Beyond Sprouts Back in TimeLearning about history has many important benefits. When we learn about the past, we understand how things evolve and POO CRS UMC a CLAM OCR making skills, and learning about the rise and fall of different CSU eae OE IE eo eCae what causes them to TAPE a me cod Cardy Oe Uo CONAN UG sa aM UMM LCCC to the Golden Age of Islam and the development of one of the greatest empires - the Ottoman Empire. Throughout Grade PRR ae a nO ne as PRES a CoN ee ec Re eens eeu R CR eam Re eyelid ee LLL oO DAR EL CHIMAL ornnvc-rususiina- W INTERNATIONALCo, = TENN ‘Tripoli, Lebanon - P.O Box 57 - Tel: (06) 411311, 411611 - Fax: 9616410263 ‘E-mail: [email protected] - Website: wwwdarelchimal.net All rights reserved - Edited and Revised - Edition 2022Table of Contents Unit I: Early History and Civilization Introduction... Know More... Know Why... Lesson 1; Learning about Prehistory Learn and Practice... Lesson 2: The Rise of Civilization Learn and) Practice ssrssssresssescsrseressesees.Unit II: People and Civilization Know More... Know Why... Lesson 1: Mesopotamia . Learn and Practice. Lesson 2: Egypt and the Mediterranean.. Learn and Practice. Lesson 3: The Indus Valley Learn and Practice. Lesson 4: Early Empires ... Learn and Practice. Lesson 5: Ancient Greece ... Learn and Practice.Unit II: The Rise of Empires Introduction Know More... Know Why... Lesson 1: China’s Early Dynasties and Philosophies Learn and Practice... Lesson 2: Rome’s Early Beginning... Learn and Practice... Lesson 3: The Roman Empire Survives... Learn and Practice... Lesson 4: The Byzantine Empire... Learn and Practice...~y Unit IV: Islam in the Post Classical Era Introduction ...ssseessee Know More... Know Why Lesson 1: Early Mush Learn and Practice Lesson 2: Islamic Golden A; Learn and Practice...Unit V: The Gunpowder Empire Introduction Know More... Know Why Lesson 1: The Ottoman Empire Li and Practice. Lesson 2: The Growth of the Ottomans Empire Learn and Practice. Lesson 3: A New Empire: The Mogul Empire. Learn and Practice.Unit VI: Beginning of the Revolution Introduction Know More... Know Why. Lesson 1: Beginning of Revolution ..... Learn and Practice... Lesson 2: Enlightenment in Europe... Learn and Practice..... Lesson 3: America Revolts .. Learn and Practice... Lesson 4: The French Revolution... Learn and Practice.....Unit VII: Pre-Columbian Civilization of America Introduction 9 Know More... Lesson 1: South American Cultures: Learn and Practice Lesson 2: The Northern American Culture .. Learn and Practice...f 2 4 li oT Sg ia Trmaeaey. 34 ‘Where did himans first exist and when? Historians discovered that the fiest humanlike’ereatures appeared four million years ago in the continent “OF Africa. Since prehistofy, a million years aga to 2300 B.C., the world had faced different agés with'different changes and developments. After Africa, the Homo sapiens migrated to Europe and Asia. Settlers started forming into { groups after the ending of Ice Age; agriculture and livestock started, taking “place as well. : Seeking Knowledge 1. What information and proofs reflect the existence of prehistoric humans? 2. How did the world change and develop through the differentHaye you ever thought about the earliest organisms? Amongst the early organisms on Earth were bacteria and other single- celled organisms. These lived in the sea and remained there for billions of years. Some of these released oxygen into the air, allowing the evolution of organisms that could use oxygen. Amongst the early animals were those with hard shells and body cases, in addition to other vertebrates (animals with backbones), such as fish Crows also existed in the early times. The first land plants evolved from green algae found at the edge of the sea and rivers. As time passed, these gave rise to horsetails and club mosses. Forests then evolved and were the home to the land animals. Scorpions and centipedes, as well as earthworms and leeches existed at the ime Krew More.. . Krew Life expectancy of man in the prehistoric age How long did human beings live during their carly life? Some assume that life expectancy was short yet some early studies of human remains might have opposed | that, One example of this is the remains of apre-historic human found in France 1908, Known as “The Old Man of La Chapelle”, this pre-historic human most likely live to an elderly age as evidenced by his lac of tecth and significant signs of arthritis.Have you heard of the Coal Age? Did You Kruow? The period was known as the * Microfossils helped in providing Carboniferous Period and many assume evidence about early life that it existed 350 million years ago: * Oceans formed around 4.41 billion Carboniferous coal was produced by bark: years ago. bearing trees that grew in vast lowland swamp forests. Vegetation included giant club mosses, tree ferns, grea ails, and towering trees with strap-shaped leaves. Over millions of years, the organic deposits of this plant debris formed the world’s first extensive coal deposits —coal that humans are still burning today. During this period, amphibians and arthropods were very common. A reconstruction of the Carboniferous seed fern, Medullosa. Note the seeds on the large fronds.Tan Lesson 1 Learning about Prehistory Prehistory To learn about the historie evolution, people ideally depend on documents and written records. These factors formulate their pictures of the past. Yet, no written records are found for the prehistory of humankind, Prehistory is defined as a time before the action of writing was developed. How do people then know their past you may wonder? Since there were no written records, those who delved into history depended in their stories on archeological and biological evidence. Archeologists and anthropologists used their information to create postulates about our early records. Archeology and Anthropology Archeologists’ job is to study and examine artifacts or objects made of human remains, The range of the artifacts has no limits. It may be as simple as art or as dangerous as weapons. Other artifacts or objects may include buildings made by people. These factors help enhance their studies, Anthropologists use artifacts and human fossils to form a picture of man’s daily life. Fossils are rock-like remains that originate from biological organisms. Some examples of fossils are skeleton, and footprints, Archeologists and anthropologisy, set their own scientific methods to Moy, forward with their work. They search oy sites or cautiously dig up land; they Study early human life in Africa, Europe, ang Asia. Hints to Remember Archeology is the study of past lives through the assumptions of what people have left behind. Anthropology is known as the st of human life and culture. Cult based on what people weat, the they organize their society, and morals,lence Usually searches for human fossils or other artifacts happen at different places around the globe. Archeologists usually seek to uncover fossil remains of early humans. Such remains include ancient cities and burial grounds. This helps them together with anthropologists to present evidence-based studies with better analysis and greater understanding of ancient societies. Radiocarbon dating determines the age of the artifacts and fossils for no more than 50,000 years. Scientists previously used several elements in their observations. For objects dating back to 200,000 years, they depended on thermoluminescence, a form of luminescence that is exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. Another evidence scientist used is analyzing the DNA, the hereditary material in humans and other organisms. DNA provided information on human evolution. On the other hand, studying the ancestors of plants helped in understanding the history of farming. f Hints to Remember | a a es Bands are the most primitive form of human organizations. This is usually a loosely bound group of 25 to 60 people who are related by kinship ties. The group cooperates in hunting and gathering activities without any form of permanent leadership. Many j a hunting and gathering population in | } the world is even today found to live in Band Societies. The Paleolithic Era The Paleolithic Era- or the old stone age- is a prehistoric period of human history where humans ftom 100s of 1000s of years relied on simple stone tools. People at that time gathered their daily food from hunting animals such as buffalo, horses and bison, and from gathering nuts, berries, and fruits. They used to carefully observe animal migration and vegetative cycles to hunt successfillly. Nomads was the term used to define Paleolithic people; these people mainly moved from one place to another for survival purposes. Men and women at that age had a role in sustaining life by finding food, thus they were considered to be equal and each of them contributed significantly in taking decisions for the Paleolithic group.Use of Stones One of the hard stones early people used was flint. They used to sharpen the cdges of flint stones to manufacture pointed tools such as hand axes, Overtime, they developed better tools, and later they invented the bow and arrow, harpoons, and fishhooks. Use of Fire Palaeolithic people used fire as a heat source for cooking and warmth especially while moving to colder areas. Fire kept people safe by keeping wild animals away. Fire also helped them during the Ice Age, where sheets of ice covered huge areas in Europe, North America, and Asia. Arts Paleolithic people had an active role in building their own culture as well ‘They realistically painted large animals such as lions, oxen, owls and many others by mixing mineral ores and fat to make several paint colors, Hints to Remember Paleolithic a Greek word that means old stone, Hunting depended on careful observation of animal behaviour patterns. Ice Age between 100,000 B.C. and | 8000 B.C. posed a threat on human — life and humans had to find ways to. Think About It 1. Observe the image below. How. does it reflect the evolution of human development? 2. How do you think did the first humans adapt?QuestionLesson 2. the rise of Civilization The Neolithic Revolution occurred in the Neolithic Age that lasted from 8000 BC. to 4000 BC Age that ended in 8000 B.C It followed the final | The Neolithic Age was a time of the history humans Human interest shifted from gathering food to growing of food on regular basis Humans’ interest in animals shifted as well since humans were more interested in cating animals and keeping them safe rather than simply hunting them. This shift became known as the systematic culture In the Neolithic Age people migrated to different places to find plants. They followed herds and grew more interested in what animals can do to help them in their lives, Humans began planting crops and providing a basic pattern of food source. Animals were also tamed, so they can be of better use to humans. They could provide for basic human needs including meat, milk, and wool. This led to an agricultural revolution, which many believe it might be the single, most important development in human history. Life was better, since people had sufficient food to give them energy and keep them healthy, Also, it meant that humans can give up their nomadic ways of life and move to communities to settle. =~ People moved ont and built huts The shift of food and animals did py happen suddenly, but it was the effect of cause. During the Mesolithic Age, ends in 7000 B.C, the shift occurred. It was, gradual one from the old food gather and human hunting economy to a foog producing one Agricultural revolution became mor popular during the duration of 8000 B.c to 5000 B.C. It spread through man parts of the world. Some areas, likj Southwestern Asia, Southern Europe! Central Europe, and the coastal region 3} the Mediterranean Sea. In Southwest Asia] people began to grow wheat and barley They also domesticated animals such 4 pigs, cows, and sheep. Onward from thé it reached Central Europe in 4000 B.C.By 6000 B.C. agricultu known by many. The growing of wheat and barely grew more popular and reached th valley of Egypt Soon enough, these crops were profound in Sudan, Ethiopia, and in most of Africa, Though in Central Africa, a new farm system was adopted whereby people root crops that go by the name of tubers and tree crops like bananas. Rice farming emerged as well. It began in Southeast Asia from 5000 B.C. and ended up spreading to Southwest Asia. In the western hemisphere, Mesoamericans grew beans, squash, and maize Hints to Remember * Mesoamericans: inhabitants of present day Mexico and Central America, They also domesticated dogs and fowl. Between 6700 B.C. and 5700 B.C. inhabitants started living in mud brick houses. 19 Neolithic Age Farming tabli: ba: Th gar a cttlement and marked the beg 1 traditional economy built by agricu and Catalhoyuk, the oldest and big had buildings that were conta Statue of women child have also b shrines and the statues are the factors thal indicated the growth of religion in the of Neolithic people some trade. Other than hor es of gods and iving birth or nursing a n found there. Both the Growing of Crops * Southwest Asia-wheat, barley, cows goats, sheeps + Spread to South-eastern Europe + 4000 B.C.- farming established in Europe and Mediterranean Sea + 6000 B.C. - wheat and barley in Egypt and Africa - Yams, bananas - Moved to India +5000 B.C. ~ Meso-Americans - Bean, squash, maize The Aftermath of the Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution’ great outcomes caused a great revolution in the life of humans, People started learning crafts and a division of labor specialized in trading grew more popular. Artisans,skilled workers, made more refined tools For example, flint blades were used to make hoes for farming. Ultimately, many of the food plants that we still depend on in our days became civilized, Flax and cotton are examples of plants that wore used to make yarn and cloth. Systematic agriculture had its impact on how men and women related to one another, Men became more active in farming and herding animals. Those jobs left them distant from their establishment. Women continued to care for children, weave clothes, and do many other things that helped them survive better in their community establishment. Men remained to be responsible for the wellbeing and protection of their surroundings. Hereafter, men had a much dominant role in society. The Neolithic Revolution Comes to an End New advancements began to alter some Neolithic towns between 4000 B.C. and 3000 B.C. Before 4000 B.C,, craftspeople realized that by heating metal-bearing rocks they could transform metal to liquid. Liquid metal could be drenched in molds or casts to make tools and weapons. The use of metals marked an advanced level of power on the environment. The element copper, first discovered by Western Asians, was the first metal to be used in the making of tools. They brought together copper and tin form a metal harder and more durable than copper known as bronze. Because bronze was used immensely, the Age of Bronze arose from around 3000 B.C. to 1200 B.C. In 1000 B.C., the use of iron 20 an tools and weapons became more kn in the era that was later referred to ag Iron Ae, Nevertheless, the Neolithic 4 A, set the stage for major changes to hay Some villages developed complex 4, wealthier societies. To protection thy wealth, these people-built armies and g, walls, By the beginning of the Brop, Age, lots of people settled in the rivers, Mesoamericans, Egypt, India, and chy, With time, cities started forming. Hints to Remember | Morecomplexcultures develop \ new forms of human society | civilization. This was a culture vs | jjumans shared similar elements. I | I \ I New’ civilizations had six characteristics: cities, gover religion, social culture, writ art. Think About It 1. How did development during the Neolithic impact early human. history? 2. Why do you think are the characteristics of civilization important for its growth? How do they blend together? Neolithic SetdementWNIT 2 Oe dae ae eerc ntroduction Anelehy Epyptian history passed through three periods of stabiliey andl bie interspersed with shorter periods of political disorder The enicians emerged as Well as other civilizations and influenced the later cultures. They déveloped languages and trade networks that\helped i Mnaintaining stability and spreading civilization. The Indus River Valley was the largest of the early river valley civilizations while the ancic Spassed through the rise and fall of great empires suchas Akkads, Babylonian. ~ Egyptian, Assyrian, and Greek fear Fast . ay ae bi ee sae oe ae Uy SS real oumen. iL Wx | fel : tomen tare ee. 7 1. What are the factors that empower an empi 2. What elements affect stability of an empire and influence the spread of civilization?How did children spend their time in the Indus Valley cities? Imagine going back in time and living in the cities which once existed such as hose of the Indus Valley, During those times, children had little to do. They basically spent their time helping with daily tasks including farming and hunting Children enjoyed their time by playing on flat rooftops and waving to one another. Roofs were fun places to spend time on! Children might have played board games with counters and dice. Archaeologists have found cube dice with six sides and spots, just like the ones we use today Historians think the Indus people invented dice. As for pets, during those times monkeys and birds were the best Knew Mere. ae .. Know How did carly Egyptians manage their day-to-day life? Egyptian homes were made from mudbrick while stone was reserved fog tombs and temples. Bach house included two living or public rooms, a storeroom or bedroom, and a kitchen equipped with 4 mud-brick oven. The roof over the kitehen was made from matting that would allow smoke and cooking smells to escape. Vegetables, fish, and grain were available for all peasants while the elite ate meat ona more regular basis. Chicken was not available at the time. Women dressed in practical, plain, sleeved dresses made from linen; cotton and silk were unknown, in ancient Egypt. Men had a similar wardrobe. Laundry was done in the canal or in the: Nile, and a salt-rich mineral was used as a cleaning agent.Did You Krow? One of the most famou rical wa what makes it that famous? The wat 7 Greeks and the people of 1 of the Trojan king, ran off with Helen, wife c Agamemnon then led a Greek expedition agair finally ended when the Greeks pretended to withd wooden horse with a raiding party concealed inside. W horse into their city, the hidden Greeks opened the gates to the sacked Troy and massacred its men. This version wa extent to which it reflects actual historical events is not known. The w rred : imagination of the ancient Greeks more than any other event in Greek histo! More Fun Facts Both Egyptian men and women wore make-up. The eye-paint was usually green (made from copper) or black (made from lead). As well as offering protection from the sun, the Egyptians believed make-up had magical healing powers, too! When unwrapped, the bandages of an Ancient Egyptian mummy could stretch for 1.6km!Lesson 1 As time passed, fertile river valleys attracted more tribes since these areas were suitable for them to settle and form their own civilizations. Small tribes started to join one another and settle by the Nile River. Agriculture and trade were two factors that encouraged people to live there. Mesopotamia was the main area in which civilization began. Where Was Mesopotamia Located? In ancient times, many referred to the area between Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers as Mesopotamia or the “area between the two rivers”. It was at the Eastern end of the Fertile Crescent which extended from the Mediterranean River to the Arabian Gulf. The area had rich soil that helped in sustaining civilization Mesopotamia provided the settlers, the ‘Assyrians, Akkads, and Sumerians with soil enriched by layers of silt. Farmers were able to grow crops regularly using irrigation and drainage ditches. Mesopotamia Hints to Remember * Mesopotamia had little rain. «The Tigris and Euphrates often overflowed their banks by the end 6 Spring ‘ + Irrigation is supplying water to” or crops through certain channels. City-States and Religion Mesopotamia was made of city-State, A city-state is a large city with Som, surrounding area ruled by the basic Unij of the Sumerian civilization. Each City state had its own political and econom control over the surrounding countryside The Sumerian civilization includ the cities of Eridu, Ur, and Uruk. Eag city was surrounded by walls with defeng, towers that were set in different locations Mud was plentiful, and it was used j; building most of the houses whether fy peasants, officials, or priests. Sumerian were creative with mud bricks, and the, invented the arch and the dome. The, were also famous for building massiy; stepped towers topped with temples. Thos: pyramids were called Ziggurats. At that time, they believed they religion was Polytheistic, and accordingh, they obeyed and served their religion. ThySumerians believed that state i Theoctacies were governments that wer established by divine authority. Peopl contributed by devoting huge amounts of their wealth for the purpose of building more temples and houses for the priests who served the religion, Based on that priests were a major source of authority their power was unlimited, and it went beyond that of the kings who ruled the city- state. Kings were also powerful. They led strong armies and organized workers for the different irrigation projects. They were highly respected as a source of authority, and they resided in huge palaces Sumerian Economy Traditional economy that depended on trade, farming, and industry prevailed over the Sumerian city-states. People learned how to make their own woolen textiles, pottery, and metalwork Sumerian traders traveled cither to the eastern Mediterranean or to the east of India where they exchanged several of their products such as barley, dried fish, and wheat for imported copper and tin. 7 nobles, th , fficials, and their fa were a the nobles whi 4 and other —craftsp were al t th commoners. Slaves were owned by palin officials Inventions The Sumerians were very innovative in terms of technology. Perhaps, their most famous invention is their system of writing, Writing was important because it allowed society to keep records and pass along knowledge from one generation to other. _ | Cc Hints to Remember | i ‘Most of the lands tilted by the j | Sumerian farmers were controlled by | priests. | + The temple of Sumeria was known | | asnig-en-na + Many of these farmlands were rented suiniinmeromiiemesan cel was called apin-lal.Lesson 2 Egypt and the Mediterranea The Nile River played an important role in the Egyptian civilization since it could provide food and other riches to the people of Egypt The Nile River originates in the middle of Africa and spans in a northerly direction formore than 4000 miles or about 6436 km. Itis the longest river in the world. The Nile empties into the Mediterranean but splits into two major branches. This split forms a triangular territory called delta. The Nile Delta region was known in the past as Lower Egypt whilst the land upstream or to the south formed Upper Egypt The Nile’s yearly flooding was referred to as the “miracle” of the Nile. Heavy rains in central Africa caused the river to rise in summer, which left a deposit of mud that created an area of rich soil several miles wide on both sides of the river. This helped farmers in the Nile River to grow a surplus of crops, which allowed Egypt to prosper. The Nile was also used as a speedy way to travel through land, thus making communication faster and easier. Egypt had its own natural barriers that served as protection from invasion and provided security from invaders. The barriers included the deserts to the west and east, the Red Sea to the east of the Nile, the rapids on the southern part of the Nile, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Egyptian Kingdoms Egyptian history was divided by schol into three major periods namely: the © Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the Ng Kingdom. These three periods were mark, with long-term stability, strong leadershy great building projects, freedom fy invasion, and a culture rich with actiVitig In between were the intermediate periods ¢ political disorder and invasions. Upon uniting Upper and Lower Egy into a single kingdom and forming the fin roval dynasty in around 3100 B.C., Kin Menes became known as the King of Upp, and Lower Egypt. Hints to Remember | + Dynasty: a family of rulers whose rights to rule is passed on withinThe Old Kingdom The period between 2700 B.C. and 2200 BAC of prosperity and splendor for the Old Was considered as a period Kingdom. During this period, Egyptian monarehs were given the title of pharaohs which originally meant “great house” or “palace” Ancient Egyptians considered kingship to be a divine institution, and subjects were compelled to obey their pharaoh. Egyptian pharaohs had complete and absolute power to rule their people, but they were also supported by the Pharaoh’s family. Later, a government bureaucracy developed. During this period, Egypt was divided into 42 provinces run by governors who were appointed by a pharaoh, The Old Kingdom was considered as a time of splendor and an example of its prosperity is the building of the pyramids for the dead. Egyptians practiced mummification as well. This was a process used to dry a dead body and thereby prevent it from rotting. The Middle Kingdom During the duration of 2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C., the Old Kingdom lost its values and stability paving the way to the rise of the Middle Kingdom. The people of Egypt used to describe this age as the golden era since it witnessed great rapidity in expansion. One of its major accomplishments was invading Nubia to the south. The Egyptians also built fortre frontier. Moreo lands used to send traders Mesopotamia, and Crete One great difference between Old Kingdom and the New K the way pharaohs handled issues, Back in the old age, pharaohs were entitled to power, and they were perceived as leac with absolute power. However, during the Middle Kingdom, all pharaohs developed greater concern for their people. They also became very public with their actions and took public welfare as a priority. Pharaohs were expected to build public works for their people as well. Hints to Remember + Governmental bureaucracy: an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular proceduresLesson 3 Farly civilizations in India emer in the river valley mainly in the valleys of the Ganges and the Indus. Between 300( B.C. and 1500 B.C Civilization was ¢ the early Indus Valley ablished in India and extended from the Him: ato the Arabian Sea, Famous cities in this etvilization were the Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Both cities developed to have around 35000 inhabitants. Their infrastructure included main streets with houses of various sizes. public wells, and a drainage system ‘Trade routes in the Indus Valley People of the Indus Valley Civilization loved games and toys. During excavation, archaeologists found more and more oftoys a The Indus Valley | grid om ie, and playing pieces similar to ches also been found. Archaeologists #4 nted the dice 48 wy with S1% Sig that these people in since they found dice cubes and spots Only males could inherit property a be educated. Arranged marriages common, and children were expected take care of their parents when they ty up. Divorce was notallowed, yet MEN Coy take a second wife The Indus Valley Civilization haq mysterious writing system. This led 1 civilization to be the least known armong: other important early civilizations , antiquity, The writing of the Ind, people remains undeciphered and neith, sculptures of rulers nor depictions battles and military campaigns have be, recorded. Hints toRemember Long ago, the Indus Valley Civilizat went by the name of Meluhha. Meluhaites, men of the black lar were known for farming whic was considered as the first sign | urbanization. Evidence showed had a highly developed city life. | connection with the Near East, had their influence on their trading, and beliefs.ay ; “The con was considered “secred inthe Indis Vale and | ‘were not hiled, the cow is stil “4 Considered sacred in present e Eee Several factors led to the downfall of this civilization. Some of these factors were known while others remained ambiguous. Amongst the predictable factors that weakened the flourishing of this civilization were floods, earthquakes, changes in climate, changes in the environment, and changes in the course of the Indus River. The drying up of the Saraswati River and other floods had catastrophic effects on agricultural activity, making the economy no longer sustainable and breaking the civic order of the cities. Foreign migration played a role in the shift of the Indian culture around 1500 B.C. The Aryans advanced eastward from the Indus Valley and extended their control over India. The Aryans were one of the groups that crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains; they had a strong warrior tradition. As the Aryans moved into the different parts of India, they shifted from their nomadic lifestyle to farming. They also invented the iron plow and used it to clean the dense jungles and change them into rich farmland. The ongoing migration resulted in a new culture. They brought a new language that gained supremacy over the local languages. Aryans were also. responsible for introducing the Indo-European languages into the Indian subcontinent.{ Hints (o Remember | ' The main profession of the people of | | Indus Valley Civilization were trading and farming. Besidesrice, wheat, barley | and peas, peas they also produced | {cotton and dates. in large quantities J They were the first to produce cotton aries were used to store the food | J Think About It impact did the Indus Val} Civilization fi 1 the growthLesson 4 The First Empires of the World The first empires of antiquity redefined territorial conquest and the nature of Their sometimes unimaginable vastness allowed for trading between many territories, which in turn allowed for the spreading of various cultures, All in all, the emergence political spheres of influence. of empires marked a significant milestone for humanity. The Akkadian Empire (2335 B.C.) The Akkadian Empire was the first empire of its kind. It was founded in Mesopotamia-modern day Iraq-by Sargon, the leaderofthe Akkadians. Sargoninitiated his conquest of surrounding territories by conquering the neighboring Sumerian city- states, To strengthen the economy, he went on to claim all of Mesopotamia and parts of the Mediterranean and as such extended trade across Mesopotamia. His power was. based on the military with an army of 5400 men. After his death, his successes were continued under the leadership of his grandson, Naram-Sin who led numerous military campaigns. However, the empire soon collapsed after several attacks organized by the neighboring territories. 2150 B.C. marked the end of the empire. Early Empires 2350 - 2300 Akkadian Empi, ree ys Akkadians, overra Hints to Remember + An empire is an area which under the leadership of one pers It includes many territories th abide by the rules of this polit unit.‘The Babylonian Empire (1792 B.C.) After the fall ofthe Akkadian Empire, the city-states reverted to independence. The city ‘of Babylonia- modern day Iraq and Syria- became a major power with the leadership of Hammurabi. He could take control of Sumer and Akkad and form the new Mesopotamian Kingdom. His capital was Babylon. Hammurabi is notorious for Hammurabi's Code, a collection of laws based on a system of strict justice that regulated people’s relationships with one another. The empire was short-lived, and it rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi. The Babylonian Empir 125 250 miles 125 250 klometers nian Empire, about 17508.c.e.The Byyptian Empire The Hyksos were defeated by pharaoh Ahmose I who worked on reuniting Egypt criod of five centuries. Ahmg, could establish the New Kingdom which spanned over a f gypt would grow to become d its borders conquering Nuj, invested heavily in the military and strengthened the army. E strongest in the ancient Near East and would further expa modern day Sudan- and further north conquering parts of Arabia and the Mediterrane, ffairs stemming from religious revolutions, the empire collapy Preoccupied with internal Although the Egyptians had several attempts to regain control over several areas. it, extremely difficult for them to reestablish their earlier borders. Eventually, they retreg to their old frontiers Sy I Structure in Ancient Egypt Pharaoh | ifs [ Goremmencoricats | | Soldiers . | \ [Sextes % = ha ih 4 Crattsmen] Peasants § Pie Yt Serantetacare ffLesson 5 Ancient Greece The First Greek State Mycenae: The First Greek Civilization Mycenacis an area on the Greek mainland which was discovered by H a German archaeologist, Mycenae existed and flourished during the last phase of the F Age, throughout 1600 B.C. and 1100 B.C The Mycenaean Greeks originated from one of the Indo-European families of people that spread to Europe and Asia, and they started gaining control of the Greek mainland over time. They came to be known as the Mycenaean civilization, the first Greek civilization known to speak and write the Greek language. The Mycenaean civilization was made of powerful monarchies that flourished and reached its peak between 1400 B.C. and 1200 B.C. Monarchs lived in palace centers that were built on hills and were surrounded by huge stone walls. These monarchies were considered as royal, and they were differentiated from the civilians who resided beyond the walls. Members of the royal family were always buried in bee-hive shaped tombs. Since Mycenaeans were warriors, their walls reflected much of their warand hunting scenes, Their monarchies also developed a strong commercial network, and their products such as pottery were found in several areas throughout the Mediterranean such as Syria and Italy. Hints to Remember + About 80% of Greece is mountainous. + The mountains and the sea had a significant role in the development of the Greek | culture. + Its long seacoast and many bays have provided for the existence of many harbors. * Many of the Greeks were seafarers.Spread of Greek Cultural and Political Ideas Overpopulation of the Greek mainland migrate to foreign lands between 750 B.C. an ands, they were in search of are uitable f the colonizing, each Greek colony became it its original city-state. Colonies were scattered through of France, Spain, and parts of Africa and Egypt. One most noticea they colonized was Byzantium. It became to be knowr ich then became t Constantinople and later as the city of Istanbul. The Greeks did not onl their agricultural methods but their culture and political ideas. Colonization alse in spreading trade and industry which included pottery, olive oil, and other produ also exported products such as grains, metal, and fish Hints to Remember | | Greck military leaders trained the heavily armed soldiers to fight ina massive formation | called a phalanx. Soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder so that each man was protected by his neighbor's shield. This intimidating technique played an important role in the | different wars and helped the Greeks build their empire‘x The Rise of Tyrants The Oreekt pave the word tyrant 1 ti Tyranny wa applied for the purpose of oppression or hatred but rather t0 i t e polis Greek tyrants were actually rulers who overthrew aristoct heir power by force Tyrants eventually gained the respect and support of the public including the rich who, had gained their money from trade, the middle class, and the poor. Thi ually shifted power from the aristocrats to tyrants and led to the development of a democracy The Rise of Rival City-States Two of the most powerful city-states were Sparta and Athens. To expand their Jand, the Spartans conquered new states such as Messenia and Laconia. The people of the occupied areas worked for the Spartans and were later known as the Helots or the people captured The Spartans then decided to create their own military state. Spartans were very well-disciplined and lived a military lifestyle. All the way from childhood to the age of 60, they remained to serve as part of the army and were always loyal to their duties. The Spartan ruling system was an oligarchy. a system in which a few selected members had the right to rule. In the case of the Spartans, the land was headed by two kings To ensure their city-states were safe, Spartans decided to live a solitary life where they kept themselves distant from the outside world. Spartans were not allowed to travel, learn philosophy and art, or welcome any foreigners into their own states. They believed that new ideas would jeopardize the stability of their states and lead them to a revolution.Another city-state, Athens was also Athenians didn’t do a good job when it cam problems, and debt control. Civilians, including the economic depression, and the state appeared to b Athenians were then saved by the aristocrat Solon, ¥ freed people from slavery, Despite all the reforms Solon applic result of the internal strife controlled by taking lands from the aristocrats and giving them to the poor fo gain their trust and support. He also supported trade and pleased the merchants. Eventually, he was succeeded by his son who was later overthrown by the majority of the people. And this is when Cleisthenes, another reformer, came into rule and set the foundation for the Athenian democracy The Athenian Empire The Age of Pericles The golden age of the Athenian culture flourished under the leadership of Pericles, a famous general and politician. He dominated Athens and defeated previous rulers and led Athens to its highest point of power and political development. Thanks to Pericles, new educational programs were invented to improve future generations of Greece in different fields including philosophy, art, and architecture. Hints to Remember + During the 440s and 430s, Pericles depended on treasury ‘to fund vast cultural projects in Athens, most notably a series of structures on the city’s hilltop, the Acropolis. * Pericles was a leader of foresight and his death was disastrous for Athens. Think About It 1, What characterized the first Greek civilization of the Myceneans? 2. What were the differences between the governmental systems of Sparta and Athens?Where did China get its name? Wor wide, China is of course known as ( Zhongguo’, translating roughly to ‘Middle Kingdom. T term ongguo’ comes from a ritual v ce! dati n 000 B.C Z The term Zhongguo was also used to refer to the central Yellow R the ruling Western Zhou dynasty was centered. Some scholars ar a from the name of the unifying dynasty, the Qin (pronounced ‘ch or was spread throughout Europe by world traveler Marco Polo Officially, the term China started being used to refer to the country as and was fully popularized by the mid-19 century Facts and Weirdos -Ancient Romans had a celebration known as “Saturnalia” during which slaves and masters switched places. -Urine was used in ancient Rome to wash clothes!LESSON 1 china's Early Dynasties and Philosophies Between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C., Chinese philosophers were so concerned with the physical world surrounding them and the establishment of a stable society. Confucianism: Daoism, and Legalism were three major schools of thought that emerged in China and controlled the Chinese culture, The three schools studied human beings and the universe and each had its own views of how things should be. Confucianism The longest -lived dynasty in the Chinese history was The Zhou Dynasty which survived from 1122 B.C. to 256 B.C. Although it lasted for a long period, chaos finally led to its decline and end. Confucius, a philosopher, rejected the violence and the moral decay prevailing at the time and started to organize trips around China in an attempt to spread his thoughts and achieve stability. His interest in philosophy was political and ethical Confucius believed that humans should maintain harmony with the universe for their affairs to prosper. Two elements were pretty essential to attain such a goal: duty and humanity. \ Hints to Remember | + Confucianism is the system of political and ethical ideas; it helped to rebuild society. + Confucius said, “If there is righteousness in the heart, there will be beauty in the character. If there is beauty 1 in the character, there will be harmony in the home. If there is | harmony in the home, there will be order in the nation. If there is order in the nation, there will be | peace in the world.” Confcins and his disciplesThe Qin Dynasty 400 B.C. 221 BA {Hints to Remember | | + The Qin Dyna last longer than 15 year | | vetithad a major influence | on the dynasties that followed. | + Emperor Qin m: a | | in polities, econo | military affairs, and cultur * Qin authority overthrown in the ye | 206 B.C. inthe Xianyang, The impe house was massacre | _ the Qin dynas Qin Shihuangdi builta strong army, and this was clear when in 1974, a gx ‘ ed an underground pit that presented a great remarkable artistic ogists found around 6000 figures together with horses, chat t One of his greatest achievement was the Great Wall of China as to keep the nomads, known as Xiongnu, away{Hints to Remember | Bach time Qin made a | conquest, a replica of that si ruling palace was constructed close to his own palace along the | Wei River. The new palace had covered walkways that linked | it to the rest of the palaces, | Singing girls brought in from the conquered states lived in these | palaces | The Qin Dynasty adopted the school of Legalism. Qin believed in harsh punishment ane tyrant. To prevent his people from thinking, he burnt many books and buried scholay, The ideas of L ism led to several important political and administrative chan ge, entral bureaucracy was divided into three parts: civil, military, and the censorate. Th, orate were responsible to check on government officials ensuring they were fulfilling jobs. The officials were appointed by the emperor. Qin imposed heavy taxes, rigoroy, and forced many labor pro Jin was heartless, and his people hated him. In 210 B.C., the civil war ended the Qi; way to a new dynasty the Han. The Han Dynasty Another long lasting dynasty in the Chinese history is the Han dynasty. The founder ot the Han Dynasty was Liu Pang, later known as the Gaozu emperor. The Han followed the Qin administrative structure, dividing the country into a series of administrative structures Ha 0} the Confucian ideology that accentuated moderation and righteousnes: Government officials remained to be chosen based on merit rather than birth. The Han Dynasty implemented the civil service examination and established a school for training candidates. Civil services included the administrative service of a government in which appointments were chosen by competitivity. This system influenced the civilization for 2000 years. During this era, emperors had the absolute and unlimited power.The economy of the Han Dynasty faced many challen implemented during the Qin Dynasty. Peasants, at the tim the Han reduced the taxes, peasants still faced other problems. F tripled which gave the aristocrats greater power, Some peasants wer lands and work as tenant farmers, Once again aristocrats owned thousand The Han Dynasty reinforced the important role of the family, and the considered as a basic economic and social unit for education and training in morals During the Han Dynasty, a lot of prosperity and peacefulness allowed China to expand and grow as a major world power. The 7000-mile Silk Road flourished the trade between China and India and Southeast Asia. The Han Dynasty had many advancements. Some of these included papermaking, iron technology (cast iron) plowshares, moldboard plows, glazed pottery, wheelbarrows, ship's rudder, and much more. The writing history became the chief form of literature during this era, The Chinese benefited from the development of paper; theirs works could combine political and social history with biographies of key figures. By 220 A.D., the Han Dynasty collapsed. With weak rulers. the power of the central government began to decline. Nomadic raids continued in the north: the population decreased from 60 million to 20 million. Corruption of officials, wars, and the peasant uprising brought the collapse of this dynasty. No one was powerful enough to reunite China under a single emperor. Three kingdoms succeeded the Han Dynasty: Wei, Shu, and Wu. Think About It 1. Compare between Confucianism and Legalism. 2. Why did the Han Dynasty represent the golden age of China?Lesson 2 Rome's Early Beginning Ttaly’s Location and Citizens The lands of Italy were vast, very fertile and thus very well known for their wide range of farm and agricultural lands. Rome played a vital role in Italy due to its special location in the center of Italy with a route to the sea. Its location on the seven hills also helped in its growth as a central trade hub since it was easy to protect it from pirates and thieves. Many Indo Europeans of Latin origin moved to settle in Italy between 1500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. After around 800 B.C. Greeks also settled in Italy in large numbers. The Greeks had a great impact on the Italian culture especially through their architecture, sculpture, and literature. —_——___—__—_—_—, | Hints to Remember + Romans were successful because of their great sense of duty, courage, and | discipline. | + They excelled in military issues. | | | | | ! (erterareeteccd anions | and were strong at | cteating their own political k institutions. The Roman Republic In $09 B.C., Rome was declared a republic after overthrowing the last king who ruled over it. Rome changed into a monarchy and some citizens had the right to vote. For 200 years after that, Rome was continuously engaged in warfare against many other people such as those of the central Apennines and Greeks.ny oF equipment to fight further y ecovered and drove Hannibal out of 1 d restored control of the Italian cities that Hannibal had previously conquered. Rome's clever initiatives did not war, but they served him best by providing th » take over Spain and make it a Roman province. As esult, Rome maintained its position as the strongest power in the Western Mediterranean. After his loss and » avoid being captured, Hannibal consumed poison and tted suicide as an act of pride and resilience The Downfall of the Roman Republic of the second century, Rome came under the contre the beginnin; members were from the landed aristocracy, These aristocrats represented the of the Roman people since Rome was mostly dependent on its farmers. S| 's could not survive the harsh conditions imposed on them. They hac Jand and seek a new life in the cities. Senates developed large estates that dey slavery taking many of the poor farmers as slaves. As a result, a new crisis occurre Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, decided to help the landless poor b’ king the council of plebs issue land reform bills for the government to take back public lanc owned by large landowners. The Senate grew furious, refused the new law, and eve killed the two brothers, leading to more instability in Rome The End of the Republic ‘or the next fifty years, three men came to hold high political and military power. They were Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey. Those three joined efforts and formed the triumyirate a government of three with equal power and authority. Having wealth and power enabled the three men to acquire prominent roles in the political scene.7, ! Hints to Remember ’ mt Pe }. Julies Caesar and Pompey TU | were known for their HeFO%e . aN | Participations in military ser Vis N | and Crassus was knows foe Sh | being the richest man in ROTM ‘ j* Caesar introduced the ayia . solar year of 365 days. Crassus died in battle in 53 B.C., leaving Pompey ai r to rule, Caesar becam very popular amongst his followers, and he gained a lot of military control and experienes which threatened the Senate. Senators then decided to lay down Caesar from command ang p Pompey as the sole ruler since he was less harmful to them and their cause. Casa n reacted by invading Rome with his army and started a civil war against Pompey ‘ed along with his army. Caesar gained complete control as a dictator er of senators, and weakened the Senate. A few years after that, a gFOup cd him with hope of bringing the rule of the republic back into Rome v civil war erupted and ended the republic. % death, three new rulers came to power; Octavian who was Caesars heir nny who was Caesar's ally and Lepidus who was a commander in ee formed a second triumvirate, Octavian soon defeated them all e, and set the foundation for the new Roman Empire. inning of the Roman Empire —_——- In27 B« tavian became the first Roman ( iiatita emer | ig attempt at restoring the Republic and satisfying the Senate. Soon, the Senates rewarded him by bestowing the name | Rome adapied to the Greek culture | afier conquering Greece. As a , Tesult the mixed culture was made Augustus upon him after he had become very | it) what was called a Greco- popular and highly appreciated amongst his} Roman civilization. Romans even people. Augustus stabilized the Roman frontiers | took on their art habits, along with and did many reforms that stabilized the empire; | sculptures, and architecture, he ruled Rome for 45 years and upon his death, Rome returned to the rule of emperors.Augustus Successors The different successors who followed Augustus failed in all aspects. Several emperors ruled the Roman Empire; these included Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. These emperors were known as Pax Romana, the Roman Peace, since they could maintain peace and stability for the coming 200 years. The Pax Romana also did « lot for Rome by establishing new programs and building new buildings, bride infrastructure for the empire. Roman Family Life and Slavery Roman families were headed by the dominant male figure and included the wife, children and their wives, and the slaves. Children of the upper- class Romans, both boys and girls, were expected to learn the Greek language and were therefore taught by Greek slaves, Boys were trained to become soldiers and were declared men by the age of 16. Some girls had private tutors and some even went to primary school. Girls were yet expected to get married at an early age, The legal age of marriage for women was 12, and men could marty at the age of 14, As time passed, women eventually acquired power. In time, theyhad the right to inherit, own, and sell property. They even had a say in politics through thet husbands. Slavery was very common in Rome, yet slaves lived pitiful conditions to an extent that some revolted and killed their masters. In 73 B.C., the most famous slave revolt in history occurred in Italy, and it was led by Spartacus, known as the gladiator. 70,000 slavem: participated in the revolt which ended the life of Spartacus and 6000 of his followers Liying Conditions in Rome Rome had a population of over a million and was considered to be one of the crowded and noisiest cities of all time. There was a large gap between the rich and poor; the rich lived in villas and the poor in insulae, apartment blocks. Although: As for entertainment, Rome was known for its circuses, gladiatorial shows, and di performances; but gladiatorial shows were the most popular atthe time. Think About It 1, What elements affected stability in the Roman Empire negatively? J 2. Rome’s achievement were many. Discuss I convenient or inconvenient for citizens.-_ Family strictures influenced how German law perceived eri . ! judgement as a personal act. Any injury of crime might have led t ! even revenge. To avoid possible repercussions, Germans developed a new that came to be known as the wergild, Whenever a person com an agreed upon sum to the family of the harmed. The amount of mor depended on the social status of the harmed. For example. nobles were considered mor worthy than a slave or a commoner The Ordeal was another way of determining guilt. Ordeals depended on divine intervention, that is if the accused person was not harmed after a physical trial, he/ she would be considered innocent and allowed the right to resume his life normally The Carolingian Empire The Carolingian Empire was the final stage of the early medieval realm o started with the Kingdom of Franks and expanded later under the rule of Charles the Great, known as Charlemagne. During his long rule, the empire reached its peak by extending to reach deep into western and central Europe the Franks. It Charlemagne aimed to unite all Germanic tribes into one kingdom and convert them to Christianity. With time, he became one of the strongest Christian rulers. Later, the Pope crowned him and bestowed the title “Emperor of the Romans” upon him, He continued his endeavor of encouraging the Carolingian Renaissance in terms of cultural and intellectual development in Europe. His coronation 300 years after the fall of the Roman Empire reflected, to a great extent, the concept of an enduring empire which could survive its heritage for long. 69inperor by very high pla wonders flew all around Burope ire to promote learning and ec and governmer Je were more interested in Latin cult gain. He also instituted economic and religious reforms Think About It 1. Discuss in details the downfall of the Roman Empire. 2. What role did Christianity play in the life of Romans? —$—$—$=$—$_$_$<— $—_$_$——$$——a The Byzantine Empire Lesson 4 ay to develop into ar a the Byzantine The eastern part of the Roman Empire under the leadership of Emperor an who had a dream of restoring the of the Empire in the Mediterranean. In Justinian could attain his dream, and the Mediterranean world, includin th of Africa, Asia Minor, and other areas, der his control. The whole dream yet nd all areas conquered were lost completely three years after Just fea The Shift from a Roman to a Byzantine Empire | factors threatened the accomplishments of Justinian. These included th ry far from the capital, Constantinople usly declining population that was affecte d. These territories wert he plague and the vast territor ult to provide enough military forces to protect the different frontier npty treasury. ‘ ‘ed losing more land with the growth and unity of strong Arab forces hrough different areas and took control over several provinces. Rome shrank in became known as the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire. Consisting f the Balk d Asia Minor, the Christian state, adopted and applied in its practices the ristian religion, and {Ck ity. Laws and people became infatuated with the C peli iat their patriarch had absolute power since he was assigned by God to rule 1 ide the Christian faith. The emperor had complete control over the state and theThe Expansion of Islam, 632-733Lesson 1 Early Muslims The first Arabs were nomads who lived in tribal clans that spread in different areas of the Arabian Peninsula with limited access to basic resources. The Peninsula, being a desert, sorely lacked rivers and lakes. Accordingly, Arabs were on the constant move trying to allocate lands that would meet their needs of food and water. To survive, Arabs organized themselves in tribes and each tribe was ruled by a Sheikh who was a member of one of the leading families in the tribe. Tribes were not considered completely independent since many factors forced them to work together and secure better survival. With the Arabs populating most of the Arabian Peninsula, caravan trade expanded and eventually towns started forming. Arabs became the major force which led trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean where the Silk Road ended. aa Hints to Remember + Sheikhs were chosen by a council of elders. + The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction Before Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). Makkah presented itself as a main hub and a safer route to Yemen for the traveling traders. Traders who reached Yemen would then cross the Indian Ocean by ship. With the increase of importance of that trade route, communities started developing along it especially since camel caravans had to stop for more than 60 times along the path to rest. Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) was born in Makkah where he grew as an orphan after his father died. Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) became a caravan manager, 9_— southern Spain in Butope afler crossing ( én their battle apninet the Byzantines on ¢ . A few years later, Spain becattie an Islamic state an 2 : Are eroops were defeated in the Battle of Tours in G : 732. With their loss, Arab expansion came to a halt The Maslin Empite reached Africa throw With all the success, prosperity, and expansion brought to the Arab world by the Umayad’s, internal struggles rose to the surface and weakened the empire’s stability. Other financial problems also affected the growth of the dynasty which was also weakened by the fact that its capital was very far away from the frontiers. In 743, the empire collapsed into a series of rebellions mostly by disaffected non-Arabs With its downfall, came the rise of another empire, the Abbasids who were descendants of Al Abbas, the paternal uncle of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). The Abbasid Empire lasted from 750 to 1258 and its capital was Baghdad in Iraq, The golden age of the empire was that under the rule of Harun Al Rachid who was known for his charity and love for art and writing. Arabs conquered many new civilizations and reached the richest provinces of the Roman Empire. Baghdad also grew into a major trade hub between Asia, Africa, and Europe Bureaucracy became more complex under the rule of the Abbasids, The caliph was assisted and advised by a vizier, a prime minister who headed a council After the death of Harun Al Rachid, his two sons fought over the succession of theheight of Fatimid expansion to the East was reached in 1057 - 1059. Yet that the great Fatimid advance to the East was delayed and halted: and it was a new power, that of the Seljuk Turks, arose and in time destroyed them. ' Hints to Remember ' «During the tenure of | Muawiyah, Islam enjoyed 20 years of internal peace an | Solidified its control over Iraq | and Iran. | *Muawiyah died in 680, anc he was succeeded by his son | Yazid. L Think About It would financial corruption within a government lead to the downfall of an ire? Research the Umayad empire’s downfall and give examples would trigger the people of an empire to revolt against their officials? Give 84of ve ny Iso had their share . + of his time, and ue Wrote meg vas the best doctor field. {bn Sina, another philosopher, wrote a meq Al Ravi, for example hat spread knowledge in th opedia which was later transtated to Latin and used immensely as an intelleg, rence in Europe, Ibn Khaldun, a prominent Muslim historian famous books in history called Mugaddimah (Introduction to History). wrote one of the p Full Name: Abu Ali Husa ibm At Alta ib Sia Period: 980-1037CB Think About It |. Find out more information about other Muslim scholars whose contributions are still used as references even in modern history. 2. Analyze the factors which would lead an empire that could flourish in every aspect decline in strength and development.Introduction Between 1450 and 1800, several Muslim Empires empires followed the true beliefs of Islam, and th mul accomplishments during the time of their reign. Two of thes the Ottomans (1699), whose rule extended over the eastern Mediter and the Mogul (1707), who controlled most of India and Pakistan, These empires were referred to by many scholars as the “gunpowder empires” since they could advance their power by mastering the technology of firearms Seeking Knowledge 1. What elements are basic requirements for an empire to survive for 100s of years? 2, How can you determine if a leader has the qualities needed to develop and advance his nation? What should these qualities include?Who was the leader who humiliated the Ottoman On May 20, 1799, Napoleon laid siege to the port of Acte, where he fired the cannons he had at the mighty defenses, while the defenders sought refuge behind the city walls. As Napoleon was now committed to the siege, Ottoman forces were able to gather relief force and march to aid the city, Napoleon had always picked competent generals ang even though his force did not exceed 2,000 men (later joined by an additional 2000 men) he decided to meet the Ottoman relief force at Mount Tabor in Palestine. By comparison Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, the governor of Damascus, had gathered an army of over 30,004 for the battle, The Battle of Mount Tabor was possibly the greatest humiliation of Ottoryie, martial power. Total losses of Ottoman soldiers were around 6,000 killed and another Sq captured, versus two dead French soldiers. An army of around 4,500 had fought an army of over 30,000 and not only won but sustained just two fatalities. Did You Krew? - After the Ottomans conquered the Greek city of Thessaloniki in 1430, they converted the Church of the Acheiropoietos into a mosque, making it the first Christian church to be converted into an Islamic mosque. - Royal Ottomans traditionally split their homes between the husband and wife, and the women were allowed a harem—saered place—in the household. Men didSlavery in the Ottoman E part of the Ottoman society their prices varied based on their ag In Ottoman history, there is a period called th period during which the whole Empire was obsessed nobility and privilege, both in terms of goods and leisure tir praised in poetry and motifs used in paintings. To this day in moc tulip is still considered the embodiment of perfection and beauty - The Ottoman Empire and France were allies for almost two and a half cent starting in 1536 and lasting until the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon in 1798 Ottomans and the French sieged the city of Nice together in 1543 ee UNM RAO n ea The Ottomans conquered most of Serbia. Achmed II captured Constantinople putting an end to the Byzantine Empire. Ottomans conquered Egypt and declared it an empire Fey Dear a eCaicen a eet ema OOM UNS iC 1529 - The Siege of Vienna took place. Pee e eu NOON EMO Nt Fea) AO onto. a NT Percent te 1683 - The Ottomans were defeated at the Battle of Vienna, which signaled the beginning of the decline of the empire. The Ottomans gave up control of Hungary to Austria. 1718 — The year marked the beginning of the Tulip period 182i - The COM canes 1914 - The Ottomans joined the side of the Central Powers in World War I. TOPE MOONEE Sn Monee SS U MUU Raoul eae MEU Comes ELE tiny~~ Lesson 1 — The Ottoman Empire The decline of the Seljuks in the early fourteenth century, the Ottoman Turks started build power in the northwest comer of the Anatolian Peninsula and expand rapidly acre, modern-day Turkey and the Balkans forming the Ottoman dynasty. They built a stron, military force with elite infantry units known as the janissaries, These served the Ottoma, leaders, and they were always led to the war by the Sultan himself. They participated ), many battles and could defeat the Serbs in the Battle of Kosovo in 1839. Over a span of 300 years, the Ottomans conquered large areas of Western Assi North Affica, and Europe. Ottoman officials, assisted by trained bureaucrats, handle, the administration of conquered lands. As they expanded westward, and under the rule oy Mehmed II, the Ottomans could defeat the Byzantine troops. They fought them in the), last resort, Constantinople, until they completely surrendered in May 9, 1453. Mehmed }j changed the name of the city to become known as Istanbul. Istanbul grew to be @ majo, crossroad that connected Asia to Europe and other trading routes. With time, Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the headquarters of the different Sultans who could control the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula. Several conquests were led by the different Sultans. Sultan Selim I, for example, conqueredLhe Fall of the Empire Starting in the 1600s, the Or yominance to Europe, Other fix ade from the Americas and Ind pecame corupl, taxes increased, and 1 different wars. At the start of World War 1, the Ottoman Empire wa Turks entered the war in 1914 on the side of the Central P Austria-Hungary) and were defeated in 1918 by the A The armistice of 31 October 1918 ended the fight the Allies but did not bring stability or pi » the region. Sultan, Mehmed ared jhe would be deposed. The Allies, however, knew he was a figurehead and hop retention would help ensure post-war stability. In 1920, the victorious ning territory of the empire, vanguishing a historic foe that spanned and divided the ren across seven centuries, Hints to Remember + By 1923, the Ottoman Empire was completely destroyed. It was replaced by “Turkey”, 2 significantly smaller country. + Topkapi Palace was constructed in 1459, and it became the main residence and administrative headquarters of all the Ottoman sultans. Think About It 1, What were the points of strength that helped the Ottoman Empire flourish fora long period? 2. How impactful is the mastery of firearms in the growth of an empire? What is needed to support that? 97Introduction The period between 1550 and 1800 marked the shift to aner: where people challenged the old s of thinking and dep scientific knowledge. The era ¥ as also known a Whether revolution was scientific or military, its effects on so understanding of the world were very impactful. Reason beea and scientific investigation influenced every human experience. Scientist began to question accepted beli experimentation. Every as fs and make new theories based on mor of life was affected by th government, or religion, and more room for new ideas was alway shift had it been art. Seeking Knowledge 1. What might have been the reasons that led the world to a phase of evolution and revolution? 2. Do you think that a scientific revolution would lead to the eruption of conflicts amongst empires? Why or why not? 107Kiow More... Kuow Why Where was the first military submarine used? time a military submarine a the time of the revolutionary American founder’, David Bushnell me “the turtle”, The machine first submarine documented as used In the year 1176, it was used to the flagship of the British fleet Were men the only people who fought in wars? During the revolutionary war, the tal army, which consisted mainly of ad also woman to support its mission, of the woman worked as nurses or ks, yet the highest positon to be claimed by in the war was that of a soldier who ht in the battlefield. The most famous idier was Molly Pitcher. She took of her wounded husband in the stand ind the ca— tes were part of the war too! pir stricted from some elements and wuld not afford a big navy un British. For that reason, the sntinental congress hired pirate ymbatable ships which carried airates prior 0 the war to attack he British ships. Bits and Pieces The most famous spy was Nathan Hale who was hanged by the British because of the incriminating papers. he was carrying. H only regret that I have but one life fast words were, “I to lose for my country” George Washington was an excellent spymaster. The first large sum entered in his account book during the revolution wa 3 to pay for a spy to go into Boston to learn of tlie British army's plans colonists only because they had m The British had more spies tha them. The most valuable information Washington discovered from his spies was the Britis army with 10,000 men heading to White March for the purpose of attacking the Continen Army. Washington prepared for the attack, and the British Army was unable to engage in a major battle due to this. 109The Ave of Enlightenment brought about new id weiety. People became more literate and reading. wa M * ted reading more novels that tackled realistic social Maar " xd publishing houses were also more common Female thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft established \ won hts, She believed that women had the right to equal education, and they had -yene in economic and political life. pter Like all other disciplines, culture was also part of the evolution, Rulers built grand esidences, and the Italian baroque style of the 1500s and 1600s was adopted. It was not yntil the 1730s that a new artistic style, the rococo, spread all over Europe. Rococo’ jelicate deigns were colored in gold, and they emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action The baroque music was also replaced by classical musie with genius musicians such as fgang Mozart and Franz Haydn Woll Woteang Mut Fro SEE eee ! Hints to Remember | | + The word baroque meant irregular pearl or stone. It was an | elaborate style that was encouraged by the Catholic Church. «It was characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used | to produce drama, painting, architecture, etc, } eeLesson A the French Revolution The American Revolution was not the only change that occurred in the different atinents, Another revolution that was more complex and radical was that of France al inequality and economic crisis were at the base of the French Revolution. People (fered from a growing population that outpaced the food supply inthe country. Famine, ~ vation, and rising prices of bread broke France in 1789. France at the time was divided into three estates: the First, the Second, and the Third ¢ First Estate was formed of higher clergy and parish priests. Both parties did not get song since the higher clergy were wealthy nobles while the parish priests were poor and were considered as commoners. The Second Estate was formed of nobility who held jeading positions in the government, the army, and law courts. Both the First and Second “state owned most ofthe land, and they did not pay the taille, the main tax in France The Third Estate was mainly constituted of peasants who had little or no land to live on. Some members of this group belonged to the Middle class and owned some land. ‘Members of this group were heavily taxed and peasants specifically had to pay the nobles sery high taxes and do certain duties for them. These duties, which peasants resented, jncluded harvesting the noble's crops or grinding their flour The Third Estate also constituted of erafismen, shopkeepers, and workers who struggled jor survival. Another group of people who belonged to this group and who resented the power held by the nobles was that of the bourgeoisie including merchants, bankers, and other professional people such as writers, lawyers, and doctors,