What is AI?

(4 categories of defns)

Human performance Rationality

CS 331: Artificial Intelligence Systems that

Systems that
Introduction Thought process think like
think rationally
humans

Systems that act Systems that act

Behavior
like humans rationally

1 2

Acting like humans (Turing Test) Problems with the Turing Test
• Not reproducible
• Can’t be analyzed mathematically
• Tends to focus on human-like errors, linguistic
AI Computer
tricks, etc.
• Does not produce useful computer programs
Can a human interrogator, after posing some written
questions, tell if the responses come from a human being or a
computer? AI researchers believe it’s more important to study the
Requirements for computer: natural language processing, knowledge underlying principles of intelligence than duplicating how
representation, automated reasoning, machine learning, vision and humans act
robotics (the last two are for the “total Turing Test”)
3 4

Thinking Humanly (Cognitive Modeling) Thinking rationally (Laws of Thought)

• Models of the internal workings of the Facts and rules

Theorem Prover
human mind in formal logic
• Validation: • Rational = conclusions are provable from inputs and prior
– Compare models with actual behavior of human knowledge
subjects (cognitive science) • Ensure all actions by a computer are justifiable (i.e.
“rational”)
– Compare models with neurological activity in
the brain (cognitive neuroscience)
• AI is now distinct from both cognitive Problems:
science and cognitive neuroscience • Hard to represent informal knowledge formally, especially
when not 100% certain
• Computationally expensive
5 6

1
Acting Rationally (Rational Agents) Rational Agents
• “Agent”: something that acts
very few resources lots of resources
• “Rational” means more than just logically
justified. It also means “doing the right no thought limited,
approximate
Careful, deliberate
“reflexes” reasoning
thing” reasoning

• “Rational agent”: an agent that acts to

achieve the best outcome given its resources • Adjust amount of reasoning according to
available resources and importance of the
result
• This is one thing that makes AI hard
7 8

AI Timeline AI Today
1943-1956 The gestation of AI
1956 The birth of AI • Deep Blue: first computer program to defeat
1952-1969 Early enthusiasm, great expectations the world champion in chess (1996)
1966-1973 A dose of reality
1969-1979 Knowledge-based systems
• AlphaGo: master-level performance at Go
1980-present AI becomes a successful industry (2016)
• NavLab: minivan drove itself across the US
1986-present The return of neural networks
1987-present AI adopts the scientific method
1995-present The emergence of intelligent agents on its own 98% of the time (1995)
2001 Big Data
• Google’s self-driving cars
• Proverb: crossword puzzle solver (1998)
9 10

Other AI applications in the real

Surprises in AI Research
world
• Credit card fraud detection • Tasks difficult for humans have turned out to be
• Medical diagnosis programs “easy”
• Computer-assisted surgery – Chess
– Checkers, Othello, Backgammon
• Search engines
– Logistics planning
• Personalized news sites – Airline scheduling
• Collaborative filtering – Fraud detection
• Spam filtering – Sorting mail
• Disease outbreak detection – Proving theorems
• Opponents in video games – Crossword puzzles

11 12

2
 Surprises in AI Research AI Courses at OSU
• Tasks easy for humans have turned out to be hard. 1. CS331: Introduction to AI (Spring quarter)
– Speech recognition • Search
– Face recognition • Games
– Composing music/art • Knowledge Representation
– Autonomous navigation • Bayesian Networks
– Motor activities (walking) 2. CS434: Machine Learning and Data Mining
– Language understanding (Spring quarter)
– Common sense reasoning (example: how many legs • Supervised Learning
does a fish have?) • Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning
13 14

We will discuss:
1. Search 1. Search Uninformed search

7 2 4
Informed search
8-puzzle: Beginning with the start state, slide tiles 5 6 Local search
horizontally or vertically until you get to the goal state. 8 3 1

7 4 7 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 4
5 2 6 5 6 5 3 6 5 6
8 3 1 8 3 1 8 1 8 3 1

7 4 7 4 7 2 7 2 4 7 2 4 7 2 4 2 4 7 2 4
5 2 6 5 2 6 5 6 4 5 6 1 5 3 6 5 3 6 7 5 6 8 5 6
8 3 1 8 3 1 8 3 1 8 3 8 1 8 1 8 3 1 3 1

15

2. Games (Fully observable) 3. Knowledge Representation

• How do you Knowledge Base
create a program Everyone from Wisconsin is a From this knowledge base,
to play tic-tac- Packer fan can we derive the
toe intelligently?
All Packer fans like cheese following?
Everyone from Wisconsin is
evil • Your professor is a
• What about Your professor is from Packer fan
Wisconsin
chess? Evil professors have difficult
• You will have a difficult
midterms midterm
• Your professor does not
like cheese
17 18

3
 4. Bayesian Networks
Example: Learning to classify emails as spam or not spam

P(Spam) = 0.88 P(Spam) = 0.28

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