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29 viewsAWGN-2 Digital Communications
21ec51 2nd module
Uploaded by
scigecr7Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 68
DIGITAL COMMONICATION
= =
MODULE -2
———
Stgneling Over AWGN channel
Datroduction :
——
| * Comersion of onal o. waveform Into coded pulses
vepresenti Tie = ronson por anoles Comenunications
to atagikal communications «
Ths Yontition hos been empowered by severo)
peters:
L Eves increaev advancement oF argite) g
chips 7 signt atgne) Loree and computer .
os ‘Improved Reliab sity
3. Bacadened range G, crultiplenng of, ers
4}, Communication * neksorke . |
eq: Comtdes [he vemde connecien tes0 ahigttal |
computers. with one compiles acteg as the ‘trferresttion |
Source , ancthes acting as scenes. The Sone lp
comatr oO, A sequence 43 ¢ OF, with * each
binary eymbol being emitted eveet Tk see. |
Meo
LRaremitting pant taxes Te bioary -ybols ard
encodes ley KD dtsttact signals denéted 4
Si) § Sactd respectively 7 okith are vitoble jer
troaamistion over analog chenrel.
Both s(t) and Sct) are weal - valued enenge stgoah,
ce s
Ee { SPE. de te —@
° Sa): + xct)
C s) Received
Trocemiitted + atgoal
I
| wth analog channel AUG model az below,
&qno)
athe Secened Signa) & defined bye
estseT
xct)= 2 (t)+ Olt) —@
Tel,
Where Uslt) & fe Channel noue |
he Receiver has fhe tagn o weceiving The receved
Rigrod act) Pie duration Tree dod swolfer
estimate o% troy nitled signe) st ra foto
«Bue to Fe presence of Channel move othe vecenedt
will matte eccasiona) “ertors .
the. caement rere pore. is to ‘design ‘the wecener
Bo 05 to) minimize Re average probabi ht op
Ayero| evsor , defined Qa
Rem, P(A =0/ set) + T p(Aai/o tent) -©
Th are prior Pecbabi Mt ex of Fan ostitng
Oo es eckvely i
syebst "Por “O sek by source
Where Fy +
Aynboly 1 0
E
f White sTao
Neue
wet)
Fg: AUGQd wedel ofa chaome|
6 = alte Sy in mninienn 3 Tig re overage prbabilily ot syorbo|
emcr bekseen Ta veceiver olp v Ayers entitled
by Fa dousce , by mating Ra Agtten as
wehiable as porstble.
wo achtexve this , an iaportent design objective to
A geneve setting that involves an Meany alphabet
whose apmbob axe dlendled. by mm, --- My
We have to understand two beste Fesuca t
@® Hos to optimize the design of The secener to
as to minimize (Ra average abitik, op symbol
aa oe
@ Hews to chose The set o4 cignab (4), Satt)-
-- Sutt) ter veprerentieg the symbols Magy == My
sespectively .
frnaues to these foead to Geoméhie representation ob
Signals:
Gecmetic, Represestation Sige
acThe “Eteente | of mic Nepsescatdtion 9} sigub
> to weprexent: set oy mM energy sr
vets ap lineat combinatem af N onthenerme|
bonis functions whee NSm. 7
Gwen a set op neal vajued cact gy signals
Ste), Sats 7-7 Sy tk) cath op turatten To eeg
ie, 9, = {é Sy PLD ost =S(t>
&Fos a quer k), We can define Te next
bast, function an) Problems :
Ocensider a signal sek consuitng of SUSU), SL)
and SC) ae thoes belo, “Usim: Gram Schmidt
Ontheronalization procedure, find the oxthonorme|
basis function jer Fe gen ack of tigoob.
v
Se) Bs Sat
4 : 2
° oy
a
a c 2%, +
v
} v
Sst) sy
4 dz
. « cS : Tt
SalP2 Check y te signal ctencted by SH), SQtt)---
-- Suk) owe denean ly independ eat eo met.
kfeor Ta abeve frqure , WKT Silt) = 8) + S,(t)
“We have Mae (StH, sgt), S54) & S40] Sexe
Totol 4 signal.
ond N=3[ 4,0. oct), pet) | basa functions
Stree §ct) , Salt) and Sytt) 23 Signah oe
Aineask indeperdent
Sembintng. Stk) & Sct) 1. tk ta dapeos
Sat) UW iprreesd 4 Combi "9, ¢ bin ae fee « Energy oy Fe Signal SK) geen by:
7
Bs (Sf) at
ae (iste dt = [4-4 et
* Finst Basa function & geen be
& (4) f
oa 2-5 . Lt - j=
dee = [= , 06b6 mn)
festa nee teat Savas |
+ Energy of Re signal Satt) & given by :
7h 2T
Bs \ S2tat = [2p -4 2 3D
°
« Second Basu -functon uw guen by:
tt)
(4) 2 Qa
("gpa ae
é
a he fo leemedrate quodion Yalt) & geo by:
gat) = Stk) ~ Sy $i)
Sg)» The co-ed gicient gies by :
5. ? (set) ct) dt Ys
Sa) = ecr ee
.
eo
3
( fF de
©
Sus \F [$] 2\
+ Baht) = GO Sa) FD
s |- (2 f2
ys T
n+) zs I-l £0
Snce Fae) ws the intermediate funclion | qk should
mot become Zero.
B For Collation of Fatt) conides the Vint
yer By eed 2%
qatesval TY; to 2I_s “We have Q(t) =o
din thu
aatt> = Salt) ~ Say PLE)
el oO
att) = | I,
Yt 6 Gat
ge) s
V ( 9. at E,- Sy Site) 2 Bt = SURO
2
s+ < %
gytt) = © cleahere
a Energy OF tre tignal Stk) quer by
q :
Bz ( seat : ifr] | a
an
a
& Thad bass furction $k) a aren by :
alt)
dhe tnlermediole
ptt) ©
union Ft) & gwen byt
Gath) = SeCk~ ah 7 Sia Plt) See Ms
\weFent gy = (staat
6
S2(4) doer nat exat fern © te %
. MW
“Sa = Vo. Ray at 20
°
e
The Co-edycient § = [ae $y lt) dt
2%
Sta = ( Salk) dye) dt
THs
Salt) and g(t) exGa together To Me an teed
%™~k 8h
= So ames ae ge Pe [2-3]
Ts
ane \E
“ ggte) = S34) - SHED — San $3 (*)
ce fe F
aie | - 1 =o :
gait) we inteieradtota. fn, py cannst be Zero.
For catesletio Qt)» cormdler Fe den fren
ay eo T- g
ie tea minal) 2h tT oe have dytt) , tt)
+o 3¢710 .
egret fo 3 “Q) = 1 -O -© =}
Fatt)
att) =
Se 93 ate) dt
SK) = Soph (td - Ser Patt)
a
- oa :
\ 3% Sa 7 S30
BEE) = fF 2} Bee KES 7,
> ele othere
e Rw yz , Osb SY
20» ebecchere
“85 EWE . Bt ny
&
20, ebeshere
7 uc
&
dye) =f 1 SE ST
ces =O) 7 elenhere
x
we
Pay Consider a signal set contuting of Sit),Salt) &
Salt) ay thesn belew. Lang Gram Schmidt
eAthegonalizalton procedure, Aénd Re cathonermel basis
fuacKian rr Re given sek 4 atgnols-
NA sie Sat a. ee (Ste)
° =
7
° i ca
5 $3.
Sols Al] tree fignal are Inearly todependent .
“N23 {Fis halt) BEDS
there are totally 3 signals Mes fowe, su) Aa
N=oM <3
=.
athe Energy of Te signol Sib) a gwen by:
v \
Ee; * ( spit) de. = (usar alto] 24
ec =
qhe fisse basy fenetion uw gen by :
Se) a
Pie a § =e i ole
: “@lt)e | p08.
ca Ve ee [ee o 23
4 7 =
THhd bara lo
° aE oo x % 0 > ate
Sos Sct) prea bg Comb ining Fatt) & Sect)
Le, Slt) = Sytk) + Syste)
ence only gytk) @ Sy(t) are Senearlg Independent
Sury ta stependent -
N-2 » ony eats funcifens chek) Eb) enue.
Me3 > tota Ny (Ree are 3 ignals Syl), 8g tt) 4), Treat GU as x(t)
Sylt) Gs %y tt)
& Ste) ay GCE),
Cortespond inal basa functtens that are to be
Catcatetesl “as pty & qe),
* Energy Oh ME Argnal tt) ue given by =
Tv 2
ere Kitt) ab os, (star = qf 9] 5 18
° °
First base function gf eo by,
Ky (*)
dee 2 Ss ee
ve, ve a
Me ORK D
a eheoskere
w€nerge oF Tre signed yet) te gwen by:
A 4
ae (ite at = (rar = afis-p) <8
° z =
Second bee 4quadstao ger ba
wy Set).
-
- Tarteyat
$4
4alt\= muy - Tay *, oD) ee
ave cor sqyeet Fay ta gnen by: Fay = fate) 4yae
° ~ 7 x.
at = { @)) 20
tty.
BM) = cy 4)
x 8-0
daft) = 3
icy = BH S88)
\a- ay
dee) = 3 2 3 et
18-0 aa >
&, (= & Zo
i. » ebyeashee
ch lt) aK)
Yip s
Lae
! : % 2 TES
are] 7 OS
°
Kl e ade
ghar
oy Chew oh AWGN channel
Conversion tRe _continucus _
Tato channel
«So jet) use news that AwoN nodel o4 m
chaenel » Silt) = 2 yh uw) 35 ost sT
T21,2,-7M
ir
whee Sy = GSD UH) at 245
--N
° Gees
« SU) & not Teceved aik i atthe zeceivet_
wolRet yeceived 03 H&E) accordance = with
AWGN Channel .
tt) = SG) + WW) ost s
t2te2 57M
Whee wit) & Aample. fundien of AWart Pree
Wee) .
W(t) hes Bere mean (Mar D vy psp = Re
a
# Comespordingly APP Oe find te lp op Totegrates
a covnelater “os. *, Kare 77
Dn geoeral outpat of jh cowelakoy
Now thu % B coruidered 8 tis Sample yetlde
dem variable X; + swith value defined
% a Ran
7
os ay = Gaceyeh edt
x x = Sy + hy 1 etme & —7outpat of
: i Corvelaboy
Ferret componet Sp a the defermrcistic compercat
Of Xp due ap (Aa Frommitted signal St) qaven bgt ¢
Sy * j SD Hw AE
The Sample value Of arandem
“4
Second component &
chore} note wl) geen
Vavtatle ty” Seer t? Te
be: 7
7 ey dt
wy 2 Juss ©
& Now consides TOP stochastic of Random prow
x'(ty) , obese sample
denoled by Uee) defined by
efunctteo
) jae been M
Ue) 2 Fx Celi
In proche, we find tt mae canventent to “bork wtth the tog- lixelihood fusdtian , denoled y Lem?)
% detined &y 7 :
Len) = Ao & (ong) y tela, --™M
Lhere bo denotes nalura! logaxithen-
cite) = “ML te (o Ne) Ce 405° sy] loge
wince ik dosamct hove Of eelahtonship with menage
ayenbol om, & ee Igoe
s Alem) = a 2 (4 -Sy)h 5 bet
with tha , we con addres the basic wreeivey
dexiga pooblen .
~ Note: tog-likeliheed quaker bears a on€ ~te- ane
xelationship +0 Re Lwelihasd functions |r ted
wears +
© pre ® ab oan-neqgotive 2. Mkelthood fundian
@ a non-negative aqpootkity 5
@ he bogesthnic fonction Boa manotenteo tly
Toc reasing function of we arqainent .
THe, RWON channel anode & eqpvelent: to en
N- dimentionot vector channel described be The
egpetion eS, tw pte) 2 en -M where dimentinn
N & OD bora -functfon . :
8 = 8 nol velar
WwW = AWaN ver Coherent Detedlion
===
Deced
TO
Suppore thet each time slot of durotion T Sea,
one on” pottible Aignok S(t) / s(t), ---Spylt) &
tracy nitte d with equol Probabrlity 4
Tor Georetic signed seprosectation , The signed. 56)
Pela,--M & applted to a bank ey Cotelaters
aupped with an apprepricte
foociions 24 depicted
Optimum Receive ts dring
ewith commen Input and
N oathonosmo} bert
sk
bala’
rte |
© - sae Ste
ou
3)
Correlotor ovtpst Sebioe The sigoel
&® by a port fo
Mw, Ths pont &
on
The resulting
vector Sp We ™ represent Sy
N-dimentionad Euclidean spoce NS
ered to G2 Gransenitted | Seqn0d pont
Messege pei:
qhe Sek op mOnage pont Corresponcking tots aot
oy Faumttted axgoals 4s, ue |” Y called as
jee
Mes sage Comte tlotion When Received stqna) scct) c@ applied te Re bank
ON’ correlotors , Re Correleter outputr define
the obsewotion vector % .
ot fe receiver B represen led on,
The Correlokar
Wz Nove vectos thot mreprerend, (a postion O} nove
wit) that will tlerpee esith Te deteclon prom,
“The wena in (0. porkion oF The nove denoted by
WE) w tumed vt by Tre bonk o, Correlatort-
fosed on Fe weceived Vector |, Wwe moy enk
a potdt
e@ Fe secewed signed xct) b.
wepredeck Re
Received signa! woint +
¥ Duc to Te presemce © noe , THe weceived pomt
fo a random
wanders obevt (Ro om power
tie ang here fnside Goaurtyan
non amd ™
emotes cloud fcenteed Vasound The memege
ponk. >, Goutal
Ps os
Stee) Rekection Problem
«Gn The obeervotion vector 1) O emape ng ro”
x to an ebhmok m oa the rea renitteal Symel
mo, doa grat would wraimize frie probability
hy exrog 10. Aecixio? making proces +
«Quen the ob servation vector <, srppose we make
ze» theo probability of enor
Ty tem dedston , whi
ch we denote by
Pe (ene fx). steoply ,
Pe (me x) = bP (me sent[x)
onthe , ar % O 7 we ney
aTate optimum
decison wule >
set omy 3 P(e: seat (>) > ple seat/&)
yor ot Keto kel2, --M
qna, peasian wule
& referred te 04 * Mactmucy
Apostestot Probability (MAB) role”
cine Syston uaed to Implement tha wale
called a% Maximum Apotteriort Decoder
“a Rolel: Can be expressed in fevene 4 prior probabil tra
uaroq Baers thecren a8,
p(mi sent) = P(xfmisent) Pim)
\ p-(x+) 4
ltmelfhood function.
v
Tha can be representest usengy
Sek Yoom ‘th
Wh Fleer’)
Fe (elt)
where Ty & Me pater pr
syeroabl mg 7 Fx ele)
sent, a, he wondom Obsewatien vectorx
aver * eansentrston op symbo| ang & Fyle)
Te uncondiFional probability density sfucclian ©¢ X-
& maximum jor Kae
Decision Rule 2
chability Of fronemiHing
fre condiNenel probebilty
, we Obsene tot
Eton deasion «ule ©)
-denominater term Fal) & independent of,
Fronsmitted symbol
Tye = Tz when all He source
‘usth quod probability.
function Fx (e [rw
to beg HttKe ttheod
- Prior probability
ayerbo le ave tronsmilted’
— Conditrono| probabitity density
hears ane to one relottonshp
guacton L(g) .
ae Based on thin, we Con weslate Re decision wule
io tevme ©}, Lim) of pollews
set heme Um) wim
oxinumn vad G=?
[Becition Rule 3 | joterpretation OF marimum likelihood
Fos Grephico|
Ret zZ denote =e N-damensional
deasicn wile,
spoce epok pottible
obienotion vetort a.
The space & releared to a oriesvation Space -
w divided | partitten eal
the obxervotion apoce 2
Zy,Zg.--7
Tato M decteion gion + dencted b
Zu According (¢ se mas restate decirian
wale ar,
¥ Obsewortion vector x (res to rege? By a) L (mr)
& manioum pe at, (aivonet 4)
ong) ech “oy el Qin
wat flere) L 2c Sg) Kent M
thes Leng) atteins amaximum value when tucmation
teven Z oy Hair waintnized by Me Cheice kek,
a tence we mag ermal
deaston vole ier an Awast
to vege 2 ts
ete nactimum line hood
channel as,
Obrervation veckor * (car
2 anit =
2h -spjy7 eminem yr ke?
Deasian Rule-S
[reote : Mtetmucy hae been ured o4 optimizin
condition i Wie decislon mula § , because the minut
atg9 has been tareced |
LskT > Bile ~ S45)” = l e-Sell™
there [J -Sgf 2B Euclidean datonce beh een
the obseniatton vector 7 at Te, receiver inp
ond tran tenitted signek veetor SK ff Aecoratngly we watole the dectrion Tule as,
Obrenotten vector * Wee fo wegion Zt 5
igs HF
Euclidean déatane [1% ~ Sall fa ten umn
(Graton wl]
on
a ome
Ze sehte oe oe Ro likelthood dearest
gule i Senply 40 cheote the rNeMage pont closest
bo the aeceved signed pot»
N N N N
z (x Ss oy ~ 82s + 3S
el et fA tel
— A poe,
L xr m
ummotton kev & independent 4 Kw & sqol
(Re inner product ob
i
-Trest 8
3b Bt
_ gecend) summotroo fem
obsewation vector & & trearmitted stgool Veckor-
See
ahd fern B Ga Roormitted signal energy
Ex = 2c
4"
is te
<7 Sack): Ose eapally “kebely te Called
correlation Recewer -
rh cons BU OF a& subsyttens =
RDekeekor * Which conve a MM Correlatorr
es
upped wilh a set of atmo norma} —basrts functions
A(t), gtt), == Gy lt) thot ore locally Gere The, bank op correlators operate on recewve
obtervattan vector X,
Argnot aCe), mM ST tO produce
eMaxtmum Likelihood Decoded !
Mein
which operates 00 the obprervotion vector * +o
prdace 00 eatmote WM Of tenrnttted oad
Tel2, =-M fo such a wo mot Ra average
, 3
exror 3 minieniges”
probobitity Oh * mbol
7 4 Line (shood deasion
In accerdence with The marino
cenaltipties NY elemectti OF coch
mule, Te decodes
‘of the sw’ aqool SG. Sy Smt
the ‘resulta producte are euccenivel, gummed
Fe correrpndling aeb f
in accumulates +9 for
Innes pacdect -
@) Detecte oF
creck’. H Barokl_Leaagmission_Decoces
Eanes product calealetor
Madtaheblrestt teil) Regence,
$oThe Detector TH (Re Corvelation Recerver / Fovolves a
sek of conclators « This set can be replaced by
on eqptvotent atruc ture +
For fHhB alternate method , fenplemcaling (Re optimum
Receiver , consider & LIT filter wih impulse.
wesponse by lt) with received e¢gnal occt) acling
on topot ) Re Filter oufpot WwW degrned a8 |
gto = Sxce yo) de
-o
#We evoluct thu tate geo! over We .duralfon of.
Gans mitted scqnad mainly: OoLt £F ; We Evaluate th tHegral over The duration of a
Fransmitted bol manly oft et,
lity UGEme “t veshicled , we Mg replace tRe
yarteble -c. wlth “t”,
oo
a yett ) 7 See) hy (r- Dat
a deteclor based ON a bopk oF
4 Contiderta
® carrelofos UY,
conelators te ole 6 4
ty = fn rb) G4) dE —@
°
we find tol pr qt (tv) +.
oa Equnvalestly » We og oP seprrens 7 cond Fon tepered
on he pelea! ten pal wesponte falter as ,
jeber: ~My
hy () = $; (t-0 +
Thas + ger a pube stqnal tt) occap ye
Tre avant ar
ptyval ost ST DO (meay
2 analphed to Re at geal ot)
ost £T
?
Gie @ seid 4 b
the impube Tesponte Act) So-taapies The
condilton , ‘
we oft 20
net) = $CT- 1)
eA ETI fitter defroed to th pay & colled a
Mafched Fitev , corresponding (y- Jaq opttmucn receiver WARY matéhed oriter & place o
cowelatos & cotled Matered filter Receiver
rAd
which & depicted below
Sampled of
tT Stgnel Beatgn pe Bend Lenited Channels
ke channel
Digital Franeeristion Through band
a fe band tumited channel such ag a telephore witeline
w charackertzed a8 Lineat Piles with impulse
vesponse cle) & Freqpency, preaponse, C(t) ,shere
Fae —O
cteye Gece
D, ; 4
: Iet4)| #)
‘ £
we Beh
*q? Magnitede & Phase respenter 6 band! aiited Channel
«Dye Cheanel OO baseband channel thot &
bad limited: to R Aa Then ce) =° fr BL \4)7 &-
"ang yearen’g compenectts ot (Re Inpot to Re Channel
that ave higher man & AZ entl) net be: pasted by
re channel -
For this easy , WE centtder Re design op tigre
transmisaten though Re Channel thek ore
ond levied fo WH Ke oO ta Re ig.
Hence forth will deacte Ra bardwidth Umttotion
of Fe signot and Ta chaanel.
# Now teppore tnat fre mnput to a bendleited chaonel
& & signal, vors Og t#) 2 then > weapons e
(Ra charme) 7% The convelsben of) Flt ath
shoam h(t) = (ew alk“ ae
-o
ne = 6 O* * 4th) —oO
sdiearacs ne eee
ox when expremed io youre domain, we hove
we) 2) Grlf) seal)
Lihese Ge) Me apecTrum (fourie trans\or)
Fo signal eH) ond HF) & Me Spectrum op het).
hes [As cheanel alters or 3e Re Franemitted
sige) 4 +
elek os mune thot The tigoel oF (ha output of
We chacne) corrupted be JAWON , Thea the
signol ok (Re inpat +> (Ra derodsloter op me
hed 7K). were ott) denda Rei AWGN.
weceived signal het) FACE) Trough
hax Ypeayeeney wesponse
frmfte 7 ati@.
Gate) = A" HE
dag ok ethich Tae
jens
Lek os pos Wa
oe filles thot
to & tome nominal Time
tre filter outpet-
ponent “at tre output
Totant toto &,
whee
we sample
Fra ralched
«the srgael com
sitter ak the sampling
yotte) = F prcaytee = &
ie
in The channel outpst Kut)
-®&
hich it the energy in
athe Nowe companent at (Re Output Oty Te natched
mean & & jouer Apeciral
—O
filter has a. Zero
densi So (f) = Ne. {e¢8)77 [Re output of Tha melched
“Pente Re Nowe power at
$5Wed has & VYanante,
os ie tye 2 Nhe _@
a = § Sah) of 2 IHer)| Af =
ate si
«the SHR ovtpt ob Fa enatch ed Piller &
oe \e i
ea _ 3& —®©
(S_ ep ere perc No
No Nofp [2
Rigkal pata teansminian through besdiwifed Ssebeodl
Choone
athe blece Siageann beseband » pule ampiitude (pa)
Commuricotion setero ta theem below,
a The Sepfew consul, Of A fammittin 45ites haxng O09
in pule respon Gt) 2 the Vineas -filfes Channel with
Aug, a recervin Sites with an tmpobe sesponte
eC) as sammpleé Trak periodically samples Te
output ©}, tre wecening bol clekecler.
fsttes , Nd a t9—P
x the Sample? weqpives tre
extraction Of a Rerning
siglo the recened tégnol. ThE timing signe) ty teres as a Clock trot
Specifier (Ra appropriate, thre instants — lpr sampling.
fe olp 44 (Re TEENY cfittes
whek ux contides digttal commmuntcotion toy means
M-ary pam, Hence fo input buory dela sequence
L subduided inte B- EE syerbole, and each tymbol
7a mapped into a Correspondin anpitude level ghat
amplitude modulates (Re ovtpet op tee. fropuntthing
fetter .
he bareband érgnel ok the culpa of TR trent miting
fittest way be expremed asl
&
vt) = 2 On gre“) aia
as- o>
where T= “/p, vw Fe Symbol rateive} (Ye = >)
ae Me Bt mt, {an ta a feqpence qrocrplbads.
level correspondin fe Re E- B blet of prion
Sextet oa ’ q
The Chanel ostpat, which to hie wecened Signe)
ok (Re demodulator ney be expsenest oa
u
weeye B Aob(e-9T) + 9k) ——@)
cynere ht), is Re Tinpulre response te carcade OL
Re (eensmitting “Siwes, & the Chaanel? ;
Shes ERY = CED Fee) HEL wR topsle
respons obthe channel) & ate) sepresedr AWGN . ¥The Received signa} & pasted through a freav
recening ftttes sith Ma ample vespor® 4a) &
Fseqpercy ¥espome QL)
Th 90 & epatihed to htt) , then th cubprh SNR
t maximum ot TR proper tacnpln to additive moue at Fe
olp of ~ce ng pollen
& To secoves The In alton 4. Ls an WIR. ostpot a,
io seca ing fter a tacnpled periodicals 0 Sry
B8ecords, t
The, (Ra Sacpley produces»
gleT) 2 BS agx(at-nT) + OMT) —@
nee
Ge = Bantm-n tHe
ne-t
Yn = SA # BE Solan +m —©
née
Whee X=
mT) 1 Wen = u(mt) knee, tl, E2,> =
ee The First term on The RAS ©, Ege) & Te destied
Aymnbol Am: Scoted by FR gain poronrdter % -
hen tee ~rcceiving filte: G molthed tothe veceived
Atgoah het), Te Seale fecter & we Creat
we
Xo C rece? alg
-w
af
= ( lear? lecp|* ax
-wW
The Second team onthe Rts 0} £q°C5) veprexeaty Fa
ehyet of olhss symbol ot (ha insted nrteat
bat, Colled (a Totes ayo! Tinka ference
+h aerol, IST come a vradclien tio the
pes igrmance oY aigtel commucicotion syslem
Finally (a Thad tern fo eres) re wepronentt”
Ire aaditne mode - Th & a ger mean Goustion
gendom yoriable with vorane,
:
oy 2 _Neke
4 By appepsstely dexteping FE Fars orien g LT rece
apitters, we Coo solo fy Ti condivien %n5° Pr
nfo, se That Tex “erm vennhs
, Kye Diagrom : Optinum sanpling
time
Sensi Qt pace ae
Pegratortion ee
eT
- The amasat 4 St and noue Ret w psesent in The
weceived signal can be viewed on an orc lloscope.
*Pisplay Ihe Feeeived sigoo) on Me vertical input
#* Sek floxtzorital Suseop roti ok ra .
= the sere Iting ot Cilloscope dapleg w colted en
Ege pattern — because oy wegemblante to fumenége
~ Widos Te Eye opening | fetses 1 Re IST
Leeser the Eye opening, more & UR IST oy Bondimited aqreh PLER Ss -'the
Negqpat exteton
# The Bandwid Op re
Toas\m ete s1go:
aeacniiany ite al on,
2 Gl) CO) GRA)
Cheanel echich Re feuriew”
oh ot the output of THE
%(F)
2 GA S_@) cert
x) = Srl) Ge? —©®
Where Gr @ & aw dence Tre yet respontel Of
Te | Fronsmiltes & seceives Ritlers -
Chr) denotes Te frequency wesporse Of channel .
eTor Convenience , WE ect Con! & 79” ednen Outtat
ome wecening fitter & Zaenpled periodically. ot
tet gields to an expresrian ,
Yo * Wyn + ZS Antren-—n + Bn
=
aanaET)
Here , Tre frst tearm on Re Rts OFT
Fo denied ayebol , The second Testo constitute: the
aer & fe hid tem G Re oddifive nove +
pes 7
(Re -e weet of, gf, % & necesta
(mT- aT)
can cAatume
agitern hag to be Aesignedl
got eee
sayyaent thot
eohere we
and 20. fpr nten’ “and
x6) $0 (OD) zl te, (Re
overall
n=O
auch thot) i
T) =
ee se nfo —®@
commonication Nyquist condition puss Isr
EA necessary acd au\sent condKien fpr 14) to
sotyy
+) 1 gihsd
cae 7 Oo» nd
and thok ws pporte* Kroorprm x(€) cmust wa by
2 x+2) 27
ane 8
*Now, sppote thak (re Channel hax a Berdwid h
OL WL, Ten Cle) 20 tor (Flow.
Conreqpent (y KE)=O for |Fl>w.
Under Tha condifien , we can have tTRree cares
@M Tht a tb Faw
aw T
p 24) =A x(F+2)
= wok
a pth w ° 3 Ww oa
ts 2(¢) = 2 x a) consulta 5 men-6y ela pping
weplicar OH XU) Seperated by a » tree teno choice
+
for XG) TO ensure Zl(F\=T .
vy there G nopgog thot Le can derign caet aaa
3 with gerd tor A 2(F= 2x42)
papain
° ad, +
Peta
-!
+
' 7
Botha case T=, 7 ™ replicotten 4 x(k) seperated
4 ore abet © overlap as ior 49:
Thee «xab oon one KU) that weg oltr in ZE) HT
money xlei= 4 » FISH
°o 7 here
prfgecttia_ site Sc Pebes :
ack G man-cowal & therejore nen- reolegatle -
Re possible adlution ta ddaging tk uk 40 thet it
B appreaimacty Bers i°7 t ewer in
sampling Re ovtpet &
esl tn on Topnt Beaten 24
@o T st os awl
aw
BxG+2)
coer
A 24 FAL the rote, thee exatr ao inficile number OV
choices ipr x) auch tat zey=T.
There exG&t numerous pales oshich soley Tre
Zeve-Tel cxikevion, A popular chelce [pr act)
ok a <2W GW Te vated cosine 4gechum .
TE Weqpency cherocdedctrer are given Sa,
og|ejy 4-4/2
T >
%y [ree CL SHY] » Gesteye tee
© ian bile ee
2T
Where A tr coled oll of qecter
which tokes value in Me reage of Osh £ |
Keelt) =
athe pulic having Me woted coring spectrum
Si TH Cos (wat /T )
hy tH wate T®
nate) = Smet /2) cos (kt /T)
i RE 7
“ACt) = m1 ok
+ aT or
Rerign oy Bend tisttted signals at
Her _— Posittel_vesporre_Srgnols
Sor Zero Ist -sgflem denigns it @ necersa to
veduce (he ayrbsl vo below [Re Ne qeak vote
Of 2H sypmbolsjsec cn order to realize poocltec!
tranamiting & ee fitlers ,
& Suppose Hy AS aelox (Re condiften ipo Sst,
atlossing, & symbol Transeission ako velk o; 2W
aoa can be obtained [pe & conFelled — ameut
Oss ?
To design Re bandlinnted -wqnal to here conbolled
xsi can be .obtahed ba alleume ene eddiVienal
non-zero value tH The omples By ceanrk -
the ESL thak we Tnkeduce G dclereninistic arcentrelied
usktch ts takea into account ot fhe receiver,
ue) eee —D:
one
otfhiersbe
+ We new [nat
2(¢) = 4 xG*2) -— ©
wor ZUP) &@ pevicdic fundlien wilh period
ZCF) exponded tn teens ap ppuvier teres Coe pyiccenk
Azoh as, y
w Ajo aT
Z oc A Ze
Oo ee” —©.
‘ .
227 or
“Sor
T nr0)-1
Za = ,
©, Othemue
From Equation ® |
= T xm)
jog T
ZF)= 7+ roe
A 21 fou
= ir zeiirte
a = * = obtain X(F) = a * a
$20 PML.) fant fs
no alé we ls
7 PRE
ed =
glee) hes
Ale) = aw -
° > oeswue
-jTE pw
be y cs () » Flan
= ah
®
1 others te
Teteq IPT , we get
Rot) Sac (AWE) + Stoc(ant-! at +w of
Resigo of Gandtiaited Signals ath _ costtelled tet —
geek
omtio| ~espor=
whe exe hae chewed oor dacessioN Of
Signal design gr 3e7° rer, ik ts necessary to
weduce (Re “Spebel vote + belao the ngage vate
bol sec tm arded te veel3e prockeot
of aw baer
rans ni Ning aad eceiyiog Olevs .
on The otfes hond, suppoiegee chose to relat
tra condition ol sero ISL ond they achieve a
agabol hens aisioo ole 424 Byonbals free .
By allowing jar a controlled amount et rsx,
ve the bol vate ,
one «peto] cote tot leads bo (apprniresttely)
prosicolle wealizable Years nithng aro
we can achie tf) aw
Ww aw
° , Otherotae
of, Balk) anor by >
x Ch) = Sine(aWe) + Stoc (ade - 1)
ahs pole & called Ruchinary Signal Pubs. # Ik G% Woaboted | olen vith ite spogritude.
Zedlyum io fal.
We note thet “Te SpecTruen decoys te Zerd senostty
nich mean: Thet phy cal wealigoble fi tees
roimste thie -pecleucs
can be doxigoed ‘thet “opp
Ther jo syetbe] vote Of QW a
ves clecely .
achieved -
pel
+ Risadventage 2 High Be coment
* Aewantogp » Smesth, volt chy & hence veatrzoble
5 Ete x
Freed opel ek 4 eu
eto aid hip ere rey ot de, we can Come UP
osth — anofhet erat chy eal zoble frecerithing
and wecenving, fadters apest hes wal the saeples
if Oe]
a | oe) =) | ao)
(=)
’ GQ , oterue athe te) pole att) & given oF
Ct) = since Of = Sine (eT
and’ ty atpecTaucn &
LL seths_ cal eS Sinlf it ow
XB) = suk ae =
°
» Flaw
Ths pole and ‘ds wea gaituce spectearo eee
Woslated io AG te u called a modi fed
daobinany Sigood pale . f
ETE GS Wleedting to cote traf Re tpecteum ok.
the stqnah hay a Ze at fo, mowing
suitable. fos Hanretswan osfer a chahno}” that
doeg Not” pers dc ,
xt)
-or
sgh Time domai
& , demato
charocles, dota tr
7 4 Pa’ a) Hes
P= Da Png MEAT Ime 2Part Bee Tost ent
Module -a sublra lien LE .:
By = &( Pn + Pmt -+
> Ppt Pret = Bm | ® Vemonrote ducbin
“tRe Seqesence
Consider’ Ta frat
Codin
ois LO, U, Lok,
BE op TR +
and decoding ier
ence to be aw
Bad up digit , ack part Ob fe “aota.
i ato
Sol? 2 i
fom | t tfodi fet Lito
tmp evscleay fay [oot deep [ay +1 | 44 i
Bay On tal OD Alto o las |G
Yny -l +) +1] +1 4 aes ® Nemonbrate Nuobnary with precoding ond
=
decoding fpf The sequen te {UL Lee ILO:
O11, 1
Canrides toiteot Ziel Beqpence reqereas)
a4 bit O.: { ' i
| Dole see ustog Confolled TST +
Modiges Pusey Setrg:
. Vy peer
Sorples axe defined 04 2(nT) =
Hl. fpr nes
©, Otherusve
The veceiving fi ter (dermedulate)
Sample at the ootyst of,
have TRE gem Yq = ont van
fee Tent Smt”
>
AB
{re J 1 Fomatities seqpence =
{Yon * colased dye sequence (con be ignored)
Ten | Deno: | Bm | Probability
-( opie at 7.
I +h o- hy he
tl -l ° Vi
4
+l + +2
fed Steed cerns see)
Aeledtton Rule -
a
petect wezeven fo Tipey than subliac t subsequent le to
pt Sm
Maia prblen: Evret en peieta
in 4 Modissedt Dusbloans astthy Pieced n4 i:
jodi fed dhucbt
User binany data Pre cededBinary + ar i ‘ y
: date {in ™
Pe {PoS geapet Bor PmOLn.n
Pay Dn ®Pom-a- BF (Fen Pra)
mel 2,--- Pm “Fon. = He Brry
Pn 8,
Yn = Bit Mme ImOLna t hy
38, = 282 Than Dae )
ay nz 0, theo
DefecTion Rate: Dnt fh 2 [4n[=e
4 lGn|#e © Vemeniteste Ducbinany wits precoding onde see
Re sequence 4O,0, 1,1, 1,0, 1,0, 0,0), Constder
thea teittal a Aequences (ve lerences) as ko,
Pe cfoftttlileoltloadoo
mm |elo ofofti frlole yey a ay
so a
Yo 6] O] 0 | +altal-2)O |tXLO|o]o
A
Jen ojo || i \ folf}olole
Pn = B® Praia
Ta = AP |
Yon = Un Oln-a D Explain the grernetiic seprorentation 0 signal Shaw
thot Energy op ME nigna) ‘A equal to (he sqpaced
teagtn oo ecko weprereriTingy a,
@® Explare the qrewelvic repscrentotion 4 seh of
energy tigqnals as neae comtication © N cdthoneenot
bas functions + Aloe ate ‘a tha cage N=2 EMeS
wits mnecersar diagrams and expressions |
@ wrt Ga Sigos! Vector @ Show thot Tha caer
oye signe! a eqpal to Re sqporca Deng th of
The Signo) vector aeprererting uk
@® Explain ths Guam - Sc hevelt onthogonadigation procecturs
OR
Explain tRe Grom - Schmidt on lization poocedure
40 obtoian Ws orthonrme) basis Wrekin ad he
trocar ly independent sek of signal .
OR
eneroting re signe ards
Ceplain Te scheme
- Shad t oathegonad: gation
co-elycerts using Grom
prcedure .
© ovtaio We warimom keebhood deation wale \gr
Tre signe) deteckion — prcbleay
© explain the conelatian yeceiveY oxing, product
tolegrater ond enckebed filler
oR
wih a neok diaqem, S*P
@® txplata Wo Coveletion receiver and notched
frites wecerves with selovoat dia gems -
lain canelation wceiver. G) Rerive Te cenpube Wesponte OL a malched fr itey
recerves and explain ong 4wS prope «Neg 2} malched
filters.
@® with a meat ble Stegrom % digkad PAM
eplem atl, Obtein [Re enpremion jor intev syne (
Toles erence ISID ,
© State Ngquot cond Tien [Pe Bere Ts
@® Explain the dexign + bandied signals usite
Be Lookslled act”
CD) For Ra binary dake seqpence Jal quen bop
Wtolool, Belermine tha precect Sequence ,
oomitted Aeqpence , weceived seqpence and The
decoded s
ence «
GD with a reak blew diagam, expla Te digitot
PAM Techatque througy bandlivitted baseboad cheanch .
tdyo obtain The exprenioo "er rst.
GD Pas & explain , Ta me ~dermein & ene,
domaia op deer brary ond =modifed sols
Brgnal 4
as) with neok diaqrom, explain (Re Tirnin jeclares
pertsining to Eye diagram end th terpretalion
er baseband binary date trenemresion — tystin
OR
late a note on Eye drogen:
: : et cock in a ducbtna
@® tee Meo, ineres Tinaty Bequente 1110 10o0}oootlo|
Fe Day inp fo the precoder , ashore olp O uted
oe ate o. ducbinany | Teonsmithing -futer Bbto4,
fo fnoda aaa
gence
tRe
preceded
