Fibre Migration
Fibre migration in yarn:
Migration occurs during spinning both in staple and filament yarns. The effect of migration is more
pronounced in staple yarn than in filament yarn. The migration of fibre affects many properties of
yarn. Mainly it affects yarn strength & elongation. In ring spinning the outside fibres (in figure
ABC, G,I,H) are in greater tension as they follow a longer path. Whereas the fibres, which stay at
centre (D.E.F) follow a straight path and remain at lower tension.
The outer fibres lend to move toward centre of low tension zone and the centre fibres try to move
outside. This displacement of fibres during spinning is called fibre migration. According to textile
institute “The change in distance of a fibre or filament from the axis of a yarn during production
is called fibre migration”.
The parameters on which the fibre migration depends on :
1. Staple length of fibre.
2. Tension.
3. Modulus
4. Mode of spinning.
5. Form of ribbon on ring frame.
If the staple length of fibre is more, migration will also be more. If the yarn is in tension the fibres
in yarn will migration more. Mode of spinning also affect fibre migration. In ring spinning fibre
migration is more. Whereas in rotor yarn, the strength of yarn is 15-20% less than that of ring yarn.
So here fibre migration is very less.
Ideal migration in yarn:
The ideal helical geometry can be modified to take account of migration in a manner described by
Hearle, Gupta and Merchant. (The ideal migration pattern is defined as one in which the fibre
migrates regularly and uniformly from the outside to the centre of the yarn and them back to
outside in such a way that the density of packing of fibres in the yarn is constant throughout the
yarn).
If we imagine a length of yarn divided up into cylindrical zones with increments of radius “dr’
then the length of fibre “dq” crossing each zone must be proportional to the volume of the zone.
Now volume of the zone 2rdr
dq
and length of the fibre crossing each zone ( dr ) dr
dq
So ( dr ) r
This relation will be satisfied if r2 varies linearly with q
Measurement of migration:
In order to study migration behavior, it is necessary to have a technique for following the path of
individual fibre in yarn. For this many scientist carried out different technique which are mentioned
below:
1. Gupta carried out mathematical analysis for migration.
2. Morton and yen invented tracer fibre technique to measure migration. They studied it for staple
fibre yarns like cotton. rayon and nylon.
r
3. Riding took the measurement as relative radial position (R ) by projection microscope the
applied the technique to continuous filament yarns containing one coloured filament
Tracer Fibre Technique:
Tracer fibre technique was developed by Morton and Yen. Here a small proportion of coloured
fibre (less than 1%) is added to the stock from which the yarn is spun. It is essential that the
properties of the coloured fibres, should be identical or almost identical with those of the main
stock of un coloured (bright) fibres then the coloured and un coloured fibres are twisted together
to form yarn. This yarn is immersed in a liquid of the same refractive index as the fibres. As a
result the uncoloured fibres in yarn become almost transparent, whereas the coloured fibres can be
seen easily.
Here the coloured fibre is called tracer fibre.
Now the fibre in yarn is observed in a micro projection and thus the migration is measured.
Let.
R = radius of yarn
r = distance of coloured filament from the centre of yarn so we get,
bu be
b
r 2 f
R = bu be
2
by the above equation we can measure migration of an individual fibre in yarn.
When r-R; it is said that there is no migration. But hearle and Gupta said that this r/R ratio is not
acceptable, Because a yarn may not be uniform. It may have thick and thin places. So “r” and “R”
may be changed from place to place of the yarn.
Riding’s Experiment:
Riding used a different technique to estimate the measurement of migration. He did it by measuring
relative radial positions.
Figure: The tracer filament apparatus and measurement by riding
He used the liquid in which the yarn is immersed and when had the same refractive index as that
of viscose and nylon i.e. continuous filament yarn)
Riding experiment is shown in picture above. He used a mirror o carry out the experiment for
analytical analysis. He has used one black filament in the yarn to study the migration behavior. He
carried out measurements at a interval of hata turn of twist and 200 such measurements.
were taken to get the result.
Now,
r 2 x2 y 2
r2
R2
r x2 y 2
R R2 R2
2
r x2 y2
R dx dy
2 2
2 2
2
r 4x2 4 y 2
R dx 2 dy 2
r
2 x 2 y 2
4
R
dx dy
2
x y
2
r
2 ................ 1
R dx dy
r
From the above ratio of he measured the amount of migration of
R
of migration of filament in yarn.
Condition for migration to occur in yarn :
Let.
z = an element of length of ply yarn formed by twisting 7 single yarns.
= helix angle, between axis of ply yarn formed by twsists7 single yarns.
Ty = Twisting tension.
Suppose the twisting tension has a value ----- such that z equals the length of single yarns (as
measured under zero tension) fed through the rollers. We them have.
Length of path in outer layer = z sec-------(i)
= sec-----1 --- (2)
and tension in each yarn in outer in layer --- (sec --1)
where, is the yarn tension/yarn fractional extension. Each of the six yarns in outer layer will
contribute a component (sec-1) cos to the tension along the ply yarn axis, and since the core
'
Ty = 6 (sce-1)cos
Ty 6 1 cos ........3
'
'
If the twisting tension (Ty) is greater than Ty all the component yarns must be extended still more.
Consequently the core yarn will be under tension and migration will not occur.
'
If the twisting tension (Ty) is less than Ty he outer filament must be under a smaller tension, and
the length of the ply yarn formed must be less than the lengths of single yarn supplied.
Thus migration will not occure when the twisting tension
Ty >6 (1-cos) and it will occur when Ty <6 (1-cos).
