Basic concepts

about statistics
GRAVETTER & WALLANU (2010)
PARENO & JIMENEZ (2014)
PREPARED BY JERRY MAE RANES
STATISTICS
▪ Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the
collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data (Pareno & Jimenez, 2014).
▪ Statistics refers to a set of mathematical procedures for
organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information (Gravetter &
Wallanu, 2010).
TWO GENERAL PURPOSES OF STATISTICS
1. Statistics are used to organize and summarize the information so
that the researcher can see what happened in the research study
and can communicate the results to others.

2. Statistics help the researcher answer the general questions that

initiated the research by determining exactly what conclusions are
justified based on the results that were obtained.
DESCRIPTIVE VS. INFERENTIAL
Descriptive Statistics
▪ It deals with the collection and presentation of data and collection
of summarizing values to describe the group’s characteristics.
▪ The most common summarizing values are the measures of
central tendency and variation.
DESCRIPTIVE VS. INFERENTIAL
Inferential Statistics
▪ It deals with predictions and inferences based on the analysis
and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the
statistician.
▪ This also used sample data to draw conclusions and make
general statements about the population.
▪ Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics are
the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square,
and Pearson r.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
▪ organize
▪ summarize
▪ simplify
▪ describe and present data

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
▪ generalize from sample to population
▪ hypothesis testing
▪ making predictions
 BASIC TEMS
IN STATISTICS
VARIABLE
▪ A variable is a set of numerical characteristics or attributes
associated with the population being studied.
▪ A variable is a characteristic that is observable or measurable in
every unit.

TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. Categorical or Qualitative Variables
2. Numerical-Valued or Quantitative Variables
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
Categorical or Qualitative Variables
▪ These are variables that are classified according to some
attributes or categories.
▪ Examples: gender, eye color, political preferences, religion, etc.
▪ The categories may be ordered but specific numerical values may
or may not be assigned. (example: performance rating such as
poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent)
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
Numerical-Valued or Quantitative Variables
▪ These are variables that are classified according to numerical
characteristics.
▪ Variables that have an actual unit of measure.
▪ Examples: height, age, pulse rate, number of children, etc.
▪ Numerical-valued variables can be treated as categorical
variables when they are grouped into class intervals.
CLASSIFICATION OF NUMERICAL VARIABLE

1. Discrete Variables are variables whose values are obtained by

counting
Example: number of children, number of person with blue eyes,
etc.
2. Continuous Variables are variables whose values are obtained
by measuring
Example: temperature, distance, area, density, age, weight,
height, etc.
 VARIABLES

CATEGORICAL NUMERICAL

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
DATA
▪ Data are facts and figures that are presented, collected, and
analyzed. Data are either numeric or non-numeric.
▪ Data (plural) are measurements or observations.
▪ A data set is a collection of measurements or observations.
▪ A datum (singular) is a single measurement or observation and is
commonly called a score or raw score.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
▪ Population is defined as a group of people, animals, places,
things, or ideas. It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a
particular study.
▪ Sample is a subgroup of the population. It is a portion of the
population selected for analysis. A sample is intended to be
representative of its population, and a sample should always be
identified in terms of the population from which it was selected.
 THE POPULATION
All of the individuals of
interest

The results from the

The sample is selected
sample are generalized
from the population
from the population

THE SAMPLE
The individuals
selected to participate
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
▪ Parameter is a numerical measure that describes a characteristics
of a population. It is usually derived from measurements of the
individuals in the population.
Example: The population mean of the electricity bills of the
residents of a certain city is P1,500.00
▪ Statistic is a numerical measures that is used to describe a
characteristics of a sample. A statistic is usually derived from
measurements of the individuals in the sample.
Example: The sample mean of the electricity bills of 20 residents of
a certain city is P1,450.00
MEASUREMENT
▪ Measurement is the process of determining the value or label of
the variable based on what has been observed.
▪ When gathering data by any method, measurements are usually
obtained (e.g. height in inches, weight in pounds, age in years, IQ
scores, etc.)
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
This will help us in the interpretation of the value of variables as well
as to decide the appropriate statistical technique to use in analyzing
the collected data.

4 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1 Nominal 3 Interval
2 Ordinal 4 Ratio
NOMINAL SCALE
▪ A nominal scale is a measurement scale that classifies elements
into two or more categories or classes.
▪ The numbers indicate that the elements are different, but not
according to order or magnitude.
NOMINAL SCALE
example
Religion Male Female Total
Roman Catholic 60 75 135
Buddhist 26 30 56
Protestant 3 14 17
Jewish 16 8 24
Total 105 127 232

This table shows the number of male and female respondents grouped
according to religion.
NOMINAL SCALE
example
Race Single Married Widow Separated Total
American 10 5 0 1 16
Chinese 29 8 5 10 52
Japanese 18 11 1 3 33
Filipino 32 3 4 20 59
Total 89 27 10 34 160

In this table, the respondents are classified according to race and civil status.
ORDINAL SCALE
▪ An ordinal scale is a measurement scale that ranks individual in
terms of the degree to which they possess a characteristic.
▪ We do not used a fixed unit of measure throughout the scale.
example
Sex 0 1 2 3 Total
Male 9 16 3 1 28
Female 21 10 4 7 42
Total 30 26 6 8 70

In this table, the respondents are grouped according to sex and anxiety level.
INTERVAL SCALE
▪ An interval scale is a measurement scale that, in addition to
ordering scores from highest to lowest, establishes a uniform unit
in the scale so that any distance between two consecutive scores
is of equal magnitude.
▪ There is no absolute zero in this scale.
example
▪ aptitude scores
▪ IQ scores
▪ temperature
RATIO SCALE
▪ A ratio scale is a measurement scale that, in addition to being an
interval scale, also has an absolute zero in the scale.

examples
▪ height
▪ weight
▪ area
▪ volume
RATIO SCALE
example
Name of Student Height (in centimeters) Weight (in pounds)
Arnold 165 129
Bernard 144 112
Conrad 176 200
Eberhard 164 287
Fabian 177 150

The heights of the students were measured using a device with calibrations in
centimeters and the weights were measured in terms of pounds using a
weighing scale.
 01 NOMINAL

4 levels of measurement
Named variables

02 ORDINAL
Named + ordered variables

INTERVAL
03 Named + ordered + proportionate interval between
variables

RATIO
04 Named + ordered + proportionate interval between
variables and accommodate absolute zero