -um free
generis pugnae imperiti non eadem _ insuéfact-us -a -um well-trained incitare
alacritate ac studid, qud in to urge on omnino completely impe-
pedestribus titi proeliis consuerant, _tit-us -a -um (+ gen) inexperienced in
titébantur. alacrit-ds -atis f briskness iti to apply
pedestribus proeliis in land battles

1 essedariis: The essed-um -i 1 was a war-chariot used by Gauls, Britons and others; as
Caesar explains elsewhere, the Britons rode their chariots into the midst of the Roman
forces to throw them into confusion, then jumped off and fought on foot. Some of the
chariots had scythes attached to their axles. The Romans didn’t use war chariots, but
they adapted the essedum to civilian travel.
2 nostros navibus égredi prohibébant: “kept our men from disembarking.” The verb
prohibeo can take the accusative and infinitive as it does here, or quin or quéminus and
the subjunctive.
3 militibus: dative of agent with désiliendum, coOnsistendum and pugnandum, i.e., the
Roman soldiers had to jump off their ships, gain a footing in the waist-deep water, and
fight all at one time.
4 oppressis: “overwhelmed, overloaded”; construe with militibus

360 Chapter 21
 D. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

1. cOnsilid ROmanbrum cognitd is an ablative absolute.

2. In the ablative absolute praemiss6O equitati et essedariis, the par-
ticiple praemisso applies to both nouns in sense but grammatically
is made to modify only the nearest noun, namely, equitati.
subseciti is masculine genitive singular.
nostrOs is a typical substantive, standing for nostrés milités.
égredi is the antonym (opposite) of cénscendére.
in alto is a typical substantive, standing for in altd mari.
OP
Steerat pugnandum is an example of the passive periphrastic conjuga-
tion.
8. The auxiliary verb erat is to be supplied to désiliendum and consis-
tendum.
9. prdgressi is masculine genitive singular.
. Both perterriti and imperiti modify the substantive nostri.

VI
Caesar Solves a Tactical Problem, but a Standard-Bearer Leads the Way.

Tums emedge Quod! ubi Caesar animadvertit, | animadvert-d -ére -i to notice

To
SERGI CD pmrtigtpi
navés longas, quarum et speciés speci-és -éi f shape, appearance
erat barbaris intsitatior et (quarum) inusitateior -ior -ius rather unfamiliar
mOtus ad tisum expeditior, paulum (quarum) motus . . . expeditior more
removérl ab onerariis navibus et maneuverable (lit: whose movement was
rémis incitari et ad latus apertum? freer for use) removérl to move away
hostium cOnstitul atque unde rémis incitare to row forward unde from
fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostés that position funda -ae f slingshot tor-
propelli ac submovéri iussit;> quae ment-um -i n catapult propell-o -ére
rés* magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, propuli propulsus to knock off balance
et navium figira et remoOrum moti submovére to drive back figiir-a -ae f
et inisitato genere tormentorum shape

1 Quod: = hoc connective relative pronoun; quod refers to the entire situation in which
the Roman soldiers were at a distinct disadvantage in trying to disembark and fight.
2 navés longas . . . iussit: The verb governs five infinitives, the first three with navés as
subject (namely, removéri, incitari, constitui), the last two with hdstés, (namely,
propelli, submovéri).
3 quae rés . . fuit: this maneuver (lit: which thing) proved to be of great advantage to our
men.
4 jatus apertum: the exposed flank, i.e., the right flank, which was unprotected by shields.

Roman Britain 361

 pace
1

pT
S:
LE
Frat

<i
i=
;
<>
rH
‘'-
=—>

JH
Y| 2
[4
5a
®.
=II|

—~<B, —— FE

LG
ae EMIS

Scene of the landing; the Standard-Bearer takes the lead.

362 Chapter 21
 permoti, barbari cOénstitérunt ac permot-us -a -um thrown off guard
paulum modo pedem rettulérunt. cOnsist-O -ére constiti to come to a halt
pedem referre to retreat paulum modo
but only for a bit
Atque nostris militibus cunctan- cunct-or -ari -atus sum (dep) to hang back
tibus, maximé propter altitudinem altitid-6 -inis f depth
maris, qui X legidnis aquilam® qui the soldier who
ferébat, obtestatus deds, ut ea rés obtestatus deds imploring the gods ea
legioni féliciter éveniret, “Désilite” rés that move féliciter successfully
inquit, “commilitdnés, nisi vultis désil-id -ire -ui to jump down com-
aquilam hostibus prddére. Ego milit6 -dnis m fellow soldier pro-dd
certé meum rei piblicae atque -dére -didi -ditus to give up, betray
imperatori officium praestiterd.” officium praestitero I will have done my
Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, sé ex duty
navi proiécit atque in hostés aquil-
am ferre coepit. Tum _ nostri,
cohortati inter sé né tantum inter sé one another
dédecus admitterétur, tiniversi ex dédecus admittére to incur a disgrace
navi désiluérunt. Hos item ex prox- item adv likewise his . . . conspexissent
imis navibus cum cOnspexissent, when likewise (the soldiers) from the
subseciti hostibus appropin- nearest ships had seen these
quarunt.

5 aquilam: an eagle of bronze, silver, or gold mounted on the staff was the legionary stan-
dard.

E. Answer the following questions based on the section you have just read.

1. Why did Caesar have the warships rather than the transports change
position?
2. Where were the warships to moor? Why?
sad What are the three types of weapons that the men on the warships
used against the Britons?
What three factors threw the Britons off guard?
Why did the Roman soldiers still hesitate to disembark?
What did the standard bearer of the Tenth Legion do?
oS
NDTo what sentiments of his fellow soldiers did he appeal?

Roman Britain 363

 VII
The Romans Land, Engage the Britons and Are Victorious in Battle.

R
SEaGe4
Tun. Ome
BL mato Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter.
Nostri tamen, quod neque Oordinés
servare! neque firmiter insistére firmiter insistére to get a firm footing
neque signa subsequi poterant, signeum -i n standard alius
atque alius alia ex navi, quibus- adgregébat one from one ship and anoth-
cumque signis occurrerat, sé adgre- er from another ship gathered around
gébat, magnopere perturbabantur; whatever standards they came
hostés vérd, ndtis omnibus vadis, across perturbare to throw into confu-
ubi ex litore aliquos singularés ex sion véro adv on the other hand vad-um
navi égredientés cOnspexerant, -I n_ shallow spot ubi whenever
incitatis equis impeditos adoriéban- singular-is -is -e single, alone equum
tur, pliirés (hostés) paucOs (nostros) incitare to spur on a horse ador-ior -iri
circumsistébant, alii ab latere aperto adortus sum (dep) to attack circumsistére
in iniversés téla coniciébant. to surround in tniversés at the whole
Quod cum animadvertisset group quod = id
Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, scaphea -ae f skiff (small messenger boat
item speculatoria navigia? militibus belonging to a warship) speculatorium
compléri iussit et, quos? laborantés navigi-tum -1 nm reconnaissance boat
conspexerat, his subsidia submit- laborantés in distress subsidium sub-
tébat. mittére (+ dat) to send help to
Nostri, simul in arid6d cOdnsti- simul (atque) conj as soon as in aridd on
térunt, suis omnibus consecitis, in dry land suis omnibus cOdnsecitis after
hostés impetum fécérunt atque eds all their own men had caught up with
in fugam dedérunt; neque longius them in fugam dare to put to flight
prosequi potuérunt, quod equités prosequ-or -i proseciitus sum (dep) to
cursum tenére* atque insulam pursue Insulam capére to reach the
capére non potuerant. Hoc tinum island

1 ordinés servare: to keep the ranks; the Roman army was so successful because of their
strict training and discipline.
2 speculatoria navigia: Swift-sailing reconnaissance vessels were camouflaged with
green paint, and the crew wore green clothing in order to be hidden among the foliage
along the shore.
3 quos: the antecedent is his
4 cursum tenére: to keep course. The Romans, lacking their cavalry, could not pursue the
enemy. The eighteen transports that had been assigned to the cavalry set sail for Britain
from a point eight miles north of the port from which Caesar had sailed but still had not
managed to cross the Channel. They arrived after the battle and after peace had been
declared.

364 Chapter 21
 ad pristinam fortinam Caesari pristina fortuna long-standing luck
défuit. dé-sum -esse -fui to be lacking
Hostés, proelid superati, simul
atque sé ex fuga recépérunt, statim sé ex fuga recipére to recover from the
ad Caesarem légatds dé pace rout
misérunt; obsidés sésé datirds
quaeque imperasset factiirds pollic-
iti sunt.

F. Dic utrum hae sententiae vérae an falsae sint.

Et hostés et milités Romani acriter pugnavérunt.

Milités Romani sine periculd ex navibus égrediébantur.
Romani neque Ordinés servare neque signa subsequi poterant.
Was
oe
hte Simul atque singuli Romani ex navi égrediébantur, Britanni eds
Size,
adorti sunt.
“3 Simul atque Romani in 4ridd cOnstitérunt, impetum in hostés
fécérunt.
Romani BritannOs proelid superavérunt.
Equités Romani illo proelio acriter pugnavérunt.
Post proelium Britanni pacem petivérunt.
SSBritanni Caesari obsidés dedérunt.
oe
10. Britanni polliciti sunt sé facttiros esse quaeque Caesar imperasset.

Vill
The Britons’ Method of Chariot Combat
Tut OED
EAOrIy CD emyigips Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. hoc the following
Primo per omnés partés perequi- per omnés partés in all directions
tant et téla coniciunt atque ipso perequitare to drive
terrore equorum et strepiti strepit-us -iis m noise rot-a -ae f wheel
rotarum dordinés plérumque pertur- turm-a -ae f squadron sé insinuare to
bant et, cum sé inter equitum make their way proeli-or -ari -atus sum
turmas insinuavérunt, ex essedis (dep) to fight, do battle aurigsa -ae m dri-
désiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. ver paulatim gradually conlocare to
‘Aurigae interim paulatim ex arrange, deploy illi they (the Britons fight-
proelio excédunt atque ita curris ing on foot) prem:6 -ére pressi pressus to
conlocant ut, si illi 4 multitidine press hard expedit-us -a -um unobstruct-
hostium premantur, expeditum ad ed, safe recept-us -iis m (means of) retreat
suds receptum habeant. Ita stabilit-ds -atis f firmness, will to hold

Roman Britain 365

 mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem their ground praestare to display us-us
peditum in proeliis praestant ac -iis m experience exercitati-d -onis f prac-
tantum usa cotidiano- et tice tantum efficére to become so
exercitatione efficiunt, uti in déclivi accomplished décliv-is -is -e sloping
ac praecipiti locd incitatos equos prae-ceps -cipitis steep incitat-us -a -um
sustinére et brevi moderari ac galloping sustin-ed -ére -ui to control
flectére et per temOnem percurrére brevi in a second moderari ac flectére to
et in iugd insistére! et sé inde in check and turn tem-d -Onis m tongue,
curris citissimé recipére con- pole (of a chariot) iugeum -1 n yoke sé
suerint.? recipére to dart back

—_
insistére: Unlike Greek chariots, the chariot of the Britons was open in the front rather
in the back, so that the charioteer could run along the tongue (pole) of the chariot, bal-
ance himself with one foot on the yoke, hurl his missiles and then, like lightning, dart
back into the chariot. Whether the noise of the wheels which rattled the enemy was
intentional or whether the grinding was the result of not using a lubricant is unknown.
N cénsuerint: a perfect subjunctive in an ut-result clause, with sustinére, moderari,
flectére, percurrére, insistére, and recipére as complementary infinitives (to be in the
habit of in the perfect tense).

G. Answer the following questions based on the passage above.

1. What seems to have been the chief tactical purpose of using these
chariots in battle?
2. What did the fighters do, once the driver had driven the chariot into
the midst of the enemy’s cavalry?
3. While the men were fighting, why did the drivers gradually with-
draw from battle?
4. In what ways did the fighters and the drivers show their skill?

The Products of Britain

Britanniae pars interior ab iis

incolitur quds natds in insula ipsa incol-6 -ére -ui incultus to inhabit
memoria proditum dicunt!, mariti- memoria prodére to hand down by word
ma pars (incolitur) ab iis qui of mouth

1 quos ... dicunt: construe: dicunt proditum esse memoria eds natos esse in insula ipsa
who they say according to tradition (lit: it was handed down from memory that) were
indigenous to the island; the impersonal infinitive prodditum esse is dependent on
 praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex
Belgio transiérunt (qui omnés feré
eisdem nominibus civitatum appel- Civit-ds -atis f state, community appellari
lantur quibus orti ex civitatibus ed (+abl) to be named after orior oriri ortus
pervénérunt) et, belld inlatd, ibi sum (dep) to spring, rise e6 adv there (to
permansérunt atque agros colére Britain)
coepérunt. Hominum est infinita multitid-6 -inis f hominum population
multitudd créberrimaque aedificia creberrim-us -a -um packed close togeth-
feré Gallicis consimilia, pecoris er numme-us -i m coin, coinage tale-a -ae
magnus numerus. Utuntur aut fbar ferre-us -a -um of iron pond-us -eris
numm6 aureod aut taleis ferreis, ad n weight examinare to weigh, test pro (+
certum pondus examinatis,? pro abl) instead of, in place of nasc-or -i natus
nummod. Nascitur ibi plumbum sum (dep) to be produced mediterrane-us
album? in mediterraneis region- -a -um inland, central aes aer-is n
ibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius bronze materi-és -éi f timber praeter (+
exigua est cOpia; aere Uttuntur acc) except fag-us -i f beech abi-és -etis f
importato. Materia cuiusque gener- silver fir lep-us -oris m hare gallinea -ae f
is ut in Gallia est praeter fagum chicken ans-er -eris m goose fas non
atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam wrong gustare to eat al-d -ére -ul -(i)tus
et 4nserem gustare fas non putant; to raise animi voluptatisque causa for
haec tamen alunt animi volup- the sake of enjoyment and pleasure tem-
tatisque causa. Loca sunt porat-us -a -um temperate remiss-us -a
temperatioOra quam in Gallia, remis- -um mild, moderate frigora cold seasons
sidribus frigoribus.
dicunt; the accusative with infinitive qu6s natds esse in insula ipsa is dependent on
proditum esse.
2 taleis .. . examinatis: iron bars tested for a standard weight. Such coins and bars have
been found in southern England.
3 plumbum album: tin (lit: white lead). The Phoenicians as early as the ninth century had
exploited the lead mines in Cornwall.

H. Indica utrum hae sententiae vérae an falsae sint.

1. Incolae, qui in interiore parte Britanniae incolunt, in Insula ipsa nati

sunt.
2. Incolae, qui in maritima parte Britanniae incolunt, ex Belgio
venérunt.
2 Hi incolae belli et praedae causa veneérunt.
4. Ht incolae post bellum in Britannia permansérunt.

Roman Britain 367

 Hominum multitud6 in Britannia est exigua.
Incolae in maritima parte Britanniae agros numquam colunt.
Pauca pecora habent Britanni.
Britanni numquam pecinia Otuntur.
Oy Plumbum album in insula nascitur.
SO)
O2'
Multum ferrum et aes quoque in Britannia nascuntur.
Britanni leporem et gallinam anserem edére (eat) amant.
Frigora in Gallia sunt remissiOra quam in Britannia.

xX
The Geography of Britain

Insula est natira triangula, triangul-us -a -um triangular; n triangle

cuius tnum latus est contra contra (+acc) opposite
Galliam. Huius lateris alter angu- alt-er -era -erum (the) one angul-us -i m
lus, qui est ad Cantium, quo feré angle ad Cantium near Kent quo adv
omnés ex Gallia navés adpelluntur, whither adpell-6 -ére adpuli adpulsus to
ad orientem sdlem, inferior (pars) land ad orientem sdlem spectare to face
ad meridiem spectat. Hoc latus per- east ad meridiem south pertin-ed -ére
tinet circiter milia passuum -ui to extend circiter approximately
quingenta. Alterum (latus) vergit vergit ad Hispaniam lies toward Spain
ad Hispaniam atque occidentem (ad) occidentem sdlem west
sdlem; qua ex parte est Hibernia, qua ex parte in that direction Hiberni-a
dimidiO minor, ut existimatur, -ae f Ireland dimidi6 minor half as large
quam Britannia, sed pari spatio (lit: smaller by half)
transmissus? atque ex Gallia est in transmiss-us -iis m passage, crossing par
Britanniam. In hoc medio curst est paris similar atque conj (in comparisons)
insula, quae appellatur Mona;> as in hdc medio cursi in the middle of
complurés praeterea minOrés obiec- this passage obiect-us -a -um lying near-
tae Insulae existimantur, dé quibus by
Insulis non niulli scripsérunt diés
continuOs triginta sub brimam esse sub brimam in the dead of winter
noctem. Nos. nihil dé eo
po
triangula: only roughly so. That some of Caesar’s statements about the geography of
Britain are inaccurate is understandable since this part of the world was quite new to
the Romans at that time.
pari spatiO transmissus atque est (transmissus) ex Gallia in Britanniam: the passage
across is of the same distance as the passage between Gaul and Britain. pari spatio is
abl. of description
3 Mona: probably the island of Anglesey, which lies in the Irish Sea midway between
England and Ireland.
 percontationibus reperiébamus, _ percontati-6 -nis f inquiry
nisi certis ex aqua ménsiris# ex (+ abl) according to aqu:a -ae f water
brevidrés esse quam in continenti clock ménsiir-a -ae f measurement con-
noctés vidébamus. Huius est lon- __ tin-éns -entis f mainland longitid-6 -inis
gitudo lateris septingentdrum _flength
milium. Tertium est contra septen- _ est contra septentridnés faces north
triOnés, cui parti nilla est obiecta est obiecta (+ dat) is opposite, lies off
terra; sed eius angulus _lateris
maximé ad Germaniam spectat.
Hoc milium passuum octingen-
torum in longitidinem esse
existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in
circuit® viciés centum milium pas- circuit-us -tis m circumference viciés
suum.° twenty times

4 certis ex aqua ménsiris: by careful measurements with the water clock; the Romans
used water as well as sand in their “hour glasses.” The usual word for water clock is
clepsydr-a -ae f
5 viciés centum milium passuum: (about) 2,000 miles

I. Latiné respondé complétis sententiis.

Qua figtra est Britannia?

Quot (how many) latera habet triangulum?
Contra quam terram est latus orientale?
Contra quam insulam est latus occidentale?
Quae est longitido huius lateris?
Quae insula est dimidid minor quam Britannia?
Quae insula est inter Hiberniam et Britanniam?
a Quam (how) longa est nox sub briimam in Moni et in alteris insulis
ery
CO
ee
propinquis?
9. Quod omnés feré navés ex Gallia adpelluntur?
10. Quam longa in circuitii est omnis insula?

XI
Customs of the Britons
“Petove | mz .ectiet
MSSAPrIy CD rman
Ex his (Britannis) omnibus longé _longé adv by far haman-us -a -um civi-
Lees sunt himanissimi qui Cantium _ lized consuetid-O -inis f way of
incolunt, quae regio est maritima life interidrés people living in the interi-

Roman Britain 369

 omnis, neque multum 4 Gallica dif- or plérique pléraeque pléraque
ferunt cOdnsuetidine. Interidrés most ser-d -ére sévi satus to plant lac
plérique frimenta non serunt, sed lactis n milk car-6 -nis f meat pell-is -is f
lacte et carne vivunt, pellibusque hide vitreum -i n blue dye infic-i6 -ére
sunt vestiti. Omnés véro sé Britanni inféci infectus to dye, stain efficére to
vitro Inficiunt, quod caeruleum make, produce col-or -oris ™ color; com-
efficit colérem, atque hoc _ hor- plexion caerule-us -a -um blue horrid-us
rididrés sunt in pugna aspectu, -a -um frightful, savage-looking aspect-us
capilloque sunt proOmisso atque -lis m appearance promiss-us -a -um long,
omni parte corporis rasa praeter grown long rad-O -ére rasi rasus to
caput et labrum superius. shave labr-um -i7 lip

J. Answer the following questions based on the passage you have just
read.

. Which Britons are the most civilized?

What was stated earlier about Kent that would explain this?
. Which of the Britons most closely resemble the Gauls?
. Why do they paint their faces blue?
Do you know of any other race that used war paints?
What is unusual about the diet of Britons living inland?
What kind of ablative are lacte, carne, and pellibus?
What kind of ablative is hic aspect?
CHONATARWON
. What kind of ablative is capillO promisso?

370 Chapter 21
_ SAMPLE LETTER FROM A ROMAN SOLDIER IN BRITAIN
Chrauttius Veldeio suo fratri, contubernali antiquo, plurimam salutem.
et rogo te, Veldei frater, miror, quod mihi tot tempus nihil rescripsti a paren-
tibus nostris, si quid audieris aut Quotium in quo numero sit et illum a me
salutabis verbis meis, et Virilem veterinarium rogabis illum ut forficem quam
mihi promisit pretio mittas per aliquem de nostris, et rogo te frater Virilis
salutes a me Thuttenam sororem. Velbuteum rescribas nobis cum . . . se habeat.
opto sis felicissimus, vale.

Address, on the back of one of the leaves:

LONDINI VELDEDEIO EQUISIONI COS.
A CHRAUTTIO FRATRE.
Translation:
Chrauttius to Veldeius, his brother and old messmate, warm (lit: very
many) greetings.

And I ask you, brother Veldeius - I am surprised that you have written
nothing back to me for such a long time - whether you have heard any-
thing about our parents, or about Quotius, in which battalion he is; and
greet him from me in my words, and Virilis the veterinarian. Ask Virilis
whether you may send through one of our friends the pair of shears
which he promised me in exchange for money. And I ask you, brother
Virilis, to greet from me our sister Thuttena. Velbuteius, write back to us
when . . . (how) he is doing.
I wish that you may enjoy the best of fortune. Farewell.
(ENTRUSTED) IN LONDON TO THE GOVERNOR’S GROOM FOR VELDEDEIUS.
FROM BROTHER CHRAUTTIUS.

The names Chrauttius and Veldeius, as well as all the other names, make
it clear that these are provincials serving in the Roman auxiliary forces.
Since soldiers often addressed their buddies as “brother,” it is not certain
whether the writer is talking about family members or not. The tablet was
found in the peaty silt covering the remains of a praetorium (headquarters)
in Vindolanda near Hadrian’s Wall. It was written around A.D. 100.

Roman Britain 371

Sere bined sored He a
pase at gh resilatind

tees NA
=a
 TIME LINE
B.C.
106-43 Cicero
100-44 Julius Caesar
84-54 Catullus
70-19 Vergil, born in Andes, near Mantua
65-18 Horace
63 Birth of Augustus; Cicero consul; Catilinarian conspiracy
63-A.D. 17 Augustus
60 First Triumvirate (Caesar, Crassus, Pompey)
59-A.D. 17 Livy, Roman historian
58 Vergil goes to Cremona to study.
55 Vergil assumes the manly toga.
Caesar’s first expedition into Britain
Crassus killed fighting the Parthians
53 Vergil comes to Naples to study Greek and Latin literature and astrology.
49-46 Civil war: Caesar vs. Pompey and senatorial party
48 Battle of Pharsalus; death of Pompey in Egypt
47 Vergil comes to Rome to study rhetoric and philosophy.
Assassination of Caesar on March 15
43 Virgil begins writing the Eclogues, probably in Mantua. Battle of Mutina.
Triumvirate of Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
Battle of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius fall, Octavian and Antony triumph.
41 Vergil evicted from his farm; his friendship with Maecenas
40 Vergil’s estate restored
39 Vergil commends Horace to Maecenas.
38 Augustus marries his third wife, Livia, who had been married to Tiberius
Claudius Nero. Vergil accompanies Maecenas and Horace to Brundisium.
37 Eclogues published. Georgics begun
31 Battle of Actium: Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra.
29 Georgics published. The Aeneid begun
27 Octavian is named Augustus.
25 Augustus has his daughter Julia marry Marcellus.
23 Death of Marcellus. Portions of Aeneid recited. Augustus has his daughter Julia
marry Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.
19 Vergil’s journey to Greece. His death
< 12 Augustus has his daughter Julia marry Tiberius. Augusts becomes Pontifex Maximus.

AD.
— 14 Augustus dies at Nola at age 77. Tiberius succeeds Augustus.
af Livia dies at age 86.

Time Line 375

 THE ROMAN ARMY IN CAESAR’S TIME

Caesar’s army consisted of legionary infantry and of auxiliary infantry

and cavalry. The cavalry was made up of foreigners — Germans, Gauls,
and Spaniards — who were disbanded at the end of each campaign. They
were used to begin an attack and to pursue a beaten enemy, as well as to
forage. The cavalry was organized on a Roman basis of 16 turmae (33 men),
each led by a decurid and two under-officers, and alae quingénariae (500
men). The auxiliary infantry were furnished by allied states and fought in
skirmishes as well as in major combat. There was also a small corps of engi-
neers (fabri).

In 107 B.c., a general and consul, Gaius Marius, reorganized the Roman
army which became a well-trained professional army. The legion was the
largest Roman tactical unit. Theoretically the legion may have consisted of
5,300 men. It is likely, however, that Caesar’s legions averaged not more
than 3,600 each due to sickness and casualties. The legion was divided into
ten cohorts of 480 men each, and each cohort into six centuries of 80 men
each. The first cohort of the legion was enlarged to include headquarters
personnel.

EE once:
The army as a whole was called an exercitus (a word which means a
thoroughly trained body of soldiers). The commander-in-chief was called
dux. After his first important victory, the dux might be acclaimed
imperator by his soldiers in the field or by decree of the senate. Caesar was
acclaimed imperator after his victory over the Helvetians in 58 B.c. As pro-
consul, Caesar held the military imperium, i.e., absolute military authority
in his own province.
A légatus was placed in command of a legion or, on some occasions, two
legions. The légati were of senatorial rank, i.e., they were men who had
held at least the office of quaestor. (The military légatus must be distin-
guished from the légatus consiilaris who served as an ambassador or
provincial governor.)
The quaestor was the paymaster and the quartermaster in charge of the
food, clothing, and equipment of the troops.
The military tribunes, tribiini militarés, six in number, were young com-
misioned officers chosen for political reasons and were not necessarily
trained soldiers; they served under the légati.

376 Appendix
 But the 60 centurions in each legion were experienced leaders. A centu-
rion (centuri6) commanded a century (80 men) and was what we could
term a “non-commissioned officer.” He had been promoted from the ranks
for his bravery and efficiency, and could be compared to the sergeant of the
U.S. army. The centurions in legions and auxiliary cohorts were listed in set
order of seniority. Of the six centurions in a cohort, the senior centurion
(centurio prior) commanded the cohort, having the other five as lieutenants
under him. A Roman centurion advanced by promotion through the ranks
until he became centuri6 prior of the first cohort, called primipilus. As a
soldier of tested courage, ability, and dependability, he really led the fight-
ing of the entire legion and was often called on to give advice to his
superior officers.
Another officer, known as a praefectus, was probably the Roman com-
mander of the cavalry and of the auxiliary infantry.

Pee sTHE LEcionary sotpiEr Fas

Caesar’s legionaries were professional soldiers. Their term of service was
twenty years. At the end of their service they were given bonuses in money
or land. They received 225 denarii (about $225) a year, while centurions
received twice that amount. The salary was small, but at the end of a suc-
cessful campaign they shared in the booty, praeda, which often included
captives that could be sold as slaves. The cost of food, clothing, and equip-
ment furnished by the state was deducted from this sum. The age of
enlistment was probably seventeen years as a minimum, and as a maxi-
mum forty-six years. Occasionally foreigners were enrolled in the legions;
but in the main the legionaries were Roman citizens and the auxiliary
troops were made up of foreigners.

EEE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT [EI

The legionary soldier wore a short-sleeved woolen shirt or undergar-
ment, tunica, that reached nearly to his knees; over this a coat of leather
with metallic bands across his chest, back, and shoulders, lorica, and over
all in cold weather, a cloak, sagum, made of undyed wool, which could also
serve as a blanket at night; and shoes, caligae, provided with heavy hob-
nailed soles and fastened on by straps of leather that came part way up the
calf. In colder climates the Roman soldiers might also wear knickers,
bracae.
His defense armor consisted of a helmet, galea, made of leather with a
crest and a plume fastened at the top, and an oblong shield, scitum, made

The Roman Army in Caesar's Time 377

 of wood and covered with leather. Its length was four feet and its width
two feet; it weighed close to twenty pounds.
His offensive weapons were a heavy long lance, pilum, with a wooden
shaft about four feet long, from which projected an iron shaft about two feet
long; it weighed about ten pounds. It was the first weapon to be used in
combat. The sword, gladius, was the weapon that a soldier had after he had
hurled his pilum.

ovirary stanvarps ae
The standard, signum, of the legion was the eagle (aquila) of bronze, sil-
ver, or even of gold, mounted on a staff. The eagle-bearer was called the
aquilifer, and stood near the first centurion (primipilus). Each cohort had
its own standard bearer (signifer), and his job was important because with-
out him the cohorts could readily be thrown into confusion in the heat of
battle. These signa varied greatly in appearance since each unit had to be
able to distinguish its standard at a glance.

Sa eee) ARTILLERY PE es
The two most important artillery pieces were the catapult, catapulta,
used for hurling huge javelins or arrows, and the ballista, used for hurling
heavy stones. Vitruvius, who is thought to have served as a military engi-
neer in Caesar’s army, speaks of a ballista which hurled stones weighing
360 pounds.

catapulta ballista

378 Appendix
LEO! waRsHIs
Caesar’s expedition against Britain was one of the few occasions when
there was use for ships. The warships (navis longa) carried a single sail but
were fitted with oars as their chief motive power. Some had as many as five
tiers of rowers. The British, who had only sailing vessels, were astonished
at the sight of Roman warships as well as by the missiles that were hurled
at them from the catapults that were mounted on the warships.

ES THE ROMAN CAMP [I

The Roman army regularly constructed a camp, castra, oblong in shape
at the end of every day’s march. Tools for camp construction were carried
by the soldiers in their field packs. The ideal site for a camp was on the
slope of a hill near a plentiful supply of water, wood, and fodder. It was
strongly fortified, being surrounded by an earthen embankment, agger,
about ten feet high and ten feet broad at the top. This embankment was
often topped at its outer edge by a palisade of strong wooden stakes, valli,
the whole thus constituting a defensive wall, vallum. Running around the
camp outside the vallum was a V-shaped ditch, fossa, from which the earth
had been dug to construct the agger. In the middle of each side of the camp

OU LT OT)
LY TT]
LER
Hi
LMT
MUTT ee
Maha
LET

MTT

The Roman Army in Caesar’s Time 379

 openings were left in the wall to serve as gates. Camps built for a longer
stay than a single night had towers built at each gate. The general’s head-
quarters, praetdrium, were in the center of the camp. The various units of
the army knew their proper places within the camp, since all these positions
were carefully defined in the same pattern.

Roman camps were substantial affairs and often constituted the begin-
nings of permanent Roman settlements, as, for example, in the case of the
English city of Chester, a name derived from castra. Some soldiers, after
their term of service on the frontier where they had served, married local
women, settled down, and lived in small towns with fellow veterans near
their former camp.

380 Appendix
 GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

ablative case: it is used h) as ablative of personal agent: Roma

a) as ablative absolute, consisting of ab Rémul6 condita est. (Rome
two words in the ablative case, was founded by Romulus.)
most frequently a noun and a par- i) as ablative of place from which,
ticiple; it serves as an adverb and used with the prepositions 4, ab,
hence can be translated in various dé, ex: Senatorés ex ciria
ways as adverbial clauses: veniunt. (The senators are coming
Interfectd Caesare civilia bella out of the senate building.) But no
reparata sunt. (After Caesar had preposition is used with names of
been killed, civil wars were towns and small islands: Roma
renewed.) décessit. (He withdrew from
b) as ablative of accompaniment with Rome.) Théseus solus Naxo rever-
the preposition cum; it answers tit. (Theseus returned alone from
the question “with whom?: Naxos.)
Faustulus cum Larentia habitavit. j) as ablative of place in which, used
(Faustulus lived with Larentia.) with the preposition in. It
c) as ablative of cause: multis malis answers the question “where does
laborare (to suffer from many ills) it happen?” The preposition in
can mean “in” or “on”: Cicerd in
d) as ablative of comparison instead
for est. (Cicero is in the forum.)
of using quam: Alba Longa est
Remus in miro sedébat. (Remus
vetustior Roma. (Alba Longa is
was sitting on the wall.)
older than Rome.)
k— as ablative of price: the price of a
e) as ablative of degree of difference: thing is put in the ablative case:
multo celerior (much faster [lit:
Anulum véndidit tribus denariis.
faster by much])
(He sold the ring for three denarii.)
f) as ablative of manner, which )) as ablative of quality or description
answers the question “in what
when modified by an adjective:
way was it done?” The preposi-
Cato est vir magna pridentia.
tion is optional if the noun in the
(Cato is a man of great wisdom.)
ablative is modified by an adjec-
Capilld sunt promiss6 (They have
tive: Romulus magna (cum)
long hair.) In its place the genitive
gloria régnavit. (Romulus reigned of quality can be used without
with great glory.) any difference in meaning.
g) as ablative of means or instrument, m) as ablative of respect that denotes
which answers the question “by in what respect or in what regard
means of what?”; no preposition something is or is done. It can
is used: Thisbé sé sica fodicavit. occur with verbs or with adjec-
(Thisbe stabbed herself with a dag- tives: SermOne tardissimus erat.
er.)

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 381

 (He was very slow in [regard to] Romulum amiavit. (The people
speech.); numero militum loved Romulus.)
praestare to be superior in [regard b) in apposition with a noun in the
to] the number of troops) objective case: Omnés Romulum,
o) as ablative of time when or within primum régem Romae,
which: with or without the prepo- amaverunt. (All loved Romulus,
sition in, but more frequently the first king of Rome.)
without a preposition. c) as object of a preposition: trans
(1) time when: tertia hora (at the mare (across the sea); post bellum
third hour); tertid anno (in the (after the war)
tenth year); but: ter in anno d) to show place to which with names
(three times in the course of the of towns and small islands:
year) R6mam véeni. (I came to Rome);
(2) time within which: decem annis Délum ivi (I went to Delos.)
(within ten years) e) to show extent of time: Romulus
P— as ablative of separation, some- multds annos régnavit. (Romulus
times with ab or ex: Caesar reigned (for) many years.)
hostés armis exuit. (Caesar f) as double accusative after verbs of
stripped the enemy of their making, choosing, electing, calling,
arms.); vita libera metii (a life free showing, teaching: Populus
from fear) Cicer6nem consulem creavit. (The
q —_ with some other common Latin people elected Cicero consul.)
prepositions: dé (down from; active voice: when the subject is the
about, concerning); prae (before, doer of the action of the verb, we
in front of; in comparison with; call the verb active: Horatius pon-
because of, for); pro (for, on tem défendit. (Horatius defended
behalf of; in front of, in the pres- the bridge.) Here the subject
ence of; in proportion to; in Horatius did the defending, and
consideration of); sine (without); so the verb is said to be in the
sub (under); but when motion is active voice. The opposite of
shown, sub takes the accusative. active voice is passive voice.
r) with the adjectives dignus and adjective: a word that modifies a
indignus: dignus summo6 hondre noun or (rarely) a pronoun: bonus
(worthy of the highest honor.) filius (a good son). The adjective
s) with the deponents titor (to use), must agree with its noun in num-
fruor (to enjoy), fungor (to per- ber, gender, and case. There are
form), potior (to gain possession adjectives of the first and second
of), vescor (to feed on): Caesar declensions: bon-us -a -um
potestate summa potitus est. (good), and adjectives of the third
(Caesar gained supreme power.) declension: facilis -is -e (easy).
accusative case: also called “objective adverb: a word that modifies
case”; it is used
a) a verb: lenté ambulant (they walk
a) as direct object of a verb: Populus slowly);

382 Appendix
b) an adjective: longé melior (far bet- adjective belong to different
ter); declensions: bonus pater (good
c) another adverb: nimis cito (too father); here we have a masculine
quickly); or adjective of the second declen-
sion, modifying a masculine noun
d) an entire clause: vidélicet id
of the third declension.
ignorabant (obviously, they didn’t
know about it). Pronouns must agree with their
antecedents in number and gen-
adversative clause: an adversative
der; however, their case depends
clause states that something is
on how they function within their
true in spite of something else.
own clause: senator quem popu-
“Adversative” means “contrast-
lus honGravit Cicer6 erat. (The
ing.” The conjunction that
senator whom the senate honored
introduces the adversative clause
was Cicero.) Here the pronoun
means “although.” When intro-
quem, while agreeing with its
duced by the conjunction
antecedent senator, is in the
quamquam, the verb of the
accusative case because within its
adversative clause takes the
own clause it is the direct object
indicative. The adverb tamen (yet,
of the verb honGravit.
nevertheless, still) follows in the
main clause: Quamquam légati antecedent: a word to which a pro-
RoOmam vénérunt, tamen pacem noun refers: Ubi est cénsul qui
non impetravérunt. (Although illam 6ratidnem habuit? (Where
the ambassadors came to Rome, is the consul who gave that
still they did not procure peace.) speech?) “Antecedent” means
When introduced by the conjunc- “(the word) going before.” In this
tions cum or quamvis, the verb example, qui is the pronoun and
takes the subjunctive: Cum nihil consul is its antecedent. One must
pecuniae Tiberio esset, tamen be especially careful with pro-
multds amicos habuit. (Although nouns that refer to things, since in
Tiberius had no money, still he Latin things can be masculine,
had many friends.) feminine, or neuter: Cicer6
oratidnem heri habuit. Mé in ea
agreement: Adjectives: In English, an nominavit. (Cicero gave a speech
adjective does not change form, yesterday. He mentioned me by
regardless of whether the noun it name in it.) Because “it” refers to
modifies is singular or plural, the antecedent o6ratidnem, which
subjective or objective case. In happens to be feminine, the femi-
Latin, an adjective must agree nine pronoun ea must be used.
with the noun it modifies in num-
ber, gender, and case; and it Sometimes the relative pro-
shows agreement by changing its noun will agree with its nearest
ending. This does not mean that antecedent: dé virtiite et gravitate
noun and adjective must have quam Caesar summo dolore
identical endings; this is especial-
adhibuit (regarding the courage
ly true when the noun and its and dignity which Caesar dis-

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 383

 played in his deep grief). Here the case: the form of a noun, pronoun, or
relative pronoun agrees with its adjective which indicates by the
nearest antecedent gravitate, ending its relationship to other
although both virtiite and grav- parts of its clause. The basic Latin
itate are the antecedents. In fact, a cases are: nominative, genitive,
whole clause in a preceding sen- dative, accusative, ablative, voca-
tence can be the antecedent of a tive. The locative is really a
pronoun. See pronoun. special case and is not listed in
apposition: a noun is said to be “in the declension of nouns. (See loca-
apposition” to another noun tive below.) In English, the order
when it is placed next to another of the words in a sentence indi-
noun which it identifies. (See cates the function of nouns and
appositive.) It means literally shows the meaning of the sen-
“being placed next to.” tence as a whole. In Latin, the
endings of nouns (therefore their
appositive: a noun that follows
case) show how they function in
another noun and identifies it:
the sentence rather than the order
Priamus, réx Trdiae (Priam, the
of the words.
king of Troy).
causal clause: a causal clause, intro-
articles: in English we have two arti-
duced by quod, quia, quoniam
cles: the definite article the, and
(because), takes the indicative
the indefinite article a or an. Latin
when the writer or speaker pre-
has no articles. Therefore, puella
sents the cause as his own or as a
can mean 4 girl or the girl. You
known fact: Haec féci quod rei
have to judge from the context
publicae proderat. (I did this
which one is to be used in transla-
because it was good for the coun-
tion.
try.) When the reason is viewed
assimilation: changing aletter to as that of someone other than the
make it similar to the letter that writer or speaker, hence contain-
follows: adcédére becomes ing an element of doubt or
accédére; adgressio becomes uncertainty, the subjunctive is
aggressi0; obpugnare becomes used: Légati ex Hispania questi
oppugnare. sunt guia Romani iniqui fuis-
auxiliary verb: also called “helping sent. (The envoys from Spain
verb”: Carthago déléta est. complained because [so they
(Carthage has been destroyed.) We claimed] the Romans had been
often use helping verbs where the unfair.) The conjunction quod
Latin does not: Canés latrant. occurs much more frequently
(The dogs are barking). than quia or quoniam. A causal
base: the form of a noun without any clause introduced by the conjunc-
ending, found by dropping the tion cum (because, since) always
genitive singular ending, for takes the subjunctive.
example, corpor- (from corpus clause: a group of words acting as a
corporis n body) unit and containing a subject and
predicate. A clause is called inde-

384 Appendix
 pendent if it can stand alone: Cato clause concedes or grants some
dit vixit. (Cato lived a long time.) point for the sake of argument; it
A clause is called dependent or sub- always takes the subjunctive and
ordinate if it depends on another has the force of “granted that”:
clause to make complete sense: Sit Caesar imperator dirus, at
Cicer6, dum vivit multas aequissimus est. (Granted that
orationés habuit. (While he was Caesar is a tough general, still he
alive, Cicero gave many speeches.) is very fair.)
cognates: words related to each other conditional sentences: There are
because they come from the same three types of conditional clauses,
root or stem: amare to love, amor introduced by the subordinate
amOris m love, amator amatoris m conjunction si, namely:
lover, amabil-is -is -e lovable, etc. a) simple condition. Nothing is
Amorous, amiable, and amateur are implied and therefore the indica-
English cognates, derived from tive is used: si haec fécisti,
the Latin word am6. erravisti. (If you did this, you
collective noun: a noun that is singu- were Wrong.);
lar in number but refers to a b) the so-called “should would” con-
number of persons, places, or dition with the subjunctive, in
things: populus people, turba which it is implied that the condi-
crowd, exercitus army. Because tion won't be fulfilled: SI ad
collective nouns are singular in convivium meum venias, tibi
form, they take singular verbs: pulchré sit. (If you were to come
Populus Romanus multos deds to my party [but chances are that
colit. (The Roman people worship you won't come], you would have a
many gods). Notice that in good time.);
English the collective noun people
c) contrary-to-fact condition, in which
takes a plural verb. it is implied that the condition is
comparison: it refers to changes in not true and therefore the imper-
the form of an adjective or adverb fect subjunctive is used for a
to show greater degree of quality present contrary-to-fact condition:
or intensity than the simple word. Si ti amicus fidus essés, mihi
There are three degrees of com- opem ferrés. (If you were a true
parison: positive, comparative, friend, you would help me.) For
and superlative: fortis fortior for- the past contrary-to-fact condi-
tissimus (brave braver bravest) tion, the pluperfect subjunctive is
complementary infinitive: an infini- used in the si clause and the
tive that completes the meaning imperfect or pluperfect subjunc-
of the verb with which it is used: tive is used in the conclusion: Si
Discédére volo. (I want to leave.) domi m§ansissés, imbrem
complex sentence: See sentence. vitavissés. (If you had stayed at
home, you would have missed
compound sentence: See sentence. the rainstorm.)
concessive clause: a concessive

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 385

 conjugation: arrangement of verb are four conjugations, distin-
forms in regular order: am6, guished from one another by a
amas, amat, etc. (I love, you love, vowel in the ending of the present
she or he loves, etc.) In Latin there active infinitive:

CONJUGATION Ill IV
INFINITIVE ENDING -ére -ire
DISTINGUISHING VOWEL é I
EXAMPLE amare docére scribére audire
MEANING to love to teach to write to hear

NOTE: We also speak of a III i6 conjugation to which belong such verbs as

capio capére cépi captus (to take); verbs of this conjugation are really
hybrid forms, sharing some forms with the fourth conjugation, but
essentially having endings typical of the third conjugation.

conjunction: a word that joins other nec... nec (neither . . . nor.)

words, phrases, or clauses. consonant: any of the letters of the
A coordinate conjunction joins alphabet except the vowels a, e, i,
grammatically equal elements: o, u, y, namely, b, c, d, f, g, h, (i=
two nouns: senatus populusque j,k, 1, m,n, p, q,1, §, t, V, x, Z:
Romanus (the senate and the senator senator contains four con-
Roman people); two prepositional sonants. Notice that y is not a
phrases: in foro et in senati (in consonant in Latin, but a vowel.
the forum and in the senate); two Latin has a consonantal i which is
similar clauses: Ego sum homo pronounced as a y (as in yet). The
novus, sed Claudius est vetus letter j was not used in Latin until
patricius. (I am a new-comer, but the 15th century.
Claudius is an old patrician.) dative case: it is used
A subordinate conjunction joins a) as indirect object, that is, to indi-
grammatically unequal elements: cate to whom something is given
Claudico cum ambuls. (I limp or said: Imperator corénam
when I walk.) miuralem Coriolanoé dedit. (The
Like adverbs and prepositions, general gave Coriolanus a mural
conjunctions never change in crown.); Vir nihil puero dixit.
form, that is, they do not have (The man said nothing to the boy.)
number, gender, case, or tense. b) with intransitive verbs: Led
When used in pairs, conjunctions Androclae non nocuit. (The lion
are called correlative: et... et did not hurt Androcles.)
(both... and) cum... tum (while
...at the same time; both. . . and) c) with certain adjectives such as:
friendly, unfriendly, similar,

386 Appendix
 equal, near, related to, etc.: Filia sent tense: I must leave. (It has no
est cara matri. (The daughter is past tense, regular or irregular.)
dear to the mother.) In Latin, the verb 6di (I hate) has
d) to indicate possession: Mihi multi the form of the perfect tense, but
amici sunt. (J have many friends has a present meaning; it lacks the
(lit: many friends are to me). forms of the present, imperfect,
and future. Similarly, the verb
e) as dative of reference to denote the
inquam (I say) has, in addition,
person to whom a statement
only the second and third person
refers or is of interest, or for
singular, inquis (you say), inquit
whom it is true: vénerat mihi in
(he, she says or said) and the third
mentem (it had entered my mind
person plural of the present tense,
[it: it had entered the mind in my
inquiunt (they say).
case])
demonstrative adjective: a word
f) to indicate separation, used with
used to point out a person, place,
verbs of taking away and depriv-
or thing: illa fémina (that
ing: Honodrem détraxérunt mihi.
woman); hi virl (these men); istud
(They took honor away from me.)
oppidum (that town).
g) with impersonal verbs: Mihi
demonstrative pronoun: replaces a
munera gladiatoria placent (I like
noun which has been mentioned
gladiatorial games [Jit: gladiatori-
before. It is called “demonstra-
al games are pleasing to me.])
tive” because it points out a
declension: the classification of person, place, or thing. In English
nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, we use this (one) to refer to per-
arranged in regular order accord- sons, places, or things that are
ing to case, number, and gender. close to the speaker, and that (one)
Latin has five declensions (or to refer to things that are farther
classes) of nouns. away from the speaker: Hoc
declension I: porta f gate (gen: -ae) cupio. (I want this [one].) Illud
declension II: amicus m friend, cupis (You want that [one].)
puer m boy, bellum n war deponent verb: a verb that is passive
(gen: -1) in form but active in meaning:
declension III: canis mf dog, uxor loquor loqui lociitus sum (to
f wife, corpus n body (gen: -is) speak). However, the present par-
ticiple is active both in form and
declension IV: exercitus m army, meaning: loquéns, loquentis
manus f hand; gang, gent 1 (speaking); the perfect participle
knee (gen: -iis) is passive in form but active in
declension V: diés m day, rés f meaning: lociit-us -a -um (having
thing (gen: -@1 or -é1) spoken); the future participle is
defective verb: a verb is said to be active both in form and meaning:
defective when it lacks certain lociitir-us -a -um (about to
forms. In English, the verb must is speak).
defective, since it has only a pre-

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 387

 derivative: a word that has its source can be masculine, feminine, or
in a Latin word: document from neuter: digitus m (finger); coma f
Latin doctmentum. (hair); caput n (head). Here we
diminutive: a form of a noun used to have three parts of the body, each
express smaller size or affection, with a different gender. You sim-
pity, or contempt: filiola (little or ply have to memorize the gender
dear daughter) iste Graeculus and use the guidelines provided
(that miserable Greek). in this textbook series.
diphthong: a sound produced by genitive case: it is used
pronouncing two vowels together a) to show possession: tectum domis
quickly in one syllable: ae, au, eu, (the roof of the house); benevolen-
Oe, ui: rosae (roses); autem (how- tia matris (the mother’s kindness)
ever); Orpheus (Orpheus); poena b) after certain adjectives: via pléna
(punishment); qui (who). hominum (the street full of people)
disjunctive conjunctions: they imply c) to indicate the material of which
a separation of thought as well as something is made: valvae auri
of words: aut, vel, -ve (enclitic) ([double] doors of gold)
(or). They are often used correla-
d) to show a quality: femina magnae
tively, that is, in pairs: aut... aut
benevolentiae (a woman of great
(either . . . or); vel (-ve enclitic) ...
kindness)
vel (-ve) (either . . . or).
e) The'partitive genitive, also called
ellipsis: the omission of one or more
genitive of the whole, denotes the
words necessary to complete the
whole, of which something forms
sense: quid plira? (Why should I
a part: pars Galliae (a part of
say more?)
Gaul); multi militum (many of the
expletive: the word “there” in soldiers). In these instances,
English serves as formal subject to Galliae and militum indicate the
anticipate the real subject. Latin whole, of which pars and multi
does not have an expletive, but form a part.
the idea of the expletive is gener-
ally indicated by initial position:
f) The genitive may be subjective or
Sunt qui mé culpent. (There are
objective. A noun in the subjective
those who may blame me).
genitive indicates the doer of the
action: benevolentia matris (the
frequentative: a form of a verb kindness of the mother); here the
denoting repeated or intense action: mother is displaying kindness;
cursitare (to keep running, to run amor patriae (love of country);
up and down) (from currére to here the country is the object of
run) love (patriae is objective genitive.)
gender: the grouping of nouns into g) to indicate indefinite value:
classes: masculine, feminine, aliquem magni habére (to regard
neuter. In English, persons are
someone highly). (The noun pretii
masculine or feminine, and things is understood with magni.) The
are neuter. But in Latin, things genitive neuter singular of adjec-

388 Appendix
 tives (parvi, magni, permagni, the city). The accusative of the
maximi, pliris, minGris, etc.) of gerundive with ad is used to
quantity is used with verbs of express purpose: Légati vénérunt
valuing (aestimare) and regarding ad pacem petendam. (The envoys
(habére, diicére, facére) to came to ask for peace.)
express indefinite value. (Definite imperfect tense: indicates an action
value is expressed by the abla- or state of being as continued or
tive.) repeated in the past and can be
gerund: a word which is partly verb translated as follows: dormiébam
and partly noun; hence the term I was sleeping (continued); I slept
verbal noun. As a noun it is inflect- (simple); I used to sleep (repeated or
ed; as a verb it can take an object. habitual).
The gerund occurs only in the sin- Sometimes the action, by its
gular and is declined like a neuter very nature, didn’t happen just
noun of the second declension, for an instant and therefore is
except that it has no nominative. translated by a simple past: Ego
It can function as a subject, object, avum et aviam amabam. (I loved
or object of a preposition: ars my grandfather and grandmoth-
scribendi (the art of writing); locus er.) Remember, the perfect tense
natando idoneus (a place suitable is like a snapshot; the imperfect
for swimming); athléta currendd tense is like a motion picture.
fessus (an athlete tired out from indefinite pronoun: it has the gener-
running) As a rule, only the geni- al force of someone, anyone. The
tive and ablative of the gerund indefinite pronoun aliquis (some-
(without a preposition) admit a one), aliquid (something) follows
direct object. the declension of the interrogative
gerundive: a verbal adjective; like any pronoun quis (who), quid (what).
adjective, it agrees with the noun Only the pronominal part is
or pronoun in gender, number, declined. Thus, genitive singular:
and case. The gerundive is alicuius (someone’s, of someone;
formed like the gerund, except cuiusdam (of a certain person or
that it has a nominative as well. thing; cuiusquam (someone’s).
Although a gerund in the genitive indirect discourse: quoting some-
or ablative case can take a direct one’s statement indirectly rather
object, the gerundive construction than using the person’s exact
is generally used in such cases. words. Direct discourse:
Note the difference between the “Senatus,” consul inquit, “hodié
gerund and gerundive construc- convenit.” (The consul said: “The
tions: senate is meeting today.”) Indirect
‘a) gerund construction: cupidus discourse: Consul dixit senatum
urbem videndi (desirous of seeing hodié convenire. (The consul said
the city); that the senate was meeting today.)
b) gerundive construction: cupidus In English, the indirect statement
urbis videndae (desirous of seeing is generally introduced by the

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 389

 word that, which may, however, the infinitive is generally com-
be omitted. Latin does not have posed of two words, “to” plus
such a word to introduce indirect verb: to go, to hide, to be. The
discourse. Instead, it puts the sub- “to” is called the sign of the
ject of the indirect statement into infinitive. Latin does not have the
the accusative case and the finite sign of the infinitive. The present
verb into the infinitive. Since the infinitive can be active: amare (to
Romans did not use quotation love), or passive: amari (to be
marks, the verb inquit was gener- loved). The perfect infinitive can
ally used, in second position, to also be active: amavisse (to have
signal direct discourse. loved), or passive: amat-us -a -um
indirect question: verbs of asking, esse (to have been loved). In
wondering, saying, knowing, see- English there is no future infini-
ing, etc. can introduce an indirect tive, but Latin has a future
question; the verb in the indirect infinitive: amatir-us -a -um esse
question is in the subjunctive: (to be about to love). In Latin, the
Quid ageres vidi. (I saw what you infinitive is never used to show
were doing.) In English the differ- purpose. We can say: “He said
ence between the direct question, this to impress the audience.” In
e.g., “What are you doing?” and Latin, purpose is expressed by ut
the indirect question “what you and the subjunctive or by ad with
are doing” is indicated by the the. gerund or gerundive, or by a
change of the word order. Notice relative clause of purpose.
the difference between the indi- inflection: a term that includes both
rect question and the indirect declining nouns, pronouns, and
discourse: adjectives and conjugating verbs.
a) indirect question: Scid té in urbe Thus, we can speak of inflecting
mansisse. (I know that you nouns and inflecting verbs.
stayed in the city.) Inflection in this grammatical
sense is to be distinguished from
b) indirect discourse: Ubi in urbe
inflection of the voice, whereby we
manseris scio. (I know where you
raise and lower the pitch of the
stayed in the city.)
words as we speak to assist in the
In Latin, the indirect question communication of ideas.
often precedes the verb that intro-
intensive pronoun: a pronoun that
duces it.
emphasizes the identity of a
infinitive: a form of a verb without noun: Cicero ipse légem tulit.
person or number, e.g., amare (to (Cicero himself [and not someone
love). “Infinitive” comes from the else] proposed the law.) In
Latin, meaning “not limited,” that English, the intensive and reflex-
is, not limited to a specific person ive pronouns have identical
or number. In contrast, a finite forms, ending in self, and there-
verb, e.g., ports, is limited to the fore the two can easily be
first person singular. In English, confused. In Latin there is a spe-

390 Appendix
 cial form for each. The Latin object that is the receiver of the
intensive form for masculine sin- action of the verb). It should be
gular is ipse (himself); the noted that verbs such as “to
reflexive pronoun for the mascu- please” are transitive in English,
line singular is sé (himself). but because they require the
interjection: exclamatory word or dative case in Latin, they are con-
phrase without grammatical con- sidered intransitive verbs in Latin.
nection: heus! (hey!) locative case: in most instances, the
interrogative: an adjective, adverb, or preposition in (+ abl) shows loca-
pronoun that introduces a ques- tion; in some instances, such as
tion: names of towns and small islands,
as well as home and country, a spe-
- adjective: qua via? (by what way?)
cial form, called the locative, is
- adverb: cir? (why?) used: Romae (in Rome); domi (at
- pronoun: quis? (who?) quid? home); rari (in the country).
(what?) mood: form of a verb that shows
An interrogative sentence may whether the act or state being
also be introduced by the particles expressed is regarded as fact or as
-ne (expecting a positive or nega- possibility, wish, or command:
tive answer), nonne (expecting a the indicative mood indicates fact:
positive answer) or num or amant (they love); the subjunctive
numquid (expecting a negative mood indicates uncertainty, possi-
answer). bility, or wish: ament (they may
The interrogative adjective love, may they love); the impera-
“whose” is translated by cuius tive mood indicates a command:
when “whose” refers to one per- siléte! (be quiet!). Another, and
son: Cuius sententia est optima? perhaps better word for “mood”
(Whose opinion is best?) and is “mode,” the manner in which a
quorum, quarum, quorum when statement is made, but the word
“whose” refers to several individ- “mood” has become traditional.
uals: Quérum itra violata sunt? (See subjunctive below.)
(Whose rights were violated?) nominative case: The subject of a
intransitive: a verb is said to be verb, as well as a noun in apposi-
intransitive when it does not take tion with the subject, or a
a direct object in the objective predicate noun or adjective, is in
case: stare (to stand), sedére (to the nominative case. Another
sit). Verbs that take the dative word for it is subjective case.
case rather than the accusative noun: the name of a person, place, or
case are also said to be intransi- thing. Common noun (general
tive: Nihil illi viro placet. name, shared by several):
(Nothing pleases that man.) The imperator (general); proper noun
word “intransitive” in Latin (name of a specific person, place
means “not going over” (from the or thing): Caesar (Caesar); concrete
subject that is the doer to the noun (name of something that can

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 391

 be touched): ménsa (table); (the servant holding a plate); pati-
abstract noun (name of something na 4 servo portata (a plate carried
that can’t be touched): véritas by the servant). A participle can
(truth); collective noun (name that be used as a noun: am-ans antis
is singular in form but designat- mf (lover). Notice that in English
ing a number of individuals): the present active participle ends
turba (crowd); populus (the peo- in ing: the whistling wind; the past
ple). passive participle generally ends
in ed, less often in t or en: a com-
noun clause: a clause that functions
like a noun as the object, some-
pleted task; a toga bought in the
times as the subject of a verb, just Subura; a speech given in the sen-
as a relative clause may be called ate.
adjectival clause, and temporal, Latin also has a future partici-
causal, and adversative clauses ple: gladiator, in amphitheatro
may be called adverbial clauses. pugnatirus (the gladiator, about to
Noun clauses can follow a verb fight in the amphitheater). Since
meaning to ask, command, admon- there is no future participle in
ish, persuade, encourage, urge, English, we use the circumlocu-
permit, allow, decree, introduced by tion about to.
the conjunction ut (negative né) partitive genitive: See genitive.
or fear, introduced by the conjunc- parts of speech: the classification of
tion né (negative ut or né non),
words according to their function.
doubt, introduced by the conjunc-
There are eight parts of speech:
tion quin), prevent, hinder,
noun, pronoun, adjective, verb,
introduced by the conjunction
adverb, preposition, conjunction,
quominus or né), wish, desire,
interjection.
introduced by the conjunction ut
(negative né or ut né): Iudex pos- passive voice: a) A verb is said to be
tulavit ut reus loquerétur. (The in the passive voice when the
judge demanded that the defendant action of the verb is not per-
speak.); Nostri prohibuérunt formed by the subject, but is done
quominus hostés in urbem to the subject: Duo consulés 4
intrarent. (Our men prevented the populo quotannis creati sunt.
enemy from entering the city.) (Two consuls were elected yearly
by the Roman people.)
number: the form of a noun, pro-
noun, adjective, or verb that b) The passive voice is also used
shows it to be singular or plural; to convert a transitive verb into
singular: dux (leader); plural: an intransitive verb: Tempora
ducés (leaders). miutantur. (Times are changing).
The word “passive” in Latin
objective genitive: See genitive.
means “undergoing, enduring”
participle: a verbal adjective; as an that is, the subject of the sentence
adjective it modifies a noun or “undergoes” the action of the
pronoun; as a “verbal,” it can take verb.
an object: servus patinam tenéns
perfect tense: the third principal part ond person: ti, vés you), and per-
of a verb, indicating an action that sons or thing spoken about (third
was completed in the past: scripsi person: is he, ea she, id it, ei, eae,
(I wrote, I have written). ea they).
Although in English we can use phrase: a group of words serving as
the helping verb have, the Latin a unit, without subject or predi-
perfect active verb does not use a cate: sine timG6re (without fear)
helping verb. The word “perfect” prepositional phrase; dé ré
in Latin means “completed.” The publica loquéns (speaking about
perfect active tense is formed by politics) participial phrase;
adding -1, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, servare rem publicam (to save
-érunt to the perfect stem. The the country) infinitive phrase.
perfect passive tense is formed by
pluperfect tense: (also called “past
adding the present forms of sum
perfect”) indicates an action that
to the perfect participle: amatus
was completed in the past before
sum, amatus es, etc.
some other action in the past. It
periphrastic conjugation: the word might be called a “double past.”
periphrastic means “round-about The word “pluperfect” in Latin
expression.” There are two means “more than completed.”
periphrastic conjugations. The The pluperfect active tense is
active periphrastic conjugation is formed with the perfect active
formed by combining the future stem plus the forms of the imper-
active participle, e.g., factiir-us -a fect of sum: amav- + eram =
-um, with the various forms of amaveram (I had loved.) The plu-
the auxiliary verb esse: Horatius perfect passive tense is formed
Pontem Sublicium défensirus with the perfect passive participle
erat. (Horatius was about to / was (fourth principal part) plus the
going to defend the Sublician imperfect forms of sum: amatus
Bridge.) The passive periphrastic eram, amatus eras, etc.
conjugation is formed by combin-
positive degree: See comparison
ing the gerundive with the
various forms of the auxiliary possessive adjective: indicates pos-
verb esse and denotes necessity, session or ownership: mea mater
obligation, or propriety; the dative (my mother); tuum oppidum (your
of agency, rather than ab with the town). The gender of the posses-
ablative of personal agency is sive adjective is determined by
used with the passive periphrastic the noun that it modifies, not by
conjugation: Légés omnibus the gender of the person to whom
observandae sunt. (The laws are to it refers. The reflexive adjective is
be / must be / should be / deserve to used when the possessive adjec-
be observed by all.) tive refers to the subject of the
sentence: Briitus Caesarem manu
person: the classification of pronouns sua interfécit. (Brutus killed
and verbs to distinguish between Caesar with his own hand.)
the speaker (first person: ego I,
nods we), the ones spoken to (sec-

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 393

predicate: a verb and any other (to come between, intervene).
words used with it to say or ask Certain prefixes do not occur
something about the subject: Puer independently: re-, sé-: recédére
Latiné émendaté loquitur. (The (to go back); sédiicére (to take
boy speaks Latin correctly.) aside).
predicate adjective: an adjective that preposition: a word that shows the
follows some form of esse and relationship between the noun or
similar linking verbs and refers to pronoun that is the object of the
the subject: Puella est (vidétur) preposition and some other word
callida. (The girl is [seems] smart.) in the sentence. The noun or pro-
In English, the predicate adjective noun associated with the
always comes after the verb; an preposition is said to be its object:
adjective that modifies a noun Hom sub arbore est Publius.
and occurs before the verb is (The man under the tree is
called an attributive adjective; for Publius.) Here the preposition
example, a good student studies shows the relationship between
hard. It should be noted that the “man” and “tree.” In this
terms “attributive” and “predi- instance, it is a local relationship.
cate” refer strictly to the position Latin prepositions govern either
of adjectives in an English sen- the accusative case: ad forum (to
tence. Since the sense of a the forum); or the ablative case:
sentence in Latin is determined pro»patria (for [one’s] country); or
by the endings of words rather both: in forum (into the forum); in
than by their position, the terms ford (in the forum).
“attributive” and “predicate” real- principal parts: the key forms of a
ly don’t apply to Latin grammar. verb from which all other forms
Look at the Latin sentence above. can be derived. In English we
It could be stated puella callida have three principal parts: sing,
est (vidétur) and the meaning of sang, sung. The typical Latin verb
the sentence would not change; it has four principal parts: 1) first
would still mean: the girl is person singular present tense; 2)
(seems) smart. present infinitive; 3) first person
predicate noun: a noun which fol- singular perfect tense active; 4)
lows some form of esse and perfect passive participle: amd
similar linking verbs and refers to amare amavi amatus (I love, to
the subject: Vir est praetor. (The love, I loved, [having been]
man is a praetor.) The word order loved.)
could be: Vir praetor est; the pronoun: a word substituted for a
word praetor is still the predicate noun: Senatodrem vidi et eum sta-
noun. But note the distinction tim recognOvi. (I saw the senator
between English and Latin gram- and immediately recognized him.)
mar that is described under The word for which the pronoun
predicate adjective. is substituted is called the
prefix: a preposition attached to the “antecedent.” See antecedent.
beginning of a word: intervenire
purpose clause: the subjunctive is can be in the same or in the previ-
used in a purpose clause, intro- ous sentence: Puella quam vidi
duced by the conjunction ut (uti) subridébat. (The girl whom I saw
(that, in order that): Hoc facit ut was smiling.) The relative pro-
competitorem perturbet. (He noun introduces a subordinate
does this in order to upset his clause (quam vidi), called a rela-
opponent.) The negative purpose tive clause. The pronoun agrees
clause is introduced by the con- with its antecedent (puella) in
junction né (occasionally ut né): number and gender; but its case
Cicero haec scripsit né Terentia depends on how it is used within
uxor sollicitarétur. (Cicero wrote its own clause (here quam is the
this so that his wife Terentia direct object of the verb vidi).
would not worry.) This is an example of the
reflexive: a pronoun or adjective is antecedent occurring in the previ-
said to be reflexive when it refers ous sentence: Caesar Lepidum
specifically to the subject of the trans Rhénum misit. Qui cum e6
clause or sentence. pervenisset, 4 Germanis benigné
exceptus est. (Caesar sent
reflexive pronoun: Puella sé lavit.
Lepidus across the Rhine. When
(The girl washed herself.) (In such
he [lit: who when] arrived there,
cases we also say that the verb is
he was welcomed by the
reflexive);
Germans.) In proper English a
b) reflexive adjective: Bratus pronoun must always have a spe-
Caesarem sua mani interfécit. cific word as its antecedent; in
(Brutus killed Caesar with his own Latin, a whole clause may serve
hand.) The gender of the adjective as the antecedent. The relative
depends on the noun it modifies, pronoun in such instances is
not on the gender of the quod. Because this relative pro-
antecedent. Thus, sua is feminine noun ties two sentences together,
because it modifies the feminine it is called a connective relative
noun mani. See intensive pro- pronoun.
noun.
result clause: the subjunctive is used
relative clause of characteristic: a in a result clause, introduced by
relative clause used to express a the conjunction ut (that) or ut non
quality or characteristic, not ofa (so that not). The main clause
specific antecedent but of a group. often contains adverbs such as
The verb takes the subjunctive: tam, ita, sic, adeo (so), or adjec-
Sunt gui sine documento tives such as tantus (so large, so
accusent. (There are those who great), talis (such a), or tot (so
accuse without proof.) many): Tanta erat exspectatid ut
relative pronoun: a pronoun that civés omnes feré Augusto obviam
refers to a previously mentioned effiisi essent. (The anticipation
noun (antecedent). In English, the was So great that practically all the
antecedent is always in the same citizens poured out to meet
sentence; in Latin, the antecedent Augustus.)

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 395

 sentence: a word or group of words when speaking of nouns. Both
grammatically complete and mak- terms indicate the part of a word
ing complete sense. It can consist to which endings are added.
of a single word or many words: The present stem is used to
Apage! (Scram!) Mea amica rosas form: a) the present, imperfect,
omnino adorat. (My girlfriend and future tenses; b) the present
absolutely adores roses.) A sen- infinitive; c) the imperative; d) the
tence can be simple, consisting of present participle; e) the gerund
only one main clause; or it can be and gerundive.
compound, consisting of two or The perfect stem is used to
more main clauses; or it can be form: a) the perfect, pluperfect,
complex, consisting of at least one
and future perfect active tenses;
main clause and one or more b) the perfect active infinitive.
dependent clauses; or it can be
compound complex, consisting of The participial stem is used to
two or more main clauses and form: a) the perfect, pluperfect,
one or more dependent clauses. and future perfect passive tenses;
b) the perfect passive infinitive;
sequence of tenses: the tense of the c) the perfect passive participle.
verb in the main clause deter-
mines the tense of the verb in the subject: the person, thing, or idea
dependent clause. about which a statement is made
or a.question is asked: Romulus
a) When the verb in the main clause dicitur Romam condidisse.
denotes present or future time, (Romulus is said to have founded
the subjunctive in a dependent Rome.) Ubi iam sunt illi agrico-
clause is regularly in the present lae dari? (Where are those hardy
or perfect tense: Haec dicit ut nos
farmers now?)
certidrés dé lége faciat. (He says
this to inform us about the law.) subjective genitive: See genitive.
b) When the verb in the main clause subjunctive: the word subjunctive
denotes a past time, the subjunc- means “attached in a subordinate
tive in the dependent clause is capacity”; what is “attached” to a
regularly in the imperfect or plu- verb is the idea of uncertainty,
perfect: Haec dixit ut nos possibility, or wish;
certidrés dé lége faceret. (He said a) the subjunctive mood can indi-
this to inform us about the law.) cate possibility and then is
stem: the unchanging part of a verb called potential subjunctive: Id
to which the connecting vowel sit vérum. (It may be true.);
and personal endings are added; b) it can indicate a wish and then
there are three stems in a Latin is called optative subjunctive:
verb: the present stem (e.g., am-), Omnia tibi prosperé
the perfect stem (e.g., amav-), and éveniant. (May all turn out all
the participial stem (e.g., amat-). right for you.);
We use the term “stem” when c) it may indicate encourage-
speaking of verbs, and “base” ment or exhortation and then

396 Appendix
 is called hortatory subjunctive: syllable: a part of a word uttered ina
Amémus patriam. (Let us love single breath impulse; a Latin
our country.); word has as many syllables as it
d) it may indicate a mild com- has vowels or diphthongs:
mand and is then called aes-ti-ma-ti-O (esteem).
Jussive subjunctive: Modesté syncope: the omission ofa letter or
vivant. (Let them live modest- syllable in the middle of a word:
ly.); amasse = am§avisse.
e) it may indicate uncertainty in temporal clauses: the indicative is
the form of a rhetorical ques- used in a temporal clause of fact
tion and then is called introduced by antequam,
deliberative subjunctive: Quid priusquam (before), postquam
faciam? (What should I do?); (after), ubi (when), simul atque,
f) it may indicate a prohibition, or cum primum (as soon as):
or negative command, and Domum reversi sumus antequam
then is called prohibitive sub- amici prevéenerunt. (We returned
junctive: Né repugnétis. home before our friends arrived.)
(Don't resist.) Cum takes the indicative
substantive: an adjective used as a when it is purely temporal, that
noun. Latin uses substantives, is, when it denotes point of time:
especially in the plural, much Cum Octavium eo tempore vidi,
more frequently than English eum salitavi. (When I saw
does: Bonis nocet qui malis Octavius on that occasion, I greeted
parcit. (He harms the good who him.) But cum takes the subjunc-
spares the bad.); parvis componére tive when it denotes the situation
magna (to compare great things or circumstances under which
with small things.) something happens: Cato, cum
iram vulgi sénsisset, senatum
substantive clauses: See noun
convocavit. (When Cato saw the
clauses.
anger of the mob, he assembled the
supine: a verbal noun of the fourth senate.) The subjunctive is much
declension with only two cases: more frequent than the indicative
the accusative and the ablative in such cum clauses.
singular. The supine is formed by
Dum (while) regularly takes
adding um to the stem of the
the indicative of the historical
fourth principal part of a verb for
present: Dum haec Romae gerun-
the accusative and by adding i to
tur, Catilina gregés extra urbem
form the ablative. The accusative
coégit. (While this was going on in
is used to express purpose with a
Rome, Catiline gathered his gangs
verb of motion: Sé in cubiculum
outside the city.) Dum, donec and
recépit dormitum. (He retired to
quoad (as long as) take the
his bedroom to sleep). The ablative
indicative. Dum, donec and
is used with a few adjectives as an quoad (until) take the indicative
ablative of respect: mirabile
to denote an actual event:
dicti! (strange to say!)

Glossary of Grammatical Terms 397

 Athlétae cucurrérunt donec facis? (Mark, what are you
fatigati erant. (The athlete ran doing?); Quid, mi fili, vis? (My
until they were exhausted.) But they son, what do you want?) The
take the subjunctive to denote vocative case is the same as the
anticipation: Exspectavit Caesar nominative case of all nouns
dum navés convenirent. (Caesar except masculine singular nouns
waited for the ships to assemble.) of the second declension ending
in us, as illustrated above. In
tense: the form of a verb that indi-
cates the time of an action or
English, the word in the vocative
condition. Latin has six tenses:
case is generally the first element
present, imperfect, future, perfect,
of a sentence; in Latin, it is gener-
pluperfect, and future perfect: ally the second element in a
porto (I carry, I am carrying); sentence.
portabam (I was carrying, I used voice: See active voice and passive
to carry); portabo (I shall carry); voice.
portavi (I carried, I have carried); vowel: a speech sound allowing rela-
portaveram (I had carried); tively free passage through the
portavero (I shall have carried). mouth and nose: a, e, i, 0, u, y.
transitive: a verb is transitive when it Notice that, unlike in English, the
takes a direct object: Odi letter y is a vowel in Latin; in
orationés longas. (I hate long English it is a consonant. Latin
speeches.) Some verbs that are vowels can be long or short. In
transitive in English are intransi- this book, long vowels are
tive in Latin, because in Latin marked with a macron above
some verbs take the dative rather them: cdnsulés (consuls). In addi-
than the accusative case: Liberi tion, the e of the infinitive of the
boni parentibus oboediunt. third conjugation is marked short
(Good children obey their par- (&) to distinguish it from the
ents.) “Obey” is transitive in infinitive of the second conjuga-
English, but the Latin verb for tion: facére (to do, make); movére
“obey” takes the dative and there- (to move).
fore is intransitive. The four conjugations are dis-
verb: a word expressing an action, tinguished by a different
occurrence, or state of being: connecting vowel which links the
Romani Latiné Joguuntur. (The stem and the endings of the verb
Romans speak Latin); Dei exsis- forms. They are the following: a
tunt. (Gods exist); Parvull félicés for the first conjugation, é for the
sunt. (The children are happy.) second, é for the third, and I for
vocative: the case used in addressing the fourth.
a person or thing: Quid, Marce,
 via f road, street amicus m friend oppidum n town

Nom. Viera amic-us oppid-um

GEN. Vieae amic-7 oppid7
Dat. vieae amic-d oppid-6
ACC. vieam amiceum oppid-um
ABL. viea amic:d oppid-d

Nom. vieae amic-7 oppida

GEN. viearum amic-6rum oppid-6rum
Dat. Vi-is amic-is oppid-is
ACE: Vieas amic-ds oppid-a
ABL. Vi-is amic-7s oppid-is

Uessir

puer m boy ager m fiel d vir m man

SINGULAR
Nom. puer ager vir
GEN. puer7 agreZ Vire7
Dat. puer-d agro Vired
ACC. puer-um agreum vireum
ABL. puer-d agro vireo
PLURAL |
|
Noo. puer7 agreZ vir-7
GEN. | puer-Orum agr-orum vir-orum
DN puer-is agris vir-ts
ACC. puer-ds agreOs vir-Os
ABL. puer-is agr-is vir-is

Forms 399
 dux m leader soror f sister monsmhill navis f ship

Nom. dux soror mons naveis

GEN. duc-is sororis mont-is naveis
Dat. duc soror7 mont-7 navi
Acc. duc-em sororeem mont-em nav-em
ABL. duc-e sororee mont-e nav-e

Nom. duc-és soror-és mont-és nav-és

GEN. duc-um soror-um mont-ium nav-ium
Dat. — duc-ibus soror-ibus mont-ibus nav-ibus
Acc. duc-és sororeés mont-és nav-és
ABL. duc-ibus soror-ibus mont-ibus - naveibus

nomen n name corpus 1 body genus n kind, sort

SINGULAR
Nom. nomen corpus genus
GEN. nodmin-is corporis generis
DaT. = noOmin-7 corpor7 gener-7
Acc. nomen corpus genus
ABL. nomin-e corpor-e gener-e
PLURAL
Nom. nomin-a corpor-a gener-a
GEN. nodmin-um corpor-um gener-um
DaT. nodmin-ibus corpor-ibus gener-ibus
Acc. nodmin-a corpora gener-a
ABL. nomin-ibus corpor-ibus gener-ibus

400 Appendix
 mare 1 sea animal n animal exemplar n example; copy

NoM. mare animal exemplar

GEN. maris animal-is exemplar-is
Dat. mar7 animal:7 exemplar
ACC. mare animal exemplar
ABL. mar animal :7 exemplar-7

Nom. = maria animal-ia exemplar-ia

GEN. mar-ium animal-ium exemplar-ium
Dat. mar-ibus animal-ibus exemplar-ibus
ACC. mar-ia animal-ia exemplar-ia
ABL. mar-ibus animal-ibus exemplar-ibus

sinus m bay manus fhand _ genii knee rés f thing; affair diés m day
SINGULAR

Nom. sin-us maneus gen-it Ieés di-és

GEN. sin-iis man-is gen-iis rei di-é7
Dat. sin-ui man-ui gen-it reet di-é
ACE: sin-um man-um gen-i rem di-em
ABL. sini man-il gen-it ree di-é
PLURAL
Nom. sin-is man-iis gen-ua reés di-és
GEN. sin-euum man-uum gen-uum rerum di-érum
DAT. sin-ibus man-ibus gen-ibus reébus di-ébus
ACC: sineiis / man-is gen-ua res di-és
ABL. sin-ibus man-ibus gen-ibus reébus di-ébus

Forms 401
 Aenéas m Aeneas Anchisés m Anchises Daphne 7 Daphne -

Noo. Aené-fs Anchis-és Daphn-é

GEN. Aené-ae Anchis-ae Daphn-és
DAT. Aené-ae Anchis-ae Daphn-ae
Acc. Aené-an Anchis-én Daphn-én
ABL. Aené-a Anchis-é Daphn-é
VOC: Aené-a Anchis-é Daphn-é

Tenedos f Tenedos Ilion n [lium (Troy) Dido f Dido

Nom. — Tened:os or -us lli-on or -um Dido
GEN. Tened-7 Ili Didon-is
DAT. Tened-6 lli-d Didon-7
Acc. Tened-on or -um lli-6n or -um Dido ©
ABL. Tened-6 Ili-d Didon-e
Voc. Tened-d lli-on or -um Dido

402 Appendix
 bon-us -a -um good

Nom. bon-us bon-a bon-um bon-7 bon-ae bon-a

GEN. bon-7 bon-ae bon: bon-drum bon-arum bon:-6rum
Dat. bon-d bon-ae bon-d bon-is bon-is bon-is
Acc. bon-um bon-am bon-um bon-ds bon-as bon-a
ABL. bon-6 bona bon-6 bon-is bon-is bon-is

miser- -a -um poor, pitiful

SINGULAR PLURAL

Noo. miser miser-ea miser-um miser?7 miser-ae miser-a

GEN. miser7 miser-ae miser7 misereOrum miserearum miser-Orum
Dat. miser-6 miser-ae miser:d miser-7s miser-is miser-7s
Acc. miser-um miser-am misereum miser0s miser-as miser-a
ABL. miser-6 miserea miser:6 miseris miser-7s miser7s

ater atrea -um black

SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. ater atrea atreum atr-7 atr-ae atr-a

GEN atr-7 atr-ae atrei atr-orum atrearum atr-orum
DaT. atr-d atreae atreo atrefs atr-7s atr-is
Acc. atreum atr-am atreum atreOs atreas atr-a
ABL. atr-d atr-a atr-O atreis atr-7s atr-7s

Forms 403
 facilis easy acer sharp, shrill
SINGULAR

Noo. facil-is facil-e acer acreis acre

GEN. facil-is facil-is acreis acreis acreis
Dat. facil-7 facil-7 acre? acr7 acreT
ACC. facileem facile acreem acreem acree
ABL. facil? facili acr7 acr7 acr-7

Noo. facil-és facil-ia acreés acreés acreia

GEN. facil-ium facileium acr-ium acrium acreium
DATs _ facil-ibus facil-ibus acr-ibus acreibus acr-ibus
Acc. facil-és facil-ia acreés acreés acria
ABL. facil-ibus facil-ibus acreibus acreibus acreibus

félix lucky; happy pridéns prudent, wise vetus old

Nom. felix félix prudéns pridéns vetus vetus

GEN. félicsis félic-is prident-is prident-is vetersis veter-is
DaT. — félic7 félic-7 prident-7 prident-7 veterZ veter7
Acc. félicsem félix prident-em —prudens veter-em vetus
ABL. — félic7 félic-7 prudent-7 prident-7 veter-e veter-e

Nom. félic-és félic-ia prudent-és prudent-ia veter-és veter-a

GEN. féliceium félic-ium prident-ium prident-ium veter-um veter-um
Dat. _ félic-ibus félic-ibus prident-ibus prident-ibus veter-ibus veter-ibus
Acc. félic-és félic-ia prudent-és prudent-ia veter-és veter-a
ABL. _ félic-ibus félic-ibus prident-ibus prident-ibus veter-ibus veter-ibus

404 Appendix
 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
altus alté altior altius altissimus altissimé
fortis fortiter fortior fortius fortissimus fortissimé
acer acriter acrior acrius acerrimus acerrimé
facilis facile facilior facilius facillimus facillimé
priudens __ priidenter pridentior pridentius pridentissimus _ priidentissimé

alt-us -a -um high; deep

| SINGULAR PLURAL |

MASC. & FEM. NEUTER MASC. & FEM. NEUTER

Noo. altior altius altidr-és altior-a

GEN. alti6r-is altiOr-is alti6r-um altidreum
Dat. altior7 altior-7 altidr-ibus altidr-ibus
Acc. altiGr-em altius alti6r-és altidr-és
ABL. altior-e altidr-e altidr-ibus altidr-ibus

bon-us -a -um good melior melius better optim-us -a -um best

mal-us -a um bad péior péius worse pessim-us -a -um worst
parveus -a -um small minor minus smaller minim-us -a -um smallest
magne-us -a -um big maior maius bigger maxim-us -a -um biggest
mult-us -a -um much plis (neut. noun ) more plirim-us -a -um most
mult-7 -ae -a many pliir-és -a more plurim-7 -ae -a most
Infer-us -a -um below inferior inferius lower infim-us -a - um lowest
Im-us -a -um lowest
super-us -a -um above superior superius higher suprém-us -a -um highest
summ-us -a -um highest
vetus veter-is old vetustior vetustius older veterrim-us -a -um oldest
prior prius former ptim-us -a -um first
propior propius nearer proxim-us -a -um nearest, next
ulterior ulterius farther ultim-us -a -um farthest

Forms
 2°22
(9 Nees
tunus one duo two
PLURAL ONLY |
SINGULAR

FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

MASCULINE
anus una unum duo duae duo
Nom.
aunius unius tunius duérum duarum dudrum
GEN.
DAT. uni ani uni dudbus duabus dudbus
NCC anum unam anum duds duas duo
ABL. und ana and dudbus duabus dudbus
seanh Meo SN a aa Ni Rl aR AN lo

trés three mille thousand milia thousand(s)

PLURAL ONLY INDECLINABLE PLURAL ONLY

MASC. & FEM. NEUTER MASC., FEM., NEUTER NEUTER

Noo. trés tria mille milia
GEN. trium trium mille milium
DAT. tribus tribus mille milibus
ACC. trés tria mille milia
ABL. tribus tribus mille milibus

406 Appendix
Noo. ego I! ta you is he ea she id it
GEN. mei tui eius eius eius
Dar: mihi tibi eI el el
Acc. mé tée eum eam id
ABL. mé te ed ea ed

Noo. nos we vos = you el they eae they ea they

GEN. nostrum vestrum eorum earum eorum
nostri vestri
DAT. nobis vobis eis eis eis
Acc. nos vos eos eas ea
ABL. nobis vobis eis eis eis

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR AND PLURAL

Noo.
GEN. mei nostrum tui vestrum sul
Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis sibi
AGE: mé nods té vos sé
ABL. mé nobis té vobis sé

Forms 407
 MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
Noo. ipse himself ipsa herself ipsum itself
GEN. ipsius ipsius ipsius
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi
ACC. ipsum ipsam ipsum
ABL. ipso ipsa ipso

Noo. ipsi themselves ipsae themselves ipsa themselves

GEN. ipsoOrum ipsarum ipsoOrum
DaT. ipsis ipsis ipsis
Acc. _ ipsods ipsas ipsa
ABL. ipsis ipsis ipsis »

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE — FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Noo. qui quae quod qui quae quae
GEN. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
DAT. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
AGC: quem quam quod quos quas quae
ABL. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus

SINGULAR PLURAL

Masc. & FEM. NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Noo. quis quid qui quae quae
GEN. cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
DaT. cui cui quibus quibus quibus
AGG quem quid quos quas quae
ABL. quo quo quibus quibus quibus

408 Appendix
SE WNCErINITE PRONOUNS SE
SINGULAR PLURAL (Rare)

Masc. & FEM. NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Noo. aliquis aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua
GEN. alicuius alicuius aliquoérum aliquarum aliquorum
DaT. alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua
ABL. aliquo aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE — FEMININE NEUTER

Nom. aliqui aliqua aliquod aliqui aliquae aliqua
GEN. alicuius alicuius alicuius aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum
Dat. alicui alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
ACS: aliquem aliquam aliquod aliquos aliquas aliqua
ABL. aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE — FEMININE NEUTER

Noo. quidam quaedam quiddam quidam quaedam quaedam
GEN. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam quorundam quarundam quodrundam
Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Acc. quendam quandam quiddam quosdam quasdam quaedam
ABL. quodam quadam quodam quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

NOTE
The declension of the corresponding indefinite pronominal adjective is the same, except that
quoddam is to be substituted for quiddam.

Forms 409
 MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
Nom. quicumque quaecumque quodcumque
GEN. cuiuscumque cuiuscumque cuiuscumque
Dat. cuicumque cuicumque cuicumque
NCC. quemcumque quamcumque quodcumque
ABL quocumque quacumque quocumque

PLURAL

Noo. quicumque quaecumque quaecumque

GEN. quorumcumque quarumcumque | quorumcumque
Dat. quibuscumque quibuscumque _quibuscumque
Acc. qudscumque quascumque quaecumque
ABL quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque

410 Appendix
 SINGULAR PLURAL

hic this

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Nom. hic haec hoc hi hae haec

GEN. huius huius huius horum harum horum
DAT. huic huic huic his his his
Acc. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
ABL. hdc hac hoc his his his

ille that

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Nom. ille illa illud illi illae illa

GEN. illtus illius illius illo6rum illarum illobrum
DAT. illi illi illi illis illis illis
ACC. illum illam illud illds illas illa
ABL. illd illa illd illis illis illis

idem the same

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Noo. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem

GEN. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem edrundem earundem edrundem
DAT. eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem eisdem
ACc. eundem eandem idem edsdem easdem eadem
ABL. eddem eadem eodem eisdem eisdem eisdem

Forms A11
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE MoopD
PRESENT
amo amamus amor amamur
amas amatis ama-ris or -re amamini
amat amant amatur amantur

IMPERFECT

amabam amabamus amabar amabamur

amabas amabatis amaba-ris or -re amabamini
amabat amabant amabatur amabantur

FUTURE
amabo amabimus amabor amabimur
amabis amabitis amabe-ris or -re amabimini
amabit amabunt amabitur amabuntur

PERFECT
amavi amavimus amatus sum amati sumus
amavisti amavistis amatus es amati estis
amavit amave-runt or -re amatus est amati sunt

PLUPERFECT
amaveram amaveramus amatus eram amati eramus
amaveras amaveratis amatus eras amiati eratis
amaverat amaverant amatus erat amati erant

FUTURE PERFECT

amavero amaverimus amatus ero amati erimus

amaveris amaveritis amatus eris amati eritis
amaverit amaverint amatus erit amati erunt

412 Appendix
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT
amem amemus amer amémur
amés amétis amé-ris or -re amémini
amet ament amétur amentur

IMPERFECT
amarem amarémus amarer amaréemur
amareés amarétis amareé-ris or -re amarémini
amaret amarent amaretur amarentur

PERFECT
amaverim amdaverimus amatus sim amati simus
amaveris amaveritis amatus sis amati sitis
amaverit amaverint amdatus sit amati sint

PLUPERFECT
amavissem amdavissémus amatus essem amati essémus
amavissés amavissétis amatus essés amati essétis
amavisset amavissent amatus esset amati essent

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT

ama (2nd pers) amate (2nd pers) amare (2nd pers) amaminti (2nd pers)

FUTURE

amato (2nd pers) amatote (2nd pers) amator (2nd pers)

amato (3rd pers) amanto (3rd pers) amAator (3rd pers) amantor (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRESENT amare am-ans -antis amdarit
PERFECT amavisse amatus esse amatus
FUTURE amaturus amaturus esse amatum irt amandus (gerundive)

GERUND SUPINE
GEN amandi
DAT amando
Acc amandum amatum
ABL amando amati

Forms 413
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE MoopD
PRESENT

habed habémus habeor habémur

habés habétis habé-ris or -re habémini
habet habent habétur habentur

IMPERFECT
habébam habébamus habébar habébamur
habébas habébatis habéba-ris or -re habébamini
habébat habébant habébatur habébantur

FUTURE

habébo habébimus habébor habébimur

habébis habébitis habébe-ris or -re habébimini
habébit habébunt habébitur habébuntur

PERFECT

habu7z habuimus habitus sum habiti sumus

habuisti habuistis habitus es habiti estis
habuit habué-runt or -re habitus est habiti sunt

PLUPERFECT

habueram habueramus habitus eram habiti eramus

habueras habueratis habitus eras habiti eratis
habuerat habuerant habitus erat habiti erant

FUTURE PERFECT

habuerd habuerimus habitus ero habiti erimus

habueris habueritis habitus eris habiti eritis
habuerit habuerint habitus erit habiti erunt

414 Appendix
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT

habeam habeamus habear habeamur

habeas habeatis habea-ris or -re habeamini
habeat habeant habeatur habeantur

IMPERFECT
habérem habérémus. habérer habérémur
habérés habérétis habéré-ris or -re habérémini
habéret habérent habérétur habérentur

PERFECT
habuerim habuerimus habitus sim habiti simus
habueris habueritis habitus sis habiti sitis
habuerit habuerint habitus sit habiti sint

PLUPERFECT

habuissem habuissémus habitus essem habiti essémus

habuissés habuissétis habitus essés habiti essétis
habuisset habuissent habitus esset habiti essent

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT
habé (2nd pers) habéte (2nd pers) habére (2nd pers) habémini (2nd pers)
FUTURE

habét6 (2nd pers) habétote (2nd pers) habétor (2nd pers)

habét6 (3rd pers) habento (3rd pers) habétor (3rd pers) habentor (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRESENT habére hab-éns -entis habéri
PERFECT habuisse fe habitus esse habitus
FUTURE habiturus esse habittrus habitum tri habendus (gerundive)

GERUND SUPINE
GEN habendi oe
DAT habendo a
Acc habendum habitum
ABL habendo habita

Forms 415
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE Moop
PRESENT
mittd mittimus mittor mittimur
mittis mittitis mitte-ris or -re mittimini
mittit mittunt mittitur mittuntur

IMPERFECT
mittébam mittébamus mittébar mittébamur
mittébas mittébatis mittéba-ris or -re mittébamini
mittébat mittébant mittébatur mittébantur

FUTURE
mittam mittémus mittar mittémur
mittés mittétis mitté-ris or -re mittémini
mittet mittent mittétur mittentur

PERFECT
misiz misimus missus sum missi sumus
misisti misistis missus es missi estis
misit misé-runt or -re missus est missi sunt

PLUPERFECT
miseram miseramus missus eram missi eramus
miseras miseratis missus eras missi eratis
miserat miserant missus erat missi erant

FUTURE PERFECT

misero miserimus missus ero missi erimus

miseris miseritis missus eris missi eritis
miserit miserint missus erit missi erunt

416 Appendix
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT
mittam mittamus mittar mittamur
mittas mittatis mitta@-ris or -re mittamini
mittat mittant mittatur mittantur
IMPERFECT
mitterem mitterémus mitterer mitterémur
mitterés mitterétis mitteré-ris or -re mitterémini
mitteret mitterent mitterétur mitterentur

PERFECT
miserim miserimus missus sim missi simus
miseris miseritis missus sis missi sitis
miserit miserint missus sit missi sint

PLUPERFECT
misissem misissémus missus essem missi essémus
misissés misissétis missus essés missi essétis
misisset misissent missus esset missi essent

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT

mitte (2nd pers) mittite (2nd pers) mittére (2nd pers) mittimini (2nd pers)
FUTURE

mittitd (2nd pers) mittitote (2nd pers) mittitor (2nd pers)

mittitd (3rd pers) mittunt6 (3rd pers) mittitor (3rd pers) mittuntor (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRESENT mittére mitt-éns -entis mitti
PERFECT misisse missus esse
FUTURE missurus esse missurus missum iri mittendus (gerundive)

GERUND SUPINE
GEN mittendi
DAT mittend6d
Acc mittendum missum
ABL mittendd missit

Forms 417
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE MoopD
PRESENT
capid capimus capior capimur
capis capitis cape-ris or -re capimini
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur

IMPERFECT
capiébam capiébamus capiébar capiébamur
capiébas capiebatis capiéba-ris or -re capiébamini
capiebat capiébant capiébatur capiébantur

FUTURE
capiam capiémus capiar capiémur
capiés capiétis capié-ris or -re capiémini
capiet capient capiétur capientur

PERFECT
cep7 cépimus captus sum capt? sumus
cépisti cépistis captus es capti estis
cépit cépé-runt or -re captus est capti sunt

PLUPERFECT
ceperam céperamus captus eram capti eramus
céperas céperatis captus eras capti eratis
céperat ceperant captus erat capti erant

FUTURE PERFECT

ceépero céperimus captus ero capti erimus

céperis céperitis captus eris capti eritis
céperit céperint captus erit capti erunt

418 Appendix
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT
capiam capiamus capiar capiamur
capias capiatis capia-ris or -re capiamini
capiat capiant capiatur capiantur

IMPERFECT
caperem caperémus caperer caperémur
capereés caperétis caperé-ris or -re caperéminti
caperet caperent caperétur caperentur

PERFECT
céperim céperimus captus sim capti simus
céperis céperitis captus sis capti sitis
céperit céperint captus sit capti sint

PLUPERFECT
cépissem cépissémus captus essem capti essémus
cépissés cépissétis captus essés capti essétis
cépisset cépissent captus esset capti essent

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT

cape (2nd pers) capite (2nd pers) capére (2nd pers) capiminti (2nd pers)

FUTURE

capito (2nd pers) capitote (2nd pers) capitor (2nd pers)

capito (3rd pers) capiunto (3rd pers capitor (3rd pers) captuntor (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRESENT capére cap-iéns -entis capt
PERFECT cépisse —_———_ captus esse captus
FUTURE capturus esse captirus captum ir capiendus (gerundive)

GERUND SUPINE
GEN capiendi
Acc capiendum captum
ABL capiendo capti

ee
E en

Forms 419
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE Moop
PRESENT

audio audimus audior audimur

audis auditis audi-ris or -re audimini
audit audiunt auditur audiuntur

IMPERFECT

audiébam audiébamus audiébar audiébamur

audiébas audiébatis audiéba-ris or -re _ audiébamini
audiébat audiébant audiébatur audiébantur
FUTURE

audiam audiémus audiar audiémur

audiés audiétis audié-ris or -re audiémini
audiet audient audiétur audientur

PERFECT
audivi audivimus auditus sum auditi sumus
audivisti audivistis auditus es auditi estis
audivit audiveé-runt or -re auditus est auditi sunt

PLUPERFECT
audiveram audiveramus auditus eram auditi eramus
audiveras audiveratis auditus eras auditi eratis
audiverat audiverant auditus erat auditi erant

FUTURE PERFECT

audivero audiverimus auditus ero auditi erimus

audiveris audiveritis auditus eris auditi eritis
audiverit audiverint auditus erit auditi erunt

420 Appendix
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT

audiam audiamus audiar audiamur

audias audiatis audia-ris or -re audiamini
audiat audiant audiatur audiantur
IMPERFECT
audirem audirémus audirer audirémur
audirés audirétis audiré-ris or -re audirémini
audiret audirent audirétur audirentur

PERFECT
audiverim audiverimus auditus sim auditi simus
audiveris audiveritis auditus sis auditi sitis
audiverit audiverint auditus sit auditi sint

PLUPERFECT
audivissem audivissémus auditus essem auditi essémus
audivissés audivissétis auditus essés auditi essétis
audivisset audivissent auditus esset auditi essent

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT

audi (2nd pers) audite (2nd pers) audire (2nd pers) audimini (2nd pers)

FUTURE

audito (2nd pers) auditote (2nd pers) auditor (2nd pers)

audit6 (3rd pers) audiunto (3rd pers) auditor (3rd pers) audiuntor (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRESENT audire audi-éns -entis audiri
PERFECT audivisse auditus esse auditus
FUTURE audit#rus esse auditirus auditum iri audiendus (gerundive)

GERUND SUPINE
GEN audiendi
DAT audiendo _
Acc audiendum auditum
ABL audiendi auditi

Forms 421
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
INDICATIVE Moop SUBJUNCTIVE MoopD
PRESENT PRESENT
sum sumus sim simus
es estis sis sitis
est sunt sit sint

IMPERFECT IMPERFECT
eram eramus essem essémus
eras eratis essés essétis
erat erant esset essent

FUTURE PERFECT }
ero erimus fuerim fuerimus
eris eritis fueris . fuerttis
erit erunt fuerit fuerint

PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fui fuimus fuissem fuissémus
fuisti fuistis fuissés fuissétis
fuit fuérunt fuisset fuissent

PLUPERFECT
IMPERATIVE Moop
fueram fueramus
PRESENT
fueras fueratis
fuerat fuerant es (2nd pers) este (2nd pers)

FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE

fuerd fuerimus esto (2nd pers) estote (2nd pers)

fueris fueritis esto (3rd pers) sunto (3rd pers)
fuerit fuerint
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRESENT esse
PERFECT fuisse
FUTURE futirus esse futurus

422 Appendix
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
INDICATIVE Moop SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT PRESENT
possum possumus possim possimus
potes potestis possis possitis
potest possunt possit possint
IMPERFECT IMPERFECT
poteram poteramus possem possémus
poteras poteratis possés possétis
poterat poterant posset possent

FUTURE PERFECT
potero poterimus potuerim potuertmus
poteris poteritis potuerts potueritis
poterit poterunt potuerit potuerint

PERFECT PLUPERFECT
potuz potuimus potuissem potuissémus
potuisti potuistis potuissés potuissétis
potuit potuérunt potuisset potuissent

PLUPERFECT

potueram potueramus
potueras potueratis IMPERATIVE Moop
potuerat potuerant

FUTURE PERFECT
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
potuero potuerimus
potueris potueritis PRESENT posse poténs
potuerit potuerint PERFECT potuisse

Enna
nn

Forms 423
 INDICATIVE MoopD
PRESENT volo nolo malo
vis non vis mavis
vult non vult mavult
volumus nolumus malumus
vultis non vultis mavultis
volunt nolunt malunt
IMPERFECT volébam nolébam malébam
FUTURE volam nolam malam
volés nolés malés
volet nolet malet
volémus nolémus malémus
volétis nolétis 'malétis
volent nolent mialent
PERFECT voluz noluz malu7
voluisti noluisti mAaluisti
PLUPERFECT volueram nolueram malueram
FUTURE PERFECT voluer6d noluer6é mAaluerod
SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT velim nolim malim
velis nolis malis
velit nolit malit
velimus nolimus malimus
velitis nOlitis mialitis
velint nolint malint
IMPERFECT vellem nollem mallem
PERFECT voluerim noluerim maluerim
PLUPERFECT voluissem noluissem maluissem
IMPERATIVE MoOopD
PRESENT noli (2nd pers) nolite (2nd pers)
FUTURE nolit6 (2nd pers) nolit6te (2nd pers)
nOlit6 (3rd pers) nolunt6 (3rd pers)
INFINITIVE
PRESENT velle nolle malle
PERFECT voluisse noluisse maluisse
PARTICIPLE
PRESENT vol-éns -entis nol-éns - entis

424 Appendix
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
Imus Ivi or it Ivimus or iimus
itis {visti or isti Ivistis or listis
eunt Ivit or iit ivérunt or iérunt
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
ibam ibamus Iveram Iveramus
ibas ibatis iveras Iveratis
tbat ibant iverat iverant

FUTURE FUTURE PERFECT

1b6 ibimus ivero Iverimus

ibis ibitis Iveris Iveritis
ibit ibunt Iverit Iverint

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
eam eamus iverim or ierim iverimus or ierimus
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
irem ireémus Ivissem or iissem ivissémus or iissémus

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT FUTURE

1 (2nd pers) ite (2nd pers) 10 (2nd pers) 1tOte (2nd pers)
1t6 (3rd pers) eunto (3rd pers)

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE GERUND SUPINE

PRESENT PRESENT GEN eundi
ire iéns euntis DAT eundo
PERFECT Acc ‘eundum itum
Ivisse or isse . ABL eundo iti
FUTURE
iturus esse iturus
eundum (gerundive)
ooo
eee

Forms 425
SINGULAR PLURAL _ SINGULAR ‘PLURAL

INDICATIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
fid fimus factus sum facti sumus
fis fitis
fit fiunt
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
fiébam fiébamus factus eram facti eramus
FUTURE . FUTURE PERFECT
fiam fiémus factus ero facti erimus

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
fiam fiamus factus sim facti simus
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
fierem fierémus factus essem facti essémus

IMPERATIVE Moop
PRESENT
fi fite

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRESENT PRESENT
fierl
PERFECT
factus esse factus
FUTURE
factum iri faciendus (gerundive)

426 Appendix
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

INDICATIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
fero ferimus tul7Z tulimus
fers fertis . tulisti tulistis
fert ferunt tulit tulérunt
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT
ferébam ferébamus tuleram tuleramus
ferébas ferébatis tuleras tuleratis
ferébat ferébant tulerat tulerant
FUTURE FUTURE PERFECT
feram ferémus tuler6d tulerimus
ferés ferétis tuleris tuleritis
feret ferent tulerit tulerint

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop
PRESENT PERFECT
feram feramus tulerim tulerimus
IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT ©
ferrem ferrémus tulissem tulissémus

IMPERATIVE MoopD
PRESENT
fer ferte

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRESENT PRESENT
ferre . feréns -entis
PERFECT
tulisse lattirus
FUTURE
lattirus esse
Soceainresiti etalIse

Forms 427
SINGULAR © RAL | SINCLAR.

INDICATIVE Moop
PERFECT
PRESENT

inquam
inquis ——_—_—
inquit inquiunt inquit
FUTURE

inquiés
inquiet |

428 Appendix
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

The centered period indicates the point at which endings are attached. The nominative and the
genitive endings and the gender are given for nouns: amic-us -i m, admirati-d -Onis f. The mascu-
line, feminine, and neuter forms are given for adjectives: clar-us -a -um, facil-is -is -e. Adjectives of
the third declension with one ending are followed by the genitive singular: vetus veteris. For
nouns and adjectives of the third declension, when the genitive form is not given in full, the end-
ing -is is italicized: equ-es -itis m, adiac-éns -entis. The following abbreviations occur:

abl = ablative impers = impersonal nom = nominative

acc = accusative indecl = indeclinable pass = passive
adj = adjective indef = indefinite pl = plural
adv = adverb inf = infinitive prep = preposition
conj = conjunction interrog = interrogative pron = pronoun
dat = dative intr = intransitive refl = reflexive
def = defective m = masculine rel = relative
dep = deponent m/f = masc. or fem. semi-dep = semi-deponent
rr = feminine mil = military term sing = singular
gen = genitive n = neuter tr = transitive

a, ab prep (+ abl) from, away from; ac conj and acriter adv hard, fiercely; bitterly;
by; (to name) after accéd-6 -ére accessi accessurus (ad harshly; sternly; clearly
abducti-6 -dnis f abduction + acc) to go up to, approach; (+ act-us -iis m activity; transaction
abduct-us -a -um distracted; dat) to come to; accédit there is (of business)
diverted in addition ad prep (+ acc) to, toward; at; on; to
abeo abire abivi or abii abitirus acceler-6 -are -avi -atus to speed the house of; ad mé to my house
to go away up; passum accelerare to pick up adaequ-0 -are -avi -atus to equal
abhinc adv from now; ago; abhinc the pace adam-6 -are -avi -atus to fall in
trés annOs three years ago accid-6 -ére -1 to happen, occur love with
abic-i6 -ére abiéci abiectus to accip-id -ére accépi acceptus to addiic-6 -ére addiixi adductus to
knock down accept; to receive; to understand take (to), lead (to); to induce
ab-iéns -euntis departing (partici- acclam:6 -are -avi -atus to yell to aded adv so, such; ade6 ut so
ple of abire) accolea -ae m/f neighbor much so that
abi-és -etis f silver fir accommodat-us -a -um suitable, adeo adire adivi or adii aditirus
abrip-i6 -ére -ui abreptus to carry suited to go to, approach; to visit
off acerrimé adv most vigorously adfero adferre attuli allatus to
absolv:6 -ére -i absolitus to acer Acris acre bitter, sharp; harsh; produce
acquit shrill; stern adfic-i6 -ére adféci adfectus to
abstin-e6 -ére -ui abstentus (+ abl) Achaea -ae f Achaea (district of the treat
to refrain (from) northern Peloponnesus in Greece) adhic adv still; until then
absum abesse afui afutirus (ab + Achat-és -ae m Achates (Aeneas’s adiac-éns -entis adjacent
abl) to be absent from; to be dis- right-hand man) adic-id -ére adiéci adiéctus to add;
tant from aciés aciéi f battle; troops (in battle to annex
abund-ans -antis adj abundant formation), battleline adig:6 -ére adégi adactus to hurt

Latin-English Vocabulary 429

adim-6 -ére adémi ademptus to Aené-as -ae (acc: Aenéan) m ago agére égi actus to do, per-
take away Aeneas form; to drive; to spend (time,
adire see adeo Aené:is -idis f the Aeneid (Vergil’s life); to plead (cases in court); to
adit-us -iis m approach; entrance epic poem) rustle (cattle); agére cum (+ abl)
adiuv:6 -are aditivi adititus to Aenéi-us -a -um of Aeneas to plead with; imperium agitur
help aén-um -17 kettle supreme power is at stake
adleg-6 -ére adléxi adléctus to aequal-is -is -e equal, similar agrest-is -is -e rustic
appoint, elect aequit-as -atis f evenness; justice, agricultir-a -ae f agriculture,
administr-6 -are -avi -atus to carry fairness farming
out, execute aequ:d -are -Avi -atus (+ dat) to ai-0 I say; ait he says; aiunt they
admitt-o -ére admisi admissus to make equal to, put on the same say; aiébat he said
let in, admit; to incur level as al-a -ae f wing; squadron (of caval-
admirabil-is -is -e astonishing; aequ-or -oris 1 sea ry)
admirable aequ-us -a -um equal; ex aequo alacrit-as -atis f briskness, eager-
admirati-6 -dnis f admiration equally ness
admir-or -ari -atus sum dep to aér aéris m air alat-us -a -um winged, equipped
admire; to be surprised at; to aes aeris n bronze, brass with wings
wonder at aest-as -atis f summer Alb-a Longsa -ae f Alba Longa
admon<-ed -ére -ui -itus to admon- aest-us -us m heat; tide; pl hot (mountain town south of Rome)
ish, suggest; to warn weather Alban-us -a -um Alban; mpl the
adoper-io -Ire -ui -tus to cover aestim-0 -are -avi -atus to value; Albans
over to regard; to estimate; to think Alb-is -is m the Elbe River
ad6r-6 -are -avi -atus to adore aet-As -atis f age; life; period of alb-us -a -um white
adpell-6 -ére adpuli adpulsus (of a life; aetatem agére to spend alién-us -1 m alien, foreigner
ship) to land (See app-) one’s life aliquand6 adv someday; some-
adsign-0 -are -Avi -atus to assign aetern-us -a -um eternal times
adsum adesse adfui adfututrus (+ affirm:-6 -are -avi -atus to affirm aliquanté adv somewhat, by some
dat or ad + acc) to be present (at) afflict-6 -are -avi -atus to afflict, degree; aliquanto pliira some-
adveh-6 -ére advexi advectus to strike what more than
carry to; pass. to sail to Afr-I -drum mpl Africans; aliqui aliqua aliquod adj some
adven-io -ire advéni adventiirus Carthaginians aliquid, alicuius pron something
to come to, arrive Africa -ae f Africa aliquis, alicuius pron someone
advent-us -iis m arrival agedum come on! aliquot indecl adj some
adversus prep (+ acc) against ager agr-i m field; territory; mpl aliter adv differently; non aliter
advocat-us -i m defense lawyer land; countryside quam not otherwise than (by),
aed-és -is f temple, shrine; p] home aggred-ior -i aggressus sum dep to only (by)
aedifici-um -1 1 building approach; (+ inf) to undertake to, ali-us -a -ud other, another; alius .
aedific-6 -are -avi -atus to build begin to .. alius one... another; alius. ..
aedil-is -is m aedile (minister of agitat-or -dris m driver (of a vehi- ex alid one . . . after another;
public works) cle) alius super alium one on top of
aeg-er -ra -rum sick; aeger (or agit-0 -are -avi -atus to drive; to the other
aegra) animi heartbroken move around; sécum agitare to allig-6 -are -avi -atus to tie (to); to
aegré adv with difficulty; aegré think over, mull over tie up
ferre to resent agnomeen -inis n nickname, hon- al-6 -ére -ui -(i)tus to feed, sup-
Aegypt-us -1 f Egypt orary name port; to raise (animals)
Aenéad-és -ae m companion of agnosc:0 -€re agnOvi agnotus to Alp-és -ium fp! the Alps
Aeneas recognize

430 Appendix
alt-er -era -erum (gen: alterius; dat: Numitor and granduncle of an-us -iis f old lady
alteri) the other (one); the one; a Romulus and Remus) anxié adv anxiously
second (one) an conj or; an... an whether... Apennin-us -I m the Apennines
altercati-6 -6nis f dispute, argu- or; -ne...an whether... or aper-iO -ire -ui -tus to open; to dis-
ment Anchis-és -ae m Anchises (father of close, reveal; to explain
altitad-6 -inis f depth; height Aeneas by Venus) aperté adv obviously
altiuscul-us -a -um high-heeled ancora -ae f anchor; in ancoris at ap-is -is f bee
alt-us -a -um high; deep; in alt6 in anchor Apoll-6 -inis m Apollo (god of the
deep water Anc-us Marci-us -i m Ancus sun and prophecy)
amabil-is -is -e lovable, loving Marcius (fourth king of Rome) apparat-us -is m equipment;
am-ans -antis adj loving; affection- angul-us -I m angle armaments
ate; m/f lover; m boyfriend; f angusti-ae -arum fpl (mountain) appar-eo -ére -ui -itum to appear;
girlfriend pass, defile to be apparent, be clear
Amiatea -ae f Amata (wife of King anhél-us -a -um panting appell-6 -are -avi -atus to call,
Latinus) animadvert-6 -ére -i to notice name; appellare ab (+ abl) to
amat-or -dris m lover animeal -alis n animal name after
ambig:6 -ére to be undecided, anim-us -i m mind; thoughts; appell-6 -ére appuli appulsus to
unsure attention; courage; spirit, spunk; drive toward; to land (See adp-)
ambigu-um -i n riddle heart (as seat of emotions); animi applaud-6 -ére applausi
amb-6 -ae -6 pl both attention (of several people), feel- applausus to applaud
ambul-6 -are -avi to walk ings, emotions; animi causa for app6n-6 -ére apposui appositus to
amiciti-a -ae f friendship; amiciti- the sake of enjoyment; animum serve (food)
am coniungére cum to forma movére to arouse (one’s) wrath; apprehen-do -dére -di -sus to
partnership of friendship with; ind anim6 with one accord; ex apprehend, arrest
in amicitiam accipére to accept animo sum (+ inf) lam of a mind approb-0 -are -avi -atus to
(someone) as a friend to approve of
amic-us -i m friend annal-és -ium mp! annals appropinqu-:6 -are -avi (+ dat or ad
amit-a -ae f aunt (father’s sister) ann-us -i m year; ad multds annOds + acc) to approach
amitt-6 -ére 4misi amissus to lose for many years to come; ante apséns = abséns -entis absent
amn-is -is m river annds before the required age; .. apté adv appropriately
am-6 -are -avi -atus to love; to be . annos natus at age... apt-us -a -um (+ dat) fit (for);
in love with annu-us -a -um annual; annuus et ready
amoen-us -a -um pleasant; charm- perpetuus renewed each year apud (+ acc) near; in the writings
ans-er -eris m goose of; at the home of; among; at the
ing
am-or -dris m love; affection; ante prep (+ acc) in front of; before; camp of; before, in the presence
magné6 amore esse to be held in ahead of, more so than; ante of (a judge, magistrate); apud mé
great affection alids ahead of others, more so at my house
amov:ed -ére AmOvi amoOtus to than others Apiili-a -ae f Apulia (district of
‘remove ante adv before, previously southeastern Italy)
amplect-or -i amplexus sum dep to antea adv before, previously aqua -ae f water; water clock
embrace antequam conj before aquil-a -ae f eagle
amplissim-us -a -um on a grand antiqu-us -a -um ancient, old aquil-us -a -um dark, swarthy
scale; highest (order, office) Anti-um -i n Antium (Volscan Aquitani-a -ae f Aquitania (section
amplius adv more, anymore, any town, modern Anzio, on Latium’s of Gaul just north of the Pyrenees)
longer; amplius quam more than seacoast) Arachnéé -és f Arachne (girl turned
Amiili-us -i m Amulius (brother of antr-um -i n cave, grotto into a spider by Minerva)
anul-us -i m ring

Latin-English Vocabulary 431

arbi-ter -tri m eyewitness asp-er -era -erum rough; harsh aur-um -17n gold
arbitri-um -i 1 arbitration; ex arbi- aspic-id -ére aspexi aspectus to auscult-6 -dre -avi -atus to listen to
trid at the suggestion look at autem adv however; now (in tran-
arbitr-or -ari -atus sum dep to aspris -idis f asp (poisonous snake) sitions)
think assent-i6 -Ire assénsi assénsurus auxili-um -i 7 help; pl auxiliary
arcea -ae f box (+ dat) to agree with troops, reinforcements
Arceas -adis adj Arcadian; mpl assidué adv regularly avariti-a -ae f greed
Arcadians assign-o -are -avi -atus to assign Aventin-us -i m Aventine (Hill)
arcess-0 -ére -ivi -itus to sum- asstim-0 -ére -psi -ptus to assume av-eo -ére to be eager
mon, call in astreum -1 1 star aviea -ae f grandmother
architect-us -1 m architect astit-us -a -um shrewd avidé adv eagerly, avidly
arc-us -iis m bow at conj but (used for emphasis in avid-us -a -um eager, avid
Arde-a -ae f Ardea (Rutulian capital place of sed) avis -is f (gen pl: -ium) bird
city in Latium) at-er -ra -rum adj black; dark avit-us -a -um ancestral
ard-eo -ére arsi arsurus to burn, be Athén-ae -arum fp! Athens avoc-d -are -Avi -atus to distract
on fire; to catch fire Athéniéns:-is -is -e Athenian avuncul-us -1 m uncle (mother’s
argente-us -a -um silver-, of silver athlét-a -ae m/f athlete brother); maior avunculus great-
argent-um -i7 silver atque conj and; (with comparisons) uncle
argument-um -I 1 theme, topic as av-us -1 m grandfather
Ariadn-é -és f Ariadne (daughter of atri-um -i 1 atrium (central room),
Minos, king of Crete) reception hall
arid-us -a -um dry atrdx atrdcis atrocious, cruel, hor- bacul-um -i 1 cane, walking stick
Arimin-um -1 1 Ariminum (town rible “‘balneol-um -i n (small) bath
on the northeast coast of Italy, mod- attenté adv attentively; intently balne-um -i 1 bathroom; (public)
ern Rimini) Attic-us 1 m Pomponius Atticus bath
armea -O6rum np! arms, weapons; (close friend of Cicero’s) Barbaric-um -i 1 barbarism; unciv-
armor; arma capére to take up atting-0 -ére attigi attactus to ilized territory
arms reach, arrive at basilica -ae f courthouse
armari-um -i 1 clothes chest attonit-us -a -um astonished basi-um -1 n kiss
armat-us -a -um armed attrah-0 -ére attraxi attractus to Bauc-is -idis f Baucis (wife of
ar-6 -are -avi -atus to plow attract Philemon)
Arpin-um -i n Arpinum (birthplace auct-or -Oris m supporter; initiator; beat-us -a -um happy; blessed;
of Cicero and Marius) auctore Augusto at the advice of prosperous
arrip-i0 -ére -ul arreptus to snatch, Augustus bellic6ds-us -a -um warlike
seize eagerly, grab auctorit-as -atis f influence, pres- bell-6 -are -avi -Atum to conduct
arrog-ans -antis arrogant tige war
arv-um -1 7 plowed field, land; aud-ax -acis bold bell-um -i 7 war; bellum inferre
region aud-éns -entis m/f bold one (+ dat) to make war on
ar-x -cis f citadel; (fortified) hill aud-eO -ére ausus sum (semi-dep) bene adv well
Ascani-us -i m Ascanius (son of to dare benefici-um -i 1 kindness, favor;
Aeneas) aud-i6 -ire -ivi or -ii -itus to hear benefit
ascend-0 -ére -1 ascénsus to climb aug-eO -ére auxi auctus to increase benevol-éns -entis benevolent,
up; to rise aug-ur -uris m augur, diviner kind-hearted
Asica -ae f Asia (Asia Minor) aurat-us -a -um gold-plated benevolentica -ae f kindness
Asiatic-us -i m the Asian (honorary aure-us -a -um gold, golden, solid- benigné adv kindly, warmly;
title Lucius Cornelius Scipio) gold benigné recipére to welcome
aspect-us -iis m sight, appearance aurigea -ae m charioteer, driver benign-us -a -um kind, benign

432 Appendix
bésti-a -ae f wild beast; ad béstias cal-or -dris m heat Carthag:6 -inis f Carthage
dare to condemn (someone) to be Camill-us -1 m Furius Camillus car-us -a -um (+ dat) dear (to)
thrown to the wild beasts (famous dictator) casea -ae f cottage, hut
bibliothécea -ae f library Campania -ae f Campania (district case-us -I m cheese
bib-6 -ére -i to drink of Italy south of Latium) castr-a -Orum npl camp
Bibul-us i m Bibulus (Caesar's col- campésc:0 -ére -uil to restrain, cas-us -us m adventure; event;
league in the consulship) check occasion; chance, accident; fall,
bis adv twice Capitolin-us -a -um Capitoline destruction; plight, eventuality;
blandiment-um -i n act of endear- campest-er -ris -re of the Campus casti by chance
ment Martius cathedrea -ae f (teacher’s) chair
bon-us -a -um good; npl property camp-us -i m plain; (unplowed) Catilin-a -ae m Catiline (notorious
bods bovis n (dat & abl: bobus or field politician)
bibus) head of cattle; npl cattle candid-us -a -um (shiny) white; Cato -6nis m Cato (famous as a con-
brac-ae -arum fpl (knee-length) fair (skin) servative)
pants, britches canis -is m/f dog caudea -ae f tail
bracchi-um -i n arm Cann-ae -arum fp! Cannae (town in causea -ae f cause; (+ gen) reason
breveis -is -e short; brevi in a short S. Italy where the Romans suffered a for; (legal) case; causa (+ gen) for
time, in a second major military defeat) the sake of, because of; causas
Brundisi-um -i n Brundisium (port Cannéns-is -is -e of Cannae agére to plead cases, serve at the
town at end of the Appian Way) can-0 -ére cecini cantus to sing of, bar; ndn sine causa with good
Bruti-i -drum mpl inhabitants of recite rhythmically reason
the toe of Italy cantic-um -1 1 song caut-us -a -um cautious
bib-6 -dnis m owl Canti-um -i 1 Kent (district in caved -ére -i cautus to beware
Bicolic-a -6rum npl pastoral Britain) (of); to provide (in a will); cavé (+
poems cant:6 -are -avi -atus to sing; (+ present subjunct.) = noli (+ inf) do
bull-a -ae f locket abl) to play (an instrument) not (+ verb)
bust-um -I 7 grave cant-or -dris m singer; professional cav-us -a -um hollow
reader (of poetry) céd-0 -ére céssi céssiirus to go,
Canusi-um -i 1 Canusium (Greek come; to yield; to withdraw, go
cad-6 -ére cecidi casirus to fall (in town in Apulia near Cannae) away; (+ dat) to give in to
battle), be killed cap-i6 -ére cépi captus to take; to cele-ber -bris -bre dense, crowded
caed-és -is f murder; slaughter; capture; to hold; to reach (a place) celebr-6 -are -Avi -atus to cele-
bloodshed Capitoli-um -i n Capitoline Hill brate; to honor
caed-od -ére cecidi caesus to kill capt-O -are -avi -atus to try to celer celer-is -e swift, fast
cael-um -i 1 sky catch; to catch (fish) celerit-as -atis f speed
caerule-us -a -um blue Capuea -ae f Capua (city in celeriter adv fast, swiftly
Calabri-a -ae f Calabria (district of Campania) celerius adv faster, more speedily
Southern Italy) cap-ut -itis n head; capital, chief celerrimé adv fastest, very speedi-
calamitds-us -a -um disastrous, city; source (of a river) ly
calamitous carc-er -eris m jail; starting gate cell-a -ae f storeroom; servant’s
calam-us -i m reed, “pencil”| caré adv dearly room
calce-us -1 n shoe (worn with toga) carissimé adv very dearly cénea -ae f dinner
caldari-um -i n hot bath carit-as -atis f affection cénacul-um -I 1 apartment
calefac-id -ére caleféci calefactus carius adv more dearly cén-6 -are -avi to eat dinner; to
to warm carm-en -inis n poem dine
calig-d -inis f dense atmosphere car6 -nis f meat céns-e0 -ére -ul to vote, propose
callid-us -a -um clever, shrewd carp:d -ére -si -tus to pick (fruit); centiés adv a hundred times
to pick on (a person)

Latin-English Vocabulary 433

centum indecl hundred circumfis-us -a -um (+ dat) er, join; coitur people gather
cerat-us -a -um wax-; tabula cerata wrapped around coem:6 -ére -émi -emptus to buy
wax tablet circumspect-0 -are -avi -atus to my
Cerber-us -i m Cerberus (dog look around coep:i -isse def I began; amare
guarding the gates of the lower circumsist-6 -ére circumsteti to coepisse to fall in love with
world) surround cogit-d -are -avi -atus to think
Cer-és -eris f Ceres (goddess of circum:sto -are -steti to surround cogndm-en -inis n family name,
grain) Cisalpin-us -a -um Cisalpine (“this last name; honorary name; nick-
certam-en -inis n contest; battle; side of the Alps, 1.e., the Roman side name
(single) combat, duel; certamen of the Alps”) cognosc-d -ére cognovi cognitus
cursts foot race; certamina cisternea -ae f cistern to find out, learn (of), hear; to
ponére to put on competitions citharea -ae f lyre recognize; (in the perfect tenses) to
certé adv certainly, unquestionably cito adv quickly know
certo adv without fail; for sure; pro civil-is -is -e civil, civilian; cog:d -ére coégi coactus to force,
certo for sure civilissmé exactly like an ordi- coax; to gather, assemble
cert-6 -are -avi to fight, compete nary citizen cohor:s -tis f cohort
cert-us -a -um certain, specific; civeis -is (gen pl: -ium) m/f citizen cohort-or -ari -atus sum dep to
definite; sure, unmistakable Civit-ds -atis f town, city; state, encourage
cervix -Icis f neck community; tribe coire see coéo
cerv-us -1 m deer, stag clad-és -is f disaster collégi-um -1 1 board, college
céss-0 -are -avi to cease, stop clam adv secretly collig-6 -ére collégi collectus to
céter-i -ae -a the rest of them; npl clam-6 -are -avi -atus to shout; to collect
all else cheer Collis -is (gen pl: -ium) m hill,
céter-us -a -um (rarely singular) claré adv aloud height
other, the rest of clarit-as -atis f clarity; fame colloc:6 -are -avi -atus to locate; to
Char-6n -ontis m Charon (ferryman clar-us -a -um famous; bright; arrange, deploy
on the Styx) clear; loud colloqui-um -i n conference, meet-
chartea -ae f paper classeis -is (gen pl: -ium) f class ing
cib-us -i m food; meal claudic-6 -are -avi to limp coll-um -i 1 neck
Cicer-6 -6nis m M. Tullius Cicero claud-6 -ére clausi clausus to col-6 -ére -ui cultus to worship
(106-43 B.C.) close, lock colonia -ae f colony
ci-e6 -ére civi citus to set in claud-us -a -um lame colon-us -i m tenant farmer;
motion clém-éns -entis clement, mild colonist
Cincinnateus -I m Kaeso Quintius cli-éns -entis m/f client col-or -dris m color; complexion
Cincinnatus (called away from the clipe-us -1 m (round, bronze) columbzga -ae f dove
plow in B.c. 458 to become dictator shield comea -ae f hair
to fight the Aequians; and again in cliv6s-us -a -um hilly combir-o -ére combissi
439 at age 80) Cloeli-a -ae f (brave girl who escaped combistus to burn up
cinsis -eris m ashes from Etruscan captivity) comit-6 -are -avi -atus to accompa-
Circ-é -és f Circe (an enchantress or Clisi-um -i n Clusium (Etruscan ny
witch) town ruled by Lars Porsenna, about comme:0 -are -avi to come; to
circiter adv approximately, about 90 miles north of Rome) come and go
circuit-us -iis m circumference coalésc-6 -ére coalui to take root commend-0 -are -avi -atus to rec-
circum adv all around Cocl-és -itis m Horatius Cocles ommend
circum prep (+ acc) around (hero at the Sublician bridge) commil-es -itis m fellow soldier
circumdic:d -ére circumdixi -tus co-e0 -ire -il -itum to come togeth commilit-6 -dnis m fellow soldier
to take around, show around

434 Appendix
committ-d -ére commisi commis- concip-id -ére concépi conceptus coniugi-um -I 1 marriage
sus to begin (battle); bellum to conceive coniung:6 -ére conitinxi
committére to engage in battle; conclav-e -is (gen pl: -ium) n room coniinctus to join together; sé
sé committére (+ dat) to entrust concubinea -ae f mistress, concu- coniungére (+ dat) to join (some-
oneself (to) bine one)
commodé adv fittingly, nicely concurr-0 -ére -i concursum to run conloc:6 -are -avi atus to place
commod-us -a -um nice, obliging together, charge, clash con-or -ari -atus sum dep to try
commOt-us -a -um touched, concurs-us -us m™ charge, onset; conscend-6 -ére -1 to climb aboard
moved; upset clash consecr-0 -are -avi -atus to conse-
commov:e0 -ére commovi condici-6 -dnis f condition; terms crate; to hallow
comm6tus to touch, move; to (of an agreement) consenésc-0 -ére cOnsenui to grow
upset con-do -dére -didi -ditus to found; old together
commiut:-0 -are -avi -atus to to store; to bring (the day) toa consequ-or -I conseciitus sum dep
change around close; (the dead) to lay to rest, to catch up (with)
cOm-6 -ére cOmpsi cOmptus to bury consider-6 -are -avi -atus to con-
groom confect-us -a -um exhausted, done sider
cOmoed:-us -1 m comedian, comic in consid-6 -ére cOnsédi cOnsessiirus
actor, reader of comedies confer6d conferre contuli collatus to sit down; to settle (in a place)
compar-0 -are -avi -atus to get to compare; sé conferre to betake consili-um -i 1 plan, intentions;
together, assemble, raise (an oneself, go idea; initiative; good judgment;
army); to purchase confic-id -ére conféci confectus to consilia deliberations; consilium
compl-e6 -ére -évi -étus to fill (up) accomplish; to complete, finish; capére (or inire) to form a plan;
competit-or -dris m competitor, to make (clothes); to end, bring to to get an idea
opponent an end (wars) cOnsist-6 -ére cOnstiti to stop,
complorati-6 -dnis f wailing confid-éns -entis confident, self- come to a stop; to stand up, take
complir-és -ium several; a good assured one’s stand; to get one’s footing
number of, many confid-6 -ére confisus sum semi- consobrinea -ae f cousin
compluvi-um -i n skylight (to let in dep (+ dat) to trust, have cOnsobrin-us -i m cousin
light and rain) confidence in conspect-us -iis m sight; in
compo6n-0 -ére composui com- confirmat-us -a -um having cénspectii esse to be within
positus to write (a book, etc.); to regained strength sight; in conspectum venire (+
settle (differences) confit-eor -éri confessus sum dep gen) to come within sight (of)
compositi-6 -dnis f composition to reveal, give signs; to confess conspic-id -ére cOnspexi cOnspec-
comprehend-6 -ére -i conflig-6 -ére conflixi conflictus tus to catch sight of, spot, see
comprehénsus to arrest to clash, fight conspirati-6 -dnis f conspiracy
comprim-:0 -ére compressi com- conflu-6 -ére conflixi to gather, constitit it is a fact
pressus to suppress, quash, flock together cOnstitu-6 -tere -ui -utus to
crush confug-i6 -ére configi decide, determine; to establish;
cconcéd:6 -ére concéssi consessus configitirus (ad + acc) to run to arrange; reorganize (the gov-
to grant; to allow; to retire, go for help to, take refuge with ernment); (of a ship) to moor, run
concél-6 -are -Avi -atus to conceal congred-ior -i congressus sum dep aground
concid:d -ére -i to fall (in battle) (+ dat) to meet (someone) const-6 -are cOnstiti to cost (often
concitat-or -dris m instigator congreg:0 -are -avi -atus to assem- with gen or abl of price)
concili-6 -are -avi -atus to win ble coOnsu-ésc:0 -ére -évi or -1 -étus to
over conic-id -ére coniéci coniectus to become accustomed to; (in perfect
concili-um -i n meeting, parley, guess, conjecture tense) to use to, be in the habit of
council coniectira -ae f inkling, guess

Latin-English Vocabulary 435

coOnsuetiid:d -inis f custom, habit; coram prep (+ abl) before, in the culinea -ae f kitchen
way Of life presence of; face to face with culpsa -ae f fault, blame; in culpa
con-sul -sulis m consul Corinthi-us -a -um Corinthian esse to be at fault
consular-is -is -e of consular rank, Corinth-us -1 f Corinth culp-6 -are -avi -atus to blame
of an ex-consul; m ex-consul Coriol-i -drum mpl Corioli (town in cult-us -iis m elegance, culture
consulat-us -tis m consulship Latium) cum prep (+ abl) with; against
consul-d -ére -ui -tus to consult Cornéli-us -1 m Cornelius (Roman cum conj when; since, because;
cOnsult-us -a -um experienced middle name) although; cum... tum while...
cOnsim-6 -ére -psi -ptus to spend corn-ti -tuis 7 horn at the same time, both... and
(time) coronea -ae fewreath; crown; Cam-ae -arum fp! Cumae (seat of
contend-0 -ére -i to compete, con- corona miuralis mural crown prophecy, located just north of the
tend; to strive; to be in a hurry (awarded to the soldier first to pene- Bay of Naples)
conter-6 -ére contrivi contritus to trate the enemy’s walls) cumbea -ae f boat
wear away; to waste (time) coron:6 -are -avi -atus to crown cum primum conj as soon as
conticésc-6 -ére conticui to fall corp-us -oris n body cunctanter adv hesitantly
silent corrig-6 -ére corréxi corréctus to cunct-or -ari -atus sum dep to hesi-
contin-e0 -ére -ul contentus to correct tate, delay
contain; to hem in corrip-id -ére -ul correptus to ciinct-us -a -um all
conting-6 -ére contigi contactus to seize, grab; to attack suddenly; to cupidit-as -atis f desire, eagerness,
touch rush (someone) off longing; (+ gen) desire (for)
continud adv immediately cotidié adv daily cupid-6 -inis m/f desire
continu-us -a -um continuous coxend-ix -icis f hip Cupid-6 -inis m Cupid
contra prep (+ acc) against, in cras adv tomorrow cupid -ére -Ivi -Itus to wish for,
opposition to; opposite, facing crass-us -a -um thick desire, want
controversi-a -ae f controversy, créd-6 -ére crédidi créditirus (+ cir adv why
dispute dat) to believe, trust ciirea -ae f (+ gen) concern (for)
contuméli-a -ae f outrage, insult crém:0 -are -avi -atus to burn ciirati-6 -dnis f treatment
contund-6 -ére contidi contisus cre-0 -are -avi -atus to make, elect, ciiri-a -ae f senate building
to pound, crush, bruise appoint Cuariati-i -drum mpl Curiatii
conven-i0 -Ire convéni conventus crésc-0 -ére crévi créturus to grow (triplets from Alba Longa)
to meet; to agree upon, convenit Crét-a -ae f Crete curids-us -a -um curious; careful
it is agreed Crétae-us -a -um Cretan cuir-0 -are -avi -atus to take care of,
convert-0 -ére -i conversus to crim-en -inis n charge look after; to keep, raise (ani-
turn, draw, attract crineis -is m a hair; lock of hair; mals); to treat (an illness); to care
convivi-um -i 7 party crinés hair for, like
copia -ae f supply; fpl troops, Crotoniat-I -6rum mpl people of curr-O -ére cucurri cursiirus to run
forces Crotona (in southern Italy) cursit-0 -are -avi to run up and
copids-us -a -um abundant, copi- crudél-is -is -e cruel down
ous, loads of cruent-us -a -um bloody curs-0 -are -Avi to keep running
coquea -ae f cook cryptoportic-us -uis m covered por- curr-us -iis m chariot
coqu:6 -ére coxi coctus to cook, tico curs-us -iis m course; running;
bake cubicul-um -1 n bedroom race; passage; certamen cursus
coqueus -i m cook cubil-e -is (gen pl:-ium) n bed, foot race; cursus hondrum politi-
cor cordis n heart couch cal career
coram adv in person, personally; cub-6 -are -ui or -avi -itum to lie, cust0d-i6 -ire -ivi or -ii -itus to
face to face; in public lie down; to sleep; to recline (at guard
table)

436 Appendix
Cycl-ops -dpis m (acc: -Opa) dédiic:6 -ére dédiixi déductus to démOnstr-6 -are -avi -atus to point
Cyclops (one-eyed giant) lead down; in colinias dédiicére out, show
Cythér-a -ae f Cythera (Greek island to settle in colonies; in Forum démum adv finally, at last
off the southern Peloponnese) déducére to escort to the Forum dénari-us -i m denarius (silver coin
Cytheré-a -ae f Cytherean (said of déduct-ior -ior -ius slightly turned worth about a dollar)
Venus) in dénique adv finally
défend-6 -ére -i défénsus to déns dentis m tooth
damn-6 -are -avi -atus to con- defend déns-us -a -um dense
demn, criticize défénsi-6 -dnis f defense déninti-6 -are -avi -atus to notify,
Daphn<-é -és f Daphne (woodland déferd déferre détuli délatus to give official warning
nymph, loved by Apollo) confer dénuo adv once more
Dardaniea -ae f Troy défess-us -a -um tired out, dérid-eo -ére dérisi dérisus to
Daphn-is -idis m Daphnis (a shep- exhausted laugh at
herd) défic-i6 -ére déféci défectus to déscend:6 -ére déscendi
dé prep (+ abl) down from; from; run low, run out, fail; to be insuf- déscénstrus to descend, come
about, concerning ficient; (of the voice) to give out; down
de-a -ae f goddess anim6 déficére to lose heart déscrib-6 -ére déscripsi déscriptus
déambul-6 -are -avi to walk défl-e6 -ére -évi -étus to cry bitter- to describe
around, stroll ly over, mourn déser-6 -ére -ui -tus to desert,
deb-e6 -ére -ui -itus (+ inf) to be défunct-us -a -um having died; abandon
obliged to, have to; to owe mpl the dead désideri-um -i n desire; longing
décéd-6 -ére décéssi décéssum to déhisc-6 -ére to form a crack, open (for something lost)
pass on, decease up, gape open désider-6 -are -avi -atus to wish,
decem indecl ten déic-id -ére déiéci déiectus to hurl desire; to miss, long for; to ask
decenter adv gracefully down for
décern-6 -ére décrévi décrétus to déiect-us -a -um depressed désign-0 -are -Avi -atus to desig-
decree; to decide; to vote dein(de) adv then nate
décert-6 -are -avi -atus to fight to deinceps adv then, after that, from désil-i6 -ire -ul to jump down
the end then on, hereafter, from now on désip-io -ére to be crazy, be out of
décid-6 -ére -i to fall down délectati-6 -dnis f (source of) one’s mind
decim-us -a -um tenth delight déspérat-us -a -um desperate,
décip-id -ére décépi déceptus to délectat-us -a -um delighted hopeless
deceive, trick délect-6 -are -avi -atus to delight; déspoli-6 -are -avi -atus to strip,
déclinati-6 -dnis f declension to entertain despoil
décliv-is -is -e sloping délect-us -a -um adj select, choice déstin-6 -are -avi -atus to decide
dec6r-us -a -um fitting, proper; dél-e6 -ére -évi -étus to destroy; to déstru:6 -ére déstruxi déstrictus
beautiful wipe out to destroy, tear down
décrét-um -i 1 decree délici-ae -4rum fp! (source of) désum déésse défui défutirus to
décurr-6 -ére -i décursus to run delight; pet be lacking, be missing; (+ dat) fail
by, pass délir-6 -are -avi to be off one’s (Someone)
dédec-us -oris n disgrace, dishon- rocker déteg-o -ére détéxi détéctus to
or Delph-i -drum mpl Delphi (Greek uncover, detect
dédic-6 -are -Avi -atus dedicate religious site) déterr-e6 -ére -uil -itus to deter,
dédit-us -a -um adj (+ dat) devoted dém-éns -entis adj crazy, insane discourage
(to) démitt-6 -ére démisi démissus to détrah-6 -ére détraxi détractus to
dé-do -dére -didi -ditus to surren- drop; to send down take off, pull off (clothes, shoes,
der; sé dédére to surrender ring)

Latin-English Vocabulary 437

détrunc-6 -are -avi -atus to behead discéd-o -ére discéssi discésstrrus domicilieum -i 1 home, residence
de-us -1 m god to depart, leave dominea -ae f owner, mistress,
déven-i6 -ire dévéni déventirus discipul-a -ae f student lady of the house
to come down discipul-us -1 m student domin-us -1 m owner, master
dévor-d -are -avi -atus to devour disc-d -ére didici to learn dom-90 -are -ui -itus to tame, con-
dext-er -(e)ra -(e)rum right; a discrim-en -inis 1 crisis; risk; quer
dext(e)ra on the right (side) discrimine (+ gen) at the risk of dom-us -iis f home; palace
dic-6 -ére dixi dictus to say; dispon-d -ére disposui dispositus dodn-o -are -avi -atus to donate,
sécum dicére to say to oneself to arrange present
dict-d -are -avi -atus to dictate dispert-i6 -ire -ivi -itus to distrib- don-um -i n gift
dict-um -i 1 statement; prediction ute dors-um -i 1 back
Did-6 -dnis f Dido (Phoenician lady displic-ed -ére -ui -itum (+ dat) to drac-6 -6nis m (huge) snake; drag-
who founded Carthage) displease on
diés di-éi m day; weather; day- disput-d -are -avi -atus (dé + abl) dubit-6 -are -avi -atus tr to doubt;
light; ad diem on the right day, to discuss intr to hesitate, be unsure, won-
promptly; dié admisso having dissimil-is -is -e dissimilar, unlike der
let in the daylight; in diés from dit adv for a long time ducent-i -ae -a two hundred
day to day; f time, date ditrn-us -a -um day’s, of the day; diic-6 -ére diixi ductus to take,
differd differre distuli dilatus to ditirnus actus day’s business lead, guide; to think, regard; to
postpone dittissimé adv for a very long marty (a woman); uxdrem dicére
difficil-is -is -e difficult time to mary
diffid-6 -ére diffisus sum semi-dep dittius adv (any) longer; non dulc-is -is -e sweet
to lose faith, have doubts dititius no longer dum conj while; as long as
diffug-i6 -ére diffiigi to flee (in dititim-us -a -um lasting duo duae duo two
different directions), scatter divert-6 -ére -i diversus (ex + abl) duodecim indecl twelve
digné adv deservedly, worthily to turn off from duodéviginti indecl eighteen
dign-or -ari -atus sum dep (+ dat) divinitus adv by divine agency duplic-6 -are -avi -atus to double
to deign to, think fit to divin-us -a -um divine; divina rés diur-us -a -um hard, tough, hardy;
dign-us -a -um (+ gen or abl) wor- ritual, ceremony harsh
thy (of), deserving (of) divis-or -dris m divider, executor duumv-vir -virl m™ member of a
digred-ior -i digressus sum dep to (of an estate) two-man board
go away diviti-ae -arum fpl riches, wealth diur-6 -are -avi to persist
dilig-éns -entis diligent, careful divorti-um -i 1 divorce; divortium dux ducis m general; leader; guide
diluvi-um -i n flood, deluge facére (cum + abl) to divorce
dimét-ior -iri diménsus sum dep div-us -a -um divine; m god, deity;
to measure out; to count off sub divo out in the open; Divus é, ex prep (+ abl) out of; of; from ..
(time) (title of a deceased emperor) . on; by
dimic-6 -are -avi -atus to fight, Deified, of blessed memory ea pron she
contend do dare dedi datus to give ecce! interj look!, lo and behold!
dimidi-us -a -um half; dimidia doc-e6 -ére -ui doctus to teach ecquid conj whether
pars half; n half dodr-ans -antis m three-fourths édisc-6 -ére édidici to learn by
dimitt-d -ére dimisi dimissus to dol-ed -ére -ui to mourn; to feel heart
dismiss, let go, drop; to get rid pain éd-6 édére édidi éditus to edit; to
of; to divorce dol-or -dris m pain; grief publish; to produce, put on (pub-
diru-6 -ére -I -tus to destroy, dol-us -i m trick, stratagem lic entertainment)
demolish domestic-us -a -um home-, of a éduc:6 -are -avi -atus raise (chil-
Dis Ditis m Pluto home; mpl domestics, servants dren, animals, crops)

438 Appendix
édiic-6 -ére édiixi ductus to lead equidem adv indeed ex prep (+ abl) out of; of; from; in
out equitat-us -iis m cavalry accordance with, according to;
efferd efferre extuli élatus to equit-0 -are -Avi to ride (a horse) from . . . on; by; as the result of;
carry out (for burial) equ-us -i m horse ex ed from then on
effic-id -ére efféci effectus to ergo adv therefore examin-0 -Are -avi -atus to weigh,
bring about, cause; to form, Eridan-us -i m Po River (called test
build; tantum efficére to become Eridanus by the Greeks) exanimat-us -a -um fainting
so accomplished érip-id -ére -ui éreptus to tear exanim-us -a -um out of breath,
effug-id -ére effigi effigitirus to away, wrest breathless
escape erreO -are -avi -aturus to roam, exanim+is -is -e unconscious, life-
égelid-us -a -um cool wander less
eg-ed -ére -uil (+ gen or abl) to err-or -Oris m mistake excell-éns -entis excellent; out-
need, lack érudit-us -a -um educated, trained standing, excelling
égi perf of ago érump-0 -ére éruipi éruptum to excell-6 -ére -ui to excel
ego pron I break out, rush out excidi-um -i 1 overthrow, destruc-
égred-ior -1 égressus sum dep to Esquili-ae -arum fp! Esquiline Hill tion, fall
come out; navi égredi to disem- ésur-id -ire to be hungry excid-6 -ére -I excisus to destroy,
bark essedari-us -1 m charioteer, driver elmininate
egregi-us -a -um outstanding et conj and; et... et both... and excip-id -ére excépi exceptus to
eius (gen of pron is, ea, id) his, her, etiam adv also; even; (in answer) welcome; to except, exclude; to
its; eiusmodi that kind of yes intercept, rescue
éleg-ans -antis elegant Etriri-a -ae f Etruria (district of excis-us -a -um destroyed, ruined
éleganter adv elegantly Italy north of Latium) excit-O -are -avi -atus to excite; to
éloquenti-a -ae f eloquence; public Etrusc-us -a -um Etruscan; mpl stir up, arouse
speaking Etruscans excrésc-0 -ére excrévi to grow up
émend-6 -are avi -atus to emend, Eumen-és -is m Eumenes (king of excruci-6 -are -avi -atus to tor-
correct, edit Pergamus in Asia Minor from 197 ment, torture to death
émer-eo -ére -ul -itus to serve out, to 159 B.c.) exempl-ar -aris n copy; example
complete (military service) Eurydic-é -és f Eurydice (wife of ex-e0 exire exivi or exii exitiirus to
émin-éns -entis eminent, out- Orpheus) go out, exit
standing; raised (nose) évad-o -ére Evasi Evasus to escape exerc-eO -ére -ul -itus to practice;
émitt-d -ére Emisi missus to send Evan-der -dri m Evander (founder to study, pursue; to train
out; to let out of Pallanteum on the Palatine Hill) exercitati-6 -dnis f exercise, prac-
em-6 -ére émi émptus to buy éveh-6 -ére Evexi Evectus to tice
enim conj for advance, promote, raise exercitieum -I 1 exercise (esp. writ-
enim adv indeed éven-id -Ire événi éventiirus to ten)
énumer-0 -are -avi -atus to count, come out, emerge; to turn out; exercit-us -tis m army
enumerate événit ut it happened that exhort-or -ari -atus sum dep to
ed adv there, to that place; ed évent-us -iis m outcome, turn of encourage
magis all the more events exigu-us -a -um small, meager
e0 Ire ivi or ii iturus to go évigil-6 -are -avi to wake up exilieum -i 1 exile
epistul-a -ae f letter évoc:6 -are -avi -atus to call forth, eximi-us -a -um exceptional
equra -ae f mare call out; to recall existimati-6 -onis f reputation
equees -itis m equestrian, knight, évol-6 -are -avi to fly out existim:6 -are -avi -atus to think,
cavalryman évolv-d -ére -i évolitus to unroll consider
eques-ter -tris -tre equestrian (a scroll), read, finish reading exit-us -iis m way out, exit; death
expediti-6 -onis f campaign

Latin-English Vocabulary 439

expedit-us -a -um unencumbered, fab-er -ri m craftsman; faber félicit-6 -are -avi to make happy
free ferrarius blacksmith féliciter adv happily; successfully
expell-6 -ére expuli expulsus to fabric-6 -are -avi -atus to make, fél-ix -icis happy; lucky, fortunate;
drive out, expel; in exilium put together, construct successful
expellére to drive into exile fabul-a -ae f story fémin-a -ae f woman
fabulat-or -dris m storyteller fenestr-a -ae f shutter; window
exper-ior -irl expertus sum dep to
experience; to find out; to test fabul-or -ari -atus sum dep to chat fer-a -ae f wild animal
expir-d -are -avi -atus to breathe facéti-a -ae f joke, humor; witti- feré adv almost; generally; approx-
out cism imately
explan-o -are -avi -atus to explain faci-és -éi f face fermé adv about, approximately
explic-d -are -avi or explicui facile adv easily ferd ferre tuli latus to bring, bear;
explicitus to explain facil-is -is -e easy; nec facilis to receive (responses)
explorat-or -Oris m spy hardly ferdci-a -ae f ferocity
expOn-d -ére exposui expositus to facin-us -eris n deed; crime ferdcissimé adv very fiercely
explain; to tell of; to set out, sta- faceid -ére féci factus to make; to ferdciter adv fiercely
tion do; to cause; to regard; negotium ferdcius adv more fiercely
exprim-0 -ére expressi expressus facére to do, carry on business fer-0x -dcis fierce, fiery
to express facti-d -dnis f faction, party fer-us -a -um wild, fierce
expugn-:0 -are -avi -atus to storm, fact-um -1 n deed; bonum factum! ferv-éns -entis adj boiling hot
capture (formula of good omen blessed day! fess-us -a -um tired, weary
expuls-us -a -um (having been) facult-as -atis f ability; opportuni- festin-6 -are -avi to rush, hurry
expelled (see expelld) ty fést-us -a -um festive; diés féstus
exscrib-6 -ére exscripsi exscriptus fag-us -i f beech holiday
(ex + abl) to copy (from); fartim fall-6 -ére fefelli falsus to cause to fibul-a -ae f safety pin, clasp (to
exscribére to cheat fall; to deceive; to while away pin the toga, stola, etc.)
exspect-6 -are -avi -atus to wait (time) fidél-is -is -e faithful
for; to expect falso adv falsely fid-és -éi f faith, trust; word (of
exspir-d -are -avi -atus to breathe fals-us -a -um false honor); fulfillment (of a promise);
out; to breathe one’s last, expire famea -ae f rumor, gossip fidem dare to give one’s word
exstingu-0 -ére extinxi exstinctus fam-és -is f hunger, starvation (of honor), pledge; fidem servare
to extinguish; to kill; (passive) to famili-a -ae f household; family to keep one’s word; fidem sequi
die familiarit-As -atis f close friend- (+ gen) to rely on the good faith
ex-sto -stare -steti to be extant, be ship of
in existence fas indecl n divine right; fas est it fid-us -a -um loyal, trusty, faithful
exstru-0 -ére -xi -ctus to build is right fig-6 -ére fixi fictus to fix (e.g.,
extent-us -a -um stretched out fast-I -6rum mpl calendar one’s gaze)
extorqu-eO -ére extorsi extortus to fastigi-um -1 1 rank, dignity figul-us -i m potter
demand fat-a -drum npl fate figiir-a -ae f shape
extra prep (+ acc) outside; beyond fatal-is -is -e fated, destined filiea -ae f daughter; filia sor6ris
extrém-us -a -um Outermost, fat-eor -é11 fassus sum dep to con- (or fratris) niece
extreme; ad extremum to the fess, reveal filiol-a -ae f little daughter, dear
very end; finally Faustul-us -i m Faustulus (shepherd daughter
exu-d -ére -i exiitus to take off who found Romulus and Remus) fili-us -i m son; filius sororis (or
(clothes) faut-or -dris m fan fratris) nephew
évalésc-6 -ére -ui to grow strong, fav-ed -ére favi fautirus (+ dat) to fil-um -i n thread
grow up favor, side with fin-i6 -ire -Ivi -itus to finish
febr-is -is (gen pl: -ium) f fever finsis -is (gen pl: -ium) m end

440 Appendix
finitim-us -a -um neighboring; m happen to be; forte vidére to fund-6 -ére fiidi fiisus to pour; to
neighbor happen to see shed (tears); mil to rout
fi0 fierl factus sum to become; to fort-is -is -e brave; strong fund-us -i m farm
take place, happen fortissimé adv very bravely fung-or -i fiinctus sum dep to per-
firmiter adv firmly fortiter adv bravely form
firm-6 -are -Avi -atus to strengthen fortitiid-6 -inis f gallantry, fin-us -eris n funeral; death; pl
firm-us -a -um firm courage havoc
flammea -ae f flame fortius adv more bravely furcea -ae f fork; forked wooden
flav-us -a -um yellow fortiin-a -ae f luck; fate, bad luck pole (to support a roof)
flébiliter adv tearfully, in tears foreum -i 1 forum, marketplace furenter adv furiously
flect-6 -ére flexi flexus to turn, For-um -i 1 Tali Market-town of fur-or -Gris m madness
bend; to wheel about Julius (name of a town) furtim adv secretly, stealthily
fled flére flévi flétus to cry, weep fossa -ae f ditch futir-a -drum npl the future
flexuds-us -a -um winding, twist- frag-or -dris m crash, noise
ing frang-0 -ére frégi fractus to break Gaica -ae f Gaia (female name)
Florenti-a -ae f Florence (town in fra-ter -tris m brother; frater Gai-us -i m Gaius (Roman first
northern Italy) uxOris (or mariti) brother-in-law name)
flos floris m flower fraus fraudis f treachery, deceit, Galatica -ae f Galatia (district in
fluct-us -iis m wave wiles central Asia Minor)
flaim-en -inis n river fremit-us -tis m roar gale-a -ae f helmet
flu-d -ére fliixi flixirus to flow frequent-6 -are -avi -atus to attend Gall-i -drum mpl Gauls
fluvi-us -i m river (school) Galli-a -ae f Gaul (now modern
focil-6 -are -avi -atus to revive frigidari-um -i 1 cold bath France)
focul-us -i m brazier, burner frigidul-us -a -um cool gallin-a -ae f chicken
fodic-6 -are -avi -atus to stab frigid-us -a -um cold garrulit-as -atis f chatter
foed-us -a -um disgusting, shock- frig-us -oris n cold; coolness; pl gaud-eO -ére gavisus sum semi-dep
ing cold weather, cold spells to be glad, rejoice
foed-us -eris n treaty, deal, agree- frug-és -um fp! crops gaudi-um -1 7 joy
ment; ex foedere according to fruor frui friictus sum dep to enjoy gemin-i -Orum mpl twins
the agrement, terms; foedus fristra adv in vain gemit-us -iis m sigh; groan; gemi-
icére to strike a deal, make a fug-a -ae f flight; in fugam dare to tum dare to let out a groan
treaty put to flight gemmaa -ae f jewel
foli-um -i n leaf fug-id -ére fiigi fugitirus tr to gemmiéri-us -i m jeweler
fons font-is m spring avoid, shun; intr to flee gem-0 -ére -ui -itirus to sigh
foras adv (with words of motion) ful see sum geneer -erl m son-in-law
outside fulg-e6 -ére -si to flash; to shine, gener-0 -are -avi -atus to father,
fore = futirum esse it will be gleam have, produce
for-és -ium fp! double doors fulgid-us -a -um shiny genetr-Ix -Icis f mother
forénsi-a -ium np street clothes fulg-ur -uris n flash of lightning genitur-a -ae f destiny, horoscope
foris adv outside, out of doors fulic-ae -arum fpl waterfowl gens gént-is f clan, extended fami-
formea -ae f beauty; handsomeness fulm-en -inis n bolt of lightning ly; people, nation; (fig) country
form:6 -are -Avi -atus to imagine, fiim-us -i m smoke gen-u -iis 1 knee
think up; to compose funda -ae f slingshot, sling gen-us -eris n kind, sort, type;
form6s-us -a -um beautiful, shape- fundament-um -i n foundation race; posterity
ly; handsome fund-6 -are -4vi -atus to found, GeOrgic-a -drum npl Georgics
forte adv by chance; forte esse to establish (poems on farming)
Germianiva -ae f Germany

Latin-English Vocabulary 441

gerd gerére gessi gestus to do, habit-6 -are -avi to live, dwell honorific-us -a -um bestowing
accomplish; to wear (clothes); to habit-us -iis m style (of clothes) honor, honorary, complimentary
carry, bear; to hold (office); rem hactenus adv thus far; haec hora -ae f hour; hora prima at the
gerére to carry on, behave; rés hactenus enough of this, so first hour, at six o’clock; in horas
prosperé gerére to conduct suc- much for that from hour to hour
cessful (military) operations haec dem pron & adj this; npl the HorAati-us -1 m Horatius; Horatii
gest-or -ari -atus sum to ride; following the Horatii (triplets from Rome)
equo gestari to ride a horse; haesit-6 -are -avi to hesitate horr-ed -ére -ui to shudder (at)
vehiculd gestari take a ride ina Hannibal -alis m Hannibal (son of horrid-us -a -um grim; frightful,
vehicle Hamilcar) savage-looking
gladiat-or -dris m gladiator hast-a -ae f spear hort-or -ri -4tus sum dep to
gladi-us -1 m sword haud adv (negates a single word in a encourage, urge, cheer on
Gorg:6 -dnis f a Gorgon (female sentence) not; haud imperitus not hort-us -i m garden; mpl park
monster) inexperienced, very experienced; hosp¢es -itis m/f guest; host;
glori-a -ae f glory, fame haud magnum spatium a short stranger
gradatim adv gradually, step by period of time hospit-a -ae f stranger
step haur-i6 -ire hausi haustus to draw hospiti-um -1 1 guest room; hospi-
grad-ior -1 gressus sum dep to go Hecub-é -és (or «a -ae) f Hecuba tality
grad-us -iis m step; gradus aetatis (wife of Priam, king of Troy) hosti-a -ae f victim
stage of life Helen-é -és (or «a -ae) f Helen (wife hostil-is -is -e (+ dat) hostile (to);
Graecé adv Greek, in Greek of Menelaus, king of Sparta) npl hostile acts
Graeci-a -ae f Greece herbea -ae f grass host-is -is (gen pl: -ium) m enemy;
Graec-us -a -um Greek; mpl hér-és -édis m heir public enemy (of the state)
Greeks heri adv yesterday hic adv here, to this place
Grai-i -drum mpl Greeks hexame-ter -tri m hexameter himAniter adv humanly; humane-
grammatic-a -ae f grammar Hibernica -ae f Ireland ly, kindly
grammatic-us -i m teacher (of liter- hibern-us -a -um winter-, in win- haman-us -a -um human;
ature and literary criticism); ter, wintery humane, kind; civilized
grammarian hic haec hoc dem pron & adj (gen: humileis -is -e low; humble, sim-
grandis -is -e large, great; husky; huius) this; the latter; hic... hic ple
iam grandis already grown up one person . . . another hum-us -i f ground; humi on the
grati-a -ae f influence; gratia (+ hic adv here; hic... hic here... ground
gen) for the sake of there hypographea -ae f draft
gratis adv gratis; without ransom hiems hiem-is f winter
grat-us -a -um attractive, pleasing hilar-is -is -e cheerful iac-ed -ére -ui to lie, be located; to
gravid-us -a -um heavy hinc adv hence, from here/there lie down
graveis -is -e heavy; intense (love); histori-a -ae f history iac-id -ére iéci iactus to throw
impressive hoc dem pron & adj this iact-us -tis m throw, toss
gravit-as -atis f seriousness, gravi- hodié adv today; hodié mane this iam adv already; now; iam dit for
ty; severity morning a long time; iam diidum long
graviter adv seriously hol-us -eris n vegetables ago; iam tum already then; non
gust-0 -are -avi -atus to taste; to Homér-us -1 m Homer iam no longer
eat hom-6 -inis m person; mp! people ianuea -ae f entrance, door
hon-or -dris m honor; (high) office; ibidem adv in the same way; in
hab-e6 -ére -ui -itus to have; to honodrem habére (+ dat) to have the same place
hold, regard; to keep; magni respect for Ic:6 (or Icsid) Icére ici ictus to
habére to regard highly strike; to sting, bite

442 Appendix
id pron it immobil-is -is -e motionless incid-6 -ére -i (in + acc) to fall into;
idem eadem idem dem pron & adj immol-6 -are -Avi -atus to sacrifice (+ dat) to happen to
the same immortal-is -is -e immortal incip-i6 -ére incépi inceptus to
idem adv likewise im-par -aris adj uneven begin
identidem adv again and again impati-éns -entis impatient; (+ incitat-us -a -um incited; galloping
idOne-us -a -um (+ dat, ad + acc, in gen) unable to endure (horses)
+ acc) suitable, fit (for) imped-i6 -ire -ivi or -ii -itus to inclin-6 -are -avi -atus to bend; sé
Id-iis -uum fp! the Ides hinder, prevent inclinare to bend down
igitur adv and so, therefore impedit-us -a -um encumbered, includ-6 -ére inclisi incliisus to
ignar-us -a -um (+ gen) unaware loaded down enclose, shut in
of, unfamiliar with; non ignarus impénsea -ae f expense incognit-a -ae f an unknown
(+ gen) well aware of imperat-or -dris m commander in incoh-6 -are -4vi -atus to begin
ignavi-a -ae f cowardice chief incol-a -ae m/f inhabitant
ign-is -is (gen pl: -ium) m fire imperfect-us -a -um incomplete incol-6 -ére -ui incultus tr to
ignOr-6 -are -avi -atus not to know imperit-us -a -um (+ abl or gen) inhabit; intr to live, reside
ignOsc-d -ére igndvi igndtum (+ unskilled in, inexperienced in incolumsis -is -e unharmed
dat) to pardon, forgive, excuse imperi-um -i 1 (supreme) power, increp-0 -are -avi or -ui -atus or
ignOt-us -a -um unfamiliar sovereignty, sway; imperium -itus to rebuke, reproach
ilicd adv on the spot, then and habere in (+ acc) to hold power inctrids-us -a -um indifferent,
there over; imperium gerére to hold careless
Ili-on -i (or «um -i) n Ilion (another supreme power inde adv from there
name for Troy) imper-0 -are -Avi imperatiirus (+ indici-um -i 1 information, direc-
ill-e -a -ud dem pron & adj that; ille dat) to command, order, give tions
... hic the former . . . the latter orders to; to rule over, govern; to indic-6 -ére indixi indictus to
illic adv there make demands on declare
illo adv there, thither impetr-0 -are -avi -atus to get indig-e6 -ére -ui (+ gen or abl) to
illic adv there, to that place (what one has asked for) need, lack
illimin-6 -are -avi -atus to illumi- impet-us -us m attack; impetum indign-us -a -um (+ gen or abl)
nate facére to mount an attack unworthy (of)
illistr-is -is -e famous, brilliant implor-6 -are -avi -atus to indoct-us -a -um uneducated; non
illistr-0 -are -avi -atus to light up implore, beg for indoctus well educated
Illyri-i -6rum mpl Illyrians (on the impluvi-um -i n rain basin (built indulgenti-a -ae f indulgence,
east coast of the Adriatic, in modern into the floor of the atrium) leniency
Jugoslavia and Albania) impOn-o -ére imposui impositus indul-geo -gére -si (+ dat) to
im4g-6 -inis f bust; statue; picture (+ dat) to place (upon), impose indulge in, devote oneself to
imbecill-us -a -um weak (on) indu-6 -ére -1 indiitus to put on
imeber -bris m rain, rainstorm impib-és -eris adj young industri-a -ae f ambition
imbrif-er -er7 m rain-bringer impiiné adv safely, with impunity inditi-ae -arum fp! armistice,
immerg:6 -ére immersi immersus Im-us -a -um lowest truce, cease-fire
to immerse, dip, plunge; sé in prep (+ acc) into; to; against; (+ in-eO -ire -IvI or -ii -itus to go in;
immergére in (+ acc) to plunge abl) in; on; among; in the case of to enter; cOnsilium inire to form
into i inan-is -is -e empty; flat a plan
immerit6 adv undeservedly inaudit-us -a -um unheard-of inf-ans -antis m/f infant, baby
immigr-6 -are -avi -atirus to inaur-és -ium fpl earrings inferi-ae -arum fp! funeral rites
move into (a home, a place); to incend-6 -ére -i incénsus to light, inferior -ior -ius (gen -dris) lower,
immigrate kindle (a fire); to set on fire inferior
immin-éns -entis imminent

Latin-English Vocabulary 443

inferd inferre intuli inlatus to inquir-d -ére inquisivi inquisitus interditi adv during the day
bring upon; to bring in, bury; to ask interdum adv sometimes, now and
bellum inferre (+ dat) to make inquit def he/she says/said (in then
war upon direct quotations) interfect-or -oris m killer, assassin
infer-us -a -um infernal, of the inquiunt def they say (in direct quo- intereficid -ficére -féci -fectus to
world below; mpl the dead tations) kill
infest-us -a -um hostile irasc-or -i (+ dat) to become angry interim adv meanwhile
Infic-id -ére inféci infectus to with interim-6 -ére interémi interemp-
stain, dye inrump:d -ére inrupi inruptus to tus to kill
infidél-is -is -e unfaithful break into, invade intermiss-us -a -um interrupted
infig-6 -ére infixi infixus to fix inru-0 -ére -1 to rush in interpellati-6 -6nis f interruption
Insequ-éns -entis following interrogat-um -i 1 question
(on)
infim-us -a - um lowest insidi-ae -arum fp! ambush, trap interrog:6 -are -avi -atus to ask,
infinit-us -a -um countless; insinu-d -are -avi -atus refl sé question
infinita nobilitas a huge number insinuAare in (+ acc) to work interrump:d -ére interrupi inter-
of the nobility one’s way into ruptus to interrupt
infirmit-As -atis f poor health Insist-d -ére institi to stand on; to inter-sum -esse -fui -futirus (+
infirm-us -a -um weak get one’s footing; to stop dat) to attend, participate in
inflamm-6 -are -avi -atus to set on Inspic-id -ére Inspexi inspectus to intervall-um -i 7 interval
fire look at, inspect interven-id -ire intervéni inter-
inflex-us -a -um wavy; leviter instig-d -are -avi -atus to rile up ventirus to come between,
inflexus capillus slightly wavy institu: -ére -i institiitus to begin intervene; (offriends) to drop in
hair institut-um -1 n custom; institutd intolerabil-is -is -e intolerable
infra prep (+ acc) below; south of titi to practice a custom intra prep (+ acc) within, inside
ingeni-um -i n intellect; ability; inst-O -are institi (+ dat) to be in intr-6 -are -avi to enter
character hot pursuit of; to attack intro-diicd -diicére -diixi -ductus
ing-éns -entis huge; mighty; high Instru-0 -ére instruxi Instructus to to bring in, introduce
(morale) draw up, deploy (troops); (+ abl) intrd-e6 -ire -Ivi -itus to enter
ingrat-us -a -um ungrateful to provide with intub-um -i 1 endive
inic-id -ére iniéci iniectus to Insuéfact-us -a -um inured; well intus adv inside
throw in, throw on; to thrust in trained inund-6 -are -avi -atus to flood,
inimic-us -a -um unfriendly; m Insul-a -ae f island; apartment inundate
(personal) enemy building (so called because it takes inisitat-us -a -um adj unusual
iniqu-us -a -um uneven, lopsided; up a whole block) invad-o0 -ére invasi invasus to
unfair; hostile inte-ger -gra -grum whole; attack, strike; to invade
initio adv in the beginning, initially unharmed; intact inven-id -Ire invéni inventus to
inméns-us -a -um immense intelleg-6 -ére intelléxi intelléctus come upon, find, discover
innoc-éns -entis innocent; harm- to understand inventi-6 -dnis f discovery
less intellig-éns -entis intelligent invicem adv in turn
innocenter adv innocently; harm- intempest-us -a -um unseason- invict-us -a -um unconquered
lessly able; intempesta nocte in the invidi-a -ae f jealousy, envy
inniptea (fonly) unmarried dead of night invisibileis -is -e invisible
inopiea -ae f lack; scarcity intenté adv with emphasis invit-6 -are -avi -atus to invite
inportin-us -a -um ruthless intenti-d -dnis f attention, concen- invi-us -a -um impassable
inquam def I say (in direct quota- tration idc-us -1 m joke; per idcum jokingly
tions) inter prep (+ acc) between, among;
during

444 Appendix
 ips-e -a -um pron himself, herself, itsidrand-um -i n oath; iisitiran- Lati-um -1 n Latium (district of Italy
itself; (placed before the word) the dum dare to take an oath south of Etruria)
Very: iussu 1 (abl) (+ gen) at the order of, Lati-us -a -um of Latium
irea -ae f ire, anger, rage at the bidding of latr-6 -are -avi to bark; to bark at
irat-us -a -um angry, angered itist-us -a -um just; justified latr-O -onis m thief
Iris -idis f Iris (goddess of the rain- iuvat iuvare impers it delights; mé lat-us -a -um wide
bow) iuvat I am delighted laud-6 -are -Avi -atus to praise; to
irrép-0 -ére -si -ttrus to sneak in iuvenal-is -is -e youthful deliver the eulogy for, eulogize
irrump-6 -ére irrupi irruptus to iuven-is -is m/f youngster; m Laur-éns -entis adj Laurentian
break into, invade young man, youth; f young laure-us -a -um laurel-, of laurel
is ea id dem pron & adj that; (as woman laur-us -i f laurel tree
simple pron) he, she, it iuvent-is -iitis f youth laus laudis f praise
ist-e -a -ud pron that ituixta prep (+ acc) next to Lavini-a -ae f Lavinia (daughter of
ita adv so King Latinus)
Ital-i -orum mpl Italians labOr-6 -are -avi to work; to be in lav-6 -are lavi lautus to wash
Itali-a -ae f Italy trouble; (+ abl or ab + abl) to suf- lax-6 -are -Avi to relax
Ital-us -a -um Italian; terra Itala fer from lecti-6 -dnis f reading
Italian countryside (i.e., local labreum -i 1 lip lect-or -6ris m reader
inhabitants) labyrinth-us -i m labyrinth lectul-a lucubratori-a -ae f easy
itaque adv and so, therefore lac lactis n milk chair (for working by lamplight)
item adv likewise; item et item lacernea -ae f cape lectul-us -i m (little) bed
again and again lacrimea -ae f tear lect-us -i m bed; dining couch
iter itineris n trip, journey; way, lactiicea -ae f lettuce légat-us -i m ambassador, envoy;
route; (mil) march; iter facére to lac-us -iis m lake mil commander of a legion
travel; (mil) (in + acc) to march laetiti-a -ae f joy legi-6 -dnis f legion, division
against, march into laet-us -a -um happy (about 3600-5000 men)
iterum adv again; a second time lane-us -a -um woolen lég-6 -dre -avi -atus to leave,
iub-ed -ére iussi iussus to order, langu-:e6 -ére to feel sick, lethargic bequeath
tell, bid, ask lani-O -are -avi -atus to tear up leg-6 -ére légi léctus to read
iucund-us -a -um pleasant larari-um -i n shrine or altar to the lénOcini-um -i 1 personal adorn-
iudicieum -i 1 court; trial; deci- household gods ments; sexy clothes; alluring
sion; verdict; just cause Larenti-a -ae f Larentia (wife of makeup
iugul-um -i n throat Faustulus) lenté adv slowly
iug-um -i 1 yoke (for horses) largit-ds -atis f bounty lep-us -oris m hare
iung-6 -ére itinxi itinctus to join; Lars Lartis Porsennea -ae m Lars levat-us -a -um (+ abl) supported
sé iungére (+ dat) to join (some- Porsenna (Etruscan king of (by), leaning (on)
one) Clusium) léveis -is -e adj smooth
idni-or -Oris younger lassat-us -a -um tired out lev-is -is -e light, slight
_ Tani-us -a -um June, of June latebr-a -ae f hiding place, lair levius adv more lightly, less
Iun-d -dnis f Juno (queen of the lat-e6 -ére -ui to hide seriously
gods, wife of Jupiter) Latiné adv (to speak, study, teach, léx légis f law; rule; condition
Iuppiter lovis m Jupiter (king of learn, write, read, translate, under- libenter adv gladly, willingly,
the gods) stand) Latin readily
its itis n law, right(s); justice, Latin-us -a -um Latin; mpl the lib-er -era -erum free
righteousness; in iis rapére to Latins lieber -bri m book; rationum libri
haul off to court Latin-us -1 m Latinus (king of account books
Latium) liberé adv openly

Latin-English Vocabulary 445

liber-i -drum mp! children lu: -ére -1 (+ abl) to pay for (with) man-és -ium mpl ghosts, spirits of
liberal-is -is -e liberal, generous lup-a -ae f wolf the dead
liber-d -are -avi -atus to free lute-us -a -um mud-, of mud Mars Mart-is m Mars (god of war)
libert-As -atis f liberty, freedom lax lacis flight; prima lice at Mantuea -ae f Mantua (town in
libert-us -1 m freedman, ex-slave dawn northern Italy)
libet libére libuit impers (+ dat) it lyrea -ae f lyre maniumitt-o -ére mantimisi
pleases lyrist-és -ae m lyre player manimissus to manumit, free (a
lib-6 -are -avi -atus to taste; to sip slave)
libr-a -ae f pound man-us -iis f hand; band, group;
librari-a -ae f bookstore maest-us -a -um sad, grieving summam manum impo6nére (+
licet conj (+ subjunct.) although magis adv more; rather; magis dat) to put the finishing touches
licet licére licuit impers it is magisque more and more; magis to
allowed; mihi licet I am allowed quam rather than; multd magis Marc-us -1 m Marcus, Mark
lict-or -6ris m lictor (magistrate’s all the harder (or more) mare -is (gen pl: -ium) n sea
attendant) magis-ter -tri m teacher; magister margaritea -ae f pearl
lign-um -I 1 wood equitum cavalry commander; marin-us -a -um sea-, of the sea
Ligur-és -um mpl Ligurians (on the lidi magister school teacher; marit-us -1 m husband
northwest coast of Italy) stabuli magister stable boss marm-or -oris 1 marble
litter-a -ae f letter (of alphabet); lit- magistr-a -ae f teacher Masiniss-a -ae m Masinissa (king
terae letter (in correspondence); magistrat-us -iis m office, magis- of the Numidians)
literature; literary pursuit tracy; magistrate, official massea -ae f (big) lump, mass
litterat-or -dris m elementary magnanim-us -a -um big-hearted, mathemitic-a -ae f mathematics;
school teacher generous astrology
litterat-us -a -um learned, liberally magnific-us -a -um magnificent mater matris f mother
educated magnitid-6 -inis f size; number; materter-a -ae f aunt (mother’s sis-
lit-us -oris n shore multitidd hominum population ter)
loc:6 -are -Avi -atus to place, magnopere adv greatly materi-a -ae f material
locate; to set up (a statue) magn-us -a -um big; great; impor- materi-és -éi f timber
loc-us -i place (loc-a -6rum npl); tant; loud (sound); intense (heat, matrim6ni-um -i 1 marriage; in
passage (in a book) (loc-i -6rum light) matrim6nium accipére (of a man)
mpl) Mag:o -dnis m Mago (Hannibal's to marry; in matrimoOnium dare
longé adv far; by far; longé ultra younger brother) to give in marriage; in
Rhénum far beyond the Rhine maior maior maius (gen maioris) matrimonium diicére (of a man)
longinqu-us -a -um distant bigger; maior nati older to marry
longitid:6 -inis f length maior-és -um mpl ancestors matir-us -a -um full-grown,
long-us -a -um long; long-standing male adv badly mature; early
loqu-or -i lociitus sum to speak, malefici-um -i 1 misdeed, crime Mauri -drum mpl Moors
say malé malle malui to prefer maximé adv very much; most,
ladibri-um -i 1 prank mal-us -a -um bad, evil; npl trou- especially; very loudly; earnestly;
lid-6 -ére lisi lisus to play bles tum maximé just then
lid-us -1 m play; game; sporting mal-us -1 f apple tree maxim-us -a -um biggest, largest;
event; school; liidds facére to mandat-um -i 7 order, instruction greatest; very loud, loudest
hold games; liidus scaenicus mand-0 -are -avi -atus to com- (shout)
stage play mand, order mé pron me (acc & abl)
Licani-a -ae f Lucania (district in manédum! wait a minute! mediocriter adv only slightly
southern Italy) man-eo -ére mansi manstrus to Mediolan-um -i n Milan
lug-ed -ére lixi to mourn, lament stay, remain

446 Appendix
mediterrane-us -a -um inland, met-O -ére messui messus to reap, mitt-6 -ére misi missus to send; to
central harvest shoot (an arrow)
medit-or -ari -atus sum dep to metu-o -ére -i to fear moder-or -ari -atus sum dep to
think over met-us -iis m fear control
medi-us -a -um middle, central; me-us -a -um my modic-us -a -um average, middle-
intervening; in medio in the cen- migr-0 -are -avi to move (from one class; modest
ter; in medium procédére to residence to another) modi-us -I m peck (one-sixth of a
advance to the center; media mihi pron (dat of ego) to me bushel)
nocte at midnight miles -itis m soldier modo adv just now, just a while
mei pron (gen of ego) of me mili-a -ium npl thousands; duo ago; modo ... modo sometimes .
mel-ior -ior -ius gen -idris better milia (+ gen) two thousand . . Sometimes
melius adv better miliarieum -i 1 mile marker mod-us -I m way, manner
membr-um -i 1 member, limb (of _milit-6 -are -avi to serve (as a sol- moen-ia -ium npl the walls (of a
the body); pl arms and legs; body dier), be in the army town or fortress); city
memin<i -isse def to be mindful of mille indecl thousand mollis -is -e soft; gentle
memoriea -ae f memory; account; min-ax -acis threatening mon:-eo -ére -ul -itus to warn; to
ulla memoria within anyone’s Minervea -ae f Minerva (goddess of advise, admonish; to remind
memory; memoria prodére to wisdom) monil-e -is n necklace; monile
hand down by word of mouth; minimé adv least; not at all; baccatum pearl necklace
to record minimé véro not at all monit-a -Orum npl warnings,
mend-um -i 7 error, mistake (esp. minim-us -a -um smallest, least; advice
in writing); mendum facére to youngest mons montis (gen pl -ium) m
make a mistake ministeri-um -i 1 service mountain, hill
méns mentis f mind; frame of min-or -or -us (gen: -dris) less; mOnstr-6 -are -avi -atus to show
mind, intentions younger moOnstr-um -1I 1 monster
ménszea -ae f table; ménsa secunda Min-6s -dis m Minos (king of Crete) montan-us -a -um mountainous
dessert MinOtaur-us -i m Minotaur mora -ae f delay
méns:is -is (gen pl: -ium) m month minus adv less morbOs-us -a -um sickly
ménsir-a -ae f measurement minit-us -a -um very small morb-us -1 m sickness, disease
menti-6 -dnis f mention; mirabilis -is -e wonderful more prep (+ abl) like, in the man-
mentionem habére to make miracul-um -i 1 strange sight ner of
mention miré adv surprisingly mor-ior -1 mortuus sum to die
mercat-or -dris m merchant; trader mirific-us -a -um interesting, sur- mor-or -ari -atus sum dep to delay;
mercénnari-us -i m hired hand prising to stay
merc-és -édis f pay mir-or -ari -atus sum to wonder at mors mor-tis (gen pl -ium) f death;
merc-or -ari -atus sum dep to pur- mir-us -a -um wonderful, striking; ad mortem dare to put to death;
chase strange; surprising morte commini obire to die of
Mercuri-us -1 m Mercury (messen- Misén-um -i 1 Misenum (town on natural causes
ger of the gods) the northern end of the Bay of mortu-us -a -um adj dead; mpl the
mer-e6 -ére -ui -itus to earn Naples) dead
meridian-us -a -um noon-, noon- mis-er -era -erum poor, pitiful, mor-us -i f mulberry tree
day- miserable m0s mOris m maidrum precedent,
meridi-és -€i m midday miseret miserére miseruit impers custom of our ancesters
merit-um -I 71 service it causes pity mot-us -Us m movement
métea -ae f (cone-shaped) post; miseri-cors -cordis merciful moOv-eo -€re MOvi motus to move;
méta novissima (or ultima) goal mit-is -is -e mild, gentle to cause, stir up; to wag (the tail)
post

Latin-English Vocabulary 447

mox adv soon; (in a series) then, naufrag-us -a -um shipwrecked nimb-us -i m rainstorm
next nautea -ae m sailor nimis adv too; too much, exces-
Mici-us -i m Mucius (first name of naval-is -is -e naval sively
Mucius Scaevola) naviculea -ae f boat nimi-us -a -um excessive; exorbi-
muli-er -eris f woman navigati-O -dnis f sea voyage tant (price)
mult-i -ae -a many; np! many navigi-um -i 1 boat; navigium nitid-us -a -um shiny
things, much speculatorium reconnaissance nix niveis (gen pl -ium) f snow
multitid-6 -inis f crowd; number; boat nodbil-is -is -e noble
multitidd hominum number of navig:o -are -avi to sail noc-ed -ére -ui nocitum (+ dat) to
people, population naveis -is (gen pl -ium) f ship; harm, hurt
multipl-ex -icis complex navis longa warship; navis nocti adv at night, by night
mult6 adv (by) much oneraria transport noctirn-us -a -um night-, at night
multum adv much, a lot ne interrog. particle expecting yes or nolo ndlle ndlui to be unwilling,
mult-us -a -um much; heavy no not want
(rain); npl many things, much Neapol-is -is f Naples nomen -inis 1 name; clan name,
mund-us -a -um clean Neapolitan-us -a -um of Naples middle name (of Roman citizen);
municipi-um -i 1 municipality, nebul-a -ae f mist reputation
township nec conj nor; nec .. nec neither... nominatim adv by name, specifi-
min-us -eris 1 gift; show (esp. nor; nec non (= et) and cally
gladiatorial) necne or not nomin-6 -are -Avi -atus to call (by
miur-us -i m wall nec°d -are -avi -atus to kill name); to mention by name; to
mis miur-is (gen pl -ium) m mouse nefas est (+ inf) it is wrong, it is name; to nominate
missicea -ae f music not right non adv not; non amplius quam
miutati- -onis f change negleg-éns -entis negligent, care- no more than; non iam no
mit-d -are -avi -atus to change less, indifferent longer; nOn ignarus quite famil-
miut-us -a -um toneless neg-0 -are -avi -atus to say no; iar; non nisi only (when); non
mitu-us -a -um mutual non nego | admit ném0O some people; non nialli
negoti-um -i 1 business; trouble; some; non numquam sometimes;
nam conj for, since negotium gerére to do business non semel quite often; nbn sine
nancisc-or -1 nactus sum dep to ném6 nem-inis m/f no one; non causa with good reason; non tam
acquire, gain, get, catch nem6 some people, everyone ... quam not so much...as
narr-o -are -avi -atus to tell, relate nep-6s -dtis m grandson nonaginta indecl ninety
nascor nasci natus sum dep to be nept-is -is f granddaughter nondum adv not yet
born; (of plants) to grow; (of met- Neptin-us -i m Neptune (god of the nongent-I -ae -a nine hundred
als) to be produced sea) nonne adv (interrog, expecting posi-
nas-us -I 7 nose nequaquam adv by no means, in tive answer) isn’t it true that?
natea -ae f (+ abl) daughter (of), no way non-us -a -um ninth
one born (of) neque conj nor; neque .. . neque nos pron (nom) we; (acc) us
natal-is -is m birthday neither . . . nor nOscit-O -are -avi to recognize
natati-d -dnis f a swim nesc-i6 -ire -Ivi or -ii -Itus not to nOsc-O -ére nOvi nOtus to get to
nati-d -onis f nation; tribe know know, become familiar with
nat:0 -are -avi to swim neu-ter -tra -trum neither nos-ter -tra -trum our
natir-a -ae f nature; natura by nex nec-is f (violent) death; sibi notari-us -1 m stenographer
nature, naturally; natura loci ter- necem inferre to commit suicide not-6 -are -avi -atus to notice; to
rain nihil indecl nothing; non nihil make known
nat-us -i m (+ abl) son (of), one something, a lot nodt-us -a -um well-known; (+ dat)
born (of) nihilominus adv nevertheless familiar to, known to

448 Appendix
novem indecl nine obéd-io -ire -ivi (or -ii) -Itirus (+ occult-us -a -um hidden
nOv«i -isse (def, perfect of gndscd) dat) obey occup:0 -are -avi -atus to occupy;
to know, be familiar with; ob-eo -ire -ii -itum to die to take over
nOovistine? do you know? obiect-us -a -um lying nearby; (+ occurr:6 -ére -i occursus (+ dat) to
novissimé adv lastly dat) lying before, fronting run across, encounter; to meet
nov-us -a -um new obit-us -iis m death (unexpectedly)
nox noct-is (gen pl -ium) f night; oblectament-um -i n entertain- Ocean-us -I ™ Ocean
ad multam noctem until late at ment, fun ocellat-um -i 1 marble; ocellatis
night oblect-6 -are -avi -atus to enter- ladére to play marbles
nub-és -is (gen pl: -ium) f cloud tain, amuse octav-us -a -um eighth
nubil-is -is -e of marriageable age oblit-us -a -um (+ gen) forgetful of, octingent-i -ae -a eight hundred
nub-o -ére nipsi nipta (+ dat) (of forgetting octo indecl eight
a female only) to marry; feminam oblivisc-6r -i oblitus sum dep (+ octoginta indecl eighty
nuptum dare to give a woman in gen) to forget ocul-us -i m eye; oculis captus est
marriage obnoxi-us -a -um (+ dat) exposed he went blind
null-us -a -um no; none; non nilli to, subject to Od-i -isse def to hate
a good many people obscir-6 -are -avi -atus to obscure odi-um -i 7 hatred; pl acts of
Numa -ae Pompili-us -i m Numa obsciir-us -a -um dark hatred
Pompilius (second king of Rome) obsecr-6 -are -avi -atus to beg, offend:6 -ére -1 offénsus to offend
num-en -inis n supernatural entreat offerd offerre obtuli oblatus to
power, divine assistance; deity, obsequ-or -I obseciitus sum dep (+ offer
god; divine prompting dat) to submit to officin-a -ae f workshop
Numidiea -ae f Numidia (section of observ-6 -are -avi -atus to watch officids-us -a -um dutiful
North Africa bordering Carthage) obs-es -idis m/f hostage offici-um -i n duty; job; officium
Numit-or -dris m Numitor (last obsid-ed -ére obsédi obsessus to praestare to do one’s duty
Alban king, grandfather of Romulus besiege, blockade olim adv once (upona time)
and Remus) obstipésc-6 -ére obstipui to be Olympi-us -a -um Olympian
numnvus -i m (gen pl: nummum = stunned Olymp-us -i m Olympus (mountain
nummorum) coin, sesterce; obst-6 -are obstiti (+ dat) to block in Northern Greece)
coinage; pl money (someone’s) way omitt-6 -ére GmisiI Gmissus to
numquam adv never; non obstup-eo -ére -ul to be stunned omit, drop
numquam sometimes obtemper-6 -are -avi (+ dat) to omnin6 adv altogether, entirely, in
nunc adv now; nunc... nunc now obey, comply with all, all told; ndn omnin6 not at
... now, first... then obtrectat-or -6ris m detractor all
ninti-6 -are -avi -atus to announce obtest-or -ari -Atus sum dep to call omnipot-éns -entis omnipotent,
nunti-us -I1 m messenger; message, (e.g., the gods) to witness; to almighty
news implore omnis -is -e every, all
nuper adv recently obviam esse (+ dat) to go to meet oper-a -ae f effort, pains; work,
niperrimé adv most recently occasi-6 -dnis f opportunity, the care, attention; operam dare to
nur-us -iis f daughter-in-law right moment do one’s best, see to it; to render
nusquam adv nowhere; nusquam occid-éns -entis setting; ad occi- assistance
loci nowhere dentem sdlem spectare to face op-és fp! wealth; resources
nix niic-is f nut west opin-or -ari -atus sum dep to sup-
nymphea -ae f nymph occid-6 -ére -1 occasus to fall, fall pose, imagine, conjecture
down, be killed, be slain oportet oportére oportuit impers it
ob prep (+ acc) because of; for occid-6 -ére -i occisus to kill is proper, it is right
obédi-éns -entis obedient occulté adv secretly oppidan-i -drum mpl townspeople

Latin-English Vocabulary 449

oppid-um -i 1 town Osti-a -ae f Ostia (port town of pars partis (gen pl -ium) f part;
Rome) direction; district, area; ab
opportin-us -a -um timely, oppor-
dstieum -i 1 doorway, entrance- utraque parte on each side; ex
tune
opprim-0 -ére oppressi oppressus way; door; mouth (of a river) maxima parte for the most part,
to suppress, crush; to weigh dtieum -i 7 leisure; in 6tium ex ea parte in that direction, ex
down; to overwhelm venire to retire (from office or job) parte régis on the king’s side; in
oppugn-o -are -avi -atus to attack,
(per) omnés partés in all direc-
pact-um -I 1 pact, agreement tions; magna ex parte for the
assault
Pad-us -i m Po (River) most part, almost; partes role;
ops op-is f power; help; opem
ferre (+ dat) to give help to; opés paene adv nearly, almost (political) party
wealth paeninsul-a -ae f peninsula particulatim adv piece by piece,
optimé adv best paenitet paenitére paenituit section by section
optim-us -a -um best impers it causes regret partim adv partly
opt-d -are -Avi -atus to wish, paenulea -ae f (hooded) raincoat parum adv (too) little, not enough;
desire, hope pag-us -1 7 village (as a simple negative) not
op-us -eris n task, job, work; liter- palaestr-a -ae f exercise yard, parvo advalittle, byalittle
ary work; structure; opus est palestra parvul-us -i m little one, baby,
mihi pecunia I need money pall-a -ae f wrap (often colorful, child
Or-a -ae f coast; 6ra maritima sea- worn over the stola) parv-us -a -um small; young
coast, coastline Pall-as -antis m Pallas (son of pass-us -iis m pace, step; mille
dracul-um -i 1 oracle Evander) passiis a mile
drati-d -dnis f speech; orationem pallid-us -a -um pale past-or -oris m shepherd
habére to give a speech palma -ae f palm of victory patefac-id -ére pateféci to open
or-ior -irl ortus sum dep to rise, palidament-um -i 1 military cloak up, make accessible
spring panicul-us -i m roll, bun paténs patent-is open
orb-is -is (gen pl -ium) m globe; pan-is -is m bread; loaf of bread pat-ed -ére -ui to be open, be
world; orbis terrarum the world par pareis adj (+ dat) equal (to); ma available
orb-6 -are -avi -atus to bereave match (for); 1 pair; couple pater patr-is m father
Orc-us -1 m Orcus, lower world parat-us -a -um prepared, ready patiéns patient-is patient
ord: -inis m order, class, rank; parc-0 -ére peperci or parsi pat-ior -I1 passus sum dep to suffer;
routine; in ordinem in order; parstrus (+ dat) to spare to endure
primi ordinés (mil) front ranks parc-us -a -um (+ gen) thrifty patri-a -ae f country, native land;
oriéns -entis rising; ad orientem (with) native city
sodlem spectare to face east paréns parent-is m/f parent; father; patrici-us -a -um patrician; m
Ormmament-um -i 1m ornament; parentés (of animals) lineage, patrician
ornamenta jewels pedigree patron-a -ae f patroness
ornat-us -us m outfit, uniform par-eo -ére -ui (+ dat) obey, be patru-us -i m uncle (father’s broth-
Ord -are -avi -atus to beg, ask for; obedient to; to give allegiance to er)
to please, implore Pari-és -etis m (inner) wall pauci -ae -a few, a few
ds Or-is n mouth; face par-id -ére peperi partus to give paulatim adv little by little, gradu-
os oss-is n bone; pl bones, ashes birth to; to produce, restore ally
(from the funeral pyre) pariter adv equally paulisper adv for a little while
dscul-um -i 7 kiss parmea -ae f (round) shield paulo adva little, bya little
osten-do -dére -di -tus to show; to Paro -are -avi -atus to prepare paulum adv alittle
explain Paul-us -i m Paul
ostent-6 -are -avi -atus to display

450 Appendix
paup-er -eris poor; m pauper, poor perfer-6 perferre pertuli perlatus persua-deo -dére -si -sum (+ dat)
man to pass on, report; to forward (a to persuade; (w. acc + inf) to con-
paupert-as -atis f poverty letter) vince (someone) that
pav-eo -ére to panic perfic-i6 -ére perféci perfectus to perterr-eo -ére -ul -itus to terrify
pavid-us -a -um panicky, panic- finish, complete; to carry out, pertin-eo -ére -ui intr to extend,
stricken accomplish stretch
paviment-um -i7 floor, pavement perfidi-a -ae f disloyalty, treachery perturb-6 -are -avi -atus to upset,
pavo pavon-is m peacock perfid-us -a -um disloyal, treach- throw into confusion
pax pac-is f peace erous Perusica -ae f Perusia (modern
pect-us -oris n chest, breast perfod-i6 -ére perfodi perfossus Perugia in northern Italy)
pecud-és -um fpl cattle to stab perven-io -ire pervéni
ped-és -itis m infantryman perfug:-io -ére perfiigi to take perventirus (+ ad or in + acc)
pedes-ter -tris -tre on foot; proeli- refuge, run for help arrive at, reach
um pedestre infantry fight, land perfund-o -ére perfiidi perfiisus perversit-as -atis f unreasonable-
battle to douse ness, nagging
péi-or -or -us (gen: -dris) worse pergul-a -ae f porch pés ped-is m foot; leg (of a table);
péius adv worse periculds-us -a -um dangerous pedibus on foot; pedem referre
pell-6 -ére pepuli pulsus to drive, pericul-um -i 1 danger; periculum to retreat
drive out facére to take the risk, run the pessimé adv worst
pend-6 -ére pependi pénsus to risk pessim-us -a -um worst
pay (a penalty) perim-6 -ére perémi peremptus to pestilenti-a -ae f pestilence
Pénelop-é -és f Penelope (wife of kill petasat-us -a -um wearing a hat
Odysseus) perinde ac conj just as, just like petas-us -I m broad-brimmed hat
Péné-us -i m Peneus (river god) peristyli-um -i n courtyard (sur- petiti-d -dnis f petition; running
penit-ior -ior -ius inner, more pri- rounded by a colonnaded walk) (for office), candidacy
vate perité adv skillfully pet-6 -ére -ivi -itus to ask for; to
penitus adv completely perit-us -a -um skilled entreat (someone); to look for, go
peperi see parid perman-:eo -ére permansi in search of; to seek, strive after;
per prep (+ acc) through; through- permansum to stay to the end to head for; to attack; to chase
out; along (e.g., a road); during; permot-us -a -um upset, thrown after; to go and fetch; to run for
through the agency of off guard (office); to exact (punishment); to
per- prefix very; peraciitus very perneg:o -are -avi -atus to deny or take (a breath); petére aliquid ab
sharp say no emphatically aliqu6 (or aliquem aliquid) to
pérea -ae f bag; purse pernoct-6 -are -avi to spend the ask someone for something
percip-io -ére percépi perceptus night Philém-6n -onis m Philemon (hus-
to perceive, learn, notice; to perperam adv mistakenly band of Baucis and host to Jupiter
understand perpetu-us -a -um perpetual, per- and Mercury)
percontati-6 -dnis f inquiry manent; in perpetuum forever Philippéns-is -is -e of Philippi
percuss-or -Oris m assassin persequ-or -i perseciitus sum dep (city in Macedonia)
per-do perdére perdidi perditus to pursue philosophi-a -ae f philosophy
to lose; to ruin, destroy persolv-6 -ére -1 persolitus to philosoph-us -1 m philosopher
perduelli-6 -dnis f treason — pay; honorem persolvére to pay Phoeb-us -i m Phoebus (epithet of
peregrinati-6 -dnis f traveling honor Apollo as sun god)
per-eo -ire -ii to perish, die perspic-id -ére perspexi perspec- Phryg-es -um (acc pl: -as) mpl
perequit-6 -are -avi to ride (a tus to look over; to ascertain Phrygians, Trojans
horse) through Picén-um -i n Picenum (district in
perfect-us -a -um perfect east central Italy)

Latin-English Vocabulary 451

pictirea -ae f painting pluviea -ae f rain postquam conj after
pigré adv reluctantly, apathetically pocul-um -i 7 cup postrém6 adv finally
pil-a -ae f ball; pila lidére to play poenea -ae f penalty postridié adv on the following day
ball poét-a -ae m poet postul-6 -are -avi -atus to call for,
ping-0 -ére pinxi pictus to depict pollic-eor -éri pollicitus sum dep demand
pingu-is -is -e thick; fat to promise; to make promises pot-éns -entis powerful
Pis-ae -arum fp! Pisa (coastal town Polydect:és -ae m Polydectes (king potenti-a -ae f power
in northern Italy) of the Greek island of Seriphos) potest-as -atis f power; in
piscin-a -ae f swimming pool Pompéi-i -drum mp! Pompeii potestatem alicuius venire to
pisc-is -is (gen pl: -ium) m fish (town in southern Italy) come under someone’s control
pisc-or -ari -atus sum dep to fish, Pompéi-us -i m Pompey (the potior -iri -itus sum dep to gain,
go fishing Great) to gain possession of, gain con-
pist-or -dris m baker pom-um -i n apple; np! fruit (any trol of; rérum potiri to get
pistrinea -ae f bakery rounded fruit) control of the government
pi-us -a -um dutiful (toward family, pond-us -eris n weight potissimum adv especially
gods, country, friends); god-fearing pon-6 -ére posui positus to put, potius adv rather
plac-ed -ére -ui -iturus (+ dat) to place; to station; castra ponére to pot-o -are -avi -atus or potus to
please encamp drink; potus et cénat-us -a -um
placidé adv calmly, peacefully pons pont-is m bridge having wined and dined
plac: -are -avi -atus to placate, pontif-ex -icis m pontiff, pontifex; prae prep (+ abl) before, in front of;
calm down pontifex maximus chief pontiff, in consequence of, out of;
plagi-um -1 1 kidnapping high priest because of; compared with; prae
plané clearly, obviously popinea -ae f restaurant, cafe sé in front of oneself; publicly
plan-us -a -um flat, level popul-us -1 m people praeb-ed -ére -uil -itus to supply,
plébéi-us -a -um Plebeian; mpl the popul-us -1 f poplar tree give, surrender
Plebeians porcinea -ae f pork prae-ceps -cipitis adj steep, precip-
plébs pleb-is f the common peo- porc-us -I m pig itous
ple, the plebeians porro adv moreover praeceps adv headfirst
plén-us -a -um (+ gen or abl) full portea -ae f gate praecept-a -6rum np! instructions,
(of) portend-6 -ére -1 portentus to por- directions
plérique pléraeque pléraque very tend, give promise of ptaecip-i0 -ére praecépi praecep-
many, most; pléraque np! (too) portic-us -tis f portico, porch tus to instruct, order, direct
many things portit-or -6ris m ferryman praecipué adv especially
plerique adv mostly port-o -are -avi -atus to carry praecipu-us -a -um special, partic-
plérumque adv generally port-us -us m port, harbor ular
plumb-um -i 7 lead; plumbum posc-6 -ére poposci to ask, praecurr-6 -ére prae(cu)curri prae-
album tin demand cursum to run ahead, be out in
plir-és -és -a more posit-us -a -um placed, resting front
plirimum adv most (of all); most- possid-ed -ére possédi possessus praedea -ae f booty, loot
ly; very much to own praedic-o -ére praedixi praedictus
plirim-us -a -um most; plirimi possum posse potui to be able, to predict
facére to think very highly of, can praedi-um -i 7 estate, farm
make very much of post prep (+ acc) after; behind praefati-0 -dnis f preface, intro-
pliis n (+ gen of the noun) more postea adv later, after that, after- duction
plus adv more wards praegn-ans -antis (+ abl) pregnant
Plit-o -dnis m Pluto (brother of posteaquam conj after (with)
Jupiter and god of the lower world) poster-us -a -um following, next

452 Appendix
praemitt-0 -ére praemisi praemis- prim-us -a -um first; prima lice at prodit-or -dris m betrayer
sus to send ahead first light, at dawn; primo pro-do -ére -didi -ditus to record;
praemi-um -i 1 reward, prize aspecti at first sight to give up, betray
praenOdmeen -inis n first name princ-eps -ipis adj first, out in prodic-6 -ére prodiixi productus
praepar-0 -are -avi -atus to pre- front; m chief, leader; prince; to prolong, stretch out
pare for emperor proeli-or -ari -atus sum dep to bat-
praepOn-0 -ére praeposui prae- principat-us -iis m the principate, tle, fight
positus (+ dat) to put (someone) in rule proeli-um -i 7 battle, battle line
charge of principi-um -i 1 beginning profecté adv as a matter of fact,
praes-éns -entis present pri-or -or -us (gen -dris) former indeed
praesenti-a -ae f the present Prisc-us -i m Tarquinius Priscus proficisc-or -1 profectus sum dep
praesertim adv especially (fifth king of Rome) in (+ acc) to set out (for)
praesidi-um -i n guard, protection; pristin-us -a -um old-time, long- progred-ior -I progressus sum dep
garrison standing to advance, proceed
prae-sto -stare -stiti -stitus tr to prius adv previously; sooner; prohib-eo -ére -ui -itus to prohib-
show, display; to surpass; to rather; first; earlier, before it, prevent, hinder, keep
offer, grant; to render, perform; priusquam conj before proic-i6 -ére proiéci prdiectus to
to supply; officia praestare to privatim adv privately throw forward; sé proicére ad (+
show respect; intr to excel; (+ dat) privat-us -a -um private, one’s acc) to throw oneself at
to stand out (over), outdo own promiss-us -a -um long (hair)
prae-sum -esse -fui -futirus (+ privign-a -ae f stepdaughter promitt-6 -ére promisi promissus
dat) to be in charge of privign-us -1 m stepson; privigni to promise
praeter prep (+ acc) above, beyond; stepchildren prom-0 -ére -psi -ptus to get out
past, by (a place); besides; except priv-0 -are -avi -atus (+ abl) to proninti-6 -are -avi -atus tr to
praeterea adv especially deprive (of) pronounce; to recite, deliver; intr
praeter-eo -ire -ivi or -ii -itus to go pro prep (+ abl) in front of; for (the to give a public recital
by, pass sake of); on behalf of; instead of, prope adv almost, nearly
praetervol-6 -are -avi to whizz by in place of; for, according to; in prope prep (+ acc) near
praet-or -dris m praetor proportion to; in view of propell-6 -ére propuli propulsus
praetori-us -a -um of praetorian pro-avi-a -ae f great-grandmother to drive forward; to upset, knock
rank; m ex-praetor pro-av-us -I m great-grandfather off balance
prat-um -I 1 meadow probati-6 -dnis f test properé adv quickly
prem-0 -ére pressi pressus to put prob-6 -are -avi -atus to approve properd -are -avi to rush
pressure on; to overwhelm of; to think highly of prophétic-us -a -um prophetic
pren-d6 -ére -di -sus to take, take prob-us -a -um good, upright prop-ior -ior -ius (gen: propi6ris)
hold of, grasp procéd-o -ére procéssi closer
press-us -a -um oppressed procéssiirus to proceed, advance, pro-pOnd -ponére -posui -positus
pretids-us -a -um precious come forth to put forth, propose
preti-um -I 7 price procer-us -a -um tall prosperé adv successfully
prex prec-is f prayer, entreaty proclam-6 -are -avi -atus to pro- prosper-us -a -um happy; success-
Priam-us -i m Priam (king of Troy) claim ful
primo adv at first, in the beginning procul adv from far off; procul ab propter prep (+ acc) because of; for
prim6r-és -um mpl leading men, (+ abl) far from; procul es! away the sake of
“big shots” from here! Proserpinea -ae f Persephone
primum adv (ina series) first; for procul prep (+ abl) without (queen of the lower world)
the first time proc-us -i m suitor prosea -ae Orati-d -onis f prose
prodest see prosum

Latin-English Vocabulary 453

prosequ-or -i proseciitus sum dep quaer-0 -ére quaesivi quaesitus to quid interrog pron what?; quid
to pursue search; to look for; quaerére ab agis? how are you?, quid aliud?
proscrib-6 -ére proscripsi (+ abl) to ask of (someone) what else?
proscriptus to post, proscribe, quaest-or -ris m quaestor (finan- quid indef. pron (after si, né, etc.)
outlaw cial officer) anything
protinus adv then; without a qual-is -is -e such, of such nature; quidam quaedam quiddam
pause, on the spot rel. pron such as indef. pron (adj quoddam) a cer-
pro-ut just as quam adv (with adjs and advs) how; tain, a particular; quédam dié
provent-us -is m crop, harvest (with comparatives) than; quam one day
provocati-6 -dnis f challenge dit: how long; quam celerrimé quidem adv of course, indeed
prOvoc:d -are -Avi -atus to chal- as quickly as possible; quam quidnam interrog. pron just what,
lenge; to appeal molliter how gently; quam exactly what
proxim-us -a -um nearest; next; multa how many; quam primum quidquam, cuiusquam anything
following; last, latest; (+ dat) as soon as possible quidquid indef. pron whatever
near, next to; in proxim6 nearby quamobrem adv for what reason, quiésc-d -ére quiévi to rest, sleep
prud-éns -entis prudent why; for that reason, that’s why quin etiam adv moreover
prudentissimé adv very prudently quamquam conj although quinam quaenam quodnam just
pradentius adv more prudently quando adv when what kind of
prun-um -i 7 plum quanti (gen of price) how much?; quindecim indecl fifteen
Prisi-as -ae m Prusias (king of quanti constat? how much does quingent-i -ae -a five hundred
Bithynia in Asia Minor) it cost? quinquaginta indecl fifty
publicé adv publicly; officially quantum as far as quinque indecl five
pudet pudére puduit impers it quapropter adv wherefore, for that quinquenni-um -1 n (a period of)
causes shame reason five years
puer puer-i m boy quaré adv wherefore, why; accord- quint-us -a -um fifth
pueriti-a -ae f boyhood ingly quique, quaeque, quodque adj
puerul-us -i m little boy quart-us -a -um fourth each
pugillar-ia -ium np! notebook quasi conj as, as if, on the grounds quis interrog. pron who?; indef.
pugn-6 -are -Avi -atus to fight that; in a way, as it were pron anyone
pulch-er -ra -rum beautiful; hand- quater adv four times quisquam, cuiusquam pron any-
some quatern-i -ae -a (distributive form) one
pull-us -i equi m colt four each, four at a time quisque, quidque each
puls-us -a -um (having been) dri- quattuor indecl four quo adv where(to), whither; all the
ven quattuordecim indecl fourteen more; (in comparisons, in place of
pun-i6 -ire -Ivi or -ii -Itus to pun- -que conj (joins the word to which it ut) qu6 magis so that. . . better;
ish is attached to the previous word) quo magis ... ed magis the
pur-us -a -um pure and more ... the more; qué simpli-
qued quire quivi (conjugated like cius all the more straightfor-
ire) to be able (to) wardly
quadraginta indecl forty querc-us -iis f oak tree quod rel. pron which, that
quadridu-um -i 1 four days qui rel pron who quod conj because
quadrig-ae -arum fp! four-horse quia conj because quod si conj but if
chariot quicquam, cuiusquam pron any- quondam adv once, one day
quadrim-us -a -um at age four thing; nec quicquam and quoque adv too (always comes after
quadringent-I -ae -a four hundred nothing the word it modifies)
quae rel pron who; which, that quicumque quaecumque quod- quot indecl. adj how many?
cumque whoever, whatever quotannis adv every year

454 Appendix
quotiéns adv whenever red-e6 -ire -ii or -ivi -iturus to remov-eo -ére -I remotus to move
return, come back, go back away; to move back
rad-ix -icis f radish redim-6 -ére redémi redemptus to rém-us -i m Oar; rémis incitare to
radi-us -i m ray buy back; to ransom move forward (with oars)
rad-6 -ére rasi rasiis to shave rediic-d -ére rediixi reductus to Rem-us -i m Remus
ram-us -I m branch bring back (again) rén-és -(i)um mpl kidneys
raptim adv quickly re-ferO -ferre -tuli -latus to bring renunti-6 -are -avi -atus to report
rapt-or -dris m abductor back; to buy back; to relate (back)
raro adv rarely refert-us -a -um (+ abl) full (of) repar-O -are -avi -atus to renew,
rar-us -a -um rare, sparse; far- refic-id -ére reféci refectus to restore
apart (teeth) redo, repair; to refresh repenté adv suddenly; unexpect-
rati-O -Onis f policy; method; régi-a -ae f palace edly
reason régin-a -ae f queen repentin-us -a -um sudden, unex-
ré adv in reality, really regi-O -onis f region pected
rebell-6 -are -avi to rebel regi-us -a - um royal, the king’s reper-id -ire repperi repertus to
recéd-6 -ére recéssi recéssurus to régn-0 -are -avi -aturus to reign; find, find out
withdraw, recede; to go back régnare in (+ acc) rule over repet-O -ére -ivi -itus to ask for
(out) again) régn-um -1 7 kingdom, throne, again, demand again
rec-éns -entis recent; fresh realm repl-eO -ére -évi -étus to refill
recept-us -ls m retreat; means of reg-0 -ére réxi réctus to rule rép-0 -ére -si -tirus to craw];
retreat regred-ior -1 regressus sum dep to firtim répére to sneak
reciper-0 -are -avi -atus to regain go back, return report-6 -are -avi -atus to bring
recip-i6 -ére recépi receptus to get régul-a -ae f rule back
back, recover; to recapture, régul-us -i m prince repudi-O -are -avi -atus to divorce
regain; to receive, make wel- reic-id -ére reiéci reiectus to repugn-0 -are -avi -atus to fight
come; sé recipére to retreat, cough up (blood) back, resist
withdraw, go back relég-0 -are -Avi -atus to send off, repulsea -ae f refusal, rejection;
recitat-or -Oris m the one giving a banish loss (at the polls)
recital relev-0 -are -Avi -atus to lighten, requi-és -éi f rest
recit-6 -are -avi -atus to recite, rest requir-0 -ére requisivi requisitus
read aloud; to give a recital religi-6 -dnis f veneration; religion to hunt down; (ex + abl) to ask of
recogn6osc:0 -ére recognOvi recog- relinqu-6 -ére reliqui relictus to (a person)
nitus to recognize leave behind rés rei f thing; affair; property,
reconciliat-us -a -um (+ dat) hav- reliqu-i -ae -a the remaining, the wealth; rés gerére (mil) to con-
ing become reconciled with rest of; reliquum est it remains duct operations; rés piiblica
record: -are -avi -atus to recall reliqui-ae -arum fp! remnants (of government, the State; politics; ré
recre-6 -are -avi -atus to revive forces); survivors; left-overs; vera in fact; after all; res Romana
réct-us -a -um straight remains, ashes the Roman State
réculea -ae f small property reman-e0 -ére -si -sum to stay resec-0 -are -ui -tus to cut off
recuper-6 -are -avi -atus to regain, behind residuca -drum np! remains
get back remiss-us -a -um lenient, mild resist-6 -ére restiti (+ dat) to resist
reciis-0 -are -avi -atus to turn remitt-O -ére remisi remissus to respic-id -ére respexi respectum
down, reject send back; to send away again to look back
red-do -dére -didi -ditus to give remor-or -ari -atus sum dep to stay respon-deo -dére -di -siirus to
back, deliver, return, restore; to behind, linger, delay answer
render rémig:0 -are -avi to row respoOns-um -i 7 answer
rest-O -are restiti to remain

Latin-English Vocabulary 455

restingu-o -ére restinxi restinctus rustican-us -a -um peasant-, rustic sauci’d -are -avi -atus to wound
to extinguish; to exterminate rustic-us -a -um rustic; m rustic, saxeum -1 1 stone

retin-ed -ére -ui retentus to hold hick scaenea -ae (scéna) f stage
back, withhold; to keep Rutul-i -drum mp! Rutulians (a scaenic-us -a -um stage-, of the
retro adv back, backwards native Italic tribe whose capital was stage; ladus scaenicus stage play
retund-o -ére ret(t)udi retiisus to Ardea) scaevol-us -a -um left-handed
blunt, break up (an attack) scaphea -ae f skiff
reverenti-a -ae f reverence, respect Sabin-i -drum mp! the Sabines sceleus -eris n criminal act, crime
reven-io -ire reveni to come back; (lived to the east of Latium) schol-a -ae f school
to come again sac-er -ra -rum holy, sacred scilicet adv of course; namely
revert-or -I reversus sum dep to sacerd-6s -otis m/f priest scind:6 -ére scidi scissus to split;
return sacra -Orum npl sacred rites to tear up
réx rég-is m king sacrament-um -i n military oath of scio scire scivi scitus to know
Rhé-a Silvia -ae f Rhea Silvia allegiance (how to)
(mother of Romulus and Remus) sacrari-um -i n shrine scop-ae -arum fp! broom
Rhén-us -i m Rhine River saecul-um -i 7 century; age scrib-a -ae m scribe, secretary
rhét-or -dris m rhetorician, profes- saepe adv often scrib-6 -ére scripsi scriptus to
sor of public speaking saepissimé adv very often write
rhétoricea -ae f rhetoric, art of pub- saepius adv more often scrini-um -1 1 bookcase, book box
lic speaking saept-us -a -um enveloped, script-a -Orum npl writings
rhétoric-us -a -um rhetorical, deal- hemmed in scripti-6 -dnis f writing
ing with public speaking saev-us -a -um savage; cruel scriptir-a -ae f writing
rid-ed -ére risi risus intr to laugh; sagitt-a -ae f arrow seut-um -1 1 (oblong) shield
tr to laugh at Saguntin-i -drum mp! Saguntines Scyth-ae -arum mpl Scythians (bar-
rip-a -ae f bank (of a river) Sagunt-um -i 1 Saguntum (Spanish baric tribe north of the Black Sea)
rité adv duly, properly town south of the Hiberus River) sé reflex. pron oneself, himself, her-
rivalit-as -atis f rivalry sal-id -ire -ui to jump self, themselves; inter sé one
robust-us -a -um robust, muscular salu-ber -bris -bre healthful another
rogit-d -are -avi -atus to keep ask- salis salit-is f greetings; salitem sécéd-0 -ére sécéssi sécéssum to
ing dicére (+ dat) to send greetings go off to, to secede
rog:0 -are -avi -atus to beg to secéss-us -us m solitude
Rom«ea -ae f Rome salve! hello!; salvé et ta! hello sécréteum -1 7 secret
Roman-us -a -um Roman; mpl the yourself! sect-or -ari to follow continually;
Romans salv-us -a -um safe, unharmed to hound; to run after, chase
Romul-us -i m Romulus Samni-um -i 1 Samnium (district secundum prep (+ acc) according
rdstr-a -drum np! rostrum, podi- in central Italy) to, following
um; pro rostris on the rostrum sandali-um -i 1 sandal secund-us -a -um second; favor-
(in the Forum) sangu-is -inis f blood; bloodshed able (wind)
rotea -ae f wheel san-us -a -um healthy; sane sécur-us -a -um secure; carefree
rotund-us -a -um round sapid-us -a -um delicious sédecim indecl sixteen
rump:0 -ére ripi ruptus to break sapi-éns -entis wise sed-e6 -ére sédi sessurus to sit
rup-és -is f cliff sapienti-a -ae f wisdom sedilee -is 1 bench
rupt-us -a -um broken Sardini-a -ae f Sardinia séditi-6 -dnis f insurrection, rebel-
rural-is -is -e rural, country- satell-es -itis m attendant, body- lion
rursus adv again guard sédiic-6 -ére sédixi séductus to
rus rur-is n country; rire from the Saturn-us -1 m Saturn (father of lead away, abduct, carry off
country; rir in the country Jupiter) sédul6 adv diligently, in detail

456 Appendix
sedul-us -a -um busy, bustling Sibyllin-us -a -um Sibylline solv-6 -ére -i soliitus to loosen;
seges segit-is f crop sic adv thus, in this way; so crinés solvére to let down the
ségreg-0 -are -avi -atus to keep Sica -ae f dagger hair; navem solvére to set sail
apart Sicili-a -ae f Sicily somni-6 -are -Avi to dream
sell-a -ae f seat, chair sicut conj like, as somn-us -i m sleep
semel adv once sign-um -i 1 sign; signal; military son-0 -are -ul -ittirus to sound; (+
semper adv always standard abl) to resound with; bene
senat-or -Oris m senator silenti-um -i 1 silence sonare to sound good
senat-us -tis m senate; senate ses- sil-ed -ére -ui to be silent sonor-us -a -um loud, resounding
sion similis -is -e similar, like; similis son-us -I m sound
senex -is adj old; m old man veri likely sor-or -oris f sister
senidr-és -um mpl (one’s) elders simul adv at the same time, simul- speci-és -éi f appearance, looks;
sententi-a -ae f feeling; opinion; taneously; conj as soon as; simul guise; shape, likeness
sentence; in sententia permanére ac as soon as; simul atque as spectacul-um -i n sight, spectacle;
to stick by one’s resolve soon as (sporting) event; spectacul6 esse
sent-i6 -Ire sénsi sénsus to feel, simul-6 -are -avi -dtus to pretend to be a sight to be seen
think; to realize sine prep (+ abl) without spectat-or -Oris m spectator
sepel-i6 -ire -ivi sepultus to bury singular-is -is -e single, alone spect-6 -are -avi -atus to look at,
septem indecl seven singul-I -ae -a one apiece; singulis watch; ad meridiem spectare to
septendecim indecl seventeen diébus = cotidié every day face south
septentriOn-és -um mp/ the North sinis-ter -tra -trum left speculatori-us -a -um used for
septim-us -a -um seventh sin-us -iis m bay reconnaissance
septingent-I -ae -a seven hundred siquid if anything specul-um -i 7 mirror
septuaginta indecl seventy sit-id -Ire to be thirsty spélunc-a -ae f cave, cavern
sepulchr-um -i n tomb sit-us -a -um located spér-6 -are -avi -atus to hope for
sepultir-a -ae f burial sive ... sive whether... or spés spei f hope
sequor sequi seciitus sum dep to socer -i m father-in-law splendid-us -a -um dazzling, bril-
follow socc-us -I m low dress shoe liant
serea -ae f bolt SOCi*O -are -avi -atus to share; to splend-or -oris m brilliance
Séri-us -a -um serious ally, unite spoli-a -drum npl spoils (of war),
serm:0 -Onis m talk, conversation; soci-us -I m ally loot
communication; speech socr-us -is f mother-in-law spOnsea -ae f fiancée; (+ dat)
ser-6 -ére sévi satus to plant, sow solaci-um -i 1 consolation, satis- engaged to
serp-éns -entis m serpent, snake faction spons-us -i m fiancé
serv-id -Ire -ii to be a slave sole-a -ae f sandal (simplest style) sponte automatically; sua sponte
serv-0 -are -avi -atus to save; to sol-e6 -ére solitus sum semi-dep to of its own accord
keep be in the habit of; solébat dicére stabilit-as -atis f stability, firm-
serv-us -1 m slave he used to say ness, steadiness
sescent-iI -ae -a six hundred soli-um -i n throne stabul-a -ae f stable
sesterti-us -1 (gen pl: sestertium = sollicitiid-6 -inis f worry, concern stabulari-us -i m stable groom
sestertidrum) m sesterce (silver sollicit-us -a -um worried stagn-um -I 1 pool, swamp
coin, worth about a quarter) sdlum adv only; non solim... statim adv immediately
sex indecl six sed etiam not only . . . but also stati-O -Onis f guard post, guard
sexaginta indecl sixty sdl-us -a -um alone, only duty; hallway; in statione esse to
sext-us -a -um sixth solit-us -a -um worn out, enfee- be on guard (duty)
si conj if; st modo if only; si bled; overcome (by heat, etc.) statuea -ae f statue
quando if ever, whenever

Latin-English Vocabulary 457

statur-a -ae f height, stature; submov:-ed -ére submovi super prep (+ abl) about, concern-
grandi statiira esse to be tall submOtus to move up, advance; ing
stell-a -ae f constellation, star to drive back supercili-um -I 1 eyebrow
stern-0 -ére stravi stratus to subrid-eo -ére subrisi subristirus superior -ior -ius (gen: -Oris)
spread to smile higher, upper
stil-us -i m stilus, “pen,”
Whh
“pencil” subselli-um -i 1 seat, bench super-o -are -avi -atus to defeat,
stipendi-um -1 1 (military) pay; subsequ-or -i subseciitus sum dep conquer, beat; to outdo; to get
military service to follow closely behind the better of, overcome
std stare steti status to stand subsidi-um -i n help; subsidium superst-es -itis having survived,
stol-a -ae f gown submittére (+ dat) to send help surviving; m survivor
stram-en -inis 1 straw to super-sum -esse -fui to be left
strament-um -i 1 straw, thatch subsist-6 -ére substiti to stop, halt over, survive
strenué adv hard, vigorously subter prep (+ acc) below super-us -a -um above; mpl the
strepit-us -iis ™ noise subterfug-id -ére subterfigi to gods above
string-0 -ére strinxi strictus to slip away suppl-ex -icis suppliant, begging
draw (a sword) subterrane-us -a -um subter- supplici-um -i 1 punishment, tor-
stud-ed -ére -ui (+ dat) to study, ranean, below the earth ture
pursue subtrah-o -ére subtraxi subtractus supplic:d -are -avi -atus (+ dat) to
studids-us -a -um (+ gen) eager to withdraw, take out offer thanksgiving to; to beg,
(for), interested (in) subicul-a -ae f undertunic (worn supplicate
studi-um -i 1 study; zeal; interest; by both sexes) supra prep (+ acc) above, over;
npl studies, pursuits Subirea -ae f the Suburba (ancient north of; beyond
Styx Styg:is f Styx (river flowing Rome’s shopping district) suprém-us -a -um highest
around the lower world) subven-i6 -ire -véni -ventum (+ surg: -ére surréxi surrecturus to
suad-ed -ére suasi suasus to sug- dat) to come to (someone's) aid get up, rise
gest, recommend; to urge, succéd:6 -ére succéssi succésstirus sutrip-i6 -ére -ui surreptus to steal
induce; ut diés suasit depending to succeed; (+ dat) to follow suscip-id -ére suscépi susceptus
on the weather (lit: as the day succinct-us -a -um with skirt to undertake, take up; to accept,
has suggested) tucked up; equipped welcome; vicem suscipére to
suaviter adv pleasantly stid:6 -are -avi to sweat take one’s turn
sub prep (+ acc) under; toward, sufficeid -ére sufféci suffectirus sustin-éo -ére -ui to stand up to
just before; at about, (when to suffice (an attack); to pass (a test); to
motion is shown); (+ abl) under; suggest-us -iis m platform bear, endure; to control; (+ inf) to
just before; at the foot of (a moun- sum esse fui futirus to be get oneself to
tain) summéatim adv slightly; superfi- susurr-0 -are -avi to whisper
subadministr-0 -are -avi -atus to cially siit-or -dris m shoemaker
supply summov:eo -€re Ssummovi siitrin-a -ae f shoemaker’s (shop)
sub-d6 -dére -didi -ditus to place summotus to move up, move sueus -a -um his, her, its, their
under north (own); mpl one’s friends (or
sub-e0 -ire -ii or -Ivi to undergo summ-us -a -um highest; top of; neighbors, or family members);
subflav-us -a -um blondish best; ad summam in short, in a men on one’s side
subig-6 -ére subégi subactus to word; in the end; ad summum at Syph-ax -acis m Syphax (king of the
subject, subjugate most Moors)
subinde adv from time to time sum-0 -€re sumpsi sumptus to put
subito adv suddenly on (clothes); to take; to assume tabernea -ae f shop, store; taberna
subit-us -a -um sudden supell-ex -ectilis f furniture vestiaria clothing store
submers-us -a -um submerged tabernari-us -i m shopkeeper

458 Appendix
 tablin-um -i n study, office tempt-6 -are -avi -atus to try (out) tog-a -ae f toga; toga pura pure-
tabul-a -ae f writing tablet temp-us -oris n time; ad tempus in white toga; toga praetexta
taedet taedére taeduit impers it time; for the occasion; tempore purple-bordered toga; toga
irks in time virllis toga of manhood
taeni-a -ae f ribbon tenebr-ae -arum fpl darkness toler-6 -are -avi -atus to stand, tol-
tal-is -is -e such Tened-os (or -us) -i f Tenedos erate
tal-I -drum mpl jacks; talis lidére (island off the coast of Troy) toll-6 -ére sustuli sublatus to lift
to play jacks ten-e0 -ére -ui -tus to hold; to con- (up), pick up, raise; ancoram
tam adv such (a), so; tam longé so trol; to occupy; to understand; tollére to weigh anchor
far; tam... quam as...as nunc tened now Iget it; rem tomacl-um -i 1 sausage
tamen adv however; yet, still publicam tenére to run the gov- tond-ed -ére totondi tonsus to cut
tametsi conj even if, although ernment (hair)
tamquam conj as if ten-er -era -erum tender tonitr-us -iis m thunder
tandem adv at last tenuris -is -e shallow tons-or -dris m barber
tang:0 -ére tetigi tactus to touch tepidari-um -i n warm bath torment-um -1 n catapult, artillery
tantopere adv so much tepid-us -a -um lukewarm piece
tantum adv only terg-um -1 1 back torp-e0 -ére -ui to be numb
tantummodo adv only terr-a -ae f land, country tot indecl. adj so many
tant-us -a -um so large, go great terrific-us -a -um frightening t6Oteus -a -um whole, entire; ex t6td
tardit-as -atis f slowness territ-us -a -um terrified, fright- totally
tardius adv later ened, in terror tract-6 -are -avi -atus to treat, deal
tard-us -a -um slow; m slowpoke terti-us -a -um third with
Tarquini-iI -Orum mp! Tarquinia test-a -ae f (broken) piece of pot- tra-do -dére -didi -ditus to hand
(town in Etruria) tery over; to betray; (of writers) to
Tarquini-us Prisc-us -i m testament-um -i 7 last will, testa- record, say
Tarquinius Priscus (fifth king of ment trah-0 -ére traxi tractus to pull,
Rome) text-um -1 1 coverlet, spread drag; to attract; ad sé trahére to
Tarquini-us Superb-us -i m thalam-us -i m marriage bed; take up, claim
Tarquin the Proud (seventh and bridal chamber traic-id -ére traiéci traiectus to
last king of Rome) theatr-um -i 1 theater bring (troops) across
Tartar-a -6rum np! Tartarus, lower therm-ae -arum fp! public bath trans prep (+ acc) across
world Thessali-a -ae f Thessaly (a district transcrib-6 -ére transcripsi
Tartar-us -i m Tartarus, lower north of Greece) transcriptus (+ dat) to transfer to
world thor-ax -acis f sweater; breastplate trans-eO -ire -Ivi or -ii -itirus to
taur-us -i m bull Thrac-és -um mpl Thracians cross (over); to desert to; to shift,
Taur-us 1 m Taurus (mountain Thraci-a -ae f Thrace (country switch
range in eastern Asia Minor) northeast of Greece) trans-fero -ferre -tuli -latus to
técteum -1 1 roof; house; shelter thron-us -i m throne transfer; to shift, switch; sé
_teg-0 -ére téxi tectus to cover Tibereis -is (acc: -im) m Tiber transferre ad or in (+ acc) to
tél-um -I 1 weapon (River) transfer one’s allegiance to
temere adv rashly, thoughtlessly tibial-e -is n stocking transfig-6 -ére transfixi transfixus
tem-6 -dnis m tongue, pole (ofa tim-ed -ére -ui to fear, be afraid to stab
chariot) (of) transfug-a -ae m deserter
temperat-us -a -um temperate timid-us -a -um timid, shy trans-ig6 -igére -égi -actus to fin-
tempest-as -atis f weather; storm; tim-or -dris m fear ish, settle
time (= tempus) titul-us -i m title transmiss-us -is m Passage across,
templ-um -i 1 temple crossing

Latin-English Vocabulary 459

transnat-d -are -avi to swim across tunc adv then Uran-us -i m Uranus (father of
trecent-i -ae -a three hundred tunicea -ae f tunic Saturn and grandfather of Jupiter)
tredecim indecl thirteen turb-a -ae f crowd; crowding urbs urbeis f city (often used to refer
trem-0 -ére -ui to tremble turb-o -are -avi -atus to disturb, to Rome)
trem-or -Oris m tremor upset, throw into confusion ur-6 -ére ussi ustus to burn; pass
trés trés tria three Turn-us -1 m Turnus (king of the to be impassioned, be inflamed
triangul-us -a -um triangular; n Rutulians) with love
triangle Tusciea -ae f Etruria usque ad prep (+ acc) as far as, all
tribin-us -1 m tribune; tribinus Tusc-us -a -um Etruscan; npl the way to
militum military tribune; Etruscan estate is-us -tis m (+ gen) experience (in),
tribtnus plébis tribune of the tuté adv safely skill (in); alicui magnO usul esse
people tito adv safely to be of great advantage to some-
tribu-6 -ére -1 tribiitus to grant, tiit-or -dris m guardian one
bestow tiit-us -a -um safe ut adv as; (in indirect questions)
tribat-um -i 7 tax, tribute tueus -a -um your how; ut... sic (etiam) as . . . So;
triceps tricipit-is three-headed ut conj as; when; in order that
triclini-um -i 1 dining room ubi adv where uter utra utrum which (of two)
trid-éns -entis (gen pl: -ium) m tri- ubi conj when; (+ pluperf) whenever utercumque utracumque utrum-
dent ubique adv everywhere cumque whichever (of two)
trienni-um -i n three-year period, ulcisc-or -1 ultus sum dep to uterque utraque utrumque each
three years avenge (of two)
trigemin-us -i m triplet illus -a -um any itilit-As -atis f usefulness; advan-
triginta indecl thirty ulter-ior -ior -ius (gen: ulteridris) tage
trist-is -is -e sad; harsh farther uti = ut conj that
triumph-us -1 m triumph; trium- ultim-us -a -um last, final; farthest; utinam adv would that, I wish
phum gerére to celebrate a extreme that, if only
triumph ulti-6 -dnis f revenge utique adv at least
trium-vir -viri m triumvir (member ult-or -Oris m avenger titor iti tisus sum (+ abl) to use; to
of a three-man board) ultra prep (+ acc) beyond enjoy (friendship, etc.); to wear
Troad-és -um fp! Trojan women Umbriea -ae f Umbria (district of (clothes); to play (an instrument);
Troi-a -ae f Troy northeastern Italy) to eat; to drink; to handle
Troian-us -a -um Trojan; mpl umer-us -i m shoulder (weapons)
Trojans umquam adv ever utpote adv as you might expect, as
Troi-és -um mpl Trojans tina adv together; ina cum (+ abl) is natural; at least
trucid:-6 -adre -avi -atus to butcher, together with utrimque adv on both sides
slaughter tinctori-um -1 1 massage room utrum conj whether; utrum...an
ti pron (sing.) you undea -ae f wave; water; fpl whether . . . or
tuba -ae f trumpet water(s) iiv-ae -arum fpl grapes
tu-eor -éri tuitus sum dep to look tindecim indecl eleven ux-or -Oris f wife; uxdrem diicére
after tindéviginti indecl nineteen to marry, take as wife
tuli perf of ferro ung(u)-6 -ére inxi ainctus to oil,
tum adv then, at that time; tum massage vag-i6 -ire -Ivi or -ii to cry (of a
autem but then; tum maximé tnivers-us -a -um entire, all, one baby)
just then and all vagit-us -iis m cry (of a baby)
tumult-us -is m turmoil, confu- tin-us -a -um one; alone; ad inum valdé adv very much, intensely
sion (of battle) to a man, one and all valé good-bye; bene valé good-
tumul-us -i m tomb bye; nunc valé good-bye for now

460 Appendix
val-e6 -ére -ui to be strong; to venica -ae f forgiveness, pardon Vestaleis -is (gen pl: -ium) f Vestal,
have value; to be effective, pre- ven-id -ire véni ventiirus to come; of Vesta
vail; (= possum) to be able; ventum est they came ves-ter -tra -trum your
multum valére to be worth a lot vent-er -ris m belly vestiari-us -a -um clothing-; taber-
valetiid-6 -inis f health; bad health ven-or -ari -atus sum dep to go na vestiaria clothing store
valid-us -a -um strong; powerful hunting véstibul-um -i 1 entrance way,
valvea -ae f (folding) door ventil-6 -are -avi -atus to fan front hall
van-us -a -um empty vent-us -I m wind vestigi-um -i 7 track, footstep
vari-us -a -um variable, uncertain véenun-do -dare -dedi -datus to vestiment-a -drum npl clothes
vastit-as -atis f immensity put up for sale, offer for sale vest-is -is (gen pl: ium) f garment,
vast-0 -are -avi -atus to devastate, Ven-us -eris f Venus dress, clothes; cover, cloth; vestis
leave desolate Venusira -ae f Venusia (town in domestica house clothes
vect-or -ari -atus sum to ride (on southern Italy) vestit-us -a -um dressed
horseback, in a vehicle) venust-us -a -um charming, grace- veterrim-us -a -um oldest
vect-us -a -um having traveled ful vetul-us -a -um old
vehem-éns -entis vehement, vér ver-is n spring Vetiri-a -ae f Veturia (mother of
intense verber-6 -are -avi -atus to beat, Coriolanus)
vehementer adv intensely, energet- whip vet-us -eris old
ically verb-um -i n word; expression; ad vetust-ior -ior -ius (gen:
vehicul-um -i 1 vehicle, carriage verbum word for word; literally, vetustiG6ris) older
veh-0 -ére vexi vectus to carry actually viea -ae f way, road, street
vehor vehi vectus sum to be car- verendea -drum np! private parts vicatim adv street by street
ried, ride; equé (or vehiculd) ver-eor -éri -itus sum dep to fear vicésim-us -a -um twentieth
vehi to ride; nave vehi to sail Vergili-us -1 m Vergil (poet of the viciés adv twenty times
Véientan-us -i m citizen of Veii. Aeneid) vicin-us -I m neighbor
Véi-l -drum mpl Veii (Etruscan verg:0 -ére to incline; to lie, be sit- vicissim adv in turn
city) uated; (ad + acc) to face victimea -ae f victim
vel conj or; even; vel... vel either vérit-as -Aatis f truth vict-or -Oris m victor
OL vérn-us -a -um spring-, of spring victr-Ix -Icis adj victorious; f win-
velam-en -inis n wrap, robe vero adv in fact, really; indeed, all ner
Velitr-ae -arum fp! Velitrae (town right; on the other hand vict-us -I m loser
in Latium, just south of the Alban Véronea -ae f Verona (town in vic-us -I m street (street as lined
Hills) northern Italy) with houses, not just the road)
vél-6 -are -avi -atus to veil, cover vers-us -iis m line (of prose or poet- vid-ed -ére vidi visus to see; pass
with a veil ry) to seem
vélocit-ds -atis f speed vert-0 -ére -1 versus tr & intr to vig-e0 -ére -ul to thrive
vél-0x -dcis speedy, fast turn vig-il -ilis m fireman, policeman
vél-um -i 7 sail; velum dare to set vert-or -I versus sum dep to turn vigil-6 -are -avi to be awake
sail vérum adv however, but viginti indecl twenty
vénati-6 -dnis f wild-animal show; vér-um -1 7 the truth; vérum dicis vil-is -is -e cheap
hunting you're right vinc-0 -ére vici victus to conquer,
venat-or -Oris m hunter vér-us -a -um true, real defeat
vendit-6 -are -avi to sell (regular- vésicea -ae f bladder vindic-6 -are -avi -atus to avenge;
ly) | vespere adv in the evening in libertatem vindicare to liber-
vén-do -ére -didi -ditus to sell Vestea -ae f Vesta (goddess of the ate
venénat-us -a -um poisonous hearth) vin-um -i 1 wine
venén-um -I 7 poison viol-éns -entis violent

Latin-English Vocabulary 461

 viv-éns -entis living, while alive volv:o -ére -i volutus to turn,
vir virl m man
vir-és -ium fp! strength, vigor Viv-6 -ére vixi victus to live, be revolve; animo volvére to won-
virg-d -inis f young (unmarried) alive der, ponder
girl; virgin viv-us -a -um alive, living vos pron pl (nom & acc) you
viril-is -is -e manly, of manhood vix scarcely vot-um -i 1 vow; prayer, wish
virt-iis -aitis f valor, courage; val- vixdum adv barely as yet vox voceis f voice
orous deed; high quality voc: -are -avi -atus to call; to call Vulcan-us -i m Vulcan
vis f (only in nom, acc, & abl) force; on; to invite (esp. to dinner) vulgar-is -is -e ordinary
summa vi, with utmost energy; vol-6 -are -avi -aturus to fly vulg-us -i n general public; throng;
virés fpl strength vol-d velle volui to want, wish, be common soldiers
visit-d -are -avi -atus to visit willing vulner-6 -are -avi -atus to wound
vis-6 -ére -I -us to go to see; to Volsc-us -a -um Volscian; mpl the vuln-us -eris 1 wound
examine; to gawk at Volscians
vita -ae f life voluntari-us -a -um voluntary xyst-us -1 m walkway
vit-6 -are -Avi -atus to avoid volunt-as -atis f will, wishes
vitric-us -1 m stepfather volupt-as -atis f pleasure

462 Appendix
 GRAMMATICAL INDEX

See also the Glossary of Grammatical Terms and the Forms in the Appendix for each entry (pp 381 to 428).

ablative case ablative absolute 94- deliberative subjunctive 108 locative case 60
97, 222; of agency with ab 190; of deponent verbs 190; with ablative né 108, 109, 125, 200, 202, 203, 205
cause 270; of separation 268-269; 267; with genitive 267 nisi 130-132, 141
of quality or description 270-271; diminutives 246 noun clauses 199-207
with opus est 271; of respect 271; direct questions 5-6 optative subjunctive 107, 144
with prepositions 263-266 direct quotations 28 participles formation 86-88; uses
abbreviated forms 53 donec 62 88-90, 93
ac si 224 double negatives 145, 243 298 periphrastic conjugation active
accusative case after intransitive double questions 26; indirect 283 185-186; future infinitive 188;
verbs when compounded with a dum 61, 62 passive 189; with dative of
preposition 241; double ellipsis 165, 299 agency 190; with intransitive
accusative 243; in exclamations faci6 passive forms 225-226 verbs 191
246; with infinitive 201; with frequentative verb forms 247 postquam 36
prepositions 244-245; with some genitive case of the whole (parti- potential subjunctive 107
impersonal verbs 242; with verbs tive) 8-9; objective genitive 8; of prepositions with ablative 263-
of emotion 242 indefinite price 12; of indefinite 266; with accusative 244-245
ad before names of towns 61 value 11; of material 13; of quali- priusquam 37,221
adjectives irregular 26-28 ty 10; possessive 7; subjective prohibitive subjunctive 108
antequam 37,221 genitive 8; with adjectives 10 quam si 224
clauses adversative/concessive gerund 169-171 quamvis 223
113, 143-144, 159, 223; causal gerundive defined 173; compared quasi 224
112,142-143, 158, 220-221; condi- to gerund 173; impersonal use quia 220
tional with indicative (simple) 191; in ablative 176; in accusative quin 204
131; conditional with subjunctive 175; in dative 175; in genitive quo 126
131-132, 141; conditional of com- 174; to express purpose 175; with quoad 62
parison 224; relative of causa 174 quod 220
characteristic 224; substantive (or hortatory subjunctive 107 quominus 223
nouns) 199-207; temporal with impersonal verbs 191, 242 quoniam 220
indicative 36-37, 61-62; temporal indefinite pronouns 38-42 reading strategies 20-22
with subjunctive 144, 221, 222, indefinite relative pronouns 286 relative clause of characteristic
224 indirect discourse 77-78, 188 224; connective pronoun 55;
cognate noun 177 indirect questions 114, 156; indi- indefinite pronoun 285
connective relative pronouns 55 rect double questions 283-284 rules of grammar 1-2
correlative conjunctions 13, 285 infinitives formation 71-72; future sequence of tenses 125, 145, 155-
cum 36, 37, 112, 113, 129-130, 143, active 72, 188; complementary 156, 158-159, 200, 284
158, 159, 222 cum primum 36 74; historical infinitive 78; in si 130-132, 141
dative case indirect object 55; of indirect discourse 77; in negative sim (simul ac, simul atque) 36
agency 190; of possession 57; of commands 75; objective use 76; spelling improvement 102-104
purpose or tendency 58; of refer- subjective use 75; perfect active, subjunctive mood 106; present
ence 57; of separation 59; with passive 72 tense 105-106; imperfect tense
adjectives 59; with impersonal jussive subjunctive 108 123-124; pluperfect tense 138-139;
verbs 59 licet 223 perfect tense 152-154 in indepen-

Grammatical Index 463

 dent clauses: deliberative 108; hor- temporal 129-130, 143-144, 222; supine 192-193
tatory 107; jussive 108; optative indirect questions 114; optative tamquam si 224
107; potential 107; prohibitive 108 utinam 128-129, 143; purpose ut ubi 36
in dependent clauses: contrary-to- 109-110, 125; result ut 111, 127; ut 36, 37, 109, 111, 125, 127, 200,
fact conditions 131-132, 141; cum should-would conditions 131; 202, 203, 205, 206, 208
adversative/concessive 113,129- substantive clauses 199-207 utinam 128-129, 143
130,143-144,159; cum causal 112, subtantive clauses (noun clauses) word order 22, 114
129-130, 143-144, 158, 221; cum 199-207

of
References do not include names occurring in the exercises and in sentences illustrating points of grammar, or the names
in parentheses. The
consuls that are given to indicate dates. Where further identification ts necessary, it is provided in italics
for
cognomen of persons is given first, followed by the praenomen and/or nomen, except where a name has been Anglicized,
example, Marc Antony.
Acestes 342 Antonius, M. See Marc Antony Brutus, Decimus 301, 321, 322, 333
Achaea 255 Apollo 43, 134, 178 Bucolics 275, 289, 290
Achates 338-339 Aquitania 306 Caelian Hill 33
Acrisius 81 Argonauts 178 Caesar, Gaius Julius 1, 287, 300-
Actium 308 Ariminum 215 303, 309, 320, 332, 334, 351-353
Adriatic Sea 308 Ascanius 14, 345 Calliope 178, 293
Aeneas 338-339, 343-348, 541-546 Asia Minor 62, 255 Campania 233, 274
Aeneid 275, 287, 291, 294, 337-338, Atalanta 43-50 Campus Martius 310
343 Athena 81 Cannae 215, 228, 230, 232
Aetna 341 Atribates 355 Canusium 230
Africa 209, 248, 250, 309 Atropos 44 Cape Misenum 343
Aftermath of the Second Punic Atticus 160 Capitoline Hill 134, 228
War 253, 254 augur 334 Carthage 209, 210, 229, 253, 254,
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius 306, 307, Augustan Age 287, 289 260, 339, 341
316, 335 Augustus and Imperial Family Carthaginians 210, 227, 228, 233,
Alba Longa 14, 33 315-318 248, 250
Albans 14, 29, 33 Augustus 274, 275, 279-281, 300, Cassius (Caesar’s assassin) 287, 302,
Alexander the Great 308 306, 313, 315-318; 320-328, 343 3057308)
Alps 211, 213, 216, 301, 303 ball playing 326 Catilinarian Conspiracy 301, 332
Amata 345, 348 Baucis and Philemon 62-68 Catullus 115
ambassadors 210, 214 Bay of Naples 134, 343 Ceres (Demeter) 116-120
Anchises 340, 342 books 134 Charon 181
Andes 272 Britain 351-353, 366-368 Cicero 1, 21, 147, 160, 212, 300,
Antiochus the Great 228, 230, 254, Brundisium 276 301, 332
256-257 Bruttii 237 Cinncinnatus, Quinctius 6, 7
Antonius, Decimus 302 Brutus (Caesar’s assassin) 287, 301, Cisalpine Gaul 227, 287
Antonius, Lucius 305 302, 305, 333 Civil Wars 300

464 Appendix
Claudia 316, 322 Furies 345 Ligurians 213
Cleopatra 307, 308 Gaius Caesar 316, 317, 322, 335 Liternum 229
Clotho 44 Galatia 313 BIVianOlorolG, Ol, O22,1927
Commius 355, 356 Gallus, Cornelius 287 Livy 29, 33, 209
Corsica 306 Gaul 90, 302, 303, 353 Longus, Sampronius 227
Crassus 303, 307, 312 Georgics 275, 292 Lucius Caesar 316, 322, 335
Cremona 274, 287 Golden Age 193, 343 Macedo 147-149
Creusa 340 Gorgones 81 Macedonia 148, 257, 305
Cronos 116 Gracchus, Sempronius 215, 245 Maecenas 274, 275, 290, 316, 323
Crotona 279 Greece 148 Mago 233, 235
Cumae 133, 343 Greeks 44, 147, 193 Mantua 272, 287.
curia 336 Hades (Orcus or Tartarus) 116 Marc Antony 148, 287, 301, 302,
Curiatii 14-18, 29-32 Hadrian 147, 272, 315 303, 305, 308, 309, 316, 321, 322,
cyclopes 341 Hadrian’s Wall 351, 352, 371 333
Cytherean 48 Hamilcar 210 Marcellus, M. 316, 321, 322, 343
Danaé 81 Hannibal 210-213, 216, 227-229, Masinissa 230, 260
Daphnis 290 232-236, 238, 239, 248, 250, 253, master and slaves 145-149, 160
Dardania (Troy) 339 256 mausoleum of Augustus 328, 330,
dating by consular years 212 Hannibal’s route 232 331
deluge 193-197 Hasdrubal (Hamilcar’s son-in-law) Maximus, Q. Fabius 215, 235
Demeter (Ceres) 117 210; (Hannibal's brother) 211, 213, Mediterranean Sea 209
Demetrius (son of King Philip) 254, 233-236, 238, 239 Medusa 81-84
255 Helenus 341 Melpomene 293
Deucalion 193, 195-197 Hephaestus (Vulcan) 98 Mercury (Hermes) 63, 83, 99, 183,
dice playing 326, 327 Hermes (Mercury) 98 341
dictator 334 hexameter 337 Metaurus River 238
Dido (Elissa) 209, 339, 341 Hiberus River 210 Mezentius 147, 148, 160, 346
Donatus 289 Hippomenes 43-50 Milan (Mediolanum) 274, 277
Drusus 312, 327 Honorarius 134 Mincius River 287
Dryades 178 Horace 147, 274, 309 Misenus 343
Eclogues 275, 279 Horatii 14-18, 29-32 Morini 355
Epimetheus 99, 101, 102 Hymadryades 178 Mus, Decius 20, 22
equestrian class 332 Illyrians 259 Mutina 301-303, 309, 321, 322, 332
Esquiline Hill 274, 290 Iris 342 Naiades 178
Etruria 305 jacks 326 names 208-209
Etruscans 14, 347 Jovian (Emperor) 209 Naples 274, 277, 343
Eumenes (King of Pergamus) 257 Julia (sister of Caesar) 313, 320 Nepos, Cornelius 212
Euryalus 347 Julia (daughter of Augustus) 316, 335 Neptune (Poseidon) 46
Eurydice 178-183 Juno 210, 338, 348 Nereides 178
Eutropius 209, 211, 229, 248, 253 Jupiter 63, 68, 70, 99, 116, 194, 210, Nereus 178
Evander 346 229, 347, 348 Nero, Tiberius Claudius 316
Fidenae 33 Lachesis 44 New Carthage 210, 228
Flamininus, Titus Quintius 254, Lake Trasumenus 215 Nisus 295, 347
256 Latinus 345, 348 Noah 193
Formiae 147 Laurentum 345, 348 Nola 233
Forum of Augustus 336 Lausus 348 Numa Pompilius 14, 36, 37
Fulvia 305, 321, 322 Lepidus, M. Aemilius 287, 303, 309 Numidia 248

Cultural Index 465

Numitor 14 Proserpina (Persephone) 116-120 Sibylline Books 133-136
nymphs 178, 347 Prusias (king of Bithynia) 256 Sicily 209, 210, 228, 274, 306
Oceanides 178 Ptolemy 307 Silver Age 193
Octavia 305, 321, 343 Punic War (First) 227; (Second) Sinon 340
Octavian (Augustus) 275, 289, 301, 209-216, 222, 248-251; (Third) 253, slavery 145-147, 160
305, 309, 315-318, 332 259 Spain 210, 228, 302; (Nearer and
Octavianus 302 Pydna 253 Farther) 235
Orcus (Hades, Tartarus) 116, 119, Pyrenees 211 Stilicho 134
180, 182 Pyrrha 193, 195-198 Styx 181
Oreades 178 Pyrrhus 20, 22, 340 Suetonius 272, 289, 315, 316, 330
Orodes (king of Parthia) 307 reading circles 163, 164 Syphax (King of the Moors) 228,
Orpheus 178-183 Remus 14 230, 248
Ovid 43, 62, 64, 178 180 Rhea 116 Tarentum 235
Palatine Hill 134, 323, 346 Rhone River 211 Tarqinius Superbus 134-136
Palinurus 343 Roman army 376-380 Tarquatus, Titus Manius 25
Pandora 98-102 Roman Britain 351-353 Taurus Mountain 256
Pantheon 307 Romans 14, 29, 33, 43, 44, 134, 147, Tiberius 313, 316, 322, 326, 327
Paris 338 210, 250 Ticinus River 227, 228
Paulus, L. Aemilius 253, 258 Rome 29, 33, 146, 160, 210, 233, time reckoning 165
Pegasus 82-84, 227 25871274 ,275 72877031 Tiro 147
Persephone (Proserpina) 116-120 Romulus 14, 209, 343 toga 274
Perseus (son of King Philip) 253, rostrum 327 Trajan 164
257, 258 Rutulians 347 ‘Trebia River 211, 215, 227
Perseus (mythical hero) 82-84 Saguntum 210, 213 triumvirs 287
Perugia (Perusia) 305 Sardinia 306 Triumvirate (First) 303
Phaéthon 178 Saturn 193 Trojan horse 340
Philemon 62-68 Scipio, L. Cornelius Asiaticus 256 Troy 338, 339, 341
Philip (King of Macedonia) 254, 256 Scipio, P. Cornelius Aemilianus Tucca, Plotius 294
Philippi 287, 304, 305, 333 Africanus Junior (grandson by Tullus Hostilius 14, 15, 33, 36
Phrygia 62, 64, 347 adoption of Africanus Maior) 229, Turnus 345, 347, 348
Placentia 227 253-254, 259, 260 Valens 209
Pliny the Younger 147, 160, 163, Scipio, P. Cornelius Africanus Varius, Lucius 294
164 Maior 227, 228-231, 253, 254, 256 Varus, Alfenus 287
Pluto 116-120, 182, 343 Scipio, P. Cornelius (consular Venus 43, 48, 99, 338
Pollio, Asinius 274, 287 tribune 395 and 394 B.c.) 227 Vergil (P. Vergilius Maro) 272-278,
Polydectes 81, 83-84 Scipio, P. Cornelius (consul 218 B.c.) 287-295, 337, 343, 344
Polydorus 340 Va Via Appia 29
Pompey 303 Scribonia 316, 317, 322 Victor, Sextus Aurelius 229 238
Pompey, Sextus 306, 316 Scylla and Charybdis 341 Vindolanda 351, 371
Pontifex Maximus 334 Scythians 313 Vipsania 316
Po (Padus) River 211, 227, 290 Second Triumvirate 303 Vulcan (Hephaestus) 98, 346
Porta Capena 29 Segesta 342 Zama 228, 229, 251
Priam 340 Seriphos 81, 84 Zeus (Jupiter) 81, 98, 116, 117
Prometheus 98, 100 Sibyl 134, 343 Zosimus 160-162

466 Appendix
 Lingua Latina Book
II

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