Fundamentals of IoT

Dr. Shridhar Sanshi

What is Internet?

• A global network of computing resources.

• Physical collection of routers and
circuits as a set of shared resources.
• Common definition
A network of networks based on the
TCP/IP communications protocol.
Internet-Based Services

Some of the services offered by the Internet are:

• Email
• Telnet
• FTP
• UseNet news
• World Wide Web (WWW)
What is WWW?

• The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—

is a system of interconnected public webpages accessible through the
Internet.
• "the Web" consists of several components:
o The HTTP protocol governs data transfer between a server and a client.
o To access a Web component, a client supplies a unique universal identifier, called a
URL (uniform resource locator) or URI (uniform resource identifier) (formally called
Universal Document Identifier (UDI)).
o HTML (hypertext markup language) is the most common format for publishing web
documents.
What is HTTP?
• The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the underlying network
protocol that enables transfer of hypermedia documents on the Web,
typically between a browser and a server

• One-to-one communication
• Uni-Directional
• Synchronous request-response
• Scalability
• request-response based
communication
• High Power Consumption
What is URL?
• Uniform Resource Locator and is used to specify addresses on the World
Wide Web.
• A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource
connected to the web
• A URL will have the following format −
protocol://hostname/other_information
• The protocol specifies how information is transferred from a link.
• The domain name is the computer on which the resource is located.
• Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after
the domain name.
• The directory names are separated by single forward slashes.
What is HTML?
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of
the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content.
• Other technologies besides HTML are generally used to describe a web
page's appearance/presentation (CSS) or functionality/behavior
(JavaScript).
• "Hypertext" refers to links that connect web pages to one another, either
within a single website or between websites.
• What is Web Server?
• Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server
• This server is always connected to the internet.
• Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address
For example, 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127.
• When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as
example.com you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will host the
site.

What is Web browser?

• Web Browsers are software installed on your PC.
• To access the Web you need a web browsers
• On the Web, when you navigate through pages of information this is commonly
known as browsing or surfing.
What is DNS?

• Domain Name System.

• When someone types your domain name, www.example.com
• your browser will ask the Domain Name System to find the IP that hosts your
site.
• When you register your domain name, your IP address should be put in a DNS
along with your domain name.
• Without doing it your domain name will not be functioning properly.
What is IP address?
223.1.1.1
• IP address: 32-bit identifier 223.1.2.1
for host, router interface 223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
• interface: connection
between host/router and 223.1.1.3 223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2
physical link
• router’s typically have multiple
interfaces
• host may have multiple 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2
interfaces
• IP addresses associated with
each interface
223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001

223 1 1 1
• IP address:
• network part/prefix (high 223.1.1.1
order bits) 223.1.2.1
• host part (low order bits) 223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
• Additional hosts to 223.1.1
network would have
223.1.2.2
address of 223.1.1.xxx 223.1.1.3 223.1.3.27
• What’s a network ? (from IP
address perspective) LAN
• device interfaces with 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.2
same network part of IP
address
• can physically reach each
other without intervening network consisting of 3 IP networks
router (for IP addresses starting with 223,
first 24 bits are network address)
“class-full” addressing: 4 shown, 5th was for future use beginning with 11110

class
1.0.0.0 to
A 0 network host 127.255.255.255

B network 128.0.0.0 to
10 host
191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 to
C 110 network host
223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to
D 1110 multicast address
239.255.255.255

32 bits
IP Addresses (Class A, B, C. D later)
1.0.0.0 to
A 0 network host 127.255.255.255

 2^7 networks (first bit is 0)

 2^(24) interfaces

B network 128.0.0.0 to
10 host
191.255.255.255
 2^(14) networks (first 2 bits are 10)
 2^(16) interfaces
192.0.0.0 to
C 110 network host
223.255.255.255

 2^(21) networks (first 3 bits are 110)

 2^(8) interfaces
Classful addressing
❑ Class A, B, C networks require 1, 2 and 3 bytes for the network
portion.
❑ E.g., Class C networks can accommodate only 2^8-2 = 254
hosts (2 are reserved). Small for most medium to large
organizations.
❑ However Class B supports 65,634 hosts – too large. An
organization with 2000 hosts ended up with class B addressing
– address space was ill used.
❑ Therefore in 1993, Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) was
introduced.
IP addressing: CIDR (RFC 1519)
• CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
• network portion of address of arbitrary length
• address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in network
portion of address
• Classful/CIDR addressing example:
• Prev. example with 2000 hosts. Therefore 2^16 – 2000 =
63K addresses were unused.
• CIDR: Network part: 21 bits. Host part: 2^11 = 2048 hosts.

network host
part part
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

200.23.16.0/21
IP addresses: how to get one?
How does host get IP address?

• hard-coded by system admin in a file

• Wintel: control-panel->network->configuration->tcp/ip-
>properties
• UNIX: /etc/rc.config
• DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol:
dynamically get address from a server
• “plug-and-play”
(more shortly)
IP addresses: how to get one?
How does network get network part of IP addr?
• gets allocated portion of its provider ISP’s address
space

ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20

(allocated to ISP). It is divided into 8 equal sized blocks.
Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23
Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23
Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23
... ….. …. ….
Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23
IP addressing: the last word...

How does an ISP get block of addresses?

ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(guidelines in RFC 2050)
• allocates addresses
• manages DNS
• assigns domain names, resolves disputes
 Internet of Things
• The network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors
• Connected so as to offer service by exchanging data with the other connected
devices
• Each thing is uniquely identifiable
• Things embedded with sensors and computing system
• Able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure
“A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based
on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and
virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information
network, often communicate data associated with users and their environments”
 Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting : Adapt the changes w.r.t changing contexts

• Self Configuring : Ex. Fetching latest s/w updates without manual intervention.

• Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate through various

protocols

• Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or a URI

• Integrated into Information Network : This allows to communicate and

exchange data with other devices to perform certain analysis.
 “Internet of Things” Devices Concept

• Connected devices could be

tracked, controlled or
monitored using remote
computers, Applications,
Business Processes
• Smart Devices - Embedded
devices with computing and
communicating capabilities
 Smart Hyper-connected Devices

• Hyperconnectivity: use of multiple systems and devices to remain constantly

connected to networks, social networks and streams of information

• Smart devices constantly connect to networks

• For example:
• a streetlights network constantly connected to a central controlling station/server
 IoTs Vision

• A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home devices,

surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive through sensing,
computing and communicating systems

• A vision where embedded devices interact with remote objects or persons

through connectivity, for examples, using Internet or Near Field
Communication or other technologies.
APPLICATIONS
 Applications of IoT
• Smart Homes
• Smart City
• Self-driven Cars
• IoT Retail Shops
• Farming
• Wearables
• Smart Grids
• Industrial Internet
• Telehealth
• Smart Supply-chain Management
• Traffic management
• Water and Waste management
The end goal is to have plug-
n-play smart objects that can
be deployed in any
environment with an
interoperable interconnection
backbone that allows them to
blend with other smart objects
around them.
Applications of IoT
Smart Home

Home applications like lighting, air

conditioners, locks, thermostat, etc. into
a single system that can be controlled
from your smartphone
Smart city • To prevent environmental deterioration,
avoid sanitation problems, mitigate traffic
congestion, and thwart urban crime,
municipalities turn to the Internet of
Things (IoT).
• Some Use Cases:
• Road traffic
• Smart Parking
• Public Transport
• Street lighting
• Waste management
• Environment
• Public safety
 Self-driven Cars in IoT

Autonomous vehicles are thus

connected to share information from
the on-board sensors, as well as
from smart phones of pedestrians
and cyclists, traffic sensors, parking
detectors, etc.
 IoT Retail Shops

IoT allows us to monitor sales

opportunities in real time and track
missed in-store sales, taking demand
planning to the next level
Farming

A system that is built for monitoring the

crop field with the help of sensors (light,
humidity, temperature, soil moisture,
crop health, etc.) and automating the
irrigation system
Smart Wearable

These wearable devices are used

for tracking information on real
time basis
Smart Grid
The Smart Grid is a unique chance to
transform the energy sector into a new age
of dependability, availability, and efficiency,
which will contribute to our economic and
environmental health.
Industrial Internet

Industrial IoT is part of this larger concept known

as the Internet of Things (IoT).
Telehealth
Smart Traffic

Smart Traffic Management is a

system where centrally-controlled
traffic signals and sensors regulate the
flow of traffic through the city in
response to demand.
Waste Management
Sensors and Actuators
Sensors
Sensing Process
• Sensors have been around for a long time.

• The first thermostat was introduced in the late 1880s and infrared sensors have
been around since the late 1940s.

• Sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in an environment.

• Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as light, temperature, motion and
pressure.

• Sensors output valuable information and if they are connected to a network, they
can share data with other connected devices and management systems.
 Importance of Sensor in IoT
• The sensor and network connectivity in the
IoT mainly located in the bottom layer.
• The main purpose of sensors is to collect data
from the surrounding environment. Sensors,
or ‘things’ of the IoT system, form the front
end.
• These are connected directly or indirectly to
IoT networks after signal conversion and
processing. But all sensors are not the same
and different IoT applications require
different types of sensors.
• Generally speaking, a sensor is a device that is able to detect changes in an
environment. By itself, a sensor is useless, but when we use it in an electronic
system, it plays a key role.

• A sensor is able to measure a physical phenomenon (like temperature, pressure, and

so on) and transform it into an electric signal.

These three features should be at the base of a good sensor:

• It should be sensitive to the phenomenon that it measures
• It should not be sensitive to other physical phenomena
• It should not modify the measured phenomenon during the measurement process
 Properties

A sensor can be described using several properties, the most important being:

• Range: The maximum and minimum values of the phenomenon that the sensor
can measure.

• Sensitivity: The minimum change of the measured parameter that causes a

detectable change in output signal.

• Resolution: The minimum change in the phenomenon that the sensor can detect.
Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use ultrasonic waves for
various applications, including distance measurement, object
detection, and proximity sensing.
Working Principle:
• Ultrasonic sensors have a transducer that generates ultrasonic waves (sound
waves with a frequency above the audible range of human hearing, typically
above 20 kHz).
• The sensor emits a burst of ultrasonic waves in a specific direction. These
waves travel through the air until they encounter an object.
• When the ultrasonic waves hit an object, they reflect off the object's
surface. The sensor's transducer then detects the reflected waves.
• The sensor measures the time it takes for the ultrasonic waves to travel to
the object and back. This time of flight is used to calculate the distance
between the sensor and the object.
• The distance (D) can be calculated using the formula: D = (Speed of Sound ×
Time of Flight) / 2.
• Applications: Distance Measurement, Object Detection, Liquid Level
Measurement, Intruder Detection
 Smoke Sensor
• Smoke sensors, also known as smoke detectors
or smoke alarms, are devices designed to
detect the presence of smoke in the air.
• Working Principles:
• Smoke sensors operate based on the detection of
smoke particles in the air. When a fire produces
smoke, small particles are released into the
surrounding environment.
• Photoelectric sensors use a light source and a
photosensitive receiver. When smoke enters the
chamber, it scatters light, causing a reduction in the
light reaching the receiver and triggering the alarm
• Applications: Residential Use, Industrial
Facilities, Aircraft and Vehicles, Fire Alarm
Systems
 Motion Sensor
• A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is a type of motion sensor
that detects changes in infrared radiation in its field of
view.
• All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit
infrared radiation. PIR sensors detect changes in the
infrared radiation patterns caused by the movement of
warm objects, such as humans or animals, within their
detection range.
• PIR sensors often include adjustments for time delay and
sensitivity. Time delay settings control how long the
sensor remains activated after detecting motion, and
sensitivity settings determine the range and size of the
objects that trigger the sensor.
• Applications: Lightning Control, Security, Automatic Door
opener
 Humidity Sensors
• A humidity sensor, also known as a hygrometer or
humidity transducer, is a device designed to measure
the moisture content or relative humidity in the air.
• Working Principle:
• Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that
the capacitance of a material changes with variations in
humidity. These sensors typically consist of a hygroscopic
material that absorbs or releases water vapor, causing
changes in capacitance.
• Applications: Weather Stations, Industrial Processes,
Medical Devices
 Gas sensors
• Gas sensors are mainly used for detecting toxic gases.
• Working Principle:
• Gas sensors operate based on chemical detection mechanisms.
They contain a sensing element or material that reacts with the
target gas, leading to a measurable change in electrical properties
or other physical characteristics.
• The sensing element is connected to a transducer, which converts
the detected change into an electrical signal.
• The output signal from the transducer is then processed and
measured by the sensor's electronics. The signal strength
correlates with the concentration of the target gas.
• Applications: Industrial Safety, Environmental Monitoring,
Medical Applications
 Soil Moisture Sensor
• A soil moisture sensor is a device designed to measure
the moisture content in the soil.
• Working Principle:
• Capacitive soil moisture sensors operate based on the
capacitance changes in the soil. The sensor has electrodes
that measure the dielectric constant of the soil, which varies
with moisture content. Higher moisture levels increase the
capacitance.
• Applications: Agriculture, Gardening, Environmental
Monitoring, Construction and Civil Engineering
LDR Sensor
• An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), also known as a photoresistor, is a type
of resistor whose resistance varies with the amount of light falling on it.
• Working Principle:
• LDRs are typically made of semiconductor materials.
• The resistance of an LDR decreases with an increase in the intensity of
light falling on it. This is known as photoconductivity. When exposed to
light, photons are absorbed by the semiconductor material, generating
electron-hole pairs and reducing the resistance.
• In the absence of light, an LDR has a high resistance, referred to as dark
resistance. As the intensity of light increases, the resistance decreases.
• Application: Light Sensing, Brightness Control, Automotive
Lighting
 Proximity sensors

• These sensors detect the presence or

absence of a nearby object without any
physical contact.
• Different types of proximity sensors are
inductive, capacitive, photoelectric,
ultrasonic and magnetic.
• These are mostly used in object counters,
process monitoring and control.
Actuators

• It takes the electrical signal and converts it into certain physical actions
• difference between sensors and actuators in IoT is sensor track the output
from the environment whereas the actuator track the output from the control
center.
 What Connects Sensors and Actuators in IoT
Device
• In a smart IoT system, The sensor collects data and sends it to
the control center.
• The control center processes the data depending on what they are
programmed to do and then it commands the actuators to perform
certain tasks.
• Basically, if the sensor is the brain and the actuator is the limb that
performs the tasks it’s the main difference between sensors and
actuators in IoT.
 Types of Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
• This Actuator operates by converting hydraulic power to do the mechanical
tasks. Here the mechanical power is converted into rotary, leaner, and
oscillatory motion. The actuator here captures output from motors and uses
liquid as the pressure generator.
Pneumatic Actuators
• This actuator works similar to the hydraulic actuator but it uses vacuum or
compressed air to convert it into mechanical power they are weaker
compared to hydraulic actuators.
Electrical Actuators
• Similarly, electrical actuators use electrical energy to turn it into mechanical
torque. The mechanical actuators are used in industrial places
Thermal Actuators
• This can be called an electric less motor. It’s equipped with thermal-
sensitive material that’s capable of producing linear motion in
response to temperature changes. Opposite to another actuator, it does
not need an external power source. It is used to release latches, operate
switches, and open or close valves.
Magnetic Actuators
• This kind of actuator changes electronic magnetic current to
mechanical output They operate in either a rotary or linear direction
and can have continuous or limited motion. Magnetic actuators are
used within the aerospace, automotive industry, healthcare, computers,
and many other industries
Actuators
 Physical Design of IoT
• Things in IoT
• IoT Protocols
 Components of IOT
• IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical objects that are accessible
through the Internet
 IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of several

interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.

• I/O interfaces for sensors

• Interfaces for internet connectivity

• Memory and storage interfaces

• Audio/video interfaces Generic block diagram of a IoT Device

• Raspberry Pi 5
 Components of IoT
• Microcontroller : 8-, 16-, or 32-bit working memory and storage
• Power Source : Fixed, battery, energy harvesting, or hybrid.

• Sensors and Actuators : Onboard sensors and actuators

• Communication : Cellular, wireless, or wired for LAN and WAN
communication.
• Operating System (OS) : Main-loop, event-based, real-time, or full featured OS.
• Applications : Simple sensor sampling or more advanced applications.
• User Interface : Display, buttons, or other functions for user interaction.
• Device Management (DM): Provisioning, firmware, bootstrapping, and monitoring.
• Execution Environment (EE): Application lifecycle management and Application
Programming Interface (API).
Sensors
• A device can have multiple sensors
that can bundle together to do more
than just sense things.
• For example, our phone is a
device that has multiple sensors
such as GPS, accelerometer,
camera but our phone does not
simply sense things.
Connectivity

• The sensors can be connected to the

cloud through various mediums of
communication and transports such
as cellular networks, satellite
networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, wide-
area networks (WAN), low power
wide area network and many more
 Data Processing

• Once the data is collected and it

gets to the cloud, the software
performs processing on the
acquired data.
 User Interface

• For example, if a user detects some

changes in the refrigerator, the user
can remotely adjust the
temperature via their phone.
• There are also cases where some
actions perform automatically.
IoT Architecture
• The Perception layer also called as ‘Device Layer’, is composed of physical
devices and sensors. This layer works on identifying and collecting the
information via sensor devices
• Network Layer: The Network layer is also known to be the ‘Transmission
Layer’. This layer guarantees for the secure transfer of the information
gathered from sensors to the information processing system
• Middleware Layer: Each smart object communicates with other devices only if
they implement same service type. It takes the data from Network layer and
stores it in the database. It processes information and decides the solution by
analyzing the results.
• Application Layer: This layer is responsible for managing the application
globally depending on the processing of objects’ information in the
Middleware layer.
• Business Layer: This layer manages the complete IoT system in terms of the
applications and services. It makes business models, graphs, flowcharts etc. on
the basis of data obtained from previous layer. Depending on the result
analysis, this layer will predict the future actions.
Architectural Overview of ISO/OSI
ISO/OSI vs IoT
 Physical and Network Access Layer
Ethernet, Bluetooth Low Energy, Wireless HART, Zigbee, Z-wave, RFID, IEEE 802.11.ah,
IEEE 802.15.4e, LoRaWAN, DASH7, Weightless, HomePlug, G.9959, LTE-A,
DECT/ULE, ISA 100.11a, ANT, NFC, EPC Global, EddyStone, EnOcean, WiMax, NB-IOT,
EC-GSM-IOT (Extended Coverage GSM-IOT), RPMA, LTE-MTC (LTE-Machine Type
Communication), Cellular (GPRS/2G/3G/4G/5G), CDMA, Thread, INSTEON, DigiMesh
Network or Network Encapsulation or Adaption
Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• 6Lo
• 6TiSCH
• IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy
• IPv6 over G.9959
 Transport Layer
• TCP, UDP, DTLS, TLS, RPL, CARP, CORPL, QUIC, uIP, ROLL, Aeron, CCN (Content
Centric Networking), NanoIP, TSMP (Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol)
Service Discovery or Service Management Layer
DNS-SD (DNS-Service Discovery), mDNS (Multicast Domain Name System)
uPnP, Simple Discovery Service Protocol,
Some of the currently available service discovery platforms and technologies are as follow –
• HyperCat
• Physical Web
• Wi-Fi Aware
• Bluetooth Beacons
• Open Hybrid
• Chirp
 Application Layer
MQTT, SMQTT, CoAP, DDS , XMPP, AMQP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT-SN, STOMP, SMCP,
LLAP, SSI, LWM2M, M3DA, XMPP-IOT, ONS 2.0, SOAP, Websocket, Reactive Streams,
HTTP/2, JavaScript IOT
 Business Layer and others
• Some of the device management protocols are as follow –
OMA-DM
TR-069
OMA-CP
• Some of the data security protocols are as follow –
Open Trust Protocol (OTrP)
X.509
• Some of the popular Semantic Protocols are as follow –
SensorML
IOTDB
RAML
SENML
Semantic Sensor Net Ontology, LsDL, Wolfram Language Connected Devices
• Link Layer
IoT Protocols
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over
Low-power Wireless
• Application Layer Personal Area Networks
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…Ethernet
Sr.No Standard Shared medium
1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F

4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s

Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher

 IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiFi
(Wireless Fidelity)
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 802.11a 5 GHz band
2 802.11b and 802.11g 2.4GHz band
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands
4 802.11.ac 5GHz band
5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

• Collection of Wireless LAN

• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiMax (Wireless Inter-
operability for Microwave Access)
Sr.No Standard Data Rate
1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations
1Gb/s for fixed stations

• Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

• Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
 IoT Protocols…Link Layer…LR-WPAN

• Collection of standards for Low Rate - Wireless Personal Area Networks

• Basis for high level communication protocols such as Zigbee

• Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s

• Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power constrained devices

IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G –
Mobile Communication
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G)

 IoT Protocols…Network/Internet Layer

• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination network

• Performs the host addressing and packet routing
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such as IPV4 or
IPV6
 IoT Protocols…Network Layer
• IPV4
• Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
• Uses 32-bit address scheme
• IPV6
• Uses 128-bit address scheme
• 6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
• Used for devices with limited processing capacity
• Operates in 2.4 Ghz
• Data Rates of 250Kb/s
 IoT Protocols…Transport Layer

• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying network

• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-control and congestion

control
 IoT Protocols…TCP

• Transmission Control Protocol

• Connection Oriented
• Ensures Reliable transmission
• Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicate of packets and
retransmit lost packets
• Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the
receiver process
• Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to
degradation of n/w performance
 IoT Protocols…UDP

• User Datagram Protocol

• Connectionless
• Does not ensures Reliable transmission
• Does not do connection before transmitting
• Does not provide proper ordering of messages
• Transaction oriented and stateless
 IoT Protocols…Application
Layer…Hyper Transfer Protocol
• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)
• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
• Follows a request-response model
• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…CoAP

• Constrained Application Protocol

• Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained
devices and n/w’s
• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model
• Uses client –server architecture
• Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
IoT Protocols…Application Layer…WebSocket
• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket
• Based on TCP
• Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile application

IoT Protocols…Application Layer…MQTT

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight messaging protocol
• Based on publish-subscribe model
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing,
low memory and n/w bandwidth requirement
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…XMPP

• Extensible messaging and presence protocol

• For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w entities
• Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
• Decentralized protocol and uses client server architecture.
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…DDS

• Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for device-to-device or

machine-to-machine communication.
• Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics to which subscribers can use.
• Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…AMQP
• Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for business messaging.
• Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing and queuing
• Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over connections to
consumers through messaging queues.
 Logical Design of IoT
• IoT Functional Blocks
• IoT Communication Models
• IoT Communication API

• IoT Functional Blocks

• Logical design of an IoT system refers
to an abstract representation of the
entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.
• An IoT system comprises a number of
functional blocks that provide the
system the capabilities for Functional Blocks of IoT
identification, sensing, actuation,
communication and management.
 IoT Functional Blocks
• Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
• Communication : IoT Protocols
• Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
device discovery
• Management : Functions to govern the system
• Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and
data security
• Applications
Communication Model
 Request–Response Communication Model

• Request–Response is a communication model in which the client sends

requests to the server and the server responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response and then
sends the response to the client.
• Stateless communication model
 Publish–Subscribe Communication Model

• Publish–Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and

consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed
by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
Advantages of Pub/Sub Model in IoT:
1.Scalability: Easily scales to a large number of devices without direct connections between them.
2.Flexibility: Publishers and subscribers can operate independently, allowing for dynamic changes in the network.
3.Decoupling: Decouples the sender (publisher) from the receiver (subscriber), providing flexibility in the system
architecture.
4.Efficiency: Reduces unnecessary communication, as subscribers only receive messages relevant to their interests.
 Push–Pull Communication Model
1.Publisher:
1. Generates and sends messages, similar to the traditional
Pub/Sub model.
2. Notifies subscribers actively when there's new
information.
2.Subscriber:
1. Expresses interest in specific topics or types of messages.
2. Actively pulls information from the publisher when
needed.
3.Broker (Optional):
1. Can still act as an intermediary, but not strictly necessary.
2. Distributes messages from publishers to subscribers or
facilitates communication.
1. Publisher Pushes Updates:
1. The publisher generates new information and actively pushes updates to the subscribers who have
expressed interest in the corresponding topics.
2. Subscriber Pulls Information:
1. Subscribers actively pull information from the publisher when they are ready to receive updates.
2. Subscribers control the frequency and timing of information retrieval.
3. Two-Way Communication:
1. Unlike the traditional Pub/Sub model, the Push-Pull model allows for bidirectional communication.
2. Publishers can actively notify subscribers, and subscribers can request information as needed.

1.Reduced Latency: Subscribers can receive updates in near real-time as publishers actively push
information.
2.Efficient Resource Usage: Subscribers have more control over when and how frequently they
retrieve information, reducing unnecessary communication.
3.Flexibility: Subscribers can pull information based on their own requirements, making the model
more flexible and adaptive.
 Exclusive Pair Communication Model
• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and the server.
• Once the connection is set up it, remains open
until the client sends a request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other
after connection setup.
IoT Communication APIs
 REST-based Communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set
of architectural principles by which you can
design web services and web APIs that focus
on a system’s resources and how resource states
are addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request–response
communication model.
• There are several constraints that define the
principles and characteristics of a RESTful
system.
• REST architectural constraints apply to the
components, connectors and data elements
within a distributed hypermedia system.
 REST-based Communication APIs Constraints
Client Server

• Client – Server Request

• Stateless
Response
• Cacheable
Request
• Layered System
• Uniform Interface Response

• Code on demand
 WebSocket-based Communication APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, real-
time communication between clients and
servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair
communication model.

Key Components

• WebSocket Protocol, Handshake, WebSocket

API Endpoints (URIs), WebSocket Frames,
Message Types, WebSocket Events
 Difference between REST and WebSocket-based
Communication APIs
Comparison Based on REST Websocket

State Stateless Statefull

Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional

Req-Res/Full Duplex Follow Request Response Model Exclusive Pair Model

TCP Connections Each HTTP request involves setting up a new Involves a single TCP Connection for
TCP Connection all requests

Header Overhead Each request carries HTTP Headers, hence not Does not involve overhead of headers.
suitable for real-time

Ease of Use Simple Complex

 IoT Enabling Technologies

• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

• Cloud Computing

• Big Data Analytics

WSN
• WSN is a subset of IoT. It specifically refers to Example
networks of sensors that communicate
wirelessly to collect and transmit data from • Weather monitoring system
the physical environment. WSN focuses on
the sensing aspect and is often dedicated to • Indoor Air quality monitoring
monitoring and data collection within a system
particular area.
• Distributed Devices with sensors used to • Soil moisture monitoring system
monitor the environmental and physical • Surveillance systems
conditions
• Consists of several end-nodes acting as • Health monitoring systems
routers or coordinators too Protocols
• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / • Zigbee
acts as gateway that connects WSN to
internet
• WSN ENABLESD BY 802.15.4 Operates at
2.4Ghtz, 250KB/s range 10 to 100 mts
• WSN is self organzied
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing plays a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem by providing scalable, flexible, and
cost-effective solutions for managing and processing the massive amounts of data generated by IoT devices

key roles of cloud computing in IoT:

• Data Storage • Security

• Scalable Storage • Secure Data Transmission
• Data Replication and Backup • Identity and Access Management
• Data Processing and Analytics • Integration with Other Services
• Big Data Analytics • Edge Computing Integration
• Real-time Data Processing
• Device Management
• Remote Device Management
• Firmware Updates
• Scalability and Flexibility
• Resource Scaling
• Pay-as-You-Go Model
 Big Data Analytics
• Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and difficult to store,
manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases.
• Big Data Analytics plays a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem by
providing the means to process, analyze, and derive meaningful insights from the
massive volumes of data generated by IoT devices.
• It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization
key roles of Big Data Analytics in IoT:
• Data Processing
• Advanced Analytics
• Data Filtering and Cleansing
• Customized User Experiences
• Normalization and Standardization
• Personalization
• Real-Time Analytics
• Optimizing IoT Networks
• Immediate Insights
• Predictive Maintenance
• Pattern Recognition
• Anomaly Detection
• Behavioral Analysis
• Scalable Data Storage
• Scalable Storage Solutions
• Historical Data Analysis
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT
devices in section
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be either
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing
the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow users to view the system status and view the processed data.
IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a
single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts
the application
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling low-
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.

• Ex: IoT Home automation

IoT Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a single
node that performs sensing
and/or actuation and local
analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is usually cloud-
based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where the data
involved is big, however, the
primary analysis requirement is
not computationally intensive
and can be done locally itself.
• Ex: IoT system for Smart Irrigation
IoT Level-3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single
node. Data is stored and
analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally intensive.
• Ex: IoT system for Tracking
Package
IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple

nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.
• Ex: IoT Noise Monitoring System
 IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end
nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from
the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
• Ex: IoT based Forest Fire Detection
 IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple

independent end nodes that perform
sensing and/or actuation and send
data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the
data and stores the results in the cloud
database.
• The results are visualized with the
cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of
the status of all the end nodes and
sends control commands to the nodes.
• Ex: IoT Based Weather Monitoring
System