CHAPTER 3

Atoms and Molecules THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES

z Laws of Chemical Combination

¾ Law of Conservation of Mass

Ancient scientists and philosophers laid the foundation of the ¾ Law of Constant Propor tion or Definite
concept of atomic theory. The basic idea of all these philosophers Composition
was almost same, i.e., matter is composed of very minute particles
which can produce large number of substances after combination. z Dalton’s Atomic Theory
In everyday life, we buy things in terms of number or in terms of mass
like kilogram or dozen. But atoms and molecules are small particles z Atoms
that cannot be seen, consequently it is very tough to measure their
¾ Symbols of Atoms
mass and number. Therefore, in order to express a definite amount of
a chemical substance, chemists introduced a new term ‘mole’. A mole ¾ Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass
can be defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same
number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) as that are present z Molecules
in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope.
¾ Molecules of Compounds
Kanad Philosophy : An ancient scholar named Maharishi z Differences Between Atoms and Molecules
Kanad of India in 500 BC postulated that if we go on dividing
matter, we shall get smaller and smaller particles and a time z Ions
will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further.
He named these particles Parmanu (atom). ¾ Polyatomic Ions
Pakudha Katyayama, another Indian philosopher, said that
these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives
z Concept of Valency
us various forms of matter.
¾ Determination of Valency
Democritus theory : Ancient Greek philosophers Democritus
and Leucippus in 400 BC suggested that if we go on dividing z Chemical Formula
matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be
divided further. Democritus called these particles ‘atom’ z Molecular Weight or Molecular Mass
(meaning indivisible). The word ‘atom’ has been derived from
the Greek word ‘a-tomio’ meaning non-divisible. Though the z Gram Atomic Mass and Gram Molecular Mass
thought of these philosophers holds true to the present
z Formula Unit and Formula Unit Mass
context of matter, but it was merely based on speculation
and did not have any experimentally proven ground. It z Mole Concept
remained speculative till an English school teacher, John
Dalton propounded the first definite theory about atoms. z Percentage Composition
Dalton’s atomic theory was based on chemical laws of
combination which came into existence through the z Quick Recap
experiments carried out by French chemists Antoine Lavoisier
and Joseph Proust. The two quantitative laws of chemical z Assignment
combination i.e. Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of
Definite Proportions were given by Antoine Lavoisier and
Joseph Proust respectively.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 2 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Atoms combine together to form molecules and compounds. These chemical combinations are based upon
certain laws which are termed as laws of chemical combination. These are
1. Law of conservation of mass
2. Law of constant proportions/constant composition/definite proportions

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

It was given by French Chemist “Antoine Lavoisier”. It states that

“In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants taking part
in the reaction”.
or
“Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction”.
For example : If a chemical reaction is represented as follows.
A+BC+D
Then, according to the law of conservation of mass,
Mass of A + Mass of B = Mass of C + Mass of D
i.e., Mass of reactants = Mass of products

Verification of the law :

1. Take barium chloride solution in a conical flask and sodium sulphate solution in a small test tube. The
arrangement should be as shown in the figure so that the two solutions do not mix. Now, weigh the
apparatus. Suppose its weight = x g.
2. Now, mix the two solutions by loosening the thread. The reaction occurs and a white precipitate of barium
sulphate is formed. Now, again weigh the apparatus. Suppose its weight = y g.
You will find that, weight x g = weight y g

Na2 SO 4 (aq)  BaCl2 (aq)  2NaCl(aq)  BaSO 4

Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Sodium chloride ( white ppt.)
Barium sulphate

Rubber cork

Conical Flask

Thread
Barium sulphate
and sodium chloride
Small formed
Barium chloride test tube
solution
Sodium sulphate
solution

(a) Before reaction, weight x g (b) After reaction, weight y g

Experiment to verify the law of conservation of mass. (x g = y g)

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 3
Example 1 :

15.9 g of copper sulphate and 10.0 g of calcium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a result,
13.6 g copper carbonate and 12.3 g calcium sulphate was obtained. Show that these results are in accordance
with the law of conservation of mass.

Solution :
Copper sulphate + Calcium carbonate  Calcium sulphate + Copper carbonate
15.9 g 10.0 g 12.3 g 13.6 g

Total mass of reactant = Total mass of product

15.9 g + 10.0 g = 25.9 g 12.3 g + 13.6 g = 25.9 g

Hence, the law of conservation of mass is proved.

Example 2 :

If 42 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30.0 g of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) solution, 41 g of sodium
ethanoate, 9 g of water and x g of CO2 is formed. Calculate the value of x.

Solution :
The chemical reaction leading to product is :

Sodium bicarbonate + Ethanoic acid  Sodium ethanoate  Carbon dioxide  Water

42 g 30 g 41 g xg 9g

Mass of reactants = Mass of NaHCO3 + Mass of CH3COOH = (42 + 30) = 72 g

Mass of products = Mass of H2O + Mass of CH3COONa + Mass of CO2 released
= (41 + 9 + x)g = 50 g + x
According to the law of conservation of mass,
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
 72 g = 50 g + x
 x = 22 g

Example 3 :

On strong heating of 20.0 g of CaCO3, 11.2 g of CaO and x g of CO2 were formed. Applying the law of
conservation of mass calculate the mass of CO2.

Solution :
The chemical reaction can be written as
Strong heating
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
20 g 11.2 g xg

Now, according to the law of conservation of mass,

Mass of reactants = Mass of products.

 20 g = 11.2 g + x g

 x = 20 g – 11.2 g = 8.8 g

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 4 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Example 4 :

If 10 g of a compound ‘A’ is added to 8.4 g of another compound ‘B’, a residue (C) of 12.4 g is formed along
with a gaseous product (D). Find the mass of the gas released by applying appropriate law.

Solution :
Let the mass of gaseous product (D) formed is x g.
The chemical reaction can be represented as
A + B C + D
10 g 8.4 g 12.4 g x g

 According to the law of conservation of mass,

Mass of reactants = Mass of products
 10 g + 8.4 g = 12.4 g + x
 18.4 g = x + 12.4 g
 x = 18.4 g – 12.4 g = 6.0 g

2. Law of Constant Proportion or Definite Composition

Lavoisier along with other scientists, noted that many compounds consist of two or more elements and all these
compounds have same elements in the same proportion irrespective of the source or the method of its
preparation.
e.g., water obtained from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen elements in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
This law was given by French Chemist “Joseph Louis Proust”. According to this law,
“A pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined together in a fixed
(or definite) proportion by mass.”
For example :
1. Water obtained from any source (like river, rain or tap etc.) is always made up of the same elements, i.e.,
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) combined together in same fixed proportion of 1 : 8 by mass.
2. CO2 can be prepared by any one of the following methods :
(a) By burning of coke
C + O2  CO2
(b) By heating lime stone (CaCO3)
heat
CaCO 3 CaO + CO2
(c) By heating sodium bicarbonate
heat
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
In each case, CO2 is found to be made up of same elements, i.e., C and O in a fixed ratio of 12 : 32 or
3 : 8 by mass.

Example 5 :

Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen is required
to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen?

Solution :
According to available data,
Mass of oxygen combining with 1 g of hydrogen = 8 g
(8 g) × (4 g)
 Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen = = 32 g
(1 g)

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 5
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
This theory was given by Dalton in 1808. Its main postulates are :
1. Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms which cannot be divided further.
2. Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed. (law of conservation of mass)
3. All the atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements have different sizes, masses and chemical properties.
5. Atoms of two or more elements join together in a definite proportion during chemical combinations to form
compounds, e.g., H2O, CO2. (law of definite proportion)
6. During chemical combinations, atoms of different elements combine in simple numerical ratios, e.g.,
H2O  2 : 1 CO2  1 : 2 CO 1 : 1
7. Atoms of two elements can combine in more than one ratio to produce more than one compounds.
e.g., H2O  2:1
H2O2  2 : 2 1 : 1
CO  1:1
CO2  1:2
NO  1:1
NO2  1:2
N2O  2:1
Significance of Dalton’s atomic theory :
It explains the formation of compounds by the combination of atoms in a simple whole number and definite
proportion. This is also known as law of constant composition. We will discuss this law in detail later in this
chapter.
Drawbacks :
It states that atoms are not divisible. But atoms are divisible into subatomic particles called electrons, protons
and neutrons.

Try Yourself
1. A and B react in ratio of 3 : 8 by mass. What weight of A should be used to react completely with
24 g B?
(1) 10 g (2) 15 g
(3) 9 g (4) 7 g
2. Term ‘atom’ was coined by
(1) Boyle
(2) Democritus
(3) Dalton
(4) Lavoisier
3. Law of constant proportions is same as law of
(1) Conservation of mass
(2) Chemical combination
(3) Multiple proportion
(4) Definite composition

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 6 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

4. Law of definite proportions was given by

(1) John Dalton (2) Joseph Proust
(3) Antoine Lavoisier (4) Maharishi Kanad
5. A chemical equation is balanced in accordance with the law of
(1) Constant proportion (2) Multiple proportion
(3) Reciprocal proportion (4) Conservation of mass
[Ans. 1(3), 2(2), 3(4), 4(2), 5(4)]

ATOMS
An atom is the smallest particle of an element (generally without independent existence) which can take part
in a chemical reaction.
Characteristics :
1. All atoms of a given element are similar but they differ from atoms of other elements.
2. Each atom of an element shows all the properties of that element.
3. Atoms are extremely tiny particles with radius about 1 × 10–10 m.
4. Atoms may or may not exist in free state.

Symbols of Atoms

A symbol is an abbreviation used to represent an element.

Significance of symbol :
The symbol of an element indicates the following :
1. It represents a particular element.
2. It represents single atom of the element.
Dalton gave pictorial representation for elements.

Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol Element

Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen

Phosphorus Sulphur I Iron

C Copper L Lead S Silver

G Gold P Platinum Mercury

In the beginning, the names of the elements were derived from the name of the place where they were found
for the first time. For example, the name copper was taken from Cyprus, Californium from California, Gallium
from France (Galium, the Latin Gallia means “Gaul” essentially modern France), etc. Some names were taken
from colours like Gold was taken from the English word for Yellow. Various other names were taken from
Greek words like Hydrogen meaning Water forming, i.e., Hydro+genes, Helium from Greek word ‘helios’
meaning Sun, etc. Some symbols have been taken from Latin or Greek names of elements. e.g., symbol
of iron (Fe) from its Latin name ferrum, symbol of sodium (Na) from its Latin name natrium, symbol of
potassium (K) from its Latin name Kalium etc.
Now-a-days, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves names of elements.
Symbols of elements are often the first letter or the first two letters of their names. However, the representation
as laid down by the IUPAC requires the first letter to be written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second
letter (if any) as a small letter (lowercase).
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 7
For example,

(i) Hydrogen is written as H

(ii) Uranium is written as U

(iii) Aluminium as Al and not AL

(iv) Silicon as Si and not SI

Symbols of some elements are formed from the first letter of the element’s name and a letter appearing later
in the name, such as Chlorine (Cl) and Cadmium (Cd).

For some elements, the symbols have been derived from their Latin/Greek/German names such as Iron (Fe),
Gold (Au), Sodium (Na), Lead (Pb) etc.

A crucial requirement is that every element should have a unique symbol.

Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass

The atomic mass or the mass of an atom is actually very small because of its extremely small size. Today,
we have sophisticated techniques like mass spectrometry for determining the atomic masses quite
accurately. But, in the nineteenth century, scientists could determine mass of one atom relative to another

1
by experimental means. Scientists initially took th of the mass of an atom of naturally occurring oxygen
16

as the unit due to two reasons.

1. It reacts with a large number of elements to form compounds.

2. This atomic mass unit gave masses of many elements as whole numbers.

The present system of atomic masses is based on carbon-12 as the standard and has been agreed upon
in 1961. In this system, 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all
other atoms are given relative to this standard. One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass exactly equal
to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

1 amu = 1.66056 × 10–24 g

Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 × 10–24 g

1.6736  1024 g
Thus, in terms of amu, the mass of hydrogen atom =
1.66056  1024 g

= 1.0078 amu

 1.0080 amu

Similarly, the mass of oxygen-16 (16O) atom would be 15.995 amu.

Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified mass.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
8 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Some Elements and their Atomic Masses

Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic mass

(u)

1. Hydrogen H 1 1.008

2. Helium He 2 4

3. Lithium Li 3 7

4. Beryllium Be 4 9

5. Boron B 5 10.8

6. Carbon C 6 12

7. Nitrogen N 7 14

8. Oxygen O 8 16

9. Fluorine F 9 18.9

10. Neon Ne 10 20

11. Sodium Na 11 23

12. Magnesium Mg 12 24

13. Aluminium Al 13 27

14. Silicon Si 14 28

15. Phosphorus P 15 31

16. Sulphur S 16 32

17. Chlorine Cl 17 35.5

18. Argon Ar 18 40

19. Potassium K 19 39

20. Calcium Ca 20 40

21. Scandium Sc 21 45

22. Titanium Ti 22 47.8

23. Vanadium V 23 51

24. Chromium Cr 24 52

25. Manganese Mn 25 55

26. Iron Fe 26 55.8

27. Cobalt Co 27 58.9

28. Nickel Ni 28 59

29. Copper Cu 29 63.5

30. Zinc Zn 30 65.4

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 9
MOLECULES

The smallest particle of matter (element or compound) which can exist in free state exhibiting all the properties
of that matter is called a molecule. These are formed by the aggregation of two or more atoms bonded together
by attractive forces.

Characteristics :

1. Molecules of many elements, such as argon, helium etc. are made up of only one atom of that element.

2. They are stable species with less energy content.

3. All molecules of any given compound are similar.

e.g., all water molecules  H2O.

4. Molecules of different compounds are different.

e.g., water molecules  H2O.

carbon dioxide molecules  CO2.

Atomicity : The total number of atoms constituting a molecule is called its atomicity, on the basis of which
molecules are of following types :

(a) Monoatomic molecules : Some molecules are found in free state in their atomic form. These molecules
contain single atom in them, i.e., they have atomicity ‘one’.

Examples : Noble gases such as Helium (He), Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne), etc.

(b) Diatomic molecules : Molecules that contain two atoms i.e., they have atomicity ‘two’.

Gases generally exist as diatomic molecules, for example,

Nitrogen exists as N2 molecule,

Oxygen exists as O2 molecule,
Hydrogen exists as H2 molecule,
Chlorine exists as Cl2 molecule,

Fluorine exists as F2 molecule etc.

(c) Polyatomic molecules : Molecules that have more than two atoms in them.

Examples :

Ozone molecule : O3 (Atomicity = 3) i.e., Triatomic

Phosphorus molecule : P4 (Atomicity = 4) i.e., Tetra-atomic

Sulphur molecule : S8 (Atomicity = 8) i.e., Octa-atomic

Hence, molecules can be defined as the combination of similar or different types of atoms. The combination
of atoms however follows some specific laws, which are known as “laws of chemical combination”.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
10 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Molecules of Compounds

According to the ‘Law of Constant Proportion’, atoms of different elements join together in a constant proportion
to form molecules of compounds. In a molecule, the ratio of atoms by mass as well as the ratio by number
of atoms remain fixed. Using ratio by number of atoms, we are able to calculate ratio by mass and using
the ratio by mass, we can calculate the ratio by number of atoms in a molecule.

A. Calculation of ratio by mass using ratio by number of atoms

Let us consider some molecules to calculate the ratio of their elements by mass.

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) : Carbon dioxide molecule contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. The
atomic masses of carbon and oxygen are 12u and 16u respectively.

Elements C O
Atomic mass (u) 12 16

Ratio by number of atoms 1 2

Ratio by mass 1 × 12 = 12 2 × 16 = 32
(number of atoms × atomic mass)

Simplest ratio 3 8

2. Ammonia (NH3) : Ammonia contains 1 nitrogen atom and 3 atoms of hydrogen.

Elements N H
Atomic mass (u) 14 1

Ratio by number of atoms 1 3

Ratio by mass 1 × 14 3×1

(number of atoms × atomic mass)

Simplest ratio 14 3

B. Calculation of ratio by number of atoms using ratio by mass

The ratio of number of atoms of certain molecules on the basis of ratio by mass of their elements can be
calculated as follows :

1. Water (H2O) : In a water molecule, the ratio of atoms (hydrogen and oxygen) by mass is 1 : 8.

The ratio by number of atoms for a water molecule can be calculated as follows :

Element Ratio by Atomic mass Mass ratio/ Simplest

mass (u) Atomic mass ratio

1
Hydrogen (H) 1 1 1 2
1
8 1
Oxygen (O) 8 16  1
16 2

The ratio by number of atoms for water is H : O = 2 : 1.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 11
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) : In carbon dioxide molecule, the ratio of atoms (carbon and oxygen) by mass
is 3 : 8.

The ratio by number of atoms for a carbon dioxide molecule can be calculated as follows :

Element Ratio by Atomic mass Mass ratio/ Simplest

mass (u) Atomic mass ratio

3 1
Carbon (C) 3 12  1
12 4

8 1
Oxygen (O) 8 16  2
16 2

The ratio by number of atoms of carbon and oxygen for carbon dioxide is 1 : 2.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Properties Atom Molecule

1. Existence Smallest particle of an element which Smallest particle of a substance
may or may not exist in free state. (element or compound) which
exists in free state.

2. Shape Generally considered as spherical. May have many shapes, i.e.,

linear, angular or triangular.

3. Reactivity Highly reactive, except noble gas Less reactive.

atoms.
4. Bond No chemical bond in an atom. Atoms in a molecule are held
together by chemical bond(s).

5. Sub-division Can be subdivided into subatomic Can be subdivided into atoms.

particles called electrons, protons
and neutrons.

IONS

There are some compounds of metals and non-metals which are composed of charged species. These charged
species are known as ions.

An ion can either be positively or negatively charged. A negatively charged ion is known as ‘anion’ and a
positively charged ion is known as ‘cation’.

An atom consists of subatomic particles, i.e., electrons, protons and neutrons etc. Protons and neutrons are
present in the nucleus of an atom while electrons are present in extra nuclear space. The addition and removal
of electrons is possible in an atom. This addition or removal of electrons leads to the formation of charged
atoms, known as ions.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
12 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Try Yourself
6. Which of the following is a compound?

(1) Air (2) Ammonia

(3) Mercury (4) Oxygen

7. Which of the following cannot exist?

(1) A molecule of an element (2) An atom of an element
(3) A molecule of a compound (4) An atom of a compound
8. Which of the following is an element?
(1) Plastic (2) Alcohol
(3) Ice (4) Cadmium
9. Monoatomic molecules are present in
(1) Helium gas (2) Hydrogen gas
(3) Oxygen gas (4) Ammonia gas
10. The symbol of aluminium is
(1) Au (2) AL
(3) Al (4) Am
[Ans. 6(2), 7(4), 8(4), 9(1), 10(3)]

Polyatomic Ions
A group of atoms having electrical charge is called a polyatomic ion. For example, carbonate ion (CO32–) is a
polyatomic ion which is made up of two types of atoms joined together (carbon and oxygen) and has two units
of negative charge, hence it is a polyatomic ion. Polyatomic ions are also known as compound ions.
Polyatomic ions can have either positive or negative charge and are called polyatomic cations or polyatomic
anions respectively.
Examples :
Polyatomic cations – Ammonium ion (NH4+)
Phosphonium ion (PH4+)
Polyatomic anions – Sulphate ion (SO42–)
Nitrate ion (NO3–)
Phosphate ion (PO43–)

CONCEPT OF VALENCY

Valency of an element :
Valency of an element is defined as the combining capacity of that element. The valency of an element is
used to find out how the atoms of an element combine with the atoms of other elements to form a compound.
It is equal to the number of hydrogen atoms or the number of chlorine atoms or double the number of oxygen
atoms with which one atom of the element combines and form a chemical compound.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 13
Determination of Valency

By taking combining capacity with H : Valency of H is considered as 1 and valency of all other elements
is measured with respect to it.

Atom Compound Valency

O H2O 2
Cl HCl 1
Br HBr 1
N NH3 3
Ca CaH2 2

Some elements can displace H from its compounds. The number of H-atoms displaced gives the valency of
that element. For example

Reactions Valency
2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2 Na  1

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2 Mg  2

2Al + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2 Al  3

By taking combining capacity of Cl : As Cl combines with one atom of H, its valency is 1. So, the elements
which cannot combine with H but can combine with Cl, their valencies can be determined using Cl as standard.

Atoms Compound with Cl Valency

Zn ZnCl2 2
Al AlCl3 3

Valency of an ion :

Valency of an ion is defined as the units of positive or negative charge present on that ion.
e.g., Na+ has one unit positive charge, so its valency = 1
Ca2+ has 2 units positive charge, so its valency = 2

Table I : Some common cations (positive ions)

Monovalent cations Divalent cations Trivalent cations

(Valency = 1) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3)
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
+ 2+ 3+
Hydrogen H Magnesium Mg Aluminium Al
+ 2+ 3+
Sodium Na Calcium Ca Chromium Cr
+ 2+ 3+
Potassium K Barium Ba Iron (III) Fe
+ 2+ 3+
Silver Ag Copper (II) Cu Gold (III) Au
+ 2+
Copper (I) Cu Iron (II) Fe
+ 2+
Gold (I) Au Zinc Zn
+
Ammonium NH4 Cobalt 2+
Co

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
14 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Table II : Some common anions (negative ions)

Monovalent anions Divalent anions Trivalent anions

(Valency = 1) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3)
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol

Hydride H
–
Carbonate CO23  Phosphate PO34

Hydroxide OH
–
Sulphite SO32 Borate BO33 

Chloride CI
–
Sulphate SO24 Arsenate AsO34

Bromide Br– Sulphide S2– Nitride N3–

Iodide
–
I Oxide O2– Phosphide P3–

Nitrite NO2 Manganate MnO24

Nitrate NO3 Oxalate C2O24

Bicarbonate HCO3 Chromate CrO24

Permanganate MnO4 Dichromate Cr2O72

Cyanide CN–
Chlorate CIO-3

CHEMICAL FORMULA

A chemical formula represents the composition of a molecule of the substance in terms of symbols of the
elements present in the molecule.

For writing the chemical formula of different compounds, it is essential to know the symbols and combining
capacity of the elements (valency).

Molecular formula : Molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms of various elements present
in one molecule of the compound.

Example - Molecular formula of benzene is C6H6 which represent the actual number of ‘carbon’ atoms and
‘hydrogen’ atoms present in one molecule of benzene.

Compound Molecular formula

Water H2O
Glucose C6H12O6
Ozone O3
Hydrazine N2H4

Significance of Molecular Formula of a substance : The molecular formula of a substance gives the
following information :

(i) It tells the name of the substance.

(ii) It tells about the names of different elements present in the substance.

(iii) It represents one molecule of the substance.

(iv) It tells about the number of atoms of each element present in its one molecule. i.e., atomicity.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 15
For example, the formula ‘CO2’ represents
(i) Carbon dioxide.
(ii) The elements present are carbon and oxygen.
(iii) That one molecule of carbon dioxide contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.
(iv) That its atomicity is 3 i.e., it is a triatomic molecule.
(v) One mole of carbon dioxide.
(vi) 44 g of CO2 (i.e., molecular mass expressed in grams)
(vii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide.

Rules of Writing a Molecular Formula :

1. The symbols of constituent elements must be written side by side but the symbol of more metallic
element should have preference as –
™ Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
™ Sodium bromide (NaBr)
2. The number of atoms of each of the constituting elements is indicated by subscripts as –
™ Water (H2O)
™ Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
3. The number of atoms of combining elements in the molecule are written in the inverse ratio of their
valencies as –
Element A B

Valency3 2
 The formula is, thus, A2B3.
4. The valencies or charges on the ions must balance.
5. If a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or symbol of the metal is written first.
6. Those compounds in which polyatomic ion is present, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before writing the
number to indicate ratio. But if only one polyatomic ion is present, the bracket is not required.

Chemical Formulae of Simple Molecular Compounds

Applying the above rules, the chemical formulae of some simple molecular compounds are explained below :
(1) Formula of hydrogen chloride : The elements present are hydrogen and chlorine
Symbol H Cl
Formula = HCl
Valency 1 1
(2) Formula of water : The elements present are hydrogen and oxygen.
Symbol H O
Formula = H2O
Valency 1 2
(3) Formula of hydrogen sulphide : The elements present are hydrogen and sulphur.

Symbol H S
Formula = H2S
Valency 1 2

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
16 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

(4) Formula of ammonia : The elements present are nitrogen and hydrogen.

Symbol N H
Formula = NH3
Valency 3 1

(5) Formula of methane : Methane contains carbon and hydrogen.

Symbol C H
Formula = CH4
Valency 4 1

(6) Formula of carbon dioxide : It contains carbon and oxygen.

Symbol C O
Formula = CO2
Valency 4 2
Dividing by 2 1
Common factor

Chemical Formulae of Some Simple Ionic Compounds :

(1) Formula of sodium chloride

Symbol Na Cl
Formula = NaCl
Valency 1 1

(2) Formula of magnesium chloride

Symbol Mg Cl
Formula = MgCl2
Valency 2 1

(3) Formula of calcium oxide

Symbol Ca O
Formula = CaO
Valency 2 2
Dividing by 1 1
Common factor

(4) Formula of aluminium oxide

Symbol Al O
Formula = Al2O3
Valency 3 2

Chemical Formulae of Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions :

Same rules are applicable except that the formula of the polyatomic ion is written in brackets. As already
mentioned, if ‘1’ appears on the lower right hand side of the polyatomic ion, the brackets are omitted. A few
examples are given below

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 17
(1) Formula of potassium nitrate
Symbol K (NO3)
Formula = KNO3
Valency 1 1
(2) Formula of sodium sulphate
Symbol Na (SO4)
Formula = Na2SO4
Valency 1 2
(3) Formula of calcium nitrate
Symbol Ca (NO3)
Formula = Ca(NO3)2
Valency 2 1
(4) Formula of aluminium phosphate
Symbol Al (PO4)
Formula =AIPO4
Valency 3 3
Dividing by 1 1
common factor
(5) Formula of ammonium carbonate
Symbol (NH4) (CO3)
Formula = (NH4)2CO3
Valency 1 2
(6) Formula of copper (II) sulphate
Symbol Cu (SO4)
Formula = CuSO4
Valency 2 2
Dividing by 1 1
common factor
(7) Formula of aluminium sulphate
Symbol Al (SO4)
Formula = Al2(SO4)3
Valency 3 2
(8) Formula of potassium permanganate
Symbol K (MnO4)
Formula = KMnO4
Valency 1 1
(9) Formula of potassium dichromate

Symbol K (Cr2O7)
Formula = K2Cr2O7
Valency 1 2
(10) Formula of calcium hydroxide

Symbol Ca (OH)
Formula = Ca(OH)2
Valency 2 1
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
18 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Example 6 :

An element E is trivalent. Write the formula of its (i) chloride (ii) oxide (iii) sulphide.

Solution :
(i) Formula of chloride of E
Symbol E Cl
Formula = ECl3
Valency 3 1
(ii) Formula of oxide of E
Symbol E O
Formula = E2O3
Valency 3 2
(iii) Formula of sulphide of E
Symbol E S
Formula = E2S3
Valency 3 2

Example 7 :

An element X shows a variable valency of 3 and 5. What are the formulae of the oxides formed by it?

Solution :

(i) Formula of oxide when X has valency = 3

Symbol X O
Formula = X2O3
Valency 3 2
(ii) Formula of the oxide when X has valency = 5

Symbol X O
Formula = X2O5
Valency 5 2

Example 8 :

An element M forms the oxide M2O3. What will be the formula of its phosphate?

Solution :

In M2O3, total charge on three oxide ions = 3 × (–2) = – 6

As the compound M2O3 is neutral, therefore total charge on two metal atoms should be = +6.
 Charge on one metal atom = + 6/2 = + 3, i.e., Valency of metal atom, M = 3.
Writing the formula of metal phosphate
Symbol M (PO4)
Formula = MPO4
Valency 3 3
Dividing by 1 1
common factor

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 19
Example 9 :

An element Z forms an oxide ZO3. What is the valency of Z?

Solution :
Z O
Valency x 2
 Valency of O atom = 2
In ZO3, valency of 3O atoms = 2 × 3 = 6
So, valency of Z = 6
Symbol Z O

Formula = ZO3
Charge 6 2

Try Yourself
11. What will be the formula of aluminium oxide?
(1) AlO (2) Al3O4
(3) Al2O3 (4) Al2O
12. What will be the chemical formula of calcium carbonate?
(1) CaCO3 (2) Ca(CO3)2
(3) Ca2CO3 (4) Ca2(CO3)3
13. What is the valency of N in NH3?
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 1
14. Valency of iron is
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) Both (1) & (2)
15. Formula of sodium sulphate will be
(1) Na2SO4 (2) Na3SO4
(3) NaSO4 (4) Na3(SO4)2
[Ans. 11(3), 12(1), 13(2), 14(4), 15(1)]

MOLECULAR WEIGHT OR MOLECULAR MASS

Molecular mass of a substance (element or compound) indicates how many times a molecule of an element
1
or compound is heavier than th part of mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope.
12

Mass of one molecule of the substance

Molecular mass =
1
th part of mass of an atom of C-12 isotope
12

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
20 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

1
Example - Molecular mass of H2O is 18 u. It means that one molecule of water is 18 times heavier than th
12
part of mass of an atom of C-12 isotope.
Molecular mass of a substance is equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one
molecule of a substance, which are as follows :
E.g.,
(i) Molecular mass of Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Molecular mass of CO2 = (Atomic mass of ‘C’) + (Atomic mass of ‘O’ × 2)
= 12 + (16 × 2)
= 44 u
(ii) Molecular mass of Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Molecular mass of Na2CO3 = (Atomic mass of ‘Na’ × 2) + (Atomic mass of C) + (Atomic mass ‘O’ × 3)
= (23 × 2) + (12) + (16 × 3)
= (46) + (12) + (48)
= 106 u

GRAM ATOMIC MASS AND GRAM MOLECULAR MASS

Gram Atomic Mass :
The amount of a substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its atomic mass is called gram
atomic mass of that substance.
In other words, the atomic mass of a substance expressed in grams is its gram atomic mass. So, if we keep
the numerical value same as atomic mass, but simply change units from u to g, we get gram atomic mass.
For example - Atomic mass of oxygen, (O) = 16 u
So, gram atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16 gram or 16 g
The gram atoms present in any given mass of an element is calculated as

Mass in grams of the element

Number of gram atoms 
Gram atomic mass of the element

Example 10 :

Calculate the gram atoms in 48 g of carbon.

Solution :

Mass in grams of the element 48

Number of gram atoms =  = 4 gram atoms
Gram atomic mass of the element 12

Example 11 :

Calculate the mass of an element in 3.8 gram atoms of nitrogen.

Solution :
Mass in grams of element = Number of gram atoms × atomic mass of element
= 3.8 × 14 = 53.2 grams

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 21
Gram Molecular Mass :
Molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram is called its gram molecular mass. So, if we keep the
numerical value, the same as molecular mass, but simply change units from u to g, we get gram molecular
mass.
Molecular mass of oxygen, (O2) = 32 u. So, gram molecular mass of oxygen, (O2) = 32 g.
For example :
(i) Molecular mass of H2 = 2 u
Gram molecular mass of H2 = 2 g
(ii) Molecular mass of H2O = (2 × 1) + (1 × 16) = 18 u
Gram molecular mass of H2O = 18 g
(iii) Molecular mass of C6H12O6 = (12 × 6) + (12 × 1) + (16 × 6)
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 u
Gram molecular mass of C6H12O6 = 180 g

FORMULA UNIT AND FORMULA UNIT MASS

An ionic compound is made up of extremely large number of positively and negatively charged ions joined
together. e.g., NaCl is an ionic compound which consists of a large number of Na+ and Cl– ions. So, the actual
formula is [Na+Cl–]n, where ‘n’ is a very large number. NaCl is the simplest formula of sodium chloride.
The simplest combination of ions that produces an electrically neutral unit, is called a formula unit of the
ionic compound. The relative mass of the formula unit as compared with the mass of carbon-12 atom taken
as 12 units is termed as formula unit mass.
or
The formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the ions present in one formula
unit of the compound.
Formula unit mass and molecular mass both are calculated in the same manner. The only difference is that
word formula unit mass is used for those substances whose constituent particles are ions.
For example :
Formula unit mass of NaCl = Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of Cl
= 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 u
Similarly, formula unit mass of MgCl2 = Atomic mass of Mg + 2 × Atomic mass of Cl
= 24 + 2 × 35.5
= 95 u

Example 12 :

Calculate the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate (K2CO3 ).

(Given : Atomic mass : K = 39 u; C = 12 u and O = 16 u)

Solution :
Formula unit mass = Mass of 2 K atoms + Mass of 1 C atom + Mass of 3 O atoms
= 2 × 39 + 12 × 1 + 3 × 16
= 78 + 12 + 48
= 138 u
Thus, the formula unit mass of potassium carbonate = 138 u.
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
22 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

Try Yourself
16. What is the atomic weight of oxygen?
(1) 14 u (2) 15 u
(3) 16 u (4) 17 u
17. How many number of gram atoms are present in 80 g of calcium?
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 1
18. What will be the formula unit mass of KCl?
(1) 75 u (2) 74.5 u
(3) 70.5 u (4) 35.5 u
19. What will be the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)?
(1) 189 u (2) 173 u
(3) 180 u (4) 185 u
20. Calculate mass in grams for 3 gram atoms of oxygen.
(1) 50 (2) 45
(3) 49 (4) 48
[Ans. 16(3), 17(1), 18(2), 19(3), 20(4)]

MOLE CONCEPT
During a chemical reaction quantity of a substance can be characterised by its mass or the number of
molecules, taking part in that reaction. As a chemical reaction indicates directly the number of species involved
in the reaction, it is more convenient to refer to quantity of a substance in terms of the number of species
rather than their masses. Hence unit mole was introduced. Word mole was introduced in 1896 by Wilhelm
Ostwald.
A mole can be defined in various ways :
1. Mole in terms of mass :
A mole of an atom is defined as that amount of the substance which has mass equal to its gram atomic
mass i.e., atomic mass expressed in grams.
or
It is equal to one gram atom of an element.
A mole of molecules is defined as that amount of the substance which has mass equal to its gram
molecular mass i.e., molecular mass expressed in grams.
or
It is equal to one gram molecule of the substance.
e.g.,
1 mole of nitrogen (N) atoms = 1 g atom of N = 14.0 g
1 mole of nitrogen (N2) molecules = 1 g molecule of N2 = 28.0 g
1 mole of oxygen (O) atoms = 1 g atom of O = 16.0 g
1 mole of oxygen (O2) molecule = 1 g molecule of O2 = 32.0 g
1 mole of water (H2O) molecule = 1 g molecule of H2O = 18.0 g
Given weight (in grams) w
No. of moles (n) = =
Molecular weight (in grams) M

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 23
Example 13 :

Calculate the number of moles in 100 g of glucose [C6H12O6], given C = 12 amu, H = 1 amu, O = 16 amu.

Solution :
Molecular mass of glucose = M
= 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180 g
w
Number of moles =
M
w = 100 g
M = 180 g
100 5
Number of moles = = = 0.55 mol
180 9

Example 14 :

Calculate the mass of 4 moles of aluminium atom.

(Atomic mass of Al = 27 amu)

Solution :

We have,

w
Number of moles =
M
Number of moles = 4
w = ?, M = 27 g
So, w = Number of moles × M
= 4 × 27 = 108 g

2. Mole in terms of number :

A mole of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) is defined as that amount of the substance which contains
same number of particles as there are C-12 atoms in 12 g of carbon.
or
A mole of particles is that amount of the substance which contains particles equal to the Avogadro’s number.
Avogadro’s number = NA = 6.022 × 1023 particles.
e.g.,
1 mole of N atoms = 14.0 g = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
1 mole of N2 molecules = 28.0 g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
Number of molecules or atoms or electrons (N)
Number of moles (n) =
Avogadro number (NA )

N
 n=
NA

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
24 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

1 mole of
carbon atom
6.022 × 1023 atoms 12 g of carbon
of C

1 mole of
hydrogen atom
6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 g of H atom
of H

1 mole of any particle

(atoms, molecules, ions)
23
6.022 × 10 number Relative mass of those
of that particle particles in grams

1 mole of
molecule
23
6.022 × 10 numbers Molecular mass in
of molecules grams

Fig. : Relationship between mole, Avogadro number and mass

Example 15 :

Calculate the number of moles for 12.044 × 1023 number of He atoms.

Solution :

1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 particles

Given number of particles (atoms or molecules)

Thus, number of moles = Avogadro's number

12.044  1023
=
6.022  1023

= 2 mol

Example 16 :

How many molecules and atoms of sulphur are present in 0.1 mole of S8 molecule?

Solution :

1 mole of S8 molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecules.

 0.1 mole of S8 molecule = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.1
= 6.022 × 1022 molecules.
One molecule of S8 contains = 8 atoms of S.
 6.022 × 1022 molecules will contain = 6.022 × 1022 × 8
= 4.816 × 1023 atoms.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 25
3. Concept of Molar mass :
The mass of 1 mole of the substance is called Molar mass of that substance.

For atomic substance, Molar mass (M) = gram atomic mass

For molecular substance, Molar mass (M) = gram molecular mass

e.g.,

Molar mass of iron (Fe) = 56 g mol–1

Molar mass of H2 = 2.0 g mol–1

Molar mass of O2 = 32.0 g mol–1

ZONE
One day on the tonight show, Jay Leno showed a classified add that read: “Do you have mole
problems? If so, call Avogadro at 602-1023.”

Summary of the relations :

Mass of element (in g)

Mole of atoms =
Atomic mass
Atomic mass
Mass of one atom =
6.022  1023
One mole of molecule = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = Gram molecular mass of the substance

Mass of compound (in g)

Moles of a compound =
Molecular mass
Molecular mass
Mass of one molecule =
6.022 × 1023

Knowledge Cloud
Some important conversions :

(i) To convert given mass (in grams) into moles.

Given mass in gram w

Number of moles (n) = =
Molar mass M
(ii) To convert given number of moles into grams.

w=n×M
(iii) To convert given number of moles of atoms into number of atoms.
Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro’s number.
N = n × NA
(iv) To convert number of moles of molecules into number of molecules (N)
N = n × NA

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
26 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

(v) To convert given number of atoms or molecules into moles.

Number of molecules or atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro’s number
N
Therefore, number of moles (n) 
NA
w N
So, overall n  M  N moles
A

Some more numericals based on above relations.

Example 17 :

Calculate the number of particles in 0.1 mole of C-atoms.

Solution :
We have,
Number of particles = Number of moles × 6.022 × 1023
= 0.1 × 6.022 × 1023
= 6.022 × 1022 particles

Example 18 :

Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8 ) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.

Solution :
Given  w = 16 g
Atomic mass of S = 32 amu
Molar mass of S8 = 32 × 8 = 256 g
So, number of molecules (N) = number of moles × 6.022 × 1023

w
Number of moles =
M
w
So, N =  6.022  1023
M
16
=  6.022  1023
256
 N = 3.763 × 1022 molecules

Example 19 :

Calculate the number of moles in 22 grams of CO2.

Solution :
Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g

Mass of CO2
Number of moles =
Molecular mass of CO2

22 1
   0.5 mol
44 2
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 27
Example 20 :

Express 1 mole of oxygen (O2) in different ways.

Solution :
1 mole of oxygen can be represented in the following ways :
(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen.
(ii) 2 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen.
(iii) 32 g of oxygen.
(iv) 2 mole atoms of oxygen.
(v) 1 g molecule of oxygen.

Example 21 :

How many moles are present in 5 g of calcium?

Solution :
Gram atomic mass of calcium = 40 g
Mass of element (in grams)
Number of moles of Ca atom =
Gram atomic mass of element
5 1
=  = 0.125 mol
40 8
Thus, 5 g of calcium contain 0.125 mole of calcium.

Example 22 :

If one mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in gram) of 1 atom of carbon?

Solution :
1 mole of carbon has 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
1 mole of carbon atom weighs 12 grams
6.022 × 1023 atoms of carbon has mass = 12 g

12
So, 1 atom of carbon has mass = g
6.022  1023
= 1.99 × 10–23 g

Try Yourself
21. The number of molecules in 4 g of oxygen molecules is
(1) 6.022 × 1023 molecules (2) 7.528 × 1022 molecules
(3) 1.201 × 1022 molecules (4) 2.446 × 1020 molecules
22. The mass of 3 moles of ethanol (C2H5OH) is
(1) 138 g (2) 40 g
(3) 146 g (4) 100 g

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
28 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

23. The mass of one molecule of a substance is 5.32 × 10–23 g. What is its molecular mass?
(1) 23 g (2) 42 g
(3) 32 g (4) 60 g
24. The mass (in g) of 0.2 mole of water (H2O) is
(1) 3.8 g (2) 4.8 g

(3) 9.4 g (4) 3.6 g

25. How many moles are there in 5 g of sodium?

(1) 8.23 moles

(2) 0.217 moles

(3) 9.26 moles

(4) 0.176 moles

[Ans. 21(2), 22(1), 23(3), 24(4), 25(2)]

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule is the percent of the total mass of the molecule which is
due to that atom. It is a relative measure of each different element present in the compound.

Total mass of atom

Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule = × 100
Molecular mass

Example 23 :

Find the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate.

Solution :
Molecular weight of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) = 40 + 12 + (16 × 3)
= 100 u
Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u

40
 Percentage of Ca =  100  40%
100

Example 24 :

Calculate percentage of sulphur in sulphuric acid (Given atomic mass of S = 32, H = 1, O = 16).

Solution :
Molecular weight of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) = (1 × 2) + 32 + (16 × 4)
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98 u

32
% of sulphur =  100  32.65%
98

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 29
QUICK RECAP
1. Law of conservation of mass : During a chemical change, the sum of masses of reactants and products
remains unchanged.
2. Law of definite proportions : In a compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by
mass.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of the element that may or may not exist independently and takes part
in a chemical reaction.
4. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of
carbon-12.
5. Relative atomic mass of the atom is defined as the average mass of the atom, as compared to 1/12th the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
6. Units of atomic mass : Unit of atomic mass is abbreviated as amu or u, where ‘u’ means unified mass.
7. A molecule is the smallest particle of the element or a compound capable of independent existence under
ordinary conditions.
8. Atomicity : The total number of atoms constituting a molecule is called its atomicity, e.g.,

Name of Molecule Atomicity

Ozone (O3) 3
Oxygen (O2) 2
Sulphur (S8) 8
Helium (He) 1
Chlorine (Cl2) 2
Phosphorus (P4) 4
Nitrogen (N2) 2
Fluorine (F2) 2

9. Ions : Electrically charged chemical species are known as ions.

Ions

Cations Anions
(Positively charged (Negatively charged
species) species)

10. The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element.
11. Gram atomic mass : When atomic mass is expressed in grams, it is called gram atomic mass.
12. Molecular weight or molecular mass : It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule
of the substance.
13. Gram molecular mass : When molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called its
gram molecular mass.

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
30 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

14. A mole of substance represents :

™ 6.022 × 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number)
™ 1 gram atom of an element
™ 1 gram molecule of a substance
™ 1 gram formula of an ionic substance
15. Application of mole concept
This concept is used to calculate :
™ Absolute mass of an atom or a molecule
™ Number of atoms or molecules present in a given mass of a substance
™ Mass of a given number of atoms or molecules
™ Molar mass

Total mass of element

16. Percentage composition of an element in a molecule =  100
Molecular mass

‰ ‰ ‰

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Assignment
12. What is the number of water molecules contained
SECTION-A in a drop of water weighing 0.06 g?

Very Short Answer Type Questions : 13. How many moles of O2 are there in 1.20 × 1022
oxygen molecules?
1. Name the scientist who gave the atomic theory of
matter. 14. Calculate the mass in grams of 0.2 moles of water
(H2O).
2. Name the ancient Indian philosopher who
suggested that all matter is composed of small Short Answer Type Questions :
particles.
1. State the main points of Dalton’s atomic theory of
3. Give the name of any one law of chemical
matter.
combination.
2. State the two laws of chemical combination.
4. What do we call the positive ions?

5. Give the major drawback of Dalton’s atomic theory. 3. Dalton’s atomic theory says that atoms are
indivisible. Is this statement still valid? Give
6. Identify diatomic molecules from the following :
reasons for your answer.
(i) HCl
4. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
(ii) P4 Calculate its gram molecular mass. (C = 12 u,
(iii) He H = 1 u, O = 16 u)

(iv) O3 5. What do you understand by the terms?

(v) H2 (i) Atom
(vi) CO
(ii) Molecule
7. Define law of conservation of mass.
6. State the law of constant proportion. Give one
8. Calculate the number of CaO molecules in 2.8 g example to illustrate this law.
of quicklime.
7. Explain the significance of a chemical formula.
9. How does molar mass differ from formula unit mass?
8. Define the term “Molecular mass”.
10. What is the mass in grams of 3 moles of nitrogen
atoms? 9. Define “Gram atomic mass”. What is the gram
11. Calculate the number of iron atoms in a piece of atomic mass of (i) Hydrogen atom and (ii) Oxygen
iron weighing 2.8 g. (Atomic mass of iron = 56 u) atom?

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
32 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

10. Calculate the number of moles and molecules in

SECTION-B
10 g of the following compounds :

(i) CH4 Objective Type Questions :

(ii) C6H12O6 1. The smallest particle of a pure substance showing

all its properties
11. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 2.57 ×
(1) Is always an atom
10–6 g of hydrogen?
(2) Is always a molecule
12. Find the percentage composition of Na, S and O
in sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3). (3) Is an electron
(4) May be an atom or a molecule
Long Answer Type Questions :
2. Which of the following is an incorrect statement for
1. What is the mass of an element?
(i) 1 atom of nitrogen? (1) A substance with only one kind of atoms
(ii) 4 atoms of aluminium?
(2) A substance containing two or more kind of
(iii) 10 gram molecules of sodium sulphite atoms
(Na2SO3)?
(3) A substance with constant boiling point
2. (i) Define formula unit. Calculate the formula unit
(4) A substance with a definite melting point
mass of Na 2 CO 3 . (Given atomic mass :
Na = 23 u, C = 12 u, O = 16 u) 3. Divide a piece of ice into two halves, divide it further
and keep on dividing it many times. The smallest
(ii) Give any three differences between atom and
piece of ice that you can get by this division is
molecule.
(1) An atom (2) Dry ice
3. 15.9 gram of copper sulphate and 10.6 g of
sodium carbonate were made to react with each (3) A crystal (4) A molecule
other. As a result 14.2 g sodium sulphate and 12.3 4. When elements form compounds they become
g of copper carbonate were formed. Show that stable by
these results are in agreement with the law of
(1) Increasing the energy content
conservation of mass.
4. What is the mass of (2) Decreasing the energy content

(i) 1 mole of nitrogen atom? (3) Mutual repulsion

(ii) 4 moles of aluminium atoms? (4) Becoming inert matter

(iii) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)? 5. An elementary particle is

5. The mass of a single atom of an element X is 2.65 (1) An element present in a compound
× 10–23 g. What is its gram atomic mass? What (2) An atom present in an element
could this element be?
(3) A fragment of an atom
6. Write the ions present in following compounds and
valency of atoms/ions : (4) A sub-atomic particle

(i) CaCl2 6. Which of the following is an element?

(ii) NaCl (1) Glucose

(iii) AlCl3 (2) Ammonia
(iv) Na2CO3 (3) Carbon dioxide
(v) CuSO4 (4) Chromium

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I) Atoms and Molecules 33
7. Two gaseous samples of a compound were 14. The molecular mass of ethane (C2H6) is
analysed. One contained 1.2 g of carbon and
(1) 32 u (2) 31 u
3.2 g of oxygen. The other contained 27.3% carbon
and 72.7% oxygen. The experimental data is in (3) 30 u (4) 35 u
accordance with 15. Which of the following pair exists in free state?
(1) Law of conservation of mass (1) H & He (2) Ar & O
(2) Law of definite proportion
(3) Ne & N (4) He & Ne
(3) Law of reciprocal proportion
16. If one mole of nitrogen molecules weighs 28 g, the
(4) Law of multiple proportions mass of one molecule of nitrogen in grams is
8. Concept of an element was given by (1) 1.264 × 1022 g (2) 1.298 × 1020 g
(1) Boyle (2) Democritus (3) 6.023 × 1023 g (4) 4.649 × 10–23 g
(3) Dalton (4) Lavoisier 17. Calculate the mass of 6.022 × 1023 molecules of N2.
9. Which of the following illustrates the law of
(1) 96 g (2) 42 g
conservation of mass?
(3) 89 g (4) 28 g
(1) Mixing of 10 g of sulphur and 2 g of sand does
not show a change in mass 18. What is the mass in grams of 3 moles of N?

(2) The mass of platinum wire before and after (1) 86 g (2) 92 g
heating remains constant
(3) 42 g (4) 102 g
(3) 2.2 g of propane and 8 g of oxygen produce
19. How many atoms are there in 10 g of Ne?
10.2 g of gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide
and water vapours (1) 6.35 × 10–23 (2) 3.011 × 1023

(4) 2.8 g of CO and 1.6 g of oxygen gives 3 g (3) 4.98 × 1023 (4) 6.022 × 1023
of CO2 20. The number of atoms of oxygen present in
10. The cation of an element has 0.2 moles of Na2CO3 will be
(1) The same number of electrons as its neutral (1) 6.02 × 1022 (2) 12.04 × 1022
atom
(3) 3.613 × 1023 (4) 31.8 × 1024
(2) More electrons than its neutral atom
21. The mass of one molecule of water is
(3) Less proton than its neutral atom approximately
(4) Less electrons than its neutral atom (1) 2.98 × 10–23 g (2) 18 g
11. The element having atomicity four is most likely to
(3) 1.5 × 10–23 g (4) 4.5 × 10–23 g
be
22. Which of the following represents 1 g molecule of
(1) Argon (2) Fluorine
the substance?
(3) Phosphorus (4) Calcium
(1) 6.02 × 1024 molecules of NH3
12. The Latin name of potassium is
(2) 4 g of helium gas
(1) Ferrum (2) Cuprum
(3) 40 g of calcium oxide
(3) Natrium (4) Kalium
(4) 127 g of iodine gas
13. The atomicity of ozone, sulphur and argon is
respectively 23. The mass of 0.5 moles of sucrose (C12H22O11) is

(1) 8, 3, 1 (2) 1, 8, 3 (1) 171 g (2) 145 g

(3) 3, 8, 1 (4) 8, 1, 3 (3) 342 g (4) 125 g

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
34 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-I)

24. Which has the highest mass? 29. Important information required to write a chemical
formula is/are
(1) 50 g of iron
(2) 1.5 moles of N2 (1) Symbols

(3) 0.1 g atom of Ba (atomic mass = 137 amu) (2) Valency

(4) 1023 atoms of carbon (3) Number of electrons in the atom

25. The number of atoms in 20 g of SO3 is approximately (4) Both (1) & (2)

(1) 1 × 1023 (2) 1.5 × 1023 30. The mass of 10 molecules of naphthalene (C10H8) is
(3) 2 × 1023 (4) 6 × 1023 (1) 2.12 × 10–22 g
26. What weight in grams is represented by 1.5 moles (2) 2.12 × 10–21 g
of sulphur dioxide?
(3) 2.12 × 10–23 g
(1) 60 g (2) 140 g
(4) 1280 g
(3) 96 g (4) 91 g
31. Suppose the chemists would have chosen 1020 as
27. A chemical formula represents the number of particles in a mole, the mass of 1
(1) Composition of a compound mole of oxygen gas would be
(2) Composition of a molecule (1) 5.32× 10–43 g (2) 5.32× 10–3 g
(3) Composition of an atom (3) 5.32 × 10–23 g (4) 5.32 × 103 g
(4) All of these 32. One million atoms of silver (Atomic mass = 107.81 u)
28. Valency of an atom is/does not have atomic weight

(1) Its combining power to form a compound (1) 1.79 × 10–16 g

(2) Indicate the formula of a compound (2) 3.58 × 10–16 g

(3) Always 1 (3) 3.58 × 10–6 g

(4) All of these (4) 1.79 × 10–23 g

‰ ‰ ‰

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 CHAPTER 3
Atoms and Molecules THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
z The Laws of Multiple Proportions

z Mole Concept

z Application of Mole in Solution

THE LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
¾ Molarity of a Solution
This law was given by Dalton (1803). It states that
“when two elements A and B are combine to form ¾ Molality of a Solution
more than one compounds, the weights of A which
combine with a fixed weight of B are in the ¾ Mole Fraction
proportions of whole numbers.”
For example - z Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
Nitrogen forms 5 types of oxides : These are N2O,
z Calculations Involving Limiting Reagent
NO, N2O3, N2O4 and N2O5. It is evident that the
amount of oxygen which combines with 28 g of z Assignment
nitrogen by weight increases in a series as 16, 32,
48, 64 and 80 g respectively. Thus, the amounts of
oxygen reacting with a definite amount of nitrogen
(28 g) are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5.

MOLE CONCEPT
1. Mole in terms of mass
2. Mole in terms of number
3. Mole in terms of volume
In case of gaseous substances, it is found that Avogadro’s number of molecules of any gases occupy
the same volume, i.e., 22.4 litres. at STP (standard temperature and pressure i.e., 0° C and 1 atm
pressure). Hence, one mole of a gaseous substance is defined as that amount of the substance which
has volume equal to 22,400 mL or 22.4 L at STP conditions.
Thus,
1 mole of N2 gas = 28 g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 22.4 L at STP
1 mole of CO2 gas = 44 g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = 22.4 L at STP
Given volume (in L)
Number of moles (n ) =
22.4 (L)
V
= (in L)
22.4
V
= in mL
22400
So overall
V w N
n= = =
22.4 M NA

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
36 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

Example 1 :

Calculate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 11.2 litre of oxygen at STP.

Solution :
One mole of O2 at STP = 22.4 L
11.2
11.2 L of O2 at STP contains = = 0.5 mol
22.4
Now,
1 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
0.5 mole of O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.5 molecules
= 3.011 × 1023 molecules
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms of O
3.011 × 1023 molecules of O2 = 3.011 × 1023 × 2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms

Example 2 :

The mass of 94.5 mL of a gas at STP is found to be 0.2231 g. Calculate its molecular mass.

Solution :
We have,
V (in mL) w
Number of moles n  =
22400 M
w × 22400 0.2231 × 22400
Molar mass = M = =  52.88 gmol–1
V (in mL) 94.5
Molecular mass = 52.88 u

4. Concept of Molar volume :

The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is always same and equal to 22400 mL or 22.4 L
or 22.4 dm3. This volume is called molar volume or gram molecular volume.
e.g.,
1 mole of oxygen (O2) = 22.4 dm3 of oxygen at STP
To convert given number of moles into volume
V (in L)
n=
22.4(L)

APPLICATION OF MOLE IN SOLUTION

Molarity of a Solution

It is the number of moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution.
It is represented as M.
Moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (in litres)

n
M where, n = Number of mole of solute
V
V = Volume of solution (in litre)

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II) Atoms and Molecules 37
If weight of solute is given

w
M where, w = Weight of solute
Mw  V
Mw = Molecular weight of solute
V = Volume of solution in litre
Unit of molarity is moles per litre or mol L–1.
The symbol M is used for mol L–1.
If volume of solution is in mL

w  1000
M=
Mw  V(in mL)

n
M  1000 mol/L
V

Note : Molarity can be directly calculated from % strength if density is known

% by weight  10  d
Molarity 
GMM
where d is the density and GMM is gram molecular mass.

Example 3 :

2 g of sodium hydroxide (molar mass = 40 gmol–1) is dissolved in water and the solution is made to 100 mL
in a volumetric flask. Calculate the molarity of the solution.

Solution :

Mass of NaOH
Number of moles of NaOH =
Molar mass of NaOH
2 1
n= = = 0.05
40 20
n
M ×1000
V (in mL)

0.05
M × 1000 = 0.5 M
100

Example 4 :

How many moles of HCl are present in 250 mL of 0.5 M HCl solution?

Solution :

n
M × 1000
V (in mL)

M V 0.5 × 250 5
n = = = 0.125 mol
1000 1000 40

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
38 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

Molarity Equation :
To calculate the volume of a definite molarity of a solution, it is required to prepare a solution of different molarity
for this purpose, we can use the relation.
M1V1 = M2V2

where, M1 = Initial molarity

M2 = Molarity of new solution
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Volume of new solution
This is known as molarity equation and is commonly used to calculate the molarity of solution after dilution
and the amount of acid or base required to neutralise the given solution of acid or base.

Molality of a Solution
It is the number of moles of the solute dissolved per 1000 g or 1 kg of the solvent.
It is denoted by ‘m’.
Moles of solute
Molality (m) = Weight of solvent (in kg)

n
m
w (in kg)
where, n = number of moles of solute
w = weight of solvent
If weight of solvent in gram
n
m  1000
w (in g)
Unit of molality is mol/kg or mol kg–1. The symbol m is used to represent molality.

Example 5 :

A solution contains 5 moles of sucrose in 250 g of solvent. Calculate the molality of solution.

Solution :
n
m  1000
w(in gram)
5
m  1000  20 mol kg1
250

Example 6 :

Calculate the molality if 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is dissolved in 75 g of benzene.

Solution :
Weight of solute
No. of moles of ethanoic acid =
Molar mass of solute
2.5
n  0.04 [molar mass of ethanoic acid = 12 + 3 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 1 = 60 g]
60
n 0.04
Molality (m) = × 1000 = × 1000 = 0.533 mol/kg
w (in g) 75

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II) Atoms and Molecules 39
Mole Fraction
It is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all components present
in the solution.
It is denoted by x.
Let us suppose that a solution contains nB moles of solute and nA moles of the solvent.
Then,

nB
Mole fraction of solute (xB) =
nA + nB
nA
Mole fraction of solvent (xA) =
nA + nB
The sum of mole fractions of all the components in solution is always equal to one.
nA nB
x A + xB = + =1
nA + nB nA + nB

 x A =1 – xB

Example 7 :

A solution is prepared by adding 60 g of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) to 120 g of water. Calculate the mole fraction
of methanol and water.
Solution :
Weight of methyl alcohol
Number of moles of solute (methyl alcohol) = Molar mass of methyl alcohol

60
nB   1.875 mol [∵ molar mass of CH3OH = 12 + 3 + 16 + 1 = 32 g]
32

Weight of water
nA 
Molar mass of water

120
  6.667 mol
18
nA + nB = 1.875 + 6.667
= 8.542 mol

1.875
(Mole fraction of solute) xB   0.220
8.542
(Mole fraction of solvent) xA = 1 – xB = 1 – 0.220 = 0.780
OR

6.667
Mole fraction of solvent XA =
8.542

= 0.78
Mole fraction of solute = 1 – 0.78
= 0.22

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
40 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

E tra Sho s
™ Molarity of a solution changes with temperature due to accompanied changes in volume of the solution.

™ Molality and mole fraction do not change with temperature.

CALCULATIONS BASED ON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Three types of relationships can be established between the chemical substances involved in the chemical
reaction
(i) Weight : Weight relationship of the reactants and the products.
(ii) Weight : Volume relationship in the reactions involving at least one gaseous substance.
(iii) Volume : Volume relationship in case of reactions involving all gaseous substances.

Calculations Based on Weight-Weight Relationship

Example 8 :

Calculate the weight of Zn required for the liberation of 10 g of H2 gas, on its reaction with dil HCl.
[molar mass (M) of Zn = 65.4 g/mol]

Solution :

10
Number of moles of H2 gas  5 mol
2
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑
1 mol 1 mol
5 mol 5 mol
Number of moles of Zn = 5 mol
Weight of Zn required = 5 × 65.4 = 327 g

Calculations Based on Weight-Volume Relationship

Example 9 :

Calculate the weight of NaHCO3 to be dissociated to give 0.56 L of CO2 gas.

[Molar mass (M) of NaHCO3 = 84 g/mol]

Solution :

V 0.56 1
Number of moles of CO2    mol
22.4 22.4 40

2NaHCO3   Na2 CO3  H2 O  CO 2
(2 mole NaHCO3) (1 mole CO2)

1 1
2 mol mol
40 40

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II) Atoms and Molecules 41
Given mass (w)
Number of moles 
Molar mass (M)

2 1
w  MNaHCO3   84  4.2 g
40 20

Calculations Based on Volume-Volume Relationship

Example 10 :

Calculate the volume of CO gas required to react with oxygen to give 11.2 L of CO2 gas.

Solution :

V 11.2 1
Number of moles of CO2    mol
22.4 22.4 2

2CO + O2  2CO2

2 mol 2 mol

1 mol 1 mol

1 1
mole mol
2 2
1
 Volume of CO required = n × 22.4 =   22.4
2

= 11.2 L

CALCULATIONS INVOLVING LIMITING REAGENT

The reactant which is present in lesser quantity, gets totally consumed during the reaction and decides the
amount of products formed in a reaction is called the limiting reagent.
e.g. In the manufacture of water following chemical reaction is involved.
2H2 + O2  2H2O
According to this chemical equation
2 mol of hydrogen gas combines with 1 mol of oxygen gas to form 2 mol of water.
For this reaction, if 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen reacts then hydrogen gets consumed during the
course of reaction and it is considered as limiting reagent and oxygen which is in excess (here 0.5 mol) will
be considered as excess reagent.

Example 11 :

What is the amount of NH3 formed when 14 g of N2 combines with 6 g of H2? Also find the amount of excess
reagent in the reaction.
Solution :
N2 + 3H2 ⎯→ 2NH3
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
28 g 6g 34 g

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
42 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

28 g of N2 reacts with 6 g of H2 to give 34 g of NH3. The amount of nitrogen provided is lesser than that
required for the complete reaction with H2. Hence, N2 is limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent.
As 28 g of N2 formed 34 g of NH3
 14 g of N2 will form 17 g of NH3
As 14 g of N2 reacts with 3 g of H2. So the excess amount of hydrogen = 6 – 3 = 3 g of hydrogen.

‰ ‰ ‰

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Assignment
SECTION-A SECTION-B
Subjective Type Questions : Objective Type Questions :
1. What will be the volume of 6.022 × 1022 molecules 1. Which of the following pairs of compound illustrate
of H2S at STP?
law of multiple proportion?
2. Write the differences between molarity and
(1) KOH, CsOH
molality.
(2) H2O, D2O
3. Define
(i) Molarity (3) Ethane (C2H6), benzene (C6H6)

(ii) Molality (4) KCl, KBr

(iii) Mole fraction 2. Nitrogen forms five stable oxides with formula N2O,
NO, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5. The formation of these
with its unit and formula.
oxides explains fully the
4. How many moles of sulphur are there in 107.1 g of
(1) Law of definite proportions
sulphur? The molecular formula of sulphur is S8 and
the atomic mass of sulphur is 32 u? (2) Law of partial pressure
5. Calculate the molarity of 49% (w/w) aqueous solution (3) Law of multiple proportions
of H2SO4 if density of solution is 0.1 g/cm3.
(4) Law of fixed proportions
6. If 5 L of gas weight 7.14 g at STP, then find out the
molar mass of gas. 3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 20 g NaOH in
distilled water to give 200 mL of solution. Calculate
7. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced from
the molarity of solution
5.6 L of oxygen.
(1) 2.28 M (2) 10.7 M
8. What is the volume of ammonia produced on reacting
10 g of nitrogen with 10 g of hydrogen? (3) 3.65 M (4) 2.5 M
9. Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and 4. Calculate the volume of 10 M HCl solution required
water vapour. Calculate the amount of water formed to prepare 250 mL of a 5 M HCl solution
when 8 g of methane is burnt completely.
(1) 125 mL
10. In the given reaction,
(2) 450 mL
Mg + 2 HCl  MgCl2 + H2 
(3) 515 mL
calculate the volume of hydrogen released from 18g
of magnesium. (4) 700 mL

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
44 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

5. Which of the following is/are correct? 13. When 2 g of KOH is dissolved in 20 g of water, calculate
the molality of solution (molar mass of KOH = 56).
(1) Number of moles of solute in one litre of
solution is molality (1) 1.78 m (2) 2.28 m
(2) Ratio of number of moles of a component to (3) 5.6 m (4) 0.02 m
total number of moles is known as mole 14. Volume of CO2 obtained at STP by the thermal
fraction decomposition of 50 g CaCO3 is
(3) Number of moles of solute in one kilogram of 
(CaCO3   CaO + CO2)
solvent is molarity
(4) All of these are correct (1) 22.4 L (2) 2.24 L

6. The molarity of a solution containing 40 g of NaOH (3) 5.6 L (4) 11.2 L

dissolved in two litre of the solution is 15. The weight of oxygen required for the burning of
(1) 0.5 M (2) 0.2 M 12 g of magnesium ribbon is

(3) 0.05 M (4) 0.01 M (1) 16 g (2) 32 g

7. Which of the following is/are correct? (3) 8 g (4) 48 g

(1) The sum of mole fractions of all the 16. The volume of O2 gas required to react with 5.6 L of
components in a solution is always unity hydrogen gas to give H2O is (at STP conditions)

(2) Mole fraction depends upon temperature (1) 22.4 L (2) 11.2 L

(3) Mole fraction is independent of the temperature (3) 5.6 L (4) 2.8 L

(4) Both (1) & (3) are correct 17. The amount of sulphurous acid formed when 48 g of
sulphur dioxide combines with 9 g of water is
8. The number of moles of sodium chloride present
in 250 mL of a 0.50 M NaCl solution is (1) 41 g (2) 82 g

(1) 0.125 mol (2) 0.150 mol (3) 98 g (4) 57 g

(3) 0.075 mol (4) 0.02 mol 18. The ratio of volume of carbon monoxide to that of
sulphur dioxide gas at S.T.P. is
9. The moles of sodium chloride in 500 ml of 0.25 M
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 7 : 16
NaCl are
(3) 2 : 3 (4) 5 : 6
(1) 0.250 mol (2) 2 mol
19. Consider the following reaction
(3) 0.125 mol (4) 1.0 mol
2A + B + 3C  A2BC3
10. Concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in normal blood
is approximately 90 g in 100 mL. What is the If 6 moles of A reacts with 4 moles of B and 8 moles
molarity of glucose solution in blood? of C, then

(1) 5 M (2) 0.005 M (1) 2.66 moles of A2BC3 are formed

(3) 0.05 M (4) 1 M (2) A is the limiting reagent

11. When 5 g of glucose is dissolved in 40 g of water, (3) Whole B is consumed

calculate mole fraction of glucose. (Molar mass of (4) 1 mole of A2BC3 is formed
glucose = 180 g)
20. For the formation of 7.30 g of hydrogen chloride gas,
(1) 0.0123 (2) 0.0163 the volumes of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas
(3) 1.8 (4) 0.0277 required at S.T.P conditions respectively are

12. 4 L of water is added to 2 L of 6 M HCl. What is (1) 1.12 L and 1.12 L

the molarity of the final solution? (2) 11.2 L and 1.12 L
(1) 3 M (2) 2 M (3) 2.24 L and 2.24 L
(3) 5 M (4) 1 M (4) 2.24 L and 22.4 L

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
 Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II) Atoms and Molecules 45

SECTION-C SECTION-D
Assertion & Reason Type Questions : Match the Columns Type Questions :
In the following questions, a statement of 1. Match the following :
assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Column-I Column-II
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the a. Compound (i) Carbon
reason is the correct explanation of the b. Atom (ii) Calcium carbonate
assertion, then mark (1). c. Molecule (iii) Soil
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the d. Mixture (iv) Oxygen
reason is not the correct explanation of the (1) a(ii), b(i), c(iv), d(iii) (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
assertion, then mark (2). (3) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is 2. Match the following :
false, then mark (3). Column-I Column-II
a. Sodium (i) K
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false
statements, then mark (4). b. Potassium (ii) Cu
c. Copper (iii) Fe
1. A : Molecule is the smallest particle of a
d. Iron (iv) Na
compound which exists freely.
(1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (2) a(iv), b(i), c(ii), d(iii)
R : Atom is the smallest particle which takes part
(3) a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i) (4) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
in the chemical reaction.
3. Match the following :
2. A : Chemical formula is the symbolic
Column-I Column-II
representation of the composition of a
compound. (Compound) (Formula)

R : H2O is the chemical formula of water. a. Sodium sulphate (i) ZnCO3

b. Hydrogen sulphide (ii) CaS
3. A : 18 grams of water vapour and 18 grams of ice
will not contain the same number of c. Zinc carbonate (iii) Na2CO3
molecules. d. Sodium carbonate (iv) Na2SO4
R : Number of molecules present in a compound e. Calcium sulphide (v) H2S
are temperature and pressure dependent. (1) a(iv), b(v), c(i), d(ii), e(iii)
4. A : Atomic mass of Mg is 24. (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv), e(v)
(3) a(v), b(iv), c(i), d(iii), e(ii)
R : An atom of magnesium is 24 times heavier
1 (4) a(iv), b(v), c(i), d(iii), e(ii)
then th of the mass of carbon atom C-12. 4. Match the following :
12
5. A : 32 g of O 2 and 48 g of O 3 contain equal Column-I Column-II
number of free particles. a. 32 g of sulphur (i) 6.022 × 1023
dioxide (SO2) molecules
R : 1 mole of molecules is always double than
1 mole of atoms in all molecules. b. 1.8 g of water (H2O) (ii) 6.022 × 1022
molecules
6. A : The standard unit for expressing the mass of
atoms is amu. 1
c. 17 g of ammonia (iii) mole
2
R : amu stands for mass of 1 atom of carbon. (NH3)
7. A : Both 32 g of SO2 and 8 g of CH4 contain same d. 11 g of carbon (iv) 5.6 L
number of molecules. dioxide (CO2)
R : Equal moles of two compounds contain same (1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (2) a(i), b(iii), c(ii), d(iv)
number of molecules. (3) a(iii), b(ii), c(i), d(iv) (4) a(iii), b(i), c(ii), d(iv)

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
46 Atoms and Molecules Chemistry - Class IX (Level-II)

5. Match the following : (1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (2) a(ii), b(i), c(iv), d(iii)
Column-I Column-II (3) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii)
n 6. Match the following :
a. Molality (i)
Σn
Column-I Column-II
w
b. Molarity (ii) m a. Carbonate (i) CO32
w

w b. Oxide (ii) NO3

c. Mole fraction (iii) M = m × V
w c. Phosphate (iii) N3–
n d. Nitrate (iv) O2–
d. Mole (iv) m =
wA 3
(v) PO4
n = Number of moles 
  (1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(v)
 w = Weight of solute 
m = Molar weight of solute  (2) a(i), b(iv), c(v), d(ii)
 w 
 w A = Weight of solvent  (3) a(i), b(iii), c(ii), d(iv)
 
  n = sum of moles of all components  (4) a(i), b(iv), c(ii), d(iii)

‰ ‰ ‰

Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456