Research and Development Series 10/01

Wind Energy Development in

Northern Ireland's Landscapes
Supplementary Planning Guidance to Accompany Planning
Policy Statement 18 'Renewable Energy'

August 2010

Image: Catherine Snijder

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Research and Development Series 10/01

A report commissioned by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency

WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN IRELAND’S

LANDSCAPES:
Supplementary Planning Guidance to accompany Planning
Policy Statement 18 ‘Renewable Energy’

This report should be cited as follows: Northern Ireland Environment

Agency (2010), Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s
Landscapes: Supplementary Planning Guidance to accompany Planning
Policy Statement 18 ‘Renewable Energy’. NIEA Research and
Development Series No 10/01, Belfast.

Contractors: Julie Martin Associates in association with Alison Farmer

Associates, Minogue & Associates and ERA-Maptec Ltd.

Authors: Principal Author – Julie Martin with contributions by Alison Farmer

and Ruth Minogue.

Editors: Joyce McCormick, Mark Hammond, Susanna Allen and Stephen

Hamilton.

For further information on this report please contact:

Joyce McCormick or Mark Hammond

Address: Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Department of the

Environment Northern Ireland, Klondyke Building, Cromac Avenue, Gasworks
Business Park, Lower Ormeau Road, BELFAST, BT7 2JA
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: 00 44 (0)28 90569579
Fax: 00 44 (0)28 90569624
Textphone: 00 44 (0)28 90540642
Website address: http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/

This document may be made available in alternative formats, please

contact us to discuss your requirements.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Preamble
The Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) is an agency of the
Department of the Environment. The aim of NIEA is to protect, conserve and
promote our natural environment and built heritage and to contribute to the
protection and improvement of human health for the benefit of present and
future generations.

The Department’s responsibilities include the protection, conservation and

enhancement of the landscape assets of Northern Ireland. In carrying out
these responsibilities the Department designates areas of special landscape
value, recognises the importance of local variations in landscape character,
and advises others on matters relating to landscape conservation and
enjoyment.

The Department, through the planning authority, also has responsibilities to

plan and manage development in ways which balance the development
needs of the region with the protection of the environment. The Department’s
Planning Policy Statement 18: Renewable Energy (PPS18) and the Best
Practice Guidance to Planning Policy Statement 18: Renewable Energy aim to
facilitate the siting of renewable energy generating facilities in appropriate
locations within the built and natural environment in order to achieve Northern
Ireland’s renewable energy targets and to realise the benefits of renewable
energy.

To complement PPS18 NIEA commissioned the independent consultancy firm

Julie Martin Associates, in association with Alison Farmer Associates,
Minogue & Associates and ERA-Maptec Ltd, to prepare landscape guidance
for wind energy development for the whole of Northern Ireland based on
landscape character variations throughout the region. Landscape Character
Areas (LCAs) were previously identified and described in the Northern Ireland
Landscape Character Assessment 2000. The resulting draft guidance
document was published by the Department for public consultation in
February 2008. Taking into account representations made during the public
consultation NIEA has revised this guidance and published it to accompany
PPS18 and the Best Practice Guidance.

It is important to note the purpose and scope of the guidance which is set out
in Section 1. It is intended to provide broad, strategic guidance in relation to
the landscape and visual impacts of wind energy development. Every
development proposal is unique, and there remains a need for detailed
consideration of the landscape and visual impacts of individual applications on
a case by case basis, as well as for consideration of other issues referred to in
PPS18 and other regional policy. This guidance promotes the protection,
management and planning of landscapes as advocated in the European
Landscape Convention (2000) and contributes to commitments in the
Northern Ireland Sustainable Development Strategy.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Contents
Preamble…………………………………………………………..................... 5
Abbreviations………………………………………………………………...… 8

1 Wind Energy Development in the Landscape……………………….. 9

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Guidance…………………………………… 9
1.2 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland………………………. 11
1.3 Northern Ireland’s Landscapes………………………………………… 17

2 Approach and Methodology……………………………………………. 19

2.1 Introduction to the Approach and Methodology……………………….. 19
2.2 Key Terms and Definitions…………………………………………...….. 21
2.3 Sensitivity Assessment…………………………………………………... 21
2.4 Location, Siting, Layout and Design Considerations for each LCA…. 25
2.5 Using the Landscape Assessment Sheets…………………………….. 26
2.5.1 Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values………….. 26
2.5.2 Assessment for Wind Energy Development……………………….. 27

3 Principles…………………………………………………………………... 28
3.1 Principals Affecting Wind Energy Developments in the Landscape… 28
3.2 Cumulative Wind Energy Impacts………………………………………. 38
3.3 Broad Strategic Impacts of Wind Energy Developments in Northern
Ireland’s Distinctive Landscapes………………………………………... 39
3.3.1 The Antrim Plateau……………………………………………………. 39
3.3.2 The North West………………………………………….…………….. 40
3.3.3 Fermanagh…………………………………………………………….. 41
3.3.4 Down…………………………………………………………….……… 42
3.3.5 Lough Neagh Basin…………………………………………………… 43
3.3.6 The Mournes and South Armagh……………………………………. 44

4 Guidance on Preparing Wind Energy Proposals……………………. 46

4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………….……… 46
4.2 Initial Scheme Planning…………………………………………………. 46
4.3 Siting, Layout and Design………………………………………………. 47
4.4 Assessment of Landscape and Visual Impacts…………………….... 52
4.5 Checklists…………………………………………………………………. 56

Annex 1. Sources of Further Technical Advice…………...………….….. 59

Annex 2. Terms and Definitions…………………………………….………. 60

Annex 3. Landscape Assessment Sheets………………………............... 62

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Figures
Figure 1: Northern Ireland’s Landscape Character Areas…………………. 12
Figure 2: Mean Wind Speeds at 75m Above Ground Level……………..... 14
Figure 3: Existing and Proposed Wind Farms October 2007……………... 15
Figure 4: Northern Ireland’s Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty……….. 19

Tables
Table 1: Principle Landscape, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Designations and Recreational Resources Consulted……………………… 20
Table 2: Criteria for Assessing Landscape Sensitivity to Wind Energy
Development…………………………………………………………………….. 22
Table 3: General Principles: Wind Energy Development and Landscape.. 28
Table 4: General Principles: Sensitivity, Opportunities and Challenges in
Different Landscapes…………………………………………………………… 33
Table 5: Key Principles of Good Siting, Layout and Design……………….. 48
Table 6: Good Practice Requirements for Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment …………………………………………………………………….. 52
Table 7: Checklist of Presentation Material that Should be Provided…….. 56
Table 8: Checklist of Questions………………………………………………. 58

Photographs
Photo 1: Simple strong horizontal landform accommodates larger turbine
groupings………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Photo 2: More complex landform could be ‘flattened’ by larger turbine
groupings……………………………………………………………………………….... 31
Photo 3: Turbines seen with electricity pylons may create visual clutter………… 32
Photo 4: Relationship between turbine and farm buildings and trees reduces
impact…………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Photo 5: Prominence of turbines on scarp can be reduced by setback from
edge………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
Photo 6: Proximity to scale comparators can increase apparent turbine height… 35
Photo 7: Forestry may provide temporary screening………………………………. 36
Photo 8: Turbines on drumlins should avoid tops and not exceed drumlin
height……………………………………………………………………………………... 36
Photo 9: Valleys between upland wind farms are best kept free of commercial
turbines…………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Photo 10: Landmark coastal features and their settings are very sensitive to
turbines…………………………………………………………………………………... 37
Photo 11: Respect settings of areas designated for their scenic quality…………. 50
Photo 12: Ensure that turbines read as a coherent group – this group is too
disparate…………………………………………………………………………………. 50
Photo 13: Try to avoid creating views of blades that can be distracting…………. 51
Photo 14: Steep, highly engineered access tracks should be avoided where
possible…………………………………………………………………………………... 51

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Abbreviations

AOD - Above Ordnance Datum

AoHSV - Areas of High Scenic Value
AONB - Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
ASAI - Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest
ASI - Areas of Scientific Interest
ASQ - Areas of Scenic Quality
ASSI - Areas of Special Scientific Interest
DETI -Department of Enterprise Trade and Investment
DOE - Department of Environment
EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
IUCN - International Union for the Conservation of Nature
LCA - Landscape Character Areas
LVIA - Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
MNR - Marine Nature Reserve
NIEA - Northern Ireland Environment Agency
NNR - National Nature Reserves
NR - Nature Reserves
PPS - Planning Policy Statement
RAMSAR - Convention for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources
SAC - Special Areas of Conservation
SPA - Special Protection Areas
SPG – Strategic Planning Guidance
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
WHS - World Heritage Site
ZTV - Zone of Theoretical Visibility

PPS18 and this SPG have been subjected to an equality impact screening
exercise in line with the statutory obligations contained in Section 75 of the
Northern Ireland Act 1998. The outcome of this exercise indicates that PPS18
and this SPG are unlikely to have significant adverse implications for equality
of opportunity or community relations.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

1 Wind Energy Development in the Landscape

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Guidance

This supplementary planning guidance on wind energy development in
Northern Ireland’s landscapes accompanies the Department of the
Environment’s Planning Policy Statement 18: Renewable Energy (PPS 18) 1.
PPS18 sets out the Department’s planning policy for development that
generates energy from renewable resources and describes the international
and regional context for the evolution of the policy. This guidance shares the
aim of PPS18 to facilitate the siting of renewable energy generating facilities
in appropriate locations within the built and natural environment in order to
achieve Northern Ireland’s renewable energy targets and to realise the
benefits of renewable energy.

This guidance is based on the sensitivity of Northern Ireland’s landscapes to

wind energy development and contains an assessment of each of the 130
Landscape Character Areas (LCAs) in Northern Ireland by referencing the
characteristics and values associated with each LCA. The 130 LCAs are
displayed in Figure 1.

The guidance is intended for use when considering all types and scales of
wind energy development except for development which comes within the
scope of Permitted Development Rights. The guidance is aimed at wind
energy developers and their planning and landscape consultants, other
stakeholders, and at those determining planning applications for wind energy
development. Utilization of the guidance will assist developers in identifying
the locations most suited for wind energy development in landscape and
visual terms. The guidance also provides advice on siting, layout and design
of wind energy proposals. The guidance will be taken into account by the
planning authority as strategic guidance in processing planning applications
for wind energy development.

It is important to note that this supplementary planning guidance is

intended to provide broad, strategic guidance in relation to the
landscape and visual impacts of wind energy development. Every
development proposal is unique, and there remains a need for detailed
consideration of the landscape and visual impacts of individual
applications on a case by case basis, as well as for consideration of
other issues referred to in PPS18 and other regional policy.

1
Planning and Environmental Policy Group (2009) Planning Policy Statement 18: Renewable Energy,
Department of the Environment.
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/policy_publications/planning_statements.htm

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

This guidance:

• Sets out the background to the Landscape Character Areas and special
landscapes of Northern Ireland, and to wind energy development in these
landscapes;
• Explains the approach and methodology that was used in this guidance to
assess wind energy development in relation to the landscape of each
Landscape Character Area;
• Contains general principles and guidance relating to wind energy
development in the landscape and associated sensitivities, opportunities
and challenges. This includes principles and guidance relating to site
selection, siting, layout and design and the assessment of landscape,
visual and cumulative impacts;
• Considers cumulative wind energy development in Northern Ireland’s
distinctive landscapes in October 2007 and highlights landscape issues
that need to be carefully considered in the future;
• Provides practical guidance relating to the use of this guidance and the
preparation and submission of wind energy proposals.

In relation to the landscape assessment sheets for each of the 130

Landscape Character Areas the guidance:

• Describes the key landscape and visual characteristics of each LCA.

• Describes the LCAs sensitivity to wind energy development, taking into
account the different landscape components and attributes that influence
sensitivity to wind energy developments;
• Indicates broad areas that would be most suitable, in landscape and visual
terms, for wind energy development in relation to the character of the local
landscape;
• Indicates some of the landscape challenges and opportunities that should
be taken into account when considering the location, siting, layout and
design for wind energy development proposals; and
• Indicates potential cumulative impacts and transboundary issues in
relation to existing and approved wind energy developments and future
proposals.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

1.2 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland

Wind energy development can usually only occur where wind speeds are
sufficiently fast. Figure 2 shows Northern Ireland’s wind energy resource in
terms of mean wind speeds at 75m above ground level. Further information
on the Region’s sustainable energy resources can be found in the energy
section of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI)
website 2. This information, while not directly used in the preparation of this
guidance, nonetheless indicates the broad distribution of the Region’s wind
resources and the areas that are most likely to be subject to larger scale wind
energy development. It can be seen that the areas of highest wind speed, with
the best wind energy resource, are located mainly in upland areas. A degree
of landscape impact is therefore unavoidable in some of these landscapes.

The locations of operational and consented wind farms and application sites
for development of more than one turbine, at the time of this assessment in
October 2007, are shown in Figure 3 and its associated table. Further details
and updates of this information can be found on the Planning Service
website. 3 A concentration of sites, in a few mainly upland LCAs, can be seen
from this map, indicating that parts of Northern Ireland were already
experiencing an accumulation of wind energy developments and applications.
In contrast, single, stand-alone turbine developments (principally in the 15-
25m height range) were much more evenly and widely spread across
Northern Ireland, occurring in nearly all areas except the higher ground within
the uplands.

2
http://www.detini.gov.uk/
3

http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/advice/advice_apply/advice_renewable_energy/renewable_wind_f
arms.htm

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Figure 1: Northern Ireland’s Landscape Character Areas This material is based upon Crown Copyright and is
reproduced with the permission of Land & Property
Services under delegated authority from the
Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown
copyright and database rights, EMOU206.2. ©
Northern Ireland Environment Agency Copyright 2010

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 Figure 1: Northern Ireland’ Landscape Character Areas

Key to the Landscape Character Areas

1. The Garrison Lowlands 33. Lough Foyle Alluvial Plain 66. Armagh Drumlins l00. Ards Farmlands and Estates
2. Lower Lough Erne 34. Loughermore Hills 67. Armagh/Banbridge Hills 101. Scrabo
3. Croagh and Garvary River 35. Magilligan Lowlands 68. Carrigatuke Hills 102. Holywood Hills
4. Lough Navar and Ballintempo 36. Binevenagh 69. Newry Basin 103. Bangor Coastline
Uplands 37. Roe Basin 70. Crossmaglen Drumlins and 104. Craigantlet Escarpment
5. The Lough Macnean Valley 38. Eastern Binevenagh Slopes Loughs 105. Castlereagh Slopes
6. The Knockmore Scarpland 39. Glenshane Slopes 71. Ring of Gullion 106. Lagan Parkland
7. The Sillees Valley 40. Upper Moyola Valley 72. Slieve Roosley 107. Hummocky Lagan Lowlands
8. The Arney Lowlands 41. Slieve Gallion 73. Kilkeel Coast 108. Broad Lagan Valley
9. Cuilcagh and Marlbank 42. Cookstown Farmlands 74. Kingdom of Mourne 109. Upper Ballinderry Plateau
10. Slieve Russel, Derrylin and 43. Carrickmore Hills 75. Mourne Mountains 110. Derrykillultagh
Kinawley 44. Slievemore 76. Ballyroney Basin 111. Divis Summits
11. Upper Lough Erne 45. Dungannon Drumlins and Hills 77. Iveagh Slopes 112. Belfast Basalt Escarpment
12. Newtownbutler and Rosslea 46. BlackwaterValley 78. North Banbridge Hills 113. Expansive Crumlin Farmland
Lowlands 47. Loughgall Orchard Belt 79. Craigavon Plateau 114. Three and Six Mile Water
13. Enniskillen 48. West Lough Neagh Shores 80. Donaghcloney Valley Valleys
14. Lough Bradan 49. Magherafelt Farmland 81. Kilwarlin Plateau 115. Tardree and Six Mile Water
15. Irvinestown Farmland 50. Moyola Floodplain 82. Dromore Lowlands Slopes
16. Brougher Mountain 51. Garvagh Farmland 83. Lower Slieve Croob Foothills 116. Ballymena Farmland
17. Clogher Valley Lowlands 52. Lower Bann Valley 84. Mourne Foothills 117. Central Ballymena Glens
18. Slieve Beagh 53. Lower Bann Floodplain 85. Newcastle Valleys 118. Moyle Moorlands and Forest
19. Killeter Uplands 54. Coleraine Farmland 86. Tyrella Coastal Dunes 119. Ballycastle Glens
20. Derg Valley 55. Garry Bog 87. Slieve Croob Summits 120. Fair Head
21. Fairy Water Valley 56. Dervock Farmlands 88. Craggy Dromara Uplands 121. Moyle Glens
22. Omagh Farmland 57. Causeway Coast and Rathlin 89. Hillsborough Slopes 122. Garron Plateau
23. Camowen Valley Island 90. Ravarnet Valley 123. Lame Glens
24. South Sperrin 58. Long Mountain Ridge 91. Quoile Valley Lowlands 124. Lame Basalt Moorland
25. Beaghmore Moors and Marsh 59. Cullybackey and Clogh Mills 92. Ballyquintin and Lecale Coast 125. Tardree Upland Pastures
26. Bessy Bell and Gortin Drumlins 93. Portaferry and North Lecale 126. Lame Coast
27. Foyle Valley 60. River Main Valley 94. Strangford Drumlins and Islands 127. Lame Ridgeland
28. Glenelly Valley 61. North Lough Neagh Shores 95. Ballygowan Drumlins 128. Island Magee
29. Sperrin Mountains 62. East Lough Neagh Points 96. Castlereagh Plateau 129. Carrickfergus Shoreline
30. Sperrin Foothills 63. Portmore Lough Fringe 97. Belfast/Lisburn 130. Carrickfergus Farmed
31. Burngibbagh and Drumahoe 64. Lough Neagh Peatlands 98. Carrickfergus Upland Pastures Escarpment
32. Derry Slopes 65. Upper Bann Floodplain 99. Outer Ards Coast

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Figure 2: Mean Wind Speeds at 75m above ground level. This material is based upon Crown Copyright and is
reproduced with the permission of Land & Property
Services under delegated authority from the
Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown
copyright and database rights, EMOU206.2. ©
Northern Ireland Environment Agency Copyright 2010

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Figure 3: Existing and Proposed Wind Farms October 2007 This material is based upon Crown Copyright and is
reproduced with the permission of Land & Property
Services under delegated authority from the
Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown
copyright and database rights, EMOU206.2. ©
Northern Ireland Environment Agency Copyright 2010

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Figure 3: Existing and Proposed Wind Farms October 2007

Key to Existing (Operational or Consented) Wind Farms at October 2007

Planning
Turbine Height to Blade Status
Service Name District No of Turbines
Tip
Ref No
1 Corkey Ballymoney 10 60m Operational
2 Rigged Hill Limavady 10 60m Operational
3 Elliots Hill Ballymena 10 65m Operational
4 Bessy Bell Strabane/Omagh 10 60m Operational
6 Owenreagh Strabane 10 60m Operational
7 Lendrum's Bridge Dungannon 20 65m Operational
8 Altahullion Limavady 20 82m Operational
10 Callagheen Fermanagh 13 83m Operational
11 Tappaghan Fermanagh 13 88m Operational
100m Consented and under
13 Wolf Bog Ballymena 5
construction
14 Owenreagh 2 Strabane 6 66m Consented
15 Garves Ballymoney 5 125m Consented
18 Bin Mountain Strabane 6 92m Operational
19 Lough Hill Omagh 6 83m Operational
21 Gruig Ballymoney 10 100m Consented
125m Consented and under
23 Slieve Rushen Fermanagh 18
construction
24 Altahullion 2 Limavady 9 83m Consented
29 Crighshane Strabane 14 100m Consented
101m Consented and under
35 Slievedivena Omagh 12
construction
36 Churchill Strabane 8 100m Consented
39 Crockagarron Omagh 6 125m Consented
40 Glenbuck Ballymoney 1 120m Consented
41 Slievedivena 2 Omagh 8 101m Consented
59 Bessy Bell 2 Omagh 6 100m Consented

Note: Sites and consents that have been replaced or superseded are not shown.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

1.3 Northern Ireland’s Landscapes

Northern Ireland has a great variety of landscapes, as identified in the

Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment 2000 4 and as shown in
Figure 1. In Northern Ireland 130 different landscape character areas (LCAs)
have been defined and this stunning range of landscapes gives Northern
Ireland its distinctive and special identity. It is a region of dramatic landscape
contrasts and subtle transitions. The inherent diversity of the underlying
rocks, landforms and soils has been augmented by centuries of settlement
and land management, resulting in an amazing variety of landscape patterns
and features within a relatively small area.

The main Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment 2000 report

provides a general overview of the Region’s landscapes, outlining the special
qualities and features which make each part of Northern Ireland’s landscape
memorable. The 130 LCAs highlight the variations in landscape character
across Northern Ireland. More detailed descriptions and maps of these
landscapes are provided in NIEA’s series of Landscape Character
Assessment Reports, which cover all of Northern Ireland’s 26 Districts 5; the
descriptions are also available on the NIEA website 6.

Northern Ireland’s most spectacular landscapes, the Areas of Outstanding

Natural Beauty (AONBs), shown on Figure 4, are well known and highly
valued. The Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast is also a World Heritage
Site. Further details of these special landscapes can be found on the NIEA
website 7. In addition, the Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment
2000 identified a further tier in the hierarchy of special landscapes, Areas of
Scenic Quality. The location of these areas is shown in that report and their
boundaries are often included in development plans where they may be
designated as Areas of High Scenic Value (AoHSV) 8. All these landscapes
are recognised not only for their special scenic qualities but also for their
natural and cultural heritage value. While PPS18 does not differentiate
between designated and other landscapes, other development policies may
apply to them.

4
Environmental Resources Management (2000) Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment
2000, Corporate Document Services
5
Environmental Resources Management (1999) Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment,
Environment and Heritage Service Research and Development Series No. 99/1-26.
6
http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/landscape/country_landscape.htm
7
http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/landscape/designated-areas-2.htm
8
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/dev_plans.htm

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

2 Approach and Methodology

2.1 Introduction to the Approach and Methodology

This section explains the approach and methodology that was used for
assessing wind energy development in relation to the landscapes in Northern
Ireland. It covers key terms and definitions; provides details of how the
landscape assessment was undertaken; and outlines the main criteria affecting
sensitivity.

The approach that has been used is consistent with good practice guidance in
landscape character assessment and landscape and visual impact
assessment 9, notably:

• Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) Landscape

Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland, Countryside
Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage.

• Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2004), Landscape

Character Assessment Guidance Topic Paper 6: Techniques and Criteria for
Judging Sensitivity and Capacity, Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural
Heritage.

• Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and

Assessment (2002) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact
Assessment, 2nd edition, Spon.

The approach took account of good practice in assessing wind energy in

relation to landscapes in other parts of the UK and the Republic of Ireland, but it
was tailored specifically to Northern Ireland. Undertaken initially as a desk
exercise, the landscape assessment was checked and verified in the field prior
to completion.

A key source of information was the Northern Ireland Landscape Character

Assessment 2000 10, the 130 LCAs defined in this report forming the working
units for the assessment. The assessment also drew upon the District
Landscape Character Assessment Reports 11; particularly the landscape
analysis mapping that is contained in these reports.

9
Although prepared mainly for use in England and Scotland, the guidance listed is equally applicable in
Northern Ireland, where there is no equivalent existing guidance.
10
Environmental Resources Management (2000) Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment
2000, Corporate Document Services.
11
Environmental Resources Management (1999) Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment,
Environment and Heritage Service Research and Development Series No. 99/1-26.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

In addition, maps and descriptions of the principal landscape, natural and

cultural heritage designations and recreational features across Northern Ireland
(see Table 1) were consulted, together with other published information on
landscape values where available. Most of this information is available either
from the NIEA website 12 or from development plans 13. Equivalent information
was also compiled where possible for areas of the Republic of Ireland within
30km of the border, to inform understanding of the wider landscape context.

Table 1: Principal Landscape, Natural and Cultural Heritage

Designations and Recreational Resources Consulted
_______________________________________________________________
World Heritage Site (WHS)
Geopark 14
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs)
Areas of Scenic Quality (ASQs) / Areas of High Scenic Value (AoHSV)

Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and candidate SACs

Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and potential SPAs
Ramsar Sites
Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI)
Areas of Scientific Interest (ASI)
National Nature Reserves (NNRs)
Nature Reserves (NRs)
Marine Nature Reserve (MNR)

State Care Monuments

Scheduled Monuments
Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest (ASAIs)
Register of Historic Parks, Gardens and Demesnes (Registered Parks)
Conservation Areas

Ulster Way
Walks promoted on the Walk Northern Ireland website 15
_______________________________________________________________

The outcome of this approach was used as the basis for public consultation in
2008. Following the consultation NIEA reviewed and edited the draft SPG. The
final document has been entirely based on the landscape assessment
methodology described here. It differs from the draft for consultation in how the
recommendations for wind energy development are presented.

12
http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/
13
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/dev_plans.htm
14
In 2001 the Marble Arch Caves and the Cuilcagh Mountain became a member of the
European Geopark Network. In 2004 the area became a member of UNESCOs Network of
National Geoparks (Global Geopark Network). In 2007 the Geopark was extended to the north
west of Cuilcagh Mountain and in 2008 it was extended into County Cavan in the Republic of
Ireland. The Geopark is now commonly known as the Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark.
15
http://www.walkni.com/

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

2.2 Key Terms and Definitions

Landscape sensitivity to wind energy development is the extent to which the
inherent character and visual amenity of a landscape are vulnerable to change
due to wind energy development. It is primarily a function of landscape
character sensitivity (ie the degree to which a landscape character area is
vulnerable to change which will affect its character); and visual sensitivity (ie
the degree to which a particular view or visual landscape experience is
vulnerable to change).

Landscape value is also relevant in assessing landscape sensitivity and

capacity for wind energy development. This term refers to the intrinsic value
attached to a landscape, often reflected in designation or recognition, and
expressing national or local consensus as to the degree of importance of a
landscape.

Additional definitions for terms commonly used in landscape character

assessment and landscape and visual impact assessment can be found in
Annex 2. In each case the definition is taken from (or closely based upon) the
most recent relevant guidance from the sources listed in Section 2.1.

2.3 Sensitivity Assessment

Landscape sensitivity to wind energy development depends on many factors.
Each landscape has it own sensitivities, depending on its landform and
landcover as well as on a range of other characteristics and values including,
for example, enclosure, visibility, condition, scenic and perceptual qualities,
natural and cultural heritage features and cultural associations. Importantly,
sensitivity depends on landscape character as well as on landscape values.

The first step in the assessment process was to consider the inherent sensitivity
of each LCA to wind energy development using the criteria listed in Table 2.
The criteria are based on good practice in assessment of landscape sensitivity
to wind energy development as referred to in Section 2.1. They have been
carefully worded for clarity, ease of interpretation and consistency with
published guidance on landscape character assessment and landscape and
visual impact assessment.

They include criteria based on landscape and visual character as well as others
based on valued landscape qualities and features.

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Table 2: Criteria for Assessing Landscape Sensitivity to

Wind Energy Development

Criterion Comments

A large scale landscape, where the turbines may be in proportion

Scale with the landscape, is likely to be of lower sensitivity to wind energy
development than a small scale landscape, where the turbines may
appear to dominate the landscape and where features such as field
patterns, individual trees and buildings may be compared with and
highlight the size of the turbines.

Landform that is smooth, regular and convex, or flat and uniform, is

Landform likely to be less sensitive to wind energy development than
dramatic or rugged landform. This is because the former types of
landform tend to be less prominent and less distinctive in character.
Convex landform may in addition provide partial screening for
turbine structures.

A sense of enclosure provided by topography or vegetation –

Enclosure especially in areas with large scale topography or woodlands – may
increase the ability of the landscape to provide screening for the
lower parts of turbine structures and for associated access and
infrastructure and hence indicate lower landscape sensitivity.
However note that woodlands and forestry should be a long term
feature if their screening effects are to be relied upon.

Simple, uncluttered landscapes with sweeping lines and extensive

Complexity areas of consistent ground cover are likely to offer greater potential
of landcover for wind energy development than areas with more complex,
and features irregular or intimate landscape patterns (for example ancient,
irregular field systems) which tend to be more sensitive.

A high degree of man-made influence on the landscape may mean

Man-made that it is less sensitive to change due to wind energy development.
influence Turbines are likely to be less conspicuous in brownfield or industrial
landscapes already affected by built structures such as masts,
pylons or chimneys, provided there are no visual conflicts where
the structures are seen in close proximity. Commercial forestry
may also introduce a temporary man-made influence to upland
landscapes that would otherwise seem natural and wild.

Landscapes that do not form a distinctive backdrop or context tend

Skylines and to be less sensitive to wind energy development than those with
settings strong visual features and focal points such as hilltop monuments,
church spires or designed landscape features, which may form
important skylines, landmarks or settings for settlements.

Landscapes that are visually contained or have limited inward and

Visibility and outward views may be less sensitive to wind energy development
views than areas with extensive inward and outward views. Extensive

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close or middle range views from scenic routes, well-known vistas

or tourist viewpoints may increase a landscape’s sensitivity to wind
energy development, as may close proximity to settlement.

Areas where the condition and integrity of landscape patterns,

Landscape elements and features are relatively good may be more sensitive to
quality wind energy development than areas where condition is poor. In
(condition) areas where landscape condition is good the fabric and character
of the landscape are likely to be more highly valued and also more
vulnerable to change.

Scenic quality, that is visual appeal due to important views, visual

Scenic interest and variety, contrasting landscape patterns, or dramatic
quality topography, may increase landscape sensitivity to wind energy
development. Land of high scenic quality occurs within designated
landscapes (World Heritage Site, proposed National Park, AONBs)
but also elsewhere; the approaches to and settings of areas of high
scenic quality may also be sensitive.

The presence of a relatively wild and/or tranquil character (due to

Wildness and remoteness, freedom from disturbance and factors such as
tranquillity openness and perceived naturalness) tends to make the landscape
more sensitive to wind farm development. The introduction of wind
turbines may alter perceptions of wildness and tranquillity,
introducing movement, sound and light effects and possibly
bringing a more industrial character to the affected landscapes.

The presence of natural and cultural heritage features such as

Natural and interesting and valued habitats, wildlife, archaeological, historical or
cultural built features that enhance the landscape experience may increase
heritage sensitivity to wind farms, particularly where these features may be
directly affected by construction works and/or access tracks; or
features
where or enjoyment of these features may be diminished.

Specific cultural (ie historical, folklore, literary or artistic)

Cultural associations relating to the landscape may result in increased
associations sensitivity to wind energy development if the character or
perceptions of the landscape concerned are likely to be significantly
altered.

Areas offering access to high quality landscapes, memorable

Amenity and places, special experiences and to a range of opportunities for
recreation open-air recreation may be more sensitive to wind energy
development due to potential effects on accessibility and/or on the
quality of the recreational experience that will be obtained.

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For each LCA a description of sensitivity against each of the criteria was
prepared. The LCA was then given an overall sensitivity level using a five point
scale as follows:

High sensitivity Landscape is very vulnerable to change and would

be adversely affected by wind energy development,
which would result in a significant change in
landscape and visual characteristics and values.

High to medium
sensitivity

Medium sensitivity

Medium to low
sensitivity

Low sensitivity Landscape is not vulnerable to change and would

not be adversely affected by wind energy
development, which would not result in significant
change in landscape and visual characteristics and
values.

The sensitivity level for each LCA has been assessed by considering the
combined weight of evidence on landscape sensitivity (rather than by scoring
the LCA against each criterion and averaging the scores). This is because
landscape and visual characteristics and values do not readily lend themselves
to scoring and criteria may carry different weights in different types of landscape
and with different types and scales of development.

It should be noted that within many LCAs there is considerable variation

in sensitivity level across the area, reflecting the fact that the LCAs are
broad character or identity areas. The overall sensitivity level is therefore
the level that prevails over most of the LCA’s geographic area. Localised
areas of higher or lower sensitivity may also exist and these are generally
identified in the sensitivity descriptions within each LCAs Landscape
Assessment Sheet.

The overall sensitivity level of a LCA is indicative of the relative overall

sensitivity of each LCA. A high sensitivity level does not necessarily mean
that there is likely to be no capacity for wind energy development within
the LCA and conversely a low sensitivity level does not mean that there
are no constraints to development.

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2.4 Location, Siting, Layout and Design Considerations

for each LCA.
Guidance has been prepared for each LCA, based on the sensitivity
assessment and on professional judgement, to indicate where, in the
landscapes of each LCA concerned wind energy development might be
accommodated best, and also some of the landscape challenges and
opportunities that should be taken into account when considering the siting,
layout and design of proposals.

The guidance for each LCA considers:

• The key landscape and visual characteristics and values of each LCA.
• The broad locations that would be most suitable, in landscape and visual
terms, for wind energy developments in relation to the character of the local
landscape;
• The landscape challenges and opportunities that should be taken into
account relative to landform, skylines, settings, wild land, natural and cultural
heritage features etc, when considering the siting, layout and design for wind
energy development proposals in each LCA; and
• Cumulative and transboundary impacts of wind energy development.

The cumulative and transboundary parts of the assessment were informed by a

desk- and field-based review of the levels of landscape and visual impact
associated with existing (ie operational and consented) wind energy
development in October 2007. This indicated which LCAs were already
affected by issues of cumulative impact and informed the identification of some
LCAs in which cumulative impacts will have to be carefully assessed in the near
future.

Wind energy development outside Northern Ireland’s land area may also affect
Northern Ireland’s landscapes. Information on operational, consented and
proposed wind energy developments in border counties of the Republic of
Ireland at October 2007 was also compiled and informed the landscape
assessment in relation to existing and potential cumulative impacts in
transboundary areas.

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2.5 Using the Landscape Assessment Sheets

The landscape assessment sheets are divided into two main parts: Key
Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values; and Assessment for Wind
Energy Development (including Overall Sensitivity; and Location, Siting, Layout
and Design Considerations). The text below explains the content of each part
and how it is intended to be used.

2.5.1 Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

The first part of the assessment sheet provides information on the key
landscape and visual characteristics and values of the LCA, expressed in terms
of the criteria for assessing landscape sensitivity to wind energy development
(see Table 2 for a full explanation of each of these criteria). Readers should
refer to Table 1 or the Abbreviations for a key to the acronyms used in relation
to landscape, natural heritage and cultural heritage designations.

This part of the assessment sheet presents the background information that
informed the overall sensitivity assessment. It also highlights issues that need
to be considered in site selection, siting, layout and design of wind energy
developments and the assessment of landscape and visual impacts.

It provides details of:

• landscape scale and form, including key landform features, which may
influence the choice of turbine groupings and turbine heights;
• potential screening by landform or vegetation, which may assist in
integrating wind turbines into the landscape;
• location of areas of man-made influence that may suggest some capacity for
wind energy development;
• key skylines and settings that are important to landscape character and
distinctiveness and may require protection;
• views that should be taken into account in siting and landscape and visual
impact assessments;
• areas of high landscape quality, scenic quality, wildness or tranquillity that
may be especially sensitive to wind energy development, which could
damage these special qualities;
• natural and cultural heritage features that contribute to the character and
value of this LCA and may need to be protected and/or receive special
attention during the assessment of impacts;
• any known cultural associations which may increase its sensitivity; and
• key amenity and recreational features, such as long distance walking routes,
that could be affected by the landscape and visual impacts of wind energy
development.

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References to value are not intended to imply a presumption against

development. Instead the intention is to highlight specific valued characteristics
or features that could be adversely affected by wind energy development.

2.5.2 Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall Sensitivity

The second part of the Assessment Sheet includes an assessment of the LCA’s
overall level of sensitivity to wind energy development, as defined in Section
2.3. It summarises the main factors that influence the sensitivity of the
landscape and describes any significant spatial variations in sensitivity across
the LCA. It also highlights key challenges to wind energy development.

The sensitivity assessment provides the background information and underlying

rationale that is used to inform the subsequent Location, Siting, Layout and
Design Considerations. The overall sensitivity section may contain information
that would assist with the assessment of the landscape and visual impacts of
wind energy proposals.

As noted before there is considerable variation in sensitivity level across many

LCAs. The overall sensitivity level is therefore the level that prevails over most
of the LCA’s geographic area. Localised areas of higher or lower sensitivity
may also exist and these are generally identified in the sensitivity descriptions.

Location, Siting, Layout and Design Considerations

This part contains written guidance that should be used to help identify
appropriate locations and sites for wind energy development in landscape and
visual terms and in relation to the character of the local landscape. It should
also be used to guide appropriate siting, layout and design of proposed wind
energy developments so that they are suitable in landscape and visual terms.

This part also identifies challenges and potential impacts that should be taken
into account and addressed in wind energy proposals relating to, for example,
landforms, skylines settings, wild land, natural and cultural heritage features.

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3 Principles
When the approach and methodology outlined above was applied to Northern
Ireland’s 130 LCAs, a number of key principles or factors affecting Northern
Ireland’s landscapes and the associated location, siting, layout and design of
wind energy developments emerged. These principles are summarised in the
Tables in Section 3.1 and are illustrated in the accompanying photographs.

Account also needs to be taken of potential cumulative impacts both within and
beyond LCAs and an approach to this is discussed in Section 3.2. Developing
this theme further Section 3.3 examines six broader areas, namely the Antrim
Plateau; the North West; Fermanagh; Lough Neagh Basin; the Mournes and
South Armagh; and Down, and identifies issues particular to these wider
landscapes.

3.1 Principles Affecting Wind Energy Developments in

the Landscape
Some of the principles (Table 3) are general ones, relating to spacing between
wind energy developments, or about turbine groupings, turbine height, and
turbine layout and design in relation to different landscapes. Others relate to
particular landscapes (Table 4), reflecting the fact that different types of
landscape may have fundamentally different abilities to accommodate wind
energy due to their different characteristics, features and values.

Table 3: General Principles: Wind Energy Development and

Landscape

Spacing between wind farms

• Satisfactory spacing depends both on landscape character and on the
degree of intervisibility.
• Where several wind farms are visible together or sequentially they may
affect landscape character and visual amenity at a strategic level.
• Retention of areas of undeveloped landscape is important. For example,
where a small lowland wind farm connects larger upland sites visually,
wind farm influence on landscape character may become much more
significant and dominant.
• Appropriate spacing depends at least partly on landscape patterns and
rhythms. Hence on an undulating upland ridge, wind farm spacing may
reflect the pattern and frequency of undulations, whereas on a simple
rounded upland ridge a cluster of wind farms may give a better landform
fit.
• Adequate separation distances between wind farms is important as this
helps prevent the landscape becoming dominated by wind farms and
reduces intervisibility.
• In areas of appropriate character it might be possible to locate wind farms

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closer together if they are seen as a cluster or single coherent group

within the landscape.

Turbine groupings
• Landscapes with a simple, strong and mainly horizontal form are more
likely to be able to accommodate large turbine groupings successfully
(Photo 1).
• In landscapes with more complex and varied landform, large turbine
groupings may have an undesirable ‘flattening’ effect on landscape
character (Photo 2).
• Smaller turbine groupings are likely to fit best in small scale and more
intricate landscapes.
• Compact clusters of turbines may sometimes be used to create or
highlight a focal point within the landscape, adding or reinforcing a
vertical emphasis in the landscape, but such an approach needs to be
used very selectively.

Turbine height
• In general, it is preferable for turbine height to be proportionate to
landform and landcover and landform height will therefore be a relevant
factor. This will help to retain topographic distinctions and contrasts
between landscapes such as uplands and lowlands.
• Hence elevated upland landscapes with a large scale and simple
landform and landcover can more easily accommodate taller turbines
than lowland landscapes that have a rolling, varied topography with
subtle variations which could be overwhelmed by taller turbines.
• However, extensive, flat, uniform lowland landscapes might be able to
accommodate taller turbines than lowland landscapes that have a rolling,
varied topography with subtle variations because of the lack of
topographic distinctions and because the larger horizontal extent of such
landscapes tends to diminish perceived turbine height.

Turbine siting, layout and design

• The settings of distinctive or valued landscape features may be especially
sensitive to wind turbines. Such features may include dramatic landform
features such as cliffs, natural features such as loughs or wetlands, and
cultural features such as settlements and historic parks.
• Inconsistencies in turbine layout, height or design between adjacent wind
farms can draw the eye and may cause increased landscape and visual
impact.
• Proximity of turbines to existing intrusive structures such as electricity
transmission lines may create a sense of visual clutter (Photo 3) where
the turbines and other structures are seen together. In other instances
proximity to existing man made structures of a tall nature, such as an
industrial landscape, can be beneficial.
• Turbine layouts can and should be influenced by landscape patterns, for
example by drumlin patterns or field patterns.
• Functional relationships between single turbines and their landscape
settings should be reflected in turbine siting. Ideally turbines should be

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closely associated with, and in scale with, the farms, settlements or

industrial plant that they serve.
• In the case of domestic and community single turbines the relationship to
existing topography, tree cover, buildings and settlements and the
screening that they may provide is especially important (Photo 4). Siting
in open, exposed landscapes, such as distinctive skylines and open
valley floors, should generally be avoided because it may gradually and
cumulatively give the surrounding countryside a more industrial character,
as well as giving rise to visual intrusion.

Further, more detailed advice on the siting, layout and design of wind energy
development in relation to the landscape can be found in Section 4.

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Photo 1: Simple strong horizontal landform accommodates larger turbine groupings.

Photo 2: More complex landform could be ‘flattened’ by larger turbine groupings.

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Photo 3: Turbines seen with electricity pylons may create visual clutter.

Photo 4: Relationship between turbine and farm buildings and trees reduces impact.

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Table 4: General Principles: Sensitivity, Opportunities and

Challenges in Different Landscapes

Upland landscapes
• The broader the upland, the greater its capacity for wind energy
development is likely to be.
• Uplands with a simple, rounded and generally horizontal form are able to
accommodate larger turbine groupings than more dramatic or convoluted
upland landforms.
• In areas of more complex upland landform, smaller turbine groupings will
generally fit better than large groupings.
• Development that is well set back from upland edges or scarps will be
less prominent in the landscape than development close to the upland
edge (Photo 5).
• The central part of an upland area will often be least visible from adjoining
lowland landscapes. Convex landform in particular may offer some
screening and reduce visible turbine heights.
• However, turbine siting on prominent summits should generally be
avoided; it is normally better to utilise less prominent side slopes,
benches and gentle undulations as sites rather than tops themselves.
• Locations close to distinctive topographic features, field patterns,
buildings or other features may have a greater impact on landscape
character and bring undesirable scale comparisons (Photo 6).
• The wilder areas of upland, characterised by open heather moor and bog,
are usually more sensitive than areas of improved grass or forestry which
may have a more tamed character (Photo 7).
• Sites that can utilise existing roads or tracks for access are preferable to
sites that require lengthy and often highly visible new access tracks.

Rolling ridge and drumlin landscapes

• Northern Ireland’s rolling ridge and drumlin landscapes, tend to suit
smaller turbine groupings and turbine heights.
• Where the landscape is rolling or undulating, smaller turbine groups are
likely to fit best in the landscape; where the landscape is flatter or more
gently sloping, larger turbine groups may sometimes be accommodated.
• Preferably turbine heights should not exceed the average drumlin height
(note, height, not elevation AOD) and would ideally be no taller than half
the average drumlin height (Photo 8).
• Inter-drumlin hollows are generally not preferable sites for turbines
because they often contain sensitive wetlands or loughs, and could easily
be visually dominated by turbines.
• Drumlin tops may be very sensitive visually and archaeologically and
ideally should be avoided. Mid-slope locations are preferable.

Lowland flat landscapes

• These landscapes, including valleys, floodplains and lowland farmlands,
may accommodate larger turbines and turbine groupings than rolling
ridge and drumlin landscapes, provided that their character is simple and
expansive.

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• Capacity may be reduced by the presence of features such as prominent

church spires that offer a scale comparison.
• Valley landscapes that are enclosed by uplands with existing wind farm
development should generally be kept free of wind turbines, so that the
wider landscape does not become dominated by wind energy
development (Photo 9).
• Floodplain landscapes, unless very extensive, are likely to have little
landscape capacity for wind turbines because openness is an essential
part of their character.
• Extensive flat farmlands may be better able to accommodate wind energy
development. Here regular rows or lines of turbines may provide the best
fit with large, regular field patterns.

Coastal landscapes
• Areas with complex, varied coastal form, for example areas with cliffs,
headlands, islands or intricate rocky shorelines, tend to be highly
sensitive to wind energy development.
• Areas with a simple, large scale, flat coastal form generally have better
capacity for wind energy development, but are relatively rare in Northern
Ireland.
• The settings of distinctive, landmark coastal features may be especially
sensitive (Photo 10).
• Turbine group size should be appropriate to the scale and character of
the coastal landscape. It may be relatively large in simple, flat coastal
landscapes, but should be smaller in more complex, varied coastal
landscapes.

Urban and industrial landscapes

• These landscapes may have some capacity for wind energy development
due to the presence of existing man-made influences.
• For example sites close to power stations, factories, large institutions
such as hospitals, business parks and major transport corridors may be
well suited for wind turbines in landscape terms.
• Wind turbines should be carefully sited and designed relative to existing
structures. Particular attention should be paid to relative heights and
proportions.
• Close visual relationships may help to reinforce functional relationships.
• In some cases turbines may be used to create a new focal point or
landmark, drawing the eye upwards and away from existing intrusive
features.
• However care should be taken to avoid creating visual clutter by placing
turbines too close to other complex structures such as pylons or
telecommunications masts.

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Photo 5: Prominence of turbines on scarp can be reduced by setback from edge.

Photo 6: Proximity to scale comparators can increase apparent turbine height.

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Photo 7: Forestry may provide temporary screening.

Photo 8: Turbines on drumlins should avoid tops and not exceed drumlin height.

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Photo 9: Valleys between upland wind farms are best kept free of commercial turbines.

Photo 10: Landmark coastal features and their settings are very sensitive to turbines.

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3.2 Cumulative Wind Energy Impacts

It is critical to recognise that wind energy development proposals can create
significant cumulative impacts as a result of combined effects. Cumulative
impacts will become increasingly relevant as the number of existing and
consented wind energy developments grows, and in due course may present
an increasing landscape constraint to the extent of wind energy development
in parts of Northern Ireland.

Wind farm development and applications for development have so far affected
a relatively small number of LCAs. While this is beneficial in some respects,
concentrating the impacts in localised areas, it also means that issues of
cumulative impact will increasingly come to the fore in these areas. In the
future it will be important to ensure that wind energy developments do not
come to completely dominate the landscape character of these areas.

General issues that particularly merit consideration at a strategic level are

whether there are significant cumulative impacts on particular settings,
skylines or views, areas of high landscape or scenic quality, areas of wildness
or tranquillity, natural and cultural heritage features, cultural associations, and
recreational interests such as tourist, scenic or walking routes. These issues
should receive consideration when assessing the cumulative impacts of
specific schemes.

The experience of the consultancy firms who carried out initial work
associated with this guidance suggest that separation distances ranging from
6km (for smaller sites in landscapes with some enclosure) to 12km (for larger
sites in open exposed landscapes) are desirable to prevent the landscape
becoming dominated by wind farms and to reduce intervisibility. Conversely,
their experience suggest that if some wind farm developments are located
less than 3-5km apart (to the outermost turbines of each site), they may be
seen as a cluster or single coherent group.

The Department considers that judgements on cumulative impacts must be

made on a case-by-case basis taking account of the specific character of the
landscape and the siting, layout and intervisibility of the proposed wind energy
development with other wind energy developments in the same LCA, in
neighbouring LCAs, in the Republic of Ireland and offshore.

The Scottish Natural Heritage document, Guidance: Cumulative Effect of

Wind Farms (2005), contains further useful guidance in relation to the
assessment of cumulative impacts.

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3.3 Broad Strategic Impacts of Wind Energy

Developments in Northern Ireland’s Distinctive
Landscapes
It is important to bear in mind the broader, strategic impacts of wind energy
development on Northern Ireland’s landscapes as wind energy development
expands.

The Northern Ireland Landscape Character Assessment 2000 main report

describes six broad ‘distinctive landscapes’ in Northern Ireland, namely the
Antrim Plateau; the North West; Fermanagh; Lough Neagh Basin; the
Mournes and South Armagh; and Down. This section provides an overview of
these wider landscapes and identifies issues particular to each in respect of
wind energy. It is intended to give an indication of the main cumulative
landscape issues and hence to inform assessments of cumulative impacts.
Only the first three of these distinctive landscapes had existing wind farms
and applications for large scale wind energy development by the time of this
landscape assessment in October 2007. The issues highlighted will need to
be reconsidered in the context of new development.

3.3.1 The Antrim Plateau

The massive, high tabular basalt Antrim Plateau has, over the years, eroded
to form a variety of upland landscapes interspersed with river valleys, bogs
and deep plunging glens. The rugged outline of the plateau forms the
backbone of County Antrim. The steeper slopes of Tardree Mountain, Big
Collin and Douglas Top form a consistent and striking backdrop to the M2,
and mark the southern edge of the high plateau. The eastern fringes of the
plateau are marked by a bold escarpment, which forms a series of striking
headlands with precipitous cliffs along the coastal road. The headlands shelter
a sequence of stunning, hidden small sandy bays which are the entrances to
the deep U shaped ‘Glens of Antrim’. Between the glens, the undulating
surface of the high plateau is a wilderness of blanket bog, humped-backed
ridges and isolated peaks. The landform of the plateau becomes progressively
shallower to the west where gentle sweeping slopes allow the volcanic plug of
Slemish Mountain to stand out as a landmark and where the Glenwhirry and
Braid Rivers flow through broad valleys. The northern fringes of the plateau
contain a sequence of spectacular coastal features such as rocky sea cliffs,
wide sweeping beaches and the Giants Causeway.

The Six Mile Water flows within a wide verdant, gently undulating valley and
divides the Antrim Plateau to the north from the outlier Belfast and
Carrickfergus Hills to the south. The basalt cliffs of the Belfast Hills overlook
Belfast and are a striking landmark, while inland these hills have an open
windswept landscape. To the east the seaward cliffs of Islandmagee form
dramatic coastal scenery.

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Issues that need careful consideration in the Antrim Plateau

• Appropriate separation distances and cluster sizes to ensure that wind
energy developments do not become overbearing or dominant in the
landscape;
• Cumulative impacts caused by simultaneous, successive or sequential
views of more than one wind energy development.
• Compatibility of small and larger newer turbines;
• Impacts where seen in conjunction with electricity transmission lines;
• Impacts on skylines along the bold western edge of the Antrim Plateau and
the escarpment above Belfast Lough;
• Impacts on the sensitive, lower-lying valley landscapes around the plateau
edges;
• Impacts on the settings of settlements including Newtownabbey,
Ballyclare, Antrim and Ballymena;
• Impacts on long distance views from the south and west and on transport
corridors and tourist routes, especially approaches to the Antrim Coast and
Glens;
• Impacts on the wild character of the moorlands to the north and east within
the Antrim Coast and Glens.

3.3.2 The North West

Counties Londonderry and Tyrone are dominated by Binevenagh and the
massive mountainous summits of the Sperrins, which form distinctive
backdrops for views throughout the North West.

The Sperrins contain a wilderness of expansive, open moorland through

which flows the contrasting and picturesque linear glens of the Glenelly,
Owenkillew, Ballinderry and Owenreagh Rivers.

To the north are a sequence of sheltered sandy bays and the broad
windswept bay of Lough Foyle which is back dropped by the rugged Donegal
uplands. The dramatic cliffs of Binevenagh tower above the polderland behind
Magilligan Strand. Binevenagh also forms a striking landmark overlooking the
Roe Basin. To the east Slieve Gallion looms over the lowlands of the Lough
Neagh basin and forms a prominent landmark, whilst to the west the Sperrins
extend to the outlying twin peaks of Bessy Bell and Mary Gray which
contribute to a gateway landscape at the confluence of many different
character areas. Immediately to the south of the Sperrins is the Creggan
Plateau which is a windswept upland where shallow ridges of sand and gravel
are separated by extensive areas of blanket bog. Further south the broad
basin centred on the town of Omagh provides lowland strewn with drumlins
and extensive patches of raised bog.

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Issues that need careful consideration in the North West

• Separation distances and thresholds of wind energy development on
specific ridge lines such as those in the Killeter Uplands, Lough Bradan
and Slievemore LCAs;
• Impacts on skylines along the Foyle, Strule and Clogher valleys and north
of Lough Erne;
• Impacts on the wild character of some landscapes, eg the Killeter Uplands
LCA;
• Impacts on transport corridors and important tourist routes, especially the
A6, A5, A505 and A4;
• Impacts on the landscape character, scenic value and setting of the
Sperrins of any wind energy development in the Sperrin Foothills LCA and
Carrickmore Hills LCA.
• Visual impacts on the Erne Lakelands to the south;
• Cumulative impacts with transboundary development in County Donegal
(and potentially also County Monaghan).

3.3.3 Fermanagh
Fermanagh is famous for its lakelands. The shoreline landscapes are always
enclosed by the distant horizon of hills, mountains and cliffs and at close
quarters by drumlins and woodlands. Lower Lough Erne is a broad crescent of
open water which stretches from the steep, rocky scarps of Magho to the
maze of low wooded islands clustered close to Enniskillen. In contrast Upper
Lough Erne is a wonderful landscape of interlocking loughs and drumlins, with
twisting channels winding there way in-between. Enniskillen is perched on a
series of drumlin islands at a key bridging point between Upper and Lower
Lough Erne.

In west Fermanagh the skyline is dominated by Belmore Mountain and the

dramatic limestone escarpment which wraps around the densely wooded
Ballintempo uplands rising to a sheer cliff at Knockmore. Further west the
ridged lowlands of the Garrison area extend to the secluded Lough Melvin.
The south west corner of Fermanagh is dominated by the summit of Cuilcagh.
At the foot of Cuilcagh the broad flat valley of the Arney River contrasts with
the dramatic uplands. Between Culicagh and Ballintempo uplands are Lower
and Upper Lough Macnean and their confined dramatic limestone scarp cliffs.

In the east the river valleys of the Finn/Lacky, Tempo, Colebrooke,

Ballinamallard and Glendurragh flow through drumlin corridors to the Upper
and Lower Lough Erne. The broad valleys of these rivers separate the
prominent ridges of the Carnrock and Cooneen Hills in the south and the
ridges of Brougher Mountain further north. The east also contains lowland
pastures of intensely verdant character and the broad Clogher Valley lowlands
form a principle communication link.

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Issues that need careful consideration in Fermanagh

• Impacts on landscape character and skylines around Lower and Upper
Lough Erne;
• Impacts on specific landscape and recreational features including the Cliffs
of Magho, Loughs Macnean Upper and Lower, Cuilcagh and Knockmore
Cliff, the Fermanagh waterways, scenic and walking routes, and tourism
gateways from the Republic of Ireland;
• Impacts on the wild character of Fermanagh’s upland landscapes;
• Acceptability of wind farm development that may affect the landscape and
visual character and values associated with the Marble Arch Caves Global
GeoPark;
• Cumulative impacts associated with transboundary development in
Counties Donegal, Leitrim and Cavan, and the skylines and karst
landscapes of Sligo.

3.3.4 Down
The central core of Down is dominated by the rugged uplands of Slieve Croob
which is surrounded on most sides by marginal farmland. Roads traversing
this area often provide long views across foothills to the Mournes and over the
surrounding drumlin lowlands and deep valleys.

Down is also known for its drumlins which extend across vast areas of
farmland from Banbridge to Newtownards, creating a relatively enclosed
landscape with a domestic scale and diverse intricate pattern. However the
landscape is not always completely enclosed; there are longer views along
river floodplains, from higher land such as Holywood and Lecale Hills. The
drumlins provide a scenic landscape setting for Northern Ireland’s largest sea
lough.

Strangford Lough is a unique enclosed area with a diverse shoreline. Along

the western shores drumlins continue out into Strangford Lough forming a
landscape of oval islands and winding inlets which are a focus for some
stunning shoreline views. In contrast the eastern shorelines are relatively
smooth. The north contains sweeping areas of inter-tidal mud flats and to the
south are the rocky Lecale Hills and meandering Quoile estuary which provide
a dramatic landscape setting. Along the shoreline are many wooded
parklands and estates which contribute much to the distinctive character and
scenic qualities of the Lough.

To the south of Strangford Lough is the rugged, open landscape and hills of
the Lecale region. The coastal landscape of Lecale has a windswept and
remote character. The historic town of Downpatrick and much of this area is
rich in the heritage of St Patrick.

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Issues that may need careful consideration in Down in the future

• Acceptability of wind farm development that may effect the beauty and
wealth of natural and built heritage resources of Strangford Lough and its
environs;
• Visual impact on the distinctively low drumlin topography with its infinite
variety of long established characteristics/patterns;
• Respect for the rarity of natural view points and the growing tourist industry
associated with Strangford Lough and Lecale.
• Impacts on views to and from the setting of valued local landscape
features such as church spires and historic parks, monuments and
buildings;
• Cumulative impacts of development in the generally open landscapes;
• Impacts on the long intricate coastline and multitude of islands, all
important for long distant views and for their nature conservation interest.
• Impact on the setting of historic towns such as Downpatrick and Killyleagh.

3.3.5 Lough Neagh Basin

Lough Neagh is a vast, lonely sheet of water. From the shoreline the lough
resembles an inland sea and there are long expansive views. The lough
margins are a maze of wet meadows, reedbeds, woodlands and scrub, with
pastures and settlements on higher ground. The principle rivers flowing into
and out from Lough Neagh have each created their own distinctive setting.
Many of the rivers flow within broad valleys with extensive floodplains such as
the Upper and Lower Bann or through drumlin landscapes such as the
Blackwater.

To the west of Lough Neagh occur extensive drumlin lowlands which vary
considerably in character. The farmland in this area has a diverse and lively
character. The Moyola Valley has a special secretive character and is
overlooked by the peak of Slieve Gallion. The eastern shores of Lough Neagh
have a more open character and in places there are long views across a
completely flat landscape. Long Mountain to the east of the Lower Bann valley
forms a distinctive feature in the wider landscape.

The Clogher valley in south Tyrone has its own special character. It is a
detailed intricate landscape rich in minor landscape features and idyllic views.
It has drumlins and ridges, valley floors, historic designated landscapes, and a
wooded escarpment to the north-west which provides a distinctive skyline.
The River Blackwater winds its way through the area towards Lough Neagh.

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Issues that may need careful consideration in the Lough Neagh Basin in
the future
• Acceptability of wind energy development which would detract from the
vast lonely scale of Lough Neagh and its core lowland saucer shaped
setting within Northern Ireland;
• The visual and cumulative impact of development in the open landscapes
of the Lough Neagh Basin landscape together with the exposed summits
and slopes in fringe areas such as Long Mountain and the Sperrins;
• Impact on the intriguing range of local river corridors, lakes and wetlands
landscapes, (each with their own distinctive setting) which cumulatively
emphasise the scale of the landscape and its core ‘inland sea’ setting;
• Local features and variations in landscape character, such as the Clogher
Valley, in formulating or considering the location, siting, scale, design of
development proposals and potential visual and cumulative impacts;
• Entrance features to Landscape Character Areas and settlements;
• Giving recognition to the special landscape character of the Lough Neagh
and Lough Beg Ramsar Site, including Peatlands Country Park;
• Impact on the setting of the many small settlements and features of
archaeological and historic interest including the former canal and rail
corridors.

3.3.6 The Mournes and South Armagh

The Mournes and the Ring of Gullion dominate the landscape to the south of
the Lough Neagh Basin and provide a stunning backdrop to views from miles
around. The extensive foothills leading to these steep summits form rugged
upland landscapes with a broad scale. There is then a gradual transition to
surrounding drumlin farmland.

The Slieve Roosky complex lies to the west of the principle Mournes chain
and the rolling uplands of the Carrigatuke Hills extend north-west from the
Ring of Gullion towards the rolling well wooded farmland of central Armagh.
The rugged ring of volcanic dyke hills associated with the dominant Slieve
Gullion volcanic plug encircle neat pastures of farmland and form the Ring of
Gullion which is at the gateway north from the relatively flat plains and bogs of
central Ireland. The landscapes on the outer fringe of the ring have a relatively
remote isolated character.

The distinctive stone wall landscape to the south of the Mournes is known as
the ‘Kingdom of Mourne’. The steep mountain slopes provide a dramatic
backdrop to this striking and unified farmland which descends to the coast.
The Mourne coastline has a particularly diverse range of coastal features. To
the east are the Tyrella and Murlough sand dunes, the long sandy beaches
and the mudflats of Inner Drumlin Bay. To the west the scenic deep waters of
Carlingford Lough reflect the surrounding forested slopes. The steep sided
valley of the Newry River provides a sheltered entrance to the port of Newry.

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Issues that may need careful consideration in The Mournes and South
Armagh in the future
• Acceptability of wind energy development that may affect the scenic
quality and recreational importance of the Mournes and the Ring of Gullion
landscapes;
• Impact on the strong/bold topographical features unique to the Mournes
and the Ring of Gullion;
• Impact on habitats of nature conservation value, in particular where they
emphasise the beauty, character, height, diversity, rarity and conservation
interest of slopes;
• Impact on the diversity of Landscape Character Areas and their distinctive
identity and sense of place;
• The visual impact of wind energy development in the exposed open upland
and lowland landscapes;
• The impact of related infrastructure such as roads and power lines;
• Impact on exposed shorelines;
• Impact on the distinctive cultural heritage features particular to local
landscapes throughout the area;
• Views from and around Carlingford Lough;
• Entrance points to the Mourne and Ring of Gullion landscapes and to
Northern Ireland;
• Impact on the setting of Armagh City, Newry City and settlements within
the local area.

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4. Guidance on Preparing Wind Energy

Proposals

4.1 Introduction
This section explains how to use the contents of the SPG and provides further
guidance for preparing wind energy proposals. Suggested sources of further
technical advice can be found in Annex 1.

4.2 Initial Scheme Planning

At the initial feasibility and scheme planning stage, the focus of developers’
effort is on site selection and identifying an appropriate type and scale of wind
energy development. Ideally this should include consideration and rigorous
assessment of a number of different scheme alternatives. Good site selection
and scheme definition are the most effective ways of addressing issues of
potential landscape and visual impact and ultimately ensuring that a proposal
is likely to be acceptable in landscape and visual terms.

In light of the importance of landscape and visual impacts and the need for
detailed consideration of siting layout and design, it is recommended that
developers involve a suitably qualified and experienced landscape architect
who has landscape assessment expertise from the outset. Initial scheme
planning and siting, layout and design should be informed and influenced by
an ongoing process of landscape and visual impact assessment (see Section
4.4) in order to prepare proposals which are more likely to be acceptable in
landscape and visual terms.

For each possible development area or site, the relevant landscape

assessment sheet(s) (see Annex 3) should be consulted as a first step, with a
view to understanding the broad pattern of landscape sensitivities,
opportunities and challenges within the affected LCA(s). This should help
identify some general locations where there may be capacity for wind energy
development and may offer principles for its placement within the landscape.
It should also provide guidance to help identify those areas where wind
energy development is less likely to be acceptable in landscape and visual
terms.

This broad assessment will need to be followed by more detailed specific site
analysis as each potential development site is unique. Local variations in
landscape character or value can be very significant and notable landscape
and visual issues will need to be identified and addressed. More detailed work
required could include:

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• analysis of landscape and visual characteristics and values for the area
concerned, drawing on the Northern Ireland Landscape Character
Assessment, the landscape, natural and cultural heritage designations and
recreational resources values as detailed in Section 2.1, and information
on relevant local and development plan designations and policy;
• review of the assessment sheets for any neighbouring LCAs that may also
be affected by the wind energy development;
• identification of other sites (including transboundary sites in the Republic of
Ireland) that may give rise to cumulative impacts 16;
• consideration of relevant issues of cumulative landscape sensitivity (see
Sections 3.2, 3.3 and Table 3 );
• preliminary field survey of landscape and visual character and context;
• preliminary visibility mapping (see Section 4.4) and appraisal of potential
impacts on key views.

By the end of this process, developers should have a clear understanding of

which site(s) offer the best prospect in landscape terms of obtaining planning
consent for the type(s) of development that are most desirable, and most
likely to be acceptable, providing any notable landscape and visual issues can
be addressed. The choice of site and development type should respect the
specific sensitivity and challenges of the landscapes concerned and should
have adequately taken into account the general landscape principles set out
in Tables 3 and 4.

4.3 Siting, Layout and Design

Having selected a preferred development location, careful and thorough work
on detailed siting, layout and design should be undertaken. This process
ideally should be an iterative one and offers significant further opportunities to
prevent or mitigate adverse landscape and visual impacts. The location,
siting, layout and design considerations within the LCA landscape assessment
sheets contain information that will assist with the preparation of appropriate
proposals. This section of the landscape assessment also identifies
challenges that should be adequately addressed and taken into account
during the preparation of wind energy proposals.

The key principles of good siting, layout and design are summarised in Table
5 below.

16
These should include operational, consented and application sites. See the Planning Service website
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/advice/advice_apply/advice_renewable_energy/renewable_wind_f
arms.htm
In the case of transboundary development see the Irish Wind Energy Association website
http://www.iwea.com/index.cfm/page/windfarmsinireland and contact the county council(s) concerned

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Table 5: Key Principles of Good Siting, Layout and Design

Siting
• Sites should relate well to the broad grain of the topography and should
not distract from or obscure important character distinctions such as
upland-lowland transitions.
• Siting should respect landscape settings and skylines, particularly
settings to distinctive landform features, settlements, historic landmarks
and areas designated for their scenic quality. (Photo 11)
• Prominent and highly visible skylines, for example at the edge of upland
areas, should generally be avoided.
• Significant impacts on key views from important viewpoints and popular
tourist and scenic routes should be avoided or carefully considered.
• Optimise separation of wind farm sites from settlements to reduce
impacts on the amenity of residents.
• Identify and avoid impacts on areas of wild character and on features of
natural or cultural heritage interest that contribute to landscape character
and landscape value, including important habitats and earth science
features; vulnerable bird habitats and species; areas of significant
archaeological interest; and historic monuments, designed landscapes,
conservation areas, listed buildings and their settings.

Layout
• Investigate alternative layouts from an early stage to find the optimum
response to character as seen from key viewpoints. This is especially
important where there are several wind energy developments in the same
area.
• Through careful layout and arrangement of turbines, ensure that turbines
read as a coherent group (Photo 12) in main views.
• Minimise significant turbine overlaps, which may catch the eye.
• Layouts that reflect existing landscape patterns, such as regular field
patterns or linear transport corridors, may allow the positive sculptural
qualities of turbines to be seen to good effect.
• Maximise the benefits of existing screening by topography or woodland
through careful placement of turbines and adjustment of turbine base
heights. However do not rely on woodland or forestry screening if felling
is likely during the lifespan of the project.
• Adequate separation from walking, riding and other recreational routes is
important to prevent adverse impacts on the landscape experience,
amenity and safety of recreational landscape users.
• When setting turbines back from the upland edge, try to avoid creating
views of blades that are highly distracting (Photo 13).

Design
• The scale of development, in terms of lateral extent and height, should be
in proportion with, but not overwhelm, key landscape elements such as
valleys, ridges, hills and woodlands.

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• Aim to create a simple image that respects the hierarchy of elements in

the landscape and does not compete with, or create clutter when seen
together with other man-made landscape elements.
• In urban or industrial contexts, developments should respond to the scale
of the built form and sit comfortably alongside large buildings or
structures, providing a balanced composition that enhances any existing
focal point.
• Consistent turbine height, layout and design are critical for sites that lie
close to one another, particularly those within a cluster (ie within 3-5km to
the outermost turbines).
• A range of colour options for turbines are available. Consideration could
be given to the background against which the turbines will usually be
seen. Pale colours suit most sites in elevated locations where turbines
will mainly be seen against the sky. Darker colours may be appropriate
where turbines will be seen against a landscape background.

Infrastructure
• Road access for long loads (eg blades up to 45m long) may necessitate
road widening, creation of wide bell-mouth entrances and removal of
features such as stone bridges, walls, gateposts, hedges and trees, thus
affecting the fabric and character of the landscape.
• Minimise infrastructure impacts by good design and appropriate mitigation
eg replacement planting. Avoid measures that would urbanise the
character of rural lanes eg kerbing and fencing.
• Impacts of on-site access tracks (typically 5-6m wide) may be reduced by
use of existing farm or forestry tracks. The length of new on-site access
track should be minimised through efficient track layout, and tracks
should be surfaced in a way that blends in with the surroundings. Where
possible tracks should be re-vegetated (in full or in part) following
construction.
• Access track impacts will be heightened on steep slopes (Photo 14),
where they may require zig-zag routes, cut and fill and drainage
channels, and on wet marshy ground where they may require extensive
foundations. Use of highly engineered solutions should be minimised as
they may scar the landscape. Tracks should follow the contours provided
this does not entail excessive length.
• Where possible, transformers could be housed within the turbine tower to
reduce their visual impacts, and on-site cables could be buried
underground.
• Substation and control buildings should be carefully sited and should
generally avoid high, exposed locations where they may be incongruous
and provide a scale comparison with turbines.
• Use of local building materials and styles will help integrate such
structures into the landscape. Hard surfacing, fencing and lighting
around substations should be minimised.

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Photo 11: Respect settings of areas designated for their scenic quality.

Photo 12: Ensure that turbines read as a coherent group – this group is too
disparate.

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Photo 13: Try to avoid creating views of blades that can be distracting.

Photo 14: Steep, highly engineered access tracks should be avoided where
possible.

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4.4 Assessment of Landscape and Visual Impacts

For most wind energy developments, submission of an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) will be required. For smaller developments that do not
require a full EIA the planning authority will often still require information
describing environmental impacts and how they have been addressed. An
assessment of landscape and visual impact will normally be a central part of
the EIA for wind energy developments; key good practice requirements for
landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) are summarised in Table 6.
Definitions of LVIA terms can be found in Annex 2. Further advice on LVIA
can be found in Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental
Management and Assessment (2002) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual
Impact Assessment, 2nd edition, Spon.

Table 6: Good Practice Requirements for Landscape and

Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA)

Description of alternatives
• Describe the alternative sites considered and their landscape constraints
and opportunities.
• Indicate why the final choice of site was made and why it was considered
suitable in terms of potential landscape and visual impacts.
• Drawing on the design statement, describe the alternative conceptual
design options considered, giving the reasons for choosing turbine
numbers, height and the particular site, layout and design.
• Explain why the preferred solution represents the optimum landscape fit.
• Computer-generated wireline images may be helpful in illustrating this
section of the EIA.

Project description
• Describe the project at each phase in its life cycle in sufficient detail to
allow the assessment of landscape and visual effects.
• Include the location and dimensions or extent of all plant and structures,
and describe the nature, scale and duration of project activities during
construction, operation, and decommissioning.
• Construction phase information should include site access and haulage
routes and construction details; turning circles and visibility splays;
removal and protection of existing features; any cut and fill and drainage
requirements; borrow pits and disposal areas; temporary lay down areas
and crane hard standings; construction compound and materials storage;
turbine foundations; temporary anemometer masts; site cable runs; and
site reinstatement.
• Operational phase information should include details of number and type
of turbines (including form, materials, colour etc); operational wind speeds
and blade rotation speed; transformers; substation and control building;
signage, lighting and fencing; landscape mitigation measures such as

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planting; grid connection; servicing and land management arrangements.

• Decommissioning phase information should include arrangements for
removal of turbines and ancillary structures; proposals for restoration; and
future land management.

Baseline assessment – landscape resources

• Agree with the planning authority the size of the study area. For turbines
of medium or large commercial height we would generally recommend a
radius of 20-30km around the site depending on the proposed height of
turbines.
• Compile mapping and descriptions of the existing landscape within the
study area, examining the broad landscape context (15-30km), landscape
setting (5-15km), local landscape setting (2-5km) and immediate
landscape setting (up to 2km). Use the LCAs as a framework for writeup.
• Cover landscape character, landscape values and landscape sensitivity
throughout the study area (including transboundary areas), drawing on
the relevant landscape character assessment reports, information on
special landscape values (such as descriptions of landscape, natural and
cultural heritage designations); and the LCA landscape assessment
sheets.
• Describe how landscape character affects the sensitivity to wind energy
development of the landscapes within the study area and define their
level of sensitivity.
• In relation to valued landscape characteristics and features, explain the
reasons why the characteristic or feature is important and its level of
importance (ie national, regional, local).
• Describe the landscape of the site itself, including landform, landcover,
features of natural and cultural heritage interest and access. Include
details of the landscape fabric ie vegetation, trees, hedges and other
boundary features and their condition.
• Confirm and expand this information through field survey.

Baseline assessment – visual resources

• Prepare mapping to show the area over which wind turbines may be seen
(commonly referred to as the zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) or by
some as the zone of visual influence).
• Review the ZTV and consider the site’s contribution to visual amenity
within the distance bands indicated above. Consider in the field the
degree to which trees and vegetation may reduce or contain visibility.
• Use the ZTV and field work to help identify viewpoints to be covered in
the assessment through the preparation of wireline images and
photomontages. These viewpoints should be discussed and agreed with
the planning authority and other stakeholders at the scoping stage.
• The number of viewpoints required will vary but 15-25 viewpoints may be
necessary for wind farms, particularly in areas of high landscape
sensitivity.
• Include views referred to in the LCA landscape assessment sheets, eg
views from settlements; transport corridors; tourist and walking routes;
specific receptors such as historic parks; and also locations where

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cumulative impacts will occur with other wind energy developments.

• Give priority to views from distances of less than 5km but also include
some middle and longer range views.
• A range of receptors (viewer groups) could be classified in terms of their
sensitivity. In general, those engaged in tourism and recreation eg
walkers may have higher amenity expectations and be more sensitive,
while groups such as passing motorists and local workers have lower
amenity expectations and are less sensitive.

Description of impacts
• This section should systematically identify and describe the likely effects
of the proposal; indicate the mitigation measures developed; estimate the
magnitude of the changes that will occur; and consider whether they will
be beneficial or adverse. It should cover impacts at construction,
operational and decommissioning phases. Transboundary impacts on
areas of the Republic of Ireland should be included.
• Impacts should be separately assessed under headings of landscape
fabric, landscape character, landscape values and visual amenity and for
each of the distance bands described above.
• For landscape fabric, the scale of impacts such as physical damage or
loss and proposed mitigation should be given wherever possible.
• For landscape character, the assessment should briefly describe the
changes that will occur to the character of each of the LCAs where wind
turbines are visible, considering how the wind energy development will
affect perceptions of character (eg landscape scale, patterns, focal
points, skylines and settings etc) and how widespread and prominent the
changes will be.
• For landscape values, the assessment should describe any changes in
landscape quality, scenic quality, wildness, tranquillity, natural and
cultural heritage features, cultural associations and amenity and
recreation that will occur due to the development (given its distance and
visibility).
• For visual amenity, the extent of visibility should be described by
reference to ZTV mapping. Changes in views from the selected
viewpoints should be assessed by reference to the wireline images and
photomontages. Commentary and assessment should also be provided
on impacts on residential properties; impacts on views from Registered
Parks and Conservation Areas within 5km; and impacts on views from the
principal routes in the area (including the main road routes, tourist routes
and walking routes where appropriate).

Cumulative impacts
• Cumulative impacts with any other operational, consented or application
stage sites should also be assessed (recognising that there are varying
degrees of certainty associated with these different types of site).
• Prepare cumulative ZTV(s) around the proposed development (the
planning authority would generally recommend using a radius of at least
30km but may request that this be extended in some cases, for example
where a highly sensitive landscape lies midway between two wind farm

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sites).
• Analyse the pattern of combined effects and identify key viewpoints within
areas of overlap between the ZTVs of different developments, including
some short and middle range views. Prepare cumulative wireline images
for each of these viewpoints.
• Assess cumulative impacts under the same headings as site-specific
impacts. Pay particular attention to issues such as:
ƒ the combined effect of different site accesses on the landscape
fabric of a single hillside or valley;
ƒ how developments relate to one other and to the underlying
landscape in terms of scale and capacity;
ƒ the extent to which the setting of valued landscapes or features
may be eroded by cumulative impacts;
ƒ the combined visual effects of more than one wind energy
development on particular tourist routes or long distance walks
when seen together or sequentially.
• In assessing the magnitude of cumulative impacts it may be helpful to
consider the extent of overlap between the ZTVs of different
developments, and extent to which the proposed development extends
the horizontal field of view occupied by wind turbines.

Assessment of impact significance

• Finally the significance of impacts should be assessed by reference to
the sensitivity of the landscape or viewer and the magnitude of the
change that is expected to occur. Significance can be classified, for
example on five or seven levels from negligible to major. Good practice is
to do this by means of a matrix that sets out the combinations of
sensitivity and magnitude that give rise to specific significance levels.
• The assessment of significance should be informed by the LCA
landscape assessment sheet for the LCAs concerned, and should focus
on the potentially significant impacts of the project, that is those that will
affect decision-making.

In addition to text covering all the topics listed above, appropriate, high quality
illustrations will greatly assist the assessment process and help people to
understand the assessment findings. The preparation of appropriate maps,
ZTVs, wireline images and photomontages is a complex and specialist
process and expert input will be required. The use of Digital Terrain Models
may assist with these complex and specialist processes. The project
landscape architect should be able to advise on the selection of a suitable
specialist and supervise the preparation of the illustrations.

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4.5 Checklists
The planning authority will expect LVIAs for commercial wind energy
developments to adequately meet the good practice requirements that are
summarised in Table 6. Developers should also submit presentation material
(including maps and other illustrations) as set out in Table 7.

Table 7: Checklist of Presentation Material That Should be

Provided

Conceptual design options

Any computer-generated wireline images that were utilised during
consideration of conceptual design options. Images accompanied by map(s)
to show the turbine layouts that are illustrated and the viewpoint location,
viewing direction, included field of view and appropriate viewing distance for
the wirelines.

Site layout
Site layout plan showing position of turbines, access and internal tracks,
compounds, substation and all ancillary elements in the context of the
physical landscape fabric, including contours, type and condition of
landcover, boundaries and trees, existing access points, utilities and
important environmental features. Scale 1:25,000 or greater.

Turbines and other elements

Scaled elevations showing technical detail of turbines, transformers,
substation and ancillary elements, with key dimensions. Typical photographs
of turbines proposed.

Landscape character
Map showing site location and LCAs within the study area on a colour
1:50,000 OS base (this may be reduced as long as it is legible). LCAs and
landscape types in the Republic of Ireland should also be shown where
these lie within the study area. Map should indicate concentric distance
bands from the outer turbines of the site including those distance bands used
in writeup (ie 2, 5, 15 and 30km). Viewpoint locations should also be shown.

Landscape designations and values

Map showing site location and location of valued landscape features within
the study area on a 1: 50,000 OS base (as before), including all the
designations and features listed in Table 1 of this guidance (and equivalents
in the Republic of Ireland). Concentric distance bands as above. Viewpoint
locations.

Zones of theoretical visibility

Maps of theoretical visibility to hub height and to blade tip height on a
1:50,000 OS base (as before), with transparent colouring to indicate the
number of hubs or blade tips that may be visible at a given point. Maps

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should cover the whole study area with enlargements at 1:25,000 or

1:50,000 to show visibility up to 5km in more detail. Concentric distance
bands as above. Viewpoint locations.

Visualisations
Computer-generated wireline images and (where possible) colour
photomontages for the selected viewpoint locations. These should be based
on photographs taken with a 50mm lens on a 35mm film format (or digital
equivalent), reproduced at a size that, when seen at a normal reading
distance of around 50cm, will appear similar to what would be seen in the
field. The horizontal field of view should be similar to that of the human eye
(around 50 degrees). Each visualisation should be accompanied by a
photograph of the view as existing and by details of distance to nearest
turbine, viewpoint grid reference and height AOD, viewing direction, included
field of view and appropriate viewing distance.

Cumulative impacts
Location map (with individual turbine locations) for all operational, consented
and application sites for commercial wind energy development
(recommended within 30km, or wider area if required by the planning
authority) in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Presented on a
1:50,000 OS base (as before) with concentric distance bands. Overlain by
transparent ZTVs of different sites in different colours, so that areas of
cumulative visibility can be seen. Location of cumulative viewpoints. 180 or
360 degree computer-generated wireline images for these viewpoints,
annotated with site name, status (operational, consented, application), and
distance to nearest turbine.

As indicated earlier, this Supplementary Planning Guidance on wind energy

development in Northern Ireland’s landscapes will be taken into account by
the planning authority in determining planning applications for wind energy
development. It will inform judgements on the impacts and acceptability of
proposed developments in landscape and visual terms and on the adequacy
of the LVIA provided.

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When considering potential applications at the scoping stage, before

submitting applications and when reviewing applications for wind energy
development it is worth considering the following checklist questions.

Table 8: Checklist of Questions

ƒ Does the location of the development take account of the sensitivity of the
landscape indicated in the landscape assessment?
ƒ Is the proposed development proportionate to the landscape character of
the area?
ƒ Does the application accord with the principles set out in Tables 3, 4 and
5?
ƒ Does it demonstrate understanding of and respect for landscape
character (not only in the LCA that is most directly affected, but also in the
wider area)?
ƒ Does it respect the visual amenity of the LCA and the wider surrounding
landscape?
ƒ Has proper account been taken, in siting, layout and design, of the key
landscape characteristics and values and the specific sensitivities of the
landscapes concerned?
ƒ Have all significant impacts been identified or are there omissions? If so,
is further information required on these potential impacts?
ƒ Are there any significant residual impacts on landscape fabric, landscape
character, landscape values or visual amenity that may mean the
proposal is unacceptable?
ƒ If so, could these be reduced to an acceptable level by design changes
such as a reduction in the number or height of turbines, changes to
turbine layout, alternative site access arrangements or off-site screening?
ƒ Are there significant cumulative impacts on landscape fabric, landscape
character, landscape values or visual amenity that may mean the
proposal is unacceptable? If so, could these be reduced to an acceptable
level by siting, layout or design changes?
ƒ Does the LVIA provided accord with the good practice requirements in
Table 6 and has adequate presentation material as indicated in Table 7
been supplied?

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Annex 1. Sources of Further Technical Advice

Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) Landscape
Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland, Countryside
Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage.
http://www.landscapecharacter.org.uk/node/26

Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2004), Landscape

Character Assessment Guidance Topic Paper 6: Techniques and Criteria
for Judging Sensitivity and Capacity, Countryside Agency and Scottish
Natural Heritage. http://www.landscapecharacter.org.uk/node/26

Department for the Environment (Northern Ireland) (2009) Best Practice

Guidance to Planning Policy Statement 18: Renewable Energy
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/policy_publications/planning_state
ments/planning_policy_statement_18_renewable_energy-4.htm

Department for the Environment (Northern Ireland) (2009) Planning Policy

Statement 1: Renewable Energy
http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/policy_publications/planning_state
ments/planning_policy_statement_18_renewable_energy-4.htm

Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and

Assessment (2002) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment,
2nd edition, Spon.
http://www.iema.net/shop/product_info.php?cPath=27_26&products_id=57

Scottish Natural Heritage (2001) Guidelines on the Environmental Impacts of

Windfarms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes, Scottish Natural
Heritage.
http://www.snh.org.uk/pubs/results.asp?q=windfarms&selfservice=0&c=-
1&isbn=&o=title

Scottish Natural Heritage (2005) Guidance: Cumulative Effect of Wind Farms,

Scottish Natural Heritage.
http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/strategy/Cumulativeeffectsonwindfarms.pdf

Scottish Natural Heritage (2006) Visual Representation of Windfarms: Good

Practice Guidance, Scottish Natural Heritage.
http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/heritagemanagement/Visual%20Repr
esentation%20of%20windfarms%20-%20excerpt.pdf

University of Newcastle (2002) Visual Assessment of Windfarms: Best

Practice, Scottish Natural Heritage.
http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/f01aa303a.pdf

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Annex 2: Terms and Definitions

General terms relating to landscape and visual resources

Landscape fabric – Physical landscape elements and features, such as landform,
landcover, boundary features, trees and woodland, that make up the landscape
we see, and that may be affected for example by recontouring, land use changes,
or damage to vegetation in the course of development.

Landscape character – The distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that

occurs consistently in a particular type of landscape and how this is perceived by
people. It reflects particular combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation,
land use and human settlement. It creates the particular sense of place of
different areas of the landscape.

Landscape quality (or condition) – A term based on judgements about the

physical state of the landscape, and about its intactness, from visual, functional
and ecological perspectives. It also reflects the state of repair of individual
features and elements which make up the character in any one place.

Landscape value – The intrinsic value that is attached to a landscape, often

reflected in designation or recognition. It expresses national or local consensus as
to the (degree of) importance of a landscape, for reasons including landscape
quality, scenic (or visual) quality, wildness and tranquillity, natural and cultural
heritage interests, cultural associations and recreational opportunities.

Amenity – The benefits afforded to people by a particular area in terms of what is

seen and experienced. Amenity includes not just visual amenity and views but
also the experience of landscape in its widest sense. Different groups of people
such as walkers, residents and motorists may have different amenity expectations.

Terms used in landscape and visual impact assessment

Landscape impacts – Changes in the physical landscape which give rise to
changes in its character and how it is experienced, and may in turn affect the
value attached to a landscape. Landscape impacts may be beneficial (for
example where a characteristic feature is restored) or adverse (for example where
a characteristic feature is damaged or lost).

Visual impacts – Changes in the appearance or perceptions of a particular area

or view as a result of development or other change. Visual impacts can be
beneficial (for example where a new view is opened up) or adverse (for example
where an existing view is affected by the addition of an intrusive feature).

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Landscape sensitivity – A term based on the inherent sensitivity to change of a

landscape in both landscape character and visual terms (as a result of its type of
character, visibility etc). In Environmental Impact Assessment the term sensitivity
may also be used to encompass the value placed upon the landscape.

Visual sensitivity – The sensitivity of visual receptors (viewers and views) to

changes in the appearance of the landscape. Sensitivity depends on the location
and context of the viewpoint, the expectations and occupation or activity of the
viewer, and the importance or value of the view.

Landscape capacity – A term used to indicate – generally for the purposes of

planning policy or guidance – the extent to which a landscape can accommodate
specific types of change or development without significant adverse impacts on its
landscape character, visual amenity or landscape value.

Magnitude – A combination of the scale, extent and duration of an effect. The

nature and degree of change to the landscape resource, the scale of the change in
view resulting from the loss or addition of features, the degree of contrast or
integration of new features in the landscape, the angle and distance of view, the
extent of the area over which the changes would be visible, and the duration of the
effects are all relevant considerations.

Impact significance – A term that is not absolute and can only be defined in
relation to each development and its location. The two principal criteria
determining significance are the sensitivity of the landscape or viewer and the
magnitude of the effect.

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Annex 3

Landscape Assessment Sheets

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LCA 1 Garrison Lowlands

Location: County Fermanagh. Located in West Fermanagh, bounded by Lough Melvin
to the south and River Erne to north.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Mainly low lying LCA, with rounded ridges and many small scale landscape features. The
highest hill is Scribbagh at 153m AOD.

Landform
Long, rounded glacial ridges extend into County Donegal, interspersed with valleys and
bogs, commonly draining into Lough Melvin or eventually reaching the coast. The ridges
become shallower and the valleys wider towards the west of the LCA. In the east, the land
rises merging with the sandstone uplands around Lough Navar and Ballintempo Uplands.
The north shores of Lough Melvin are low-lying and exposed; low ridges project into the
lough forming points and islands.

Enclosure
Generally enclosed – due to both undulating landform and vegetation, which includes
scattered forestry plantations and overgrown hedges enclosing grassland and rough
grazing.

Complexity of landcover and features

A relatively complex landscape, supporting a patchwork of small fields, interspersed with
river valleys, small lakes and extensive wet meadows and bog. Reed beds and shoreline
woodland around Lough Melvin. Sandstone boulders on surface of some ridges. Ladder
fields on south shore of Lough Melvin on the pronounced slopes of Sheenun ridge are
distinctive, as are the low-lying, exposed shingle beaches on the north shore of Lough
Melvin.

Man-made influence
Influences apparent through turbary and forestry, although the impact of forestry plantations
has been moderate thus far.

Skylines and settings

The village of Garrison enjoys a distinctive and picturesque landscape setting at the head of
Lough Melvin. Ridges also project into the lough forming points and islands that are
distinctive features.

Visibility and views

The steep hills of Sligo and Leitrim can be seen south across Lough Melvin; their distinctive
ladder field patterns dominate views. There are views southwest across the lough from the
B52 above Garrison and from Garrison itself; and from the lough eastwards to the
Fermanagh uplands. The Glen River and Waterfalls also provide key views, and are located
towards the eastern boundary of this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

Declining farming activity and rough grazing contribute to localised landscape quality issues.
The shorelines of Lough Melvin, with shingle beaches, shoreline vegetation and views to the
ladder fields of Sheenun, are in good condition.

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Scenic quality
Whole LCA has been identified as an ASQ; it is also adjacent to the highly scenic
Fermanagh karst landscape. Lough Melvin is also designated as Area of Outstanding
Natural Beauty and Area of High Visual Amenity in the Leitrim County Development Plan.

Wildness and tranquillity

Remote and isolated character in parts, due primarily to declining agricultural activity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Active karstic cave system in the Dartry Limestone at Ground Bridge. Significant ecological
resources comprising wetlands, hay meadows, bog and occasional woodland and
hedgebanks, reflected in numerous ASSIs. Lough Melvin is an SAC and internationally
important for its rare fish species. Numerous raths, commonly sited in prominent positions
along low ridges and in valleys.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with the area’s prehistoric sites.

Amenity and recreation

Outdoor pursuits, fishing and water sports are found at Lough Melvin. Cycle route traverses
the LCA. Garrison is a gateway into Northern Ireland from County Leitrim and is the main
recreational centre supporting a year round campsite and a number of guesthouses.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is relatively small scale and contains a range of landscape features. Its
remote character and distinctive field patterns and enclosures also lend a relatively high
degree of sensitivity. Views across, and from Lough Melvin, are an important landscape
consideration.

Towards the eastern part of this LCA, the presence of higher, rolling ridge land might lead to
locally reduced landscape sensitivity. However, the area around Lough Melvin, including
land near the settlement of Garrison, is very sensitive to wind energy development, as are
the Glen River and Waterfalls areas.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The glacial ridges within this LCA may afford some screening for turbine development away
from the principal roads and scenic views. Mid slope locations and locations associated with
existing conifer plantations might also offer suitable sites. It is recommended that any wind
energy development should reflect the scale of nearby landform and landcover features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the shorelines and setting of Lough
Melvin as these areas are very visually sensitive. The landscape interests of recreational
resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest existing wind farm was at Callagheen, around 2km east of the LCA in the Lough
Navar and Ballintempo Uplands (LCA 4). Further development in LCA 4 or in the adjoining
counties of Leitrim and Donegal (where there were a number of wind farm applications)
could impact on the character of this area, affecting views from Lough Melvin and leading to
cumulative impacts. Proximity to the existing Callagheen site might help to minimise
cumulative impacts provided that the turbines were not visible from Lower Lough Erne to the
north).

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LCA 2 Lower Lough Erne

Location: County Fermanagh. Northern part of Lough Erne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This LCA contains extensive open waters, offshore islands and the distinctive Cliffs of
Magho. The open lough contrasts with the narrow strips of adjacent loughside farmland and
woodland, which have an intimate, small scale character. Derrin Mountain, on the northern
edge of the LCA, rises to 171m AOD.

Landform
The Cliffs of Magho consist of a large, north-facing limestone escarpment overlooking Lower
Lough Erne, a deep glacial trough. Further north the low streamlined ridges, bays and
promontories of Boa Island and Castle Caldwell are less pronounced.

Enclosure
Centred on the lough, this landscape is largely open and visually exposed. However, the
small loughside fields are commonly enclosed by hedgerows and woods, contributing a
localised sense of enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Landcover is principally agriculture and forestry. There is marginal farmland to the west,
with improved grassland on drumlins and wet meadows and bogs further east. Semi-
natural woodland is found on the lough shores. There are only narrow strips of farmland
adjoining the lake in this LCA. Wooded islands are attractive features.

Man-made influence
Main loughside roads have a scattering of tourism development. Highly visible forestry spills
over the Cliffs of Magho from Lough Navar.

Skylines and settings

The Cliffs of Magho present a distinctive and defining skyline in this LCA. The estate village
of Belleek lies in an attractive historic setting. Landmarks within this LCA include Rosscor
viaduct, Castle Caldwell forest and Belleek itself. The settings of old estates such as Ely
Lodge, close to the lough shore, also contribute to the character of this LCA.

Visibility and views

As much of the shoreline is wooded, views to Lower Lough Erne are intermittent. However,
extensive views across the lake are afforded from the many lakeside jetties and slipways
and from the Cliffs of Magho, which in turn dominate southward views across the lough.
Long views east are afforded from Rosscor Viaduct and across the lough at the causeway
near Binghams Rock. Water-borne recreational views are also important in this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is generally in good condition, with semi-natural habitats usually untouched
by development. This area has a relatively robust landscape structure.

Scenic quality
It is a highly scenic landscape with the interaction between lake and land being a defining
characteristic. The Cliffs of Magho contribute greatly to the high scenic quality of this LCA.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA remains tranquil despite recreational pressures. The lough fringe is highly
significant for flora and fauna and this contributes to a wild character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

This LCA has a very varied range of natural heritage interests, from mixed ashwoods to
important bird populations. Lower Lough Erne is only one of two sites in Northern Ireland to
support the fish species Pollan. There are various ASSI designations, notably for limestone
areas including the Cliffs of Magho and Magheramenagh. The islands and lough shores are
rich in monuments and ecclesiastical sites, including raths, crannogs, ruined castles, and
numerous listed buildings and estates such as Castlecaldwell (Registered Park).

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with the many historic and archaeological sites.

Amenity and recreation

Wide variety of tourism and recreational facilities for cruising, fishing and watersports.
Castle Caldwell Forest Park and Nature Reserve. Ulster Way. Western end of the lough is
part of the Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is characterised by extensive open water, but also contains a wealth of small
scale, complex landscape features. This unusual combination of characteristics makes it
highly sensitive to wind energy development. Additionally this LCA is unspoilt and tranquil
over most of its area, and has many highly valued natural, cultural and recreational features.

Key constraints are the highly exposed character and long views which the area affords.
The distinctive skyline of the Cliffs of Magho along with the shores around the lough are
especially sensitive to wind energy development

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a character and special qualities which could easily be affected by
inappropriate wind energy development. Areas where hedgerows or woodlands provide
enclosure and screening would provide the most suitable areas for turbine development. It is
recommended that turbines are in scale with buildings and vegetation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive skylines, settings,
views and key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were outlined in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest existing wind farm was at Callagheen, which lies just to the south of the LCA
boundary in the Lough Navar and Ballintempo Uplands LCA and is visible from this LCA.
Further development at that site, in the Croagh and Garvary River LCA to the north, or in
southern County Donegal, could significantly damage the character of this LCA and affect
the setting of Lower Lough Erne. Cumulative impacts will therefore have to be carefully
assessed.

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LCA 3 Croagh and Garvary River

Location: County Fermanagh. This LCA lies to the north of Lower Lough Erne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Extensive moorland, forestry and marginal agriculture create a relatively open landscape,
with a more intimate character on the lower slopes and in the river valleys which have
hedgerows and small fields. The LCA attains heights of only 150m AOD.

Landform
This LCA, on the edge of the Pettigoe Plateau, has a concave landform overall. Underlain
by ancient metamorphic rocks, it has a rough and rugged appearance, despite its relatively
low elevation. The plateau has many small loughs and rocky knolls, the rounded summits of
Croagh and Mallybreen Hill rising above. The two main rivers, the Garvary and Woodford
Rivers, cut through small rounded glacial hills and terraces.

Enclosure
A sense of enclosure is provided on the lower slopes and river valleys due to hedgerows
and small field patterns. On the more remote, elevated areas, the landscape has a more
open character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Marginal farming on the lower slopes and valleys, with a dense pattern of hedgerows and
small fields contributing to a relatively complex landscape. Forestry covers a large part of
Derrin Mountain, and blanket bog covers much of the remaining landscape.

Man-made influence
Open unspoilt character with little development, but influence is evident through turbary and
coniferous plantations on Derrin Mountain and small sand and gravel pits at Lough Scolban.

Skylines and settings

Rusheen Hill is a landmark within this LCA. The rounded summits of Croagh and Mallybreen
Hill rise above the plateau but are subdued by the conical peak of Breesy Hill, in County
Donegal. The settings of the loughs and river valleys are also of some importance.

Visibility and views

The slopes afford views south to Lower Lough Erne and the Cliffs of Magho. Views across
the unenclosed blanket bog and towards the river valleys and lakes are also locally
important.

Landscape quality (condition)

The plateau landscape has a remote and isolated character. Forestry, concentrated in the
eastern part of the LCA, is the principal force for change. The extensive moorland and
blanket bog are largely intact and contribute to landscape character.

Scenic quality
This LCA is of high scenic quality especially the highly scenic Fermanagh lakelands, which
includes the area around Lough Scolban. Part of the LCA forms part of the Derrin Mountain
ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The remote areas of this LCA have a wild isolated character. The lower slopes support more
agricultural activity but retain a tranquil character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

International earth science interest associated with extensive subterranean drainage
systems as well as a variety of surface karst phenomena. Pettigoe Plateau is the only
extensive area of lowland western blanket bog in Northern Ireland and supports ASSI, SAC
and Ramsar nature conservation designations. Pettido SPA supports breeding golden
plover. With the exception of crannogs, few other known archaeological sites.

Cultural associations
The area is sparsely settled and there might be folklore associations with the extant
crannogs.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way traverses this LCA, climbing between Black Hill and Meenatully Hill. Fishing
at Lough Scolban and cycling. Eastern part of the LCA is part of a Marble Arch Caves
Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is largely open in character and concave in landform and has little or no screening
in views from Lower Lough Erne. It is characterised by many small loughs and knolls. In
addition to its strong wild character the LCA has important nature conservation assets.

Wind energy development could potentially dominate the landscape of this LCA and could
be highly visible over a wide area.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is visually exposed and has a wild character. The forested landscape of the
eastern part of the LCA is the area that might offer the best capacity for some form of wind
energy development. The enclosed landscapes of the lower slopes might offer better scope
for other turbine development compared with the remote and open upper plateau areas
where development could be highly prominent. It is recommended that any wind energy
development reflects the visual exposure and wild character of this LCA.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views from Lower Lough Erne
or the Cliffs of Magho. Care should be taken to ensure that developments respect the
remote and upper plateau areas and the skylines, settings and views as outlined in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest existing wind farm was at Callagheen, visible around 5km to the south. Any
further development close to that site could damage the character of this LCA and affect the
setting of Lower Lough Erne. Transboundary issues might arise if there was any wind farm
development in adjoining areas of County Donegal such as around Bressy Hill or Bradlieve
Mountain to the west. Cumulative impacts will therefore have to be carefully assessed.

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LCA 4 Lough Navar and Ballintempo Uplands

Location: County Fermanagh, bounded by Cliffs of Magho to the north and Ora More
to the south.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
These exposed uplands comprise a large scale mosaic of open moorland, bog and forestry
plantation. The land rises from 150m to around 350m AOD in the centre and south-east of
the LCA.

Landform
This LCA has been carved out of a broken and undulating sandstone plateau. Different
geological processes have created lough basins, rock ridges and the distinctive rock
pinnacles of Big Dog and Little Dog. There are steep limestone escarpments to the north,
east and south. The land slopes more gently to the west.

Enclosure.
This is a predominantly open landscape with more enclosure on the lower land due to the
presence of forestry plantations.

Complexity of landcover and features

Extensive bog covers much of the area, although this has been widely afforested in the past
thirty years. Turbary plots, rocky outcrops, loughs and hilltops provide landscape interest
and contrast with the extensive plantations.

Man-made influence
Influence is evident through turbary, afforestation and existing wind energy development at
Callagheen in the north-west. Forestry is planted in regular blocks of uniform age and tends
to mask the underlying terrain and landscape features.

Skylines and settings

The distinctive summits of Big and Little Dog are key landmarks, as is the prominent ridge
above Conagher Forest. Correl Glen is a spectacular glen on the Sillees River. At the LCA
fringes, the limestone escarpment provides interesting ridges and skylines.

Visibility and views

Panoramic views from the edges of the LCA across the surrounding loughs and lowlands
are a key characteristic.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape features are obscured by forestry in some areas; other areas show signs of farm
abandonment and boundary neglect.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is often high, particularly in open areas and where the terrain is broken by
rocky outcrops, knolls, native trees and areas of marsh and fen. The LCA lies within the
highly scenic Fermanagh karst landscape.

Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA has a particular appeal due to its wild character, especially in unafforested areas;
remoteness is a key characteristic.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Important surface and subsurface karst systems. Exposed limestone at Lough Formal is of
significant geological interest. Complex topography has led to an intricate pattern of heaths,
bogs and acid grasslands, including several SACs. Glennasheevar ASSI is a large area of
intact oceanic blanket bog, whilst Correl Glen NR supports diverse lichen flora. Blanket
bogs are important for overwintering and breeding birds including waders. Concentration of
Neolithic megaliths, standing stones, passageways and court tombs, often in prominent
positions with long views, such as at Killy Beg and Big Dog. Sweathouses.

Cultural associations
There is folklore associated with Lough Navar and the concentration of Neolithic sites.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way traverses this LCA providing excellent forest walks at Big Dog and Lough
Navar. There is also walking at Correl Glen; and the Forest Service provides recreational
facilities such as viewing and picnic areas. Much of the LCA is part of Marble Arch Caves
Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open areas within this LCA and its exposed tops, escarpments and edges are highly
sensitive to change. This is particularly so where there are distinctive features such as rocky
outcrops, loughs and hilltop knolls; and where any wind energy development would be
visible from Lower Lough Erne and from the Sillees valley or Upper or Lower Lough
Macnean. The wild and remote character of the LCA and its range of natural and cultural
heritage interests also heighten its sensitivity.

The presence of extensive afforestation, locally reduces the landscape’s sensitivity to wind
energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The afforested areas offer best scope to accommodate and access wind energy
development, whilst the open moorland landscapes are highly sensitive to such
developments as it is easy to significantly affect their wild character. Similarly the northern,
southern and eastern fringes of this LCA, commonly marked by steep escarpments, are
highly sensitive due to their high visual prominence; however the gentler western slopes
might have better capacity. It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the
scale of landscape features in this LCA.

Care should be taken to ensure there are no significant visual impacts on the settings of, or
long views to and from, Lower Lough Erne and Upper Lough Macnean. Particular care
should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the landscape settings of distinctive
natural and cultural features and recreational resources such as the Ulster Way.

At the time of assessment there was one large operational wind farm in the northern part of
this LCA (Callagheen, 13 turbines of 83m) and further applications were in the pipeline.
There could also be transboundary impacts arising from wind farm applications in County
Leitrim to the west. Significant separation between wind farms would be recommended to
maintain the characteristic views and wild character associated with this LCA. Cumulative
impacts will therefore have to be carefully assessed.

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LCA 5 Lough Macnean Valley

Location: County Fermanagh. South West Fermanagh, bordering County Leitrim.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This LCA has two narrow loughs of contrasting characters. It is a medium scale landscape
in which the open loughs contrast with the valley sides. The highest land is slopes of
Belmore, which reach a height of 398m AOD.

Landform
Upper and Lower Lough Macnean were formed as glaciers excavated deep basins, creating
impressive steep valley sides and rocky scarps, notably at Hanging Rock. To the east the
valley opens out into the flat Arney valley and to the north-west it connects with the Garrison
lowlands. To the south of Lower Lough Macnean is the limestone escarpment of Marlbank.

Enclosure
The varied landscape pattern and dense vegetation in the lowland areas provide a sense of
enclosure, as do the surrounding steep valley sides.

Complexity of landcover and features

Variety of landscape features: loughs and shorelines, limestone cliffs, woodlands and
limestone grassland. The larger Upper Lough Macnean has a shoreline broken by wooded
promontories and sheltered bays with fringing vegetation. Lower Lough Macnean has a
more agricultural shoreline, with open wet meadows contrasting with occasional thick
woodlands. Ladder field patterns on upper slopes.

Man-made influence
Influence is evident through quarrying at Kiltyfelan and settlement on lower slopes and at
Belcoo. Some ribbon development.

Skylines and settings

Limestone outcrops along the slopes of Belmore Mountain form a craggy escarpment and
an outstanding landscape setting to Lower Lough Macnean. The village of Belcoo enjoys a
distinctive setting, located at the causeway between Upper and Lower Loughs Macnean.
Nearby Aughrim Hill is also a distinctive landscape and Drumelly Rocks form a landmark.

Visibility and views

Views of the lough shores from the valley bottom, and also from Cuilcagh and Marlbank to
the south are often intermittent due to vegetation, but views to the surrounding hills are
possible from the valley bottom and lough shores and also from Cuilcagh and Marlbank to
the south. From the loughs themselves, extensively used for recreation, there are clear
views to the valley sides.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape condition is generally good although locally affected by agricultural intensification
and replacement of walls and banks by wire fencing.

Scenic quality
The steep valley sides adjoining the loughs create a highly scenic landscape. The LCA lies
within the highly scenic Fermanagh karst landscape.

Wildness and tranquillity

The upper slopes of the valley have a stronger wild character than the more active and

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modified valley floors and loughside agricultural areas.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Significant limestone and karst landscape features around Belmore. White-clawed crayfish
in Upper Lough Macnean. Islands in the loughs are also important for breeding waders.
Habitats include upland mixed ashwood, upland oakwood and wet woodland around the
lough shores. Lurgan River Wood ASSI supports hazel and ash woodland; also many NRs.
Some significant archaeological sites, with evidence of Mesolithic settlement at Cushrush
Island. Gardenhill Estate has small scale parkland.

Cultural associations
Reflecting the long settlement history, there are numerous folk stories associated with the
archaeological sites. The LCA lies within the ancient kingdom of Breifne.

Amenity and recreation

LCA is a key gateway into Northern Ireland from Counties Cavan and Leitrim, giving access
to tourist attractions such as Marble Arch Caves and Florencecourt as well as to Enniskillen
and other parts of Fermanagh. Part of the area is in the Marble Arch Caves Global
Geopark. Ulster Way traverses the LCA; Gortahole Outdoor Pursuits area; swimming,
boating and fishing on the lakes; cycling opportunities.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape forms the setting for two attractive loughs. The narrow valley is flanked to
the north and south by steep, prominent valley sides and characterised by a great variety
and complexity of distinctive landscape features.

Notwithstanding the degree of enclosure provided by woodland and the steep valley sides
that define the LCA, wind energy development could be highly visible from the loughs and
lough shores and also from Cuilcagh and Marlbank to the south. The effect of such
development has the potential to overwhelm and dominate the valley landscapes, and could
adversely affect their distinctive skylines, settings and views.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The valley sides have a prominent and visually exposed character, with their dramatic
limestone crags and wide views from across the loughs. Development on the lough shores
or the more remote valley sides and escarpments could be highly prominent. The enclosed
landscapes of the lower slopes might offer the most suitable location for turbine
development. It is recommended that particular care be taken to ensure that turbines are in
scale with buildings and vegetation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines, settings
(including those of natural and cultural heritage and recreational features), and views
outlined in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
although there were several applications in this general locality, within or close to the LCA.
The nearest operational or consented wind farms, were at Callagheen to the north-west and
Slieve Rushen to the south-east, which are both more than 10km away and have little or no
effect within this LCA. Transboundary issues might arise, however, if there was any wind
farm development in adjoining areas of Counties Leitrim or Cavan.

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LCA 6 The Knockmore Scarpland

Location: County Fermanagh. West of Enniskillen and Sillees valley.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A dramatic landscape dominated by the escarpment. Large scale uplands contrast with
more intimate enclosed lowland agricultural areas. Highest point is summit of Belmore at
398m AOD.

Landform
A karst landscape of scarps, extensive cliff faces, gorges, caves, limestone pavements,
woodlands and loughs. The rugged karst relief has been emphasised by glacial action and
larger rivers cut through the rock to form waterfalls, spectacular gorges and caves. A number
of loughs lie along the scarp edge.

Enclosure
Enclosure is provided on lower slopes by woodland, hedgerows and earthbanks. Coniferous
plantations around Belmore lend some screening, whilst escarpments are open and
dominate skylines

Complexity of landcover and features

At Knockmore 100m cliffs descend into scarp woodland, whilst Belmore has a broader
landscape pattern with coniferous plantations on its middle slopes. The glen landscapes
include a variety of small loughs, fields, scrub woodland and scattered houses. On lower
slopes, there are wet meadows.

Man-made influence
Overt man-made influences are generally limited, except for the extensive conifer
plantations at the south end of the escarpment.

Skylines and settings

The Knockmore Scarpland limestone escarpment dominates the skylines in west
Fermanagh. The northern and eastern edges of Belmore, the main east-facing escarpment
of the LCA, and two smaller scarps above Kilgarrow are all prominent ridgelines. Belmore is
a key feature in views from Cuilcagh and Marlbank to the south.

Visibility and views

There are panoramic views over the adjoining lowlands from all the open scarp slopes and
key views eastwards from the tertiary road that runs north-south beneath the escarpment,
providing access to the area’s wealth of landscape features.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is generally in good condition and is characterised by attractive pristine
natural features. Grazing pressure affects woodland regeneration in parts. Some areas are
affected by farm abandonment and field boundary neglect.

Scenic quality
This is a highly scenic landscape within the highly scenic Fermanagh karst landscape. It
has a particular wealth and diversity of landscape features.

Wildness and tranquillity

The cliffs and escarpments create a dramatic and wild character, in contrast with the more
settled lower agricultural areas.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Significant geological interest, including limestone formations and limestone pavement and
the only example of a joint controlled maze cave in Northern Ireland. Rough grazing, small
improved fields and hay meadows contribute rich ecological interest. Important limestone
woodlands (West Fermanagh Scarplands ASSI and SAC); oak woodland over sandstone in
the northern part of the LCA; further designations at Largalinny ASSI and SAC. Blanket bog
around Belmore has overwintering and breeding birds including waders. Significant
concentration of Bronze Age and Neolithic archaeological monuments and sites
representing most of Fermanagh’s past, including subsistence farming from the nineteenth
century.

Cultural associations
Long settlement history and dramatic scenery contribute to a strong sense of history,
tradition and folklore.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way traverses the south west part of this LCA. Caving and potholing are
becoming increasingly important. Southern part of the LCA is part of Marble Arch Caves
Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The prominence of the escarpment skyline across much of Fermanagh makes this LCA
extremely sensitive in both landscape and visual terms. Its rugged and highly varied
landform, wealth of scenic, natural and cultural heritage interest, and generally unspoilt,
pristine landscape quality further heighten its sensitivity.

Locally, in the simpler and larger scale forested landscapes north-west of Belmore Mountain,
the landscape might be somewhat less sensitive, particularly where visibility is contained by
landform and forestry plantation.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is a visually prominent LCA. The area that might have most capacity for some form
of wind energy development is the area north-west of Belmore Mountain, which is more
rounded and partially enclosed by landform and forestry, with forest tracks potentially
providing access. Consideration could be given to siting turbines away from any distinctive
landform features that would lend an inappropriate sense of scale.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on scarp landscapes and the lower slopes
which are clothed in semi-natural woodland as these are extremely sensitive to wind energy
developments. Care should be taken to avoid any adverse impacts on skylines, settings
and key views described in this section and on views from Cuilcagh and Marlbank to the
south.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farm developments
within or near this LCA although there were several applications in this general locality,
within or close to the LCA. Significant separation from any wind farms in adjoining LCAs
would be important. Transboundary impacts are unlikely.

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LCA 7 The Sillees Valley

Location: County Fermanagh. South of Lower Lough Erne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A distinct and well defined lowland area with drumlins. Cullen Hill at 194m AOD is the
highest point in this LCA, but the height of individual drumlins is much less than this.

Landform
The lowland contains steep-sided drumlins which rise higher towards the north-west of the
LCA. A limestone ridge separates this LCA from Lough Erne, rising to nearly 200m at
Cullen Hill. The dramatic cliffs and foothills of the Knockmore Scarpland bound the western
part of the LCA.

Enclosure
A strong sense of enclosure is provided by the drumlin hills, reinforced by small fields,
hedgerows and trees and by the enclosing skylines to east and west.

Complexity of landcover and features

This LCA has a complex pattern of small fields, hedges, loughs, woods and forestry
plantations. The Sillees river winds between the hills through Carran and Ross Loughs to
Upper Lough Erne, and the drainage pattern is intricate. These loughs, situated below the
limestone escarpment, are significant landscape features. Contrasts occur between
improved farming with larger drained fields, and low intensity farming with rough grazing and
hay meadows.

Man-made influence
Intrusive man-made influences are generally limited but include new roadside development,
turbary and forestry plantations, the latter generally well-integrated with the landscape.

Skylines and settings

The Knockmore Scarpland (including Belmore Mountain) provides distinctive skylines in this
LCA; as does the limestone ridge that encloses the valley to the east.

Visibility and views

Gaps between drumlins afford occasional views to lowlands. Ross Lough and Monea Castle
are landmarks within this LCA. Key views from Thompsons Bridge west to the Knockmore
escarpment; and from the escarpment east across most of the LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is generally in good condition. The rolling patchwork of bushy hedgerows and
hedgerow trees provides a robust framework.

Scenic quality
Proximity to the Knockmore escarpment contributes to the scenic quality and sense of place
of this LCA. The far northern part of this LCA around Derrygonnelly lies within the highly
scenic Fermanagh karst landscape.

Wildness and tranquillity

This low-lying river valley does not have particular wild qualities, but is highly tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

In the south of the LCA, important glaciofluvial deposits associated with subglacial and
proglacial processes during the final deglaciation have been identified. Improved grassland
predominates, but some unimproved alkaline grasslands support diversity of herbs and
grasses, and fens occur near some loughs, notably at Ross Lough NR. Early Christian
settlements are well represented. Plantation castle at Monea, under state care. Castletown
Manor is a Registered Park. Many vernacular buildings.

Cultural associations
Long settlement contributes to a strong sense of history and folklore.

Amenity and recreation

Visitor facilities at Monea Castle. Fishing at Arney River, local services and accommodation.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Although most of this LCA’s landscape is relatively broad, open and exposed to view, the
undulating landform and overgrown hedgerows provide a sense of enclosure and potential
screening for wind energy development, at least in parts.

Significant constraints, however, are the drumlin landform, which could easily be
overwhelmed and ‘flattened’ by inappropriately scaled wind energy development; the
relatively settled character of the landscape, which allows little space for wind farms; and
proximity to the outstanding and distinctive landscapes of the Knockmore Scarpland, which
directly overlooks this LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a robust landscape pattern with topography and vegetation providing some
screening. The most appropriate areas for wind energy development would be within the
drumlin belt or forests, although the forests are generally limited in size and a temporary
feature. Drumlin skylines are particularly sensitive and care would have to be taken when
assessing the number of turbines that could be accommodated in the local landscape.
Consideration could be given to siting turbines on drumlin slopes rather than drumlin tops. It
is recommended that any wind energy development relates to field partterns on drumlin
slopes and reflect the relatively small scale features of the landscape.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the limestone ridge to the east of the LCA
as development there could impact significantly on the characteristic and sensitive skyline.
Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the western edge of the area, which
forms the setting to the extremely sensitive Knockmore Scarpland.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA, although there were several applications on land to the west. If consented, these
could affect the landscape of the Sillees Valley LCA and cumulative impacts could become
an issue. Adequate separation and limited intervisibility will be important.

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LCA 8 The Arney Lowlands

Location: County Fermanagh. South Fermanagh, bordering Cuilcagh and Marlbank
LCA.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A broad river valley floor distinguished by wide flat spaces between low hills, generally
around 50-60m AOD.

Landform
The valley is characterised by wide flat lowlands enclosed by low hills. The wide valley floor
is actually a broad glacial trough through which the River Arney meanders. The drumlins of
the Sillees Valley lie to the north, the wetlands of Lough Erne to the east and the Lough
Macnean Valley to the west and north.

Enclosure
This is predominantly an open landscape, though overgrown hedgerows create the
impression of a wooded countryside

Complexity of landcover and features

Much of this lowland has damp peaty soils and is farmed or covered with scrub woodland
and raised bogs. The shallow hills form islands of small rushy fields and hay meadows are
surrounded by thick overgrown hedgerows. Each hill accommodates a dispersed group of
small farmhouses linked by straight roads which are often raised above the level of the
surrounding wetland.

Man-made influence
Scattered roadside development and turbary are the principal influences.

Skylines and settings

Skylines of adjacent areas are most distinctive, particularly those associated with the
Cuilcagh and Marlbank LCA to the south-west and the Knockmore Scarpland LCA to the
north-west. The Florencecourt Estate (National Trust) also adjoins the LCA to the south.

Visibility and views

Long views are afforded across this lowlying LCA, particularly from surrounding elevated
areas and the low hills of this LCA. The adjoining LCA of Cuilcagh and Marlbank has views
across this LCA, as does Belmore Mountain to the north-west.

Landscape quality (condition)

Overall, the landscape is in reasonable condition.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this LCA is not particularly high; the exceptions to this are the views to
the adjoining LCAs.

Wildness and tranquillity

This low-lying river valley does not have particular wildness, although it is generally tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

This landscape contains gravel and sand eskers such as at Killykeeghan. Tattenamona Bog
ASSI is among the best remaining examples of a lowland raised bog within the drumlin belt
of Northern Ireland; Other raised bog areas and an agricultural mosaic of hay meadows,
grassland and rushy grass provides an important habitat for birds. Archaeological sites are
confined to raths on elevated land.

Cultural associations
Historically, this LCA has fulfilled an important role as a communications route between the
wetlands and the uplands and as a through route to Sligo.

Amenity and recreation

Limited access for fishing, local services in villages. Florencecourt and Marble Arch Caves,
just outside the LCA, are important recreational attractions.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This is a broad landscape, interrupted by low hills, hedgerows, scrub woodland and raised
bogs that provide a degree of variety, enclosure and screening.

Its sensitivities relate primarily to the landform of low hills, which could easily be
overwhelmed and ‘flattened’ by inappropriately scaled wind energy development; the
relatively settled character of the landscape, which allows little space for wind energy
developments; and proximity to the outstanding and distinctive landscapes of Cuilcagh and
Marlbank, which directly overlook this LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has subtle variations in landform, the presence of small scale landscape features,
and the role as a setting for Cuilcagh, Marlbank and Belmore. The most appropriate areas
for wind energy development would be within the low undulating hills and drumlins rather
than the flatter open bogs and wetlands. It is recommended that turbines should be very
carefully sited and scaled relative to drumlins, topography, buildings and vegetation.
Consideration could be given to siting turbines on hills slopes rather than hill tops.

Particular care should be taken to avoid significant impacts on key views to and from
Florencecourt, Cuilcagh and Marlbank to the south and west and on views from Belmore to
the north-west. Skylines and settings should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA, although there were several applications on land to the north-west. If consented,
these might affect the landscape of the Arney Lowlands LCA and cumulative impacts could
become an issue.

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LCA 9 Cuilcagh and Marlbank

Location: County Fermanagh. South Fermanagh adjoining Counties Leitrim and
Cavan.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A largely open karst landscape, rising to 665m at Cuilcagh Mountain.

Landform
This LCA contains the only true mountain in the area, Cuilcagh Mountain. There are also
cliffs, escarpments, dry valleys, limestone pavements and gorges, with prominent rounded
hills known as 'reef knolls' rising above the land surface. Impermeable flagstones and
shales form the long broken slopes of Cuilcagh Mountain.

Enclosure
Generally open landscape but hedgerows on lower slopes and stone walls in limestone
areas provide some enclosure around small and ancient fields.

Complexity of landcover and features

There is a rich variety of vegetation, with montane grassland and blanket bog on the grits
and fine species-rich dry grassland on the limestone. Hazel scrub grows in irregular patches
on steeper limestone slopes but there is a more luxuriant woodland cover at sink-holes. The
peat uplands and extensive areas of blanket bog have been cut mechanically.

Man-made influence
Generally very limited apart from agricultural activity, mechanical extraction of peat, conifer
plantations and tourist activities.

Skylines and settings

Distinctive ridgelines associated with limestone escarpments, above Marble Arch in the north
around Cloghany and Gortalughany in the east. Florencecourt Estate (National Trust) is an
important part of the setting of the LCA.

Visibility and views

Key views are south from close to Marble Arch caves towards Cuilcagh summit; north from
Benaughlin; and east from Gortalughany. There are impressive views from most of the
elevated land.

Landscape quality (condition)

This predominantly natural landscape is in good condition.

Scenic quality
This LCA has outstanding scenic quality and is situated within the highly scenic Fermanagh
karst landscape.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is a wild and tranquil character particularly within the upland and summit area around
Cuilcagh Mountain.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Huge number of earth science, ecological and cultural heritage features, including Cuilcagh
Mountain ASSI and Ramsar site; mature ashwoods at Marble Arch and Hanging Rock
(Hanging Rock and Rossaa Forest NR, Marble Arch NR); diverse herbs and grasses on
limestone soils at Killykeeghan and Crossmurrin NR; prehistoric field boundaries; Neolithic
and Bronze Age burial sites including cairns; farm sites from Early Christian period;
Florencecourt House and Estate (Registered Park).

Cultural associations
Numerous associations owing to long human activity within this area.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way traverses this LCA and there is a wide range of mountain walks and scenic
drives. It is an established tourism and recreational area with facilities at Marble Arch and
Florencecourt Estate and Forest park. Marble Arch and Cuilcagh Mountain Park are within
the Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Although the large scale and relatively simple, rounded landform of Cuilcagh Mountain
summit is in theory well-suited to wind energy development, the dramatic scenery and
natural and cultural heritage features associated with this landscape are of outstanding
national and international importance. Their unspoilt character is highly sensitive to wind
energy development. In addition, the position of the upland is such that any development,
particularly near the upland edges, could be so very widely visible from the valleys and
lowlands to the north, east and south that it could impact on the landscape character and
value of a wide area of west Fermanagh.

Furthermore, as most of the upland has no vehicular access, its important upland
landscapes and habitats are highly vulnerable to the impacts of new access track creation.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has an open, natural character, wide visibility and outstanding scenic value with
inherent sensitivity. The LCA also has natural and cultural heritage value and has a role as
an important area for tourism and recreation. The area with best scope for some form of
appropriately scaled turbine development would be on the margins of the LCA where there
is significant woodland cover.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the distinctive and extremely sensitive
upland ridges, upland edges, exposed lower slopes and on key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were outlined in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA. The closest lay around 8km south-east at Slieve Rushen (replacement wind farm, 18
turbines). Potential wind farm developments around Belmore to the north might also be
visible from this LCA; and there could be transboundary issues if development took place in
County Cavan to the south. These existing and potential impacts indicate that cumulative
and transboundary issues will need to be a consideration.

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LCA 10 Slieve Russel, Derrylin and Kinawley

Location: County Fermanagh. South Fermanagh adjoining County Cavan.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This LCA has contrasting characters between the open upland areas with small glens, and
the more enclosed lowlands with drumlins. The highest point is Eden More at 325m AOD
but the summit of Slieve Russel in adjacent County Cavan dominates, at 403m AOD.

Landform
The area is dominated by Slieve Russel, a flat-topped, isolated block of limestone,
sandstone and shales. Small valleys dissect the mountain and run down to complex glacial
deposits on the lower slopes. The Owengarr River separates the principal summits of Eden
More and Molly Mountain. The area also includes the drumlin lowlands and lowland bog to
the east and the glacial trough occupied by the Cladagh River

Enclosure
The upland landscapes are generally open apart from gappy hedgerows, while the lower
drumlin areas are more enclosed by topography and hedgerows.

Complexity of landcover and features

The summit has blanket bog, affected by turbary and erosion. The lower slopes have a more
complex landscape dominated by rough grazing, with ladder farms creating a striking feature
of hillsides. Lower slopes and lowlands to east and north support a mosaic of small fields,
with varying degrees of agricultural intensity from improved pasture to hay meadows, with
bogs in between.

Man-made influence
Extensive quarrying of limestone and sand and gravel pits. Existing wind energy
development. Telecommunications masts. Turbary.

Skylines and settings

Prominent ridges located around the summits of Slieve Russel and Molly Mountain are also
important, but are relatively distant, landmarks when seen from land around Upper Lough
Erne.

Visibility and views

Long views are afforded towards Upper Lough Erne from uplands and across lowlands. Key
views from Molly Mountain north-east across lowlands.

Landscape quality (condition)

Quite poor condition owing to discordant land uses within a visually prominent area.
Limestone quarries, gravel pits and processing give parts of the area an industrial, degraded
character.

Scenic quality
This LCA does not have a high scenic quality and has no scenic designations.

Wildness and tranquillity

Any previous sense of wildness or tranquillity within this LCA has been eroded by existing
development and industrial activity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The Derrylin sediments form the most extensive and thickest glaciofluvial complex in south-
west Northern Ireland. Moninea Bog ASSI and SAC is of international significance with its
intact dome, structural features and flora; Cladagh River ASSI is significant for rare priority
species of aquatic flora and fauna. Neolithic stone monuments are the oldest known
archaeological sites. There are also a number of raths on drumlins and sweathouses occur
in Sheetrim townland.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeological sites.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way traverses this LCA and there is a scenic route with viewpoints on Molly Mountain.
Local services at Derrylin.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The relatively simple, open upland areas of this LCA are well-suited in scale and landform to
wind energy development. Extensive man-made influences also lend a degraded, industrial
character in parts and have damaged the LCA’s landscape and scenic quality and wildness.
These factors, coupled with the relatively limited extent of natural and cultural heritage
interests, and the fact that Slieve Russel is relatively distant in views from the Fermanagh
Lakeland landscapes, mean that most of the LCA is of medium sensitivity.

Local landscape sensitivity is raised by the presence of particular landmark features or

views, notably around Molly Mountain and along the Ulster Way in the northern part of the
LCA.

Overall Sensitivity-Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of the upland area of this LCA, such as the Slieve Russel summit, have a large scale
and simple form which is well suited to wind energy development. Degraded areas such as
land affected by mineral extraction, where intrusive influences already detract from
landscape character, quality and value, may offer the best opportunities for wind energy
development.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on key viewpoints on the route of the Ulster
Way or on or near the summit of Molly Mountain, which is a local and particularly sensitive
landmark.

At the time of assessment one new (replacement) wind farm, Slieve Rushen, was under
construction close to the top of Slieve Russel. This large wind farm of 18 turbines 125m
high and its associated tarmac access roads could have moderate impacts on surrounding
areas; further applications are also expected in this LCA. There may be potential to enlarge
this site. There were no other operational or consented wind farms within 30km in Northern
Ireland. The nearest applications were near Belmore more than 20km to the north-west.
However, there are existing cumulative and transboundary issues associated with a wind
farm on the south side of Slieve Russel in County Cavan.

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LCA 11 Upper Lough Erne

Location: County Fermanagh. South Fermanagh, adjoining County Cavan.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A small scale landscape of land and water. The highest point is
Knockninny Hill at 194m AOD but the drumlin tops surrounding the lough generally rise to
only around 50-60m AOD.

Landform
Rolling low drumlins and flooded hollows linked by streams and the River Erne. The
landscape is dominated by water as the River Erne widens and narrows around varying
sized islands.

Enclosure
Drumlins, wooded shorelines and hedgerows enclosing small fields create an enclosed
character.

Complexity of landcover and features

A mosaic of small pastures on drumlins, with woodland and wetland areas around the Upper
Lough Erne. Wooded estates are landscape features. A complex and intimate landscape.
Small settlements are scattered throughout the area along disorientating narrow twisting
roads and on the higher ground of drumlin tops and sides. There are traditional small farms
and cottages throughout.

Man-made influence
There are few intrusive man-made influences apart from a limestone quarry near
Knockninny Hill.

Skylines and settings

The village of Lisnaskea enjoys a distinctive landscape setting enclosed by steep slopes.
The only prominent landmark in this vast and intricate network of wetlands is the hill of
Knockninny.

Visibility and views

Views vary from enclosed inlets to wider reaches of open water which are scattered with
islands. From the roads, there are occasional views across open water to wooded islands.
Key views are from bridges, jetties, Crom Castle and Trasna Island. The top of Knockninny
affords good views across the lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape elements and features of this LCA are generally in good condition.
.
Scenic quality
This LCA has a high scenic quality and is part of the highly scenic Erne lakeland landscape.

Wildness and tranquillity

The wooded loughshore vegetation enhances the wildness character of this LCA and the
lough itself contributes to a sense of tranquillity. A quiet, rural LCA.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Most of the lough is designated as ASSI, SPA and Ramsar. The SPA supports whooper
swans. Woodland is significant in this LCA, with the ancient woodland at Crom Castle (Crom
ASSI) of particular importance. Early Christian monuments and sites are notable, and the
grand buildings of large wooded and parkland estates such as Crom Castle contribute to
landscape character. Registered Parks at Crom Castle (National Trust) and Belle Isle. Part
of Lisnaskea is a Conservation Area.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with lough and long settlement history

Amenity and Recreation

The Ulster Way and a number of cycle routes traverse this LCA. The lough is popular for
boating and angling, connecting to the Erne-Shannon Canal at its southern end. Crom
Castle Estate is open to the public.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Although enclosure is provided by woodland and drumlin topography, this is a small scale,
complex, intimate landscape that is highly sensitive to wind energy development.
Inappropriately scaled turbines could be out of scale with the drumlin and island landform
and sensitivity is further heightened by the strong wild, natural character within which
turbines would seem out of place.

In addition, this LCA is a highly valued landscape and its recreational resource makes an
important contribution to tourism in Fermanagh. Its habitats, bird life and wealth of
archaeology are also very vulnerable to change.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a rural and intimate character whose valued landscape could easily be
dominated by inappropriate wind energy development. Consideration could be given to siting
turbines in areas where hedgerows or woodlands could provide screening and help integrate
the turbines with the surrounding landscape. It is recommended that turbines reflect the
scale of landscape features in this LCA.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive shorelines, islands
and skylines. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views to and from key
landmark features such as Knockninny Hill. Natural and cultural landscape features should
be respected.

In October 2007 there were no wind farm developments or applications within this LCA. The
nearest operational or consented site was the large Slieve Rushen wind farm under
construction 6km south-west of this LCA, affecting its wider setting. Cumulative impacts on
this setting should be assessed for any wind energy development at Slieve Beagh to the
north-east. Transboundary impacts from wind energy development in County Cavan to the
south are also possible.

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LCA 12 Newtownbutler and Rosslea Lowlands

Location: County Fermanagh, south of Slieve Beagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Landscape scale varies across this LCA, reflecting variations in land management and
drainage. Although this is broad lowland, of relatively widely spaced drumlins, the
vegetation and field patterns lend a small scale to the landscape in parts. Most of the area
is low lying at around 60m AOD but on the fringes of Slieve Beagh there is higher ground, up
to around 120m AOD.

Landform
Widely spaced drumlins with occasional small loughs bounded by rivers. The drumlins
become higher and more closely spaced north of the B36. At the foot of the Carnrock Hills,
there is a pronounced valley and chain of small loughs. Drumlins determine drainage and
settlement, and the River Finn has an extensive flood plain.

Enclosure
Open views in all directions are bounded by low drumlin hills, giving a strong sense of
enclosure and unity to the landscape. Individual trees, parkland and tall unmanaged hedges
give a well wooded character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mix of intensive pasture and rushy fields showing declining agricultural activity. Unmodified
rivers such as the River Finn and small loughs with fringing reed swamps and wet meadows
are key landscape features. A wooded character due to trees, parkland and unmanaged
hedges with small semi-natural woodlands on some drumlin slopes.

Man-made influence
Intrusive man-made influences are generally limited, except for some quarrying and
commercial forestry.

Skylines and settings

The church spire of Newtownbutler forms a landmark within this LCA, whilst in the east the
village of Rosslea and the nearby estate of Rosslea Manor enjoy a distinctive landscape
setting creating a degree of enclosure unusual in a Fermanagh village. The ridgeline of the
southern slopes of Slieve Beagh is prominent from the lowland when not concealed by
drumlins.

Visibility and views

Open views in all directions, except when visibility is contained by drumlins. Views into the
area from Carnrock (Slieve Beagh LCA) to the north.

Landscape quality (condition)

This is a unified and rural landscape in good condition although there is evidence of
declining farming activity.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this undulating landscape is quite good. Locally it is enhanced bythe
many small lakes and estates with woodland and remnants of parkland.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA has a strongly tranquil rural character with pasture and wet meadows. It does not
have a strong wildness character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Good examples of Carboniferous geological sites. Upper Lough Erne SPA supports
whooper swans. There is a nature reserve at Cornagague Wood and many of the isolated
loughs are designated ASSIs. Early Christian settlements, raths and crannogs are
concentrated in the north of this LCA. Many nineteenth century farmhouses and remnants
of plantation estates are a feature. Registered Park at Rosslea Manor.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeology and a long history as a communications route between
upland and lakeland areas.

Amenity and Recreation

The Ulster Way traverses the western part of this LCA. Cycling routes. Public access to
Rosslea Manor.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Much of this landscape is small scale with drumlins, strong field patterns, and individual
trees and parkland, although there are also areas of simpler and broader scale landscape,
particularly on the northern fringes of the LCA, near Slieve Beagh.

The relatively small size of the drumlins and settled character of the landscape are the key
constraints to wind energy development; in addition, the area is overlooked from the hills to
the north. Hence the landscape would be highly sensitive to wind energy development and
to inappropriately scaled turbines, both of which could dominate and detract from its intricate
patterns. However it might be less sensitive in parts to well-sited and appropriately scaled
wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity -High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The higher ground in the north of the LCA is the area most likely to be able to accommodate
turbine development. Consideration could be given to siting turbines on drumlin sides rather
than tops. It is recommended that turbine development reflects the scale of the underlying
drumlin topography.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive open inter-drumlin
hollows, drumlin tops, wetlands, lough shores, parklands and distinctive landscape settings
around Newtownbutler and Rosslea. Care should be taken to ensure that turbine
development does not overwhelm the underlying drumlin topography.

At the time of assessment there were no wind farm developments or applications within this
LCA, although there were several applications around Slieve Beagh some 10km to the
north, in both Counties Fermanagh and Monaghan. This could present issues of cumulative
and transboundary impact in future.

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LCA 13 Enniskillen
Location: County Fermanagh. The southern part of Lower Lough Erne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
The open nature of the lake contrasts with the enclosure afforded by drumlins and
vegetation. Away from the lake this is predominantly a small scale landscape. The highest
areas in this LCA are the drumlin hills around Enniskillen such as White Hill (105m AOD).

Landform
This LCA includes the southern end of Lower Lough Erne, the town of Enniskillen and the
winding rivers and wetlands in the northern part of Upper Lough Erne. High drumlins and
wet inter-drumlin hollows dominate this landscape, enclosing the southern part of Lower
Lough Erne.

Enclosure
Occasional views across the lough are afforded by gaps in vegetation. Otherwise generally
an enclosed landscape due to drumlin topography and vegetation.

Complexity of landcover and features

A complex landscape of open water, wooded islands, vegetated shorelines and grassy
drumlins enclosed by hedgerows. Large wooded estate landscapes are another feature in
this LCA as are the turloughs of Fardrum and Roosky.

Man-made influence
Some unsympathetic ribbon development close to the lough shore detracts from its
landscape setting. New ridge-top development in the town is also prominent and there are
pockets of degraded landscapes, for instance at the airport.

Skylines and settings

Enniskillen has an exceptional landscape setting at the main crossing point along the Erne
River Corridor. The Erne splits and winds around the steep drumlins which provide
defensible hill-top sites for the historic town. Enniskillen has many prominent landmarks,
including castles and churches. Estates such as Castle Coole and Ely Lodge also enjoy
distinctive landscape settings.

Visibility and views

Occasional open views across expanses of water and along reed beds and carr woodland
on lough fringes such as at White Island. Views into the LCA from higher ground to east and
west.

Landscape quality (condition)

This landscape is in good condition and the small scale pattern creates a robust landscape.
Hedgerows, hedgerow trees and the woodlands and parklands of estate landscapes are
sometimes not well managed and might be overgrown and gappy.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is generally quite high and this LCA lies within the highly scenic Fermanagh
lakeland landcapes. The interaction between the lough, shoreline and drumlins contributes
to the scenic quality.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The area around the lough enjoys a wild and tranquil character in parts though recreational
activities can also contribute to a more active character. Away from the lough there is no
strong sense of wildness or tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Fardrum and Roosky are rare examples of turloughs. Castle Archdale Islands NR
comprises undisturbed mixed deciduous woodland on glacial drift in the Lower Lough Erne
basin. High proportion of archaeological features and sites with particularly high number of
Early Christian sites such as Devenish Island (ASSI). Registered Parks at Castle Archdale,
Fort Hill, Castle Coole and Lisgoole Abbey. Conservation Area at Enniskillen.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with the area’s prehistoric sites. Artistic associations.

Amenity and recreation

Enniskillen and Kesh provide recreational and amenity services. Scenic waterways in this
LCA are important for cruisers and rowing. There are walks around Ely Lodge and in other
Forest Parks and estates. Country Park at Castle Archdale, which is part of Marble Arch
Caves Global Geopark.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This scenic landscape supports a complex range of small scale features including estates,
associated woodlands, hedgerows and many archaeological sites. The lough shore and
adjacent lands would be very sensitive to wind energy development whilst several of the
drumlins form important settings to settlements, most notably around Enniskillen. The
landscape scale reduces the scope for wind energy development and although enclosed at
low level, the area is overlooked from higher ground.

In addition, this LCA serves as a crucial link between Lower and Upper Lough Erne and
fulfils important recreational and amenity functions. Overall it is therefore of high sensitivity
to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has small scale landscape characteristics and drumlin landforms. Consideration
could be given to siting any turbine development well back from the lough edge and to utilise
screening by hedgerows and topography. It is recommended that any turbine development
reflects the small scale of the drumlin landform.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the lough shore, distinctive
drumlin landscapes around settlements such as Enniskillen and estate woodlands, as these
features are particularly sensitive to turbine development. The character of their settings
should be respected as should historically important skyline features.

At the time of assessment there were no existing or consented wind farms within this LCA,
the closest being Tappaghan, Lendrum’s Bridge and Slieve Rushen, all more than 20km
away to the north, north-east and south respectively. However, there were applications for
wind energy development much closer to the LCA, within the uplands to both east and west,
and these could give rise to issues of cumulative impact if consented. Transboundary
issues are unlikely.

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LCA 14 Lough Bradan

Location: Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
The large scale upland areas contrast with smaller scale drumlins and valleys in low-lying
areas. North-east, the land rises to the massive rounded summits of Bolaght Mountain
(345m AOD), Tappaghan Mountain (333m AOD) and Pollnalaght (268m AOD).

Landform
This LCA is characterised by valleys and steep drumlins on the lowlands, with a transition to
an undulating sandstone plateau. The plateau is slightly elevated and fingers of this more
resistant rock extend out into the drumlin lowlands. The uplands present their steepest face
to the north, where they ring the Fairy Water valley presenting a broken ridgeline that is
craggy in parts.

Enclosure
Hedgerows and undulating topography create an enclosed character on the lower areas; the
uplands are more open in character and mainly comprise grass moorland. However there is
also extensive afforestation in parts of the LCA, notably in the west and north.

Complexity of landcover and features

A sparsely settled landscape with a mixture of moorland, rough grazing, coniferous forestry,
cutover bog, improved pastures, wet rushy land in between drumlins, and small estates.
Upland areas, with extensive grass moor or forestry present simpler landscape patterns than
lowland areas.

Man-made influence
Influence apparent through forestry, peat extraction, agriculture, masts, existing wind farms,
quarrying activities and settlements.

Skylines and settings

The western and southern slopes of Tappaghan and Pollnalaght form distinctive skylines
within this LCA. To the north, where the hills ring the Fairy Water valley, they present a
series of steep, prominent ridges and skylines. The village of Ederney enjoys an attractive
drumlin setting.

Visibility and views

Key views are principally from the upland areas and include panoramic views east and
north-east towards Bessy Bell and the Sperrins and west to Sligo and Donegal. Long views
are also afforded across the upland areas, although afforestation masks some landscape
features. The lower areas are more enclosed.

Landscape quality (condition)

This landscape is in varied condition. Afforestation and peat cutting have affected large
areas, and quarry scars also detract from landscape quality. However, the open moorland,
enclosed drumlins and river valleys are quite robust and in good condition.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality varies within this LCA but the open upland areas are attractive and the lower,
farmed drumlin areas contribute to scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

Where not affected by extensive afforestation or extraction of peat, the uplands of this LCA
tend to retain a wild, remote character that contributes to a sense of tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Quarrying at Straduff exposed Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Drumlish Formation and
this formation is unique in the British Isles (Straduff ASSI). Meenadoan NR, blanket bog.
Other extensive bog areas in this LCA. The area retains its historic townland boundary
patterns and numerous archaeological features including a well-preserved stone circle at
Drumskinny.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeology.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way traverses the north-western edge of this LCA. In addition, there is access to
Lough Bradan Forest (Forest Service).

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The broad, convex, rounded summits of the upland areas within this LCA are relatively well-
suited to wind energy development. Sensitivity is further reduced, over wide areas, by the
presence of extensive commercial forestry and other man-made influences.

The undulating topography of the surrounding drumlins – while more sensitive in itself to
wind energy development – tends to contain views to the upland areas where larger scale
wind energy development is more likely to occur; although the northern edge of the plateau
tends to be more open to long distance views. There are relatively few areas designated for
their natural and cultural heritage interest. However areas of heather moorland and bog
would be highly sensitive to wind farm development, especially to the impacts of access
track construction, as would river valleys such as the Glendurragh and Kesh valleys. Overall,
therefore, landscape sensitivity to wind energy development is medium.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The best locations for wind energy development are towards the tops of the broader, convex
summits, where the rounded landform and – in the north and west – forestry provide partial
screening. Existing forest access tracks could potentially be utilised for wind energy
development. Consideration could be given to siting turbines in open, upland areas away
from distinctive features such as crags that may highlight turbine size. In this LCA wind
energy development must be careful siting to avoid overwhelming the landscape.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive northern edge of
the plateau, as this edge is prominent and widely visible from the Derg valley (the slopes
and scarp north of Lough Bradan Forest are particularly sensitive in this respect). Care
should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on river valleys such as the Glendurragh and
Kesh valleys as they are highly sensitive to wind energy development. Care should be
taken to avoid potential landslides on steep slopes.

At the time of assessment there were three operational wind farms in this LCA (Tappaghan,
13 turbines 88m high; Lough Hill, 6 turbines 83m high; and Bin Mountain, 6 turbines 92m
high) and a further five application sites; hence cumulative impact is already an issue,
affecting both the setting of Lower Lough Erne to the south and the Derg valley to the north.
Ideally the strategy should be to seek to create distinct areas of wind energy development,
clearly separated by areas of undeveloped landscape. Significant separation distances
between clusters may be required to prevent the main ridgelines becoming dominated by
turbines. Singificant separation from wind farms in the Killeter Uplands LCA to the west is
also desirable. There are also potential transboundary impacts in the west where the LCA
borders County Donegal.

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LCA 15 Irvinestown Farmland

Location: County Fermanagh. North-east of the county. Lower Lough Erne lies to the
west.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This LCA is a broad area of lowland farmland. The highest areas are in the north of the LCA
but generally heights do not exceed around 140m AOD.

Landform
These are rolling drumlin lowlands with deep hollows and linear valleys. The landform is
generally aligned along a NW-SE axis.
To the north of Irvinestown, ice movement has exposed harder limestone crags and eroded
small lough basins, for example at Parkhill and Maghera. The Ballinamallard River and
tributaries drain through inter-drumlin hollows in a complex pattern and forms a local
landscape feature.

Enclosure
The combination of landform, trees and hedgerows provides a relatively high degree of
enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Most agricultural land is under pasture and silage production. On higher ground, rushy
grass is enclosed in small fields. Prominent hilltop farms. A wooded character is created by
extensive hedgerows and the mature woodland of estates. Birch and willow scrub on cut-
over bogs contrast with the managed grassland.

Man-made influence
Several small disused quarries on limestone rocks in the north. Transmission line along the
south-eastern edge of the LCA.

Skylines and settings

Ridge-tops and rounded summits form local skylines such as Crockraver; the settings of
Irvinestown close to Necarne Estate is distinctive; Ballinamallard also enjoys a distinctive
landscape setting. Outside the LCA the top of Tappaghan is visible to the north and
Brougher Mountain to the south.

Visibility and views

There are long views across the lowland area from higher ground but within the drumlins
views are shorter and intermittent, enclosed by drumlin skylines.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape condition is generally reasonable, with a strong landscape structure. Some
landscape elements such as hedgerows are in poorer condition locally, especially in the less
prosperous farming areas.

Scenic quality
This LCA is moderately scenic and has a strongly rural character over most of its area.

Wildness and tranquillity

The LCA is highly tranquil but not wild.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Tonaghbeg ASSI is a large intact lowland raised bog. This LCA also supports rare lake
types. Evidence of the early seventeenth century plantation can be seen around Irvinestown
which is laid out formally around a square, and there are several attractive large houses
within small estates which are of historical interest. Earlier sites include a Neolithic passage
grave at Kiltierney. Necarne Castle Registered Park.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeology.

Amenity and recreation

Necarne Castle and Forest. Otherwise limited formal facilities but fishing on Ballinamallard
River.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This broad LCA is sensitive to wind energy development in respect of its generally small
scale, complex, landform and landscape features; its relatively high landscape and scenic
quality; and its deeply rural, unspoilt character. The river corridors and their associated
wetlands and loughs are especially vulnerable to the impact of wind energy development.

However, the LCA also offers a high degree of enclosure and potential screening and has
relatively few distinctive skylines, settings, views, or major natural or cultural heritage
interests. Its sensitivity is classed as high to medium, reflecting its vulnerability to extensive
or inappropriately scaled wind energy development. It is less sensitive to appropriately
scaled wind energy development, particularly on the higher ground in the north of the LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The ridge along the northern edge of the LCA would be the best area for accommodating
wind energy development. Consideration could be given to siting turbines in mid-slope
locations. It is recommended that wind energy developments reflect the LCAs landform and
landscape features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive river corridors
and their associated wetlands and loughs, key skylines and settings (including drumlin
skylines) as described in this section. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts
on the drumlin lowlands that cover most of the LCA.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA although there are wind farms in adjoining LCAs – Tappaghan around 3km to the north
in Lough Bradan LCA and Lendrum’s Bridge around 4km to the south in Brougher Mountain
LCA. Adequate separation from wind farms in adjacent LCAs is therefore an issue. It is
recommended that new wind energy developments should not visually link these other
developments and be well-separated. At present the drumlin lowlands that cover most of the
LCA help to maintain separation between wind energy developments in adjoining upland
LCAs.

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LCA 16 Brougher Mountain

Location: Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, on north side of Clogher Valley Lowlands

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Upland area rising to 250-300m AOD. Extensive blanket bog and wide horizons on higher
ground but also smaller scale landscapes of enclosed pasture on middle and lower slopes.

Landform
Sandstone ridge trending south-west to north-east, dissected by short, steep glens.
Prominent escarpment on south-east, overlooking Clogher valley. Distinctive rounded
summits rising from plateau at its southern end and along escarpment crest; stepped profile
at Brougher Mountain. Lower slopes and valleys have convoluted landform with drumlins
and glacial moraines.

Enclosure
Generally open and exposed on upper slopes around Brougher Mountain and Lendrum’s
Bridge, but with some extensive blocks of conifers. Stands of mixed woodland on the steep
escarpment. Lower slopes enclosed by sandstone walls, earth banks and hedges, with
scattered trees and woodland on steeper valley sides.

Complexity of landcover and features

Blanket peat covers hill tops with extensive turf cuttings in some areas. Plateau surface,
particularly in the south, is pitted with small loughs. On the slopes there is a sharp contrast
between the fields of improved grassland in the glens and the rough grassland, heath and
bog of the hills.

Man-made influence
There are a number of small sand and gravel pits. Radio masts are prominent on some
skylines. Wind farm at Lendrum’s Bridge.

Skylines and settings

Numerous prominent and distinctive ridge and skyline features, including escarpments to
south-east and north-west and individual tops of Cloghtogle Mountain, Topped Mountain,
Largy, Ballyreagh, Killyculla, Derrin, Brougher Mountain, Screggagh and Crocknatummogue.

Visibility and views

Hill tops are visible from the A4 Belfast to Enniskillen road over a wide area of east
Fermanagh and the Clogher Valley and from land around Irvinestown and Omagh to the
west and north. They form part of the wider settings of settlements including Enniskillen,
Lisbellaw, Tempo, Fintona and Ballinamallard in adjoining LCAs.
Fine outward views from Topped Mountain, Brougher Mountain and area south of Fintona
towards Clogher Valley Lowlands LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

Character of the area has been eroded in parts by neglect of traditional stone buildings and
walls, boundary removal and piecemeal new housing. Peat cutting and drainage for
agriculture or forestry have damaged blanket bog. Some land reclamation and agricultural
intensification.

Scenic quality
The south-western end of the LCA lies within the highly scenic Erne lakeland landscape, and
the escarpment north of Augher and Clogher is part of the Clogher Valley Area of Scenic

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Quality. Elsewhere there are localised areas of high scenic quality where the distinctive hill
tops give rise to a strong sense of place and long outward views.

Wildness and tranquillity

Higher ground around Brougher Mountain and Lendrum’s Bridge is relatively wild and LCA
as a whole is remote and tranquil.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Remnant wood pasture and intact blanket bog as well as small loughs of some nature
conservation interest. Megalithic sites around Topped Mountain (ASAI) and on the slopes of
Ballyreagh and Brougher Mountain. Concentrations of raths at lower altitudes eg above
Tempo. Registered Park at Aughentaine.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Access to summit cairn on Topped Mountain. Part of Knockmany Forest and the Carleton
Trail north of Clogher lie within the LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The sensitivity of this broad upland area is higher than might be expected due to the
presence of complex and distinctive landform features, particularly at the southern end of the
ridge and along the escarpment above the Clogher valley. The many notable ridge and
skyline features also form part of the setting of settlements and are visible from the A4.

The LCA is classed as being of high to medium sensitivity, reflecting the many distinctive,
small scale landscape features and the proximity of the Clogher Valley ASQ and the Erne
Lakeland landscape which are highly sensitive to skyline impacts. The landscape might be
less sensitive away from distinctive hill tops, escarpment edges and skylines, particularly
where there are large forestry plantations.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The central plateau is the most suitable part of the ridge in which to accommodate wind
energy development, which ideally would take the form of a single, compact, coherent
cluster (inappropriate use of scale and more dispersed wind energy development could
detract from the strong horizontal form of this upland area). Consistent site layouts and
designs are desirable. Consideration could be given to siting turbines away from the plateau
edges and any distinctive landform features. Care should be taken to ensure that any new
access tracks are not unacceptably intrusive.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on: the distinctive ridge and skyline
features (listed in this section); the settings of nearby settlements Enniskillen, Lisbellaw,
Tempo, Fintona and Ballinamallard; the scenic quality of the Erne Lakelands and Clogher
Valley; and natural and cultural heritage and recreational landscape features.

At the time of assessment there was one operational wind farm in this LCA, at Lendrum’s
Bridge (20 turbines of 65m), with further applications close by that might give rise to
cumulative impacts.

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LCA 17 Clogher Valley Lowlands

Location: Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, between Maguiresbridge and Ballygawley

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Lowland corridor with small rounded hills and long ridges. Enclosed to the north-west by
Brougher Mountain and to the south-east by Slieve Beagh. Intimate, small scale, undulating
and well-wooded landscapes. Land rarely rises above 100m AOD.

Landform
Small rounded hills and long ridges, comprising boulder clay drumlins of varying sizes and
long winding eskers of sand and gravel, with occasional solid rock outcrops. Flatter land
between hills and ridges.

Enclosure
Fairly dense vegetation cover, with hedgerows, woods and tree belts providing a strong
sense of enclosure. Fields are relatively large and are bounded by hedges which are often
overgrown with tall, mature trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

A highly complex and varied landscape with many intimate, small scale features including
streams, rivers, meadows, mills, bridges, pockets of bog, small loughs, birch and willow
scrub, traditional buildings, small country houses, parkland and numerous raths and
crannogs. Landscape especially complex in the area around Clogher and Augher.

Man-made influence
Few intrusive man-made influences except for localised ribbon development and sand and
gravel and limestone quarrying.

Skylines and settings

The adjacent uplands of Brougher Mountain and Slieve Beagh, although outside the LCA,
contribute to its character; conversely views of the LCA provide an important setting for the
upland landscapes. At a local level the drumlins and long ridges create many small scale
skyline features, often framing small loughs or wetlands below. Settlements of
Brookeborough, Tempo, Fivemiletown, Clogher, Augher and Ballygawley also have
distinctive landscape settings, typically comprising parkland or other historic features such
as hilltop raths.

Visibility and views

There are a number of key views and landmarks such as church towers, often associated
with areas of higher ground and designed landscapes. Older houses and farms tend to be
sited on top or sides of drumlins and ridges, commanding views.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is in good condition, with intact field boundaries and a high degree of unity
and enclosure.

Scenic quality
Small area around Lisbellaw in the south-west lies in the highly scenic Erne lakeland
landscape. Two ASQs: a small one at Colebrooke Estate and a much larger one covering
the whole area around Clogher and Augher (Clogher Valley ASQ).

Wildness and tranquillity

Not a wild landscape but one with a very strong sense of tranquillity and time-depth.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Fine example of an undisturbed fluvio-glacial landscape. Important estate woodlands eg at
Colebrooke and Tempo Manor, some ancient in origin. Lowland bog, fen, river and rare lake
habitats, often ASSIs. Peregrine falcons. Numerous raths, tree rings, crannogs, listed
buildings, and small country houses. Marked concentration of Registered Parks, especially
in the eastern part of the LCA.

Cultural associations
Rich history and traditions associated with historic and designed landscapes.

Amenity and recreation

Part of Knockmany Forest and almost all of the Carleton Trail north of Clogher lie within the
LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The LCA has a strong sense of place and has many highly valued landscape features. Its
rich historic landscape heritage and intricate landscape patterns are very sensitive to
change. The relatively small scale of the drumlin and esker landform and the fact that the
area is overlooked in views from the adjacent uplands further heighten its sensitivity.

However strong enclosure by trees and hedgerows might reduce its sensitivity to
appropriately scaled wind energy developments, if they are very carefully sited.

Overall Sensitivity -High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a small scale and has many highly valued features. It is recommended that
any turbines be integrated into and reflect the scale of the existing pattern of small hills,
ridges and mature vegetation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive drumlin skylines and
flat open bog areas. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of
settlements, loughs, historic features such as raths and estate landscapes.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Lendrum’s Bridge in LCA 16: Brougher Mountain,
around 7km to the north of Fivemiletown.

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LCA 18 Slieve Beagh

Location: Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, on south side of Clogher Valley Lowlands

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Extensive area of rolling sandstone uplands, rising to massive rounded summit of Slieve
Beagh (380m AOD) in the north. A large scale landscape with some smaller features.

Landform
Generally rounded. Northern edge of the uplands has a broken surface, with flat-topped hills
and rounded ridges separated by deep valleys and punctuated by small rounded loughs.
Southern edge forms a prominent escarpment with a long line of hills and summits, steep
slopes and incised glens.

Enclosure
Mainly open and exposed on the summits but middle slopes are widely afforested, with
forestry covering around 40% of the LCA and lending shelter and enclosure over a
substantial area.

Complexity of landcover and features

Hill farms, often abandoned, on lower slopes. Ladder field patterns in some areas, notably
southern escarpment slopes. Widespread afforestation on middle slopes, often in broken,
fragmented patterns. Blanket bog on upper slopes, subject to peat cutting in some areas.

Man-made influence
A legacy of forestry and peat cutting has had a strong influence on many of the LCA’s
landscapes, detracting from their natural character. Localised impacts from limestone
quarrying and radio masts.

Skylines and settings

Prominent ridges to north and west of Slieve Beagh summit, widely visible from the Clogher
and Colebrooke valleys; also all along the south side of the uplands. The LCA forms part of
the immediate landscape backdrop and setting to the settlements of Brookeborough and
Lisnaskea which lie just outside the LCA.

Visibility and views

Panoramic views over adjacent lowlands to both north and south, for example at Carnrock.
Views to Slieve Beagh from the A4 Enniskillen to Belfast road, the small Colebrooke Estate
ASQ near Fivemiletown, and from the Clogher Valley ASQ near Augher and Clogher. Views
to and from Upper Lough Erne in the south of the LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The abandonment of farming, piecemeal afforestation and peat cutting have affected
landscape quality eg due to rush encroachment, dereliction of buildings and field boundaries
and loss or fragmentation of moorland and blanket bog.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of the area itself is not particularly high, given the issues of landscape
condition outlined above. Clogher Valley ASQ is located immediately to the north of Slieve
Beagh.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Sense of wildness in summit area of Slieve Beagh, reduced in some areas by nearby
afforestation and peat cutting.

Natural and cultural heritage features

LCA contains one of the largest areas of intact upland blanket bog in Northern Ireland and is
of international significance because of its size, intact nature and wetland features (Slieve
Beagh ASSI, SAC, SPA and Ramsar site). There are breeding hen harriers in the SPA.
Prehistoric monuments occur around the edges of the LCA, with raths on prominent sites.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Slieve Beagh is crossed by both the Ulster Way and the Sliabh Beagh Way (connecting to
the Carleton Trail). Viewpoint at Carnrock. Loughs important for fishing.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The strong structural form of Slieve Beagh is in theory well-suited to wind energy
development. The generally large scale, rounded landform of the hill tops provides some
screening in areas away from the edges and scarps, as does the presence of forestry
plantations. The man-made influence of forestry also tends to reduce sensitivity; and most
inward views are relatively distant.

However, this is tempered by the LCA’s wide visibility and by the presence of important,
intact blanket bog habitats. The wildness and integrity of these habitats are vulnerable to
access and infrastructure impacts (less so in areas already affected by forestry). Some of
the lower slopes and the western part of the ridge might be somewhat less sensitive but
impacts on the Clogher Valley ASQ could also be significant.

Overall Sensitivity- High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The scale of the landscape is such that wind energy development is well suited to parts of
this LCA. The western part of the LCA may have greater landscape capacity for wind farm
development than the area around Slieve Beagh summit. Consideration could be given to
siting wind energy developments within or close to areas of forestry plantation, taking
advantage of existing forestry access tracks.

Great care needs to be taken to avoid adverse impacts on distinctive landform features such
as the internal upland valleys; the settings of loughs; the skylines above the Clogher and
Colebrooke valleys; the settings of Brookeborough and Lisnaskea; views from the A4 and
Upper Lough Erne; the landscape experience of those using the Ulster Way and Sliabh
Beagh Way; and the landscape interests of natural and cultural heritage features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA, although there were two application sites below Slieve Beagh summit and another
just across the border in County Monaghan. Hence there is potential for both cumulative
and transboundary impacts in future. Ideally wind energy developments would have
significant separation distances.

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LCA 19 Killeter Uplands

Location: County Tyrone. West Tyrone, adjoining County Donegal.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
An open exposed upland landscape, with the highest elevation at Meenbog Hill, 271m AOD.

Landform
These uplands, the westward continuation of the main ridgeline in the Lough Bradan LCA,
have a broad, rounded landform, which seems diminished in scale by the extensive conifer
plantations. Small ridges run north-south from the main ridge, giving it an undulating profile.
The area includes the upper reaches of the Mourne Beg River and the Derg, which flow
within broad, shallow valleys.

Enclosure
The open uplands contrast with the more enclosed, sheltered valleys. The widespread
forestry plantations also provide enclosure, especially in the western part of the LCA.

Complexity of landcover and features

This LCA is characterised by a relatively homogeneous, large-scale mosaic of open
moorland and conifer plantations on upland summits. The valleys support a mosaic of
woodland, pasture and marsh, enclosed frequently by stone walls.

Man-made influence
The most obvious human influences are from peat cutting and conifer plantations. Many of
the older plantations have hard, angular edges, which can be a distracting visual influence.

Skylines and settings

The ridges of these uplands form distinctive, broken skylines, often capped with forestry.
They include the main east-west ridge centred on Meenrore Hill (enclosing Lough Derg to
the south in County Donegal), and the more northerly top of Meenbog Hill.

Visibility and views

Large areas of the Killeter Uplands and many of the valleys are not visible from public roads
or settlements. On the uplands there are quite long views across the open landscape
despite the forestry. The main route along the Derg valley has views to all the surrounding
uplands.

Landscape quality (condition)

On the higher land to the west, field boundaries are in poor condition, with broken stone
walls, earthbanks and gappy, remnant hedgerows, and many farm buildings are derelict.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality is quite high, largely due to the remote and open character of this LCA,
although coniferous plantations detract from this quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

A remote and often wild landscape with little settlement.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Essan Burn and Mullyfamore ASSI is a large area of blanket bog in the Essan Valley.
Killeter NR, also blanket bog. The River Derg system is an SAC and is important for salmon.
Limited archaeology but a cashel is present at Rabble Hill.

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Cultural associations
This LCA adjoins (and forms part of the setting of) the important pilgrimage site of Lough
Derg in County Donegal to the south, which has links with monastic sites and early travel in
the wider region, including Upper and Lower Lough Erne.

Amenity and recreation

Walking within Killeter Forest. The nearby Lough Derg historic and pilgrimage site is much
visited by tourists.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The generally large scale and simple, homogenous character of this LCA, combined with the
presence of rounded hills and extensive afforestation, indicate reduced landscape sensitivity
to wind energy development. In visual terms sensitivity is also relatively low, as much of the
area is isolated, inaccessible and not visible from public roads or settlements. In addition,
there are relatively few scenic, natural or cultural heritage interests.

The south-western part of the LCA contains craggier landform of somewhat higher sensitivity
as the rugged hill profiles in this area lend a sense of scale and form part of the scenic
setting of Lough Derg in County Donegal. Open upland areas are also more sensitive than
forested areas, as they retain the strongest sense of wildness.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The broken, undulating character of the main ridgeline suggests that inappropriate wind
energy development could dominate and flatten the landscape. The more rounded, broader
hills in the north and west may be best able to accommodate wind energy development, and
minor ridgelines may afford some topographic screening. The south-western part of the
LCA contains rockier and craggier tops that are more sensitive, although the lower ridges
may also provide suitable locations. Siting within or close to forestry plantations may be
beneficial, reducing impacts on the area’s wild character. Existing forest tracks might prove
useful to access wind energy development.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on important skylines at the head of the
Derg valley and to the south above Lough Derg. Care should also be taken to avoid
detrimental impacts on River Valleys and the wild character of intact moorland and bogs.

At the time of assessment there were two consented wind farm sites within this LCA
(Crighshane, 14 turbines 100m high; and Churchill, 8 turbines 100m high) as well as a
further three application sites; hence there are issues of cumulative impact already, affecting
the setting of Lower Lough Erne to the south and the Derg valley to the north. There are
also potential transboundary impacts in the west where the LCA borders County Donegal
near Lough Derg and there are three existing wind farms (and further applications) within a
distance of around 10km of this LCA. The recommended strategy in this LCA would be to
create distinct areas of wind energy development, clearly separated by areas of
undeveloped landscape. It is recommended that within each area a consistent site layout
and design be utilised. Adequate separation distances between wind energy developments
or clusters will be a very important issue to help conserve its wild character. Similar
separation from wind farms in the Lough Bradan LCA to the east is also desirable.

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LCA 20 Derg Valley

Location: County Tyrone. West Tyrone, adjoining County Donegal.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A broad valley enclosed by rounded hills. The highest areas are to the north of Castlederg
but rarely exceed 150m as at Whisker Hill.

Landform
The broad valley is enclosed by an undulating landscape of rounded hills, many of which are
capped with open moorland. The summits to the north of Castlederg have a particularly
exposed character and are separated by extensive areas of blanket bog and marginal
farmland. Former ice movement and the River Derg have carved a relatively broad valley
corridor. There are many shallow tributary valleys and the landform is gently undulating,
although the river floodplain is almost flat.

Enclosure
Generally broad and open due to intensive farming on sand and gravel soils; the summits to
the north of the LCA also have an open, exposed character. Locally hedgerows and
undulating topography create a sense of enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

The broad valley floor contains large fields, frequently with drainage ditches and hedgerows.
Smaller fields exist on the higher land. The Derg River is not embanked so peaty marshes
and wet woodlands occur. North of Castlederg there are extensive areas of blanket bog
and more marginal farmland. Stone bridges and exposed northern summits provide local
landscape features.

Man-made influence
There are relatively few overt influences within the LCA itself although there are views to
existing wind farms to south and east.

Skylines and settings

The hills provide important skylines, particularly the exposed hills north of Castlederg.
Castlederg itself enjoys an attractive and distinctive setting, surrounded by hills and sited at
the crossing point at the centre of the Derg Valley. There are a number of distinctive outlier
hills within the valley such as Muckle Hill and Mullanabreen Hill.

Visibility and views

The broad valley affords long views but the undulating hills enclosing the valley create much
shorter, occasional views.

Landscape quality (condition)

This landscape is in moderate condition, though stone walls and hedgerows are frequently
not maintained which affects landscape quality and pattern.

Scenic quality
Parts of this LCA enjoy good scenic quality, such as the river valleys, and the northern hills.

Wildness and tranquillity

Due to the long settlement history of the LCA there is no strong wildness character. The
exception to this is the exposed northern hills that retain a remote character. However most
of the area is highly tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The northern side of Derg River contains a linear belt of kettled topography and hummocks.
Moneygal Bog SAC and ASSI is the only extensive intact lowland raised bog in this LCA.
The diverse land uses including arable land provides a variety of habitats for birds. Standing
stones and raths are evidence of long settlement history. The stone mill buildings at
Ardstraw are distinctive riverside features.

Cultural associations
Castlederg has associations with Davy Crockett.

Amenity and recreation

Few formal opportunities although Castlederg provides local services, riverside walks, the
remnants of a former castle and a tourist office.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is generally broad in form and enclosed by rounded hills. There are relatively few
important views or natural, cultural or recreational interests. These factors suggest reduced
sensitivity to wind energy development. However the relatively low elevation of the hills and
the fact that some of them have a distinctive form and provide local landmarks, as well as
the unspoilt, tranquil character of the area as a whole, tend to increase sensitivity.

The areas that are least sensitive to wind energy development are likely to be the flatter
summits on the edges of the LCA; the more prominent outlier hills would be highly sensitive.
The height of the hills is likely to be a key constraint on turbine size, as many turbines would
be out of scale with these low hills.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The river valleys and distinctive outlier hills are the most sensitive parts of this LCA for wind
energy development. The flatter, undulating hills north and south of Castlederg may have
better capacity but nonetheless care will be needed to avoid adverse impacts on locally
important skylines, especially to the north. It is recommended that wind energy development
reflects the relatively low elevation of the hills in this LCA and the presence of small scale
landscape features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive broad and open
character of the central section of the valley, as development here could visually link the
wind energy sites in the adjoining LCAs, creating a landscape dominated by wind farms.
Skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farm developments
within this LCA. However the three adjacent LCAs all contained operational and consented
wind farms as well as further application sites. Hence cumulative impacts on this largely
low-lying LCA are likely to become an issue in the future. Potentially there could also be
transboundary issues as the LCA adjoins County Donegal north of Castlederg. It is
recommended that wind energy developments be well-separated.

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LCA 21 Fairy Water Valley

Location: County Tyrone. West Tyrone, west of Omagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Generally low-lying and small scale, rising to around 160m AOD on the edges of the
surrounding uplands.

Landform
The Fairy Water flows eastwards from the foot of Bolaght Mountain in West Tyrone to meet
the Strule near Omagh. The Fairy Water Valley includes the broad, marshy valley of the
Fairy Water and the undulating branching valley of the Drumquin River to the south. The
landform is generally hummocky and irregular.

Enclosure
Hedgerows provide some sense of enclosure, as do the more undulating upland landscapes
to the south, but there is limited screening. Valley and upland margins support hedgerow
trees, copses and more extensive woodlands.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mosaic of poorly drained areas of peaty marsh and woodland. To the south, there is a small
irregular patchwork of pastures, enclosed by hedgerows and stone walls. Wetlands contain
small loughs, raised bog and marsh. Small coniferous plantations are located in the south-
west.

Man-made influence
Existing wind farms to the west and south, outside the LCA, have a strong influence on the
character of this area in parts.

Skylines and settings

Drumquin is located in an attractive river valley setting, with drumlins. The surrounding hills
of Pollnalaght and Dunnaree Hill also provide distinctive ridgelines for this LCA.

Visibility and views

There are views from Drumquin across to the adjacent uplands such as Dunnaree Hill. Long
views are afforded across the flat river valley, though the drumlin landscape at the south is
more enclosed visually.

Landscape quality (condition)

The Fairy Water Valley, an inaccessible waterlogged landscape showing signs of farm
abandonment and lack of management. The Drumquin Valley is an attractive and deeply
rural landscape.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality in this LCA is not especially high, the exception being the Drumquin
Valley.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a remote and often inaccessible landscape. The Drumquin valley in particular is
remote and hidden due to enclosure by surrounding summits.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Earth science interest associated with hummocky moraine and outwash. This wet floodplain
is important for marshes and bogs such as the complex called Fairy Water Bogs comprising
several intact raised bogs (Fairy Water Bogs ASSI, SAC and Ramsar site). Occasional
archaeological sites such as the rath at Bridge Hill.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way traverses this LCA, otherwise few amenity or recreational sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA, with its open character, its many small scale landscape features, and its sense of
remoteness, is relatively sensitive to wind energy development, notwithstanding the
sometimes degraded landscape quality and relatively few recreational interests. It provides
a strong sense of contrast with surrounding upland and lowland areas, and is vulnerable to
the introduction of tall structures.

There might be limited areas of lower sensitivity in the undulating foothills to the south and
south-west where small coniferous plantations also provide enclosure, but open floodplain
areas would be very sensitive to wind energy development, which could be widely visible.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Wind energy development could easily overwhelm the small scale intimate landscape of this
LCA. The more undulating foothills of the south and south-west of this LCA are least
sensitive to turbine development, particularly where woodland plantations offer screening. It
is recommended that turbine development be carefully integrated with and reflects the scale
of landform and vegetation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the very sensitive broad, low river
floodplain, the settings of the many small loughs, and the attractive setting of Drumquin and
the Drumquin river valley.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farm developments
within this LCA. However there were in total five existing or consented wind farms and a
similar number of application sites within around 1-5km of this LCA. Hence cumulative
impacts are an issue of growing importance and are a key consideration for wind energy
development in this LCA.

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LCA 22 Omagh Farmland

Location: County Tyrone, south of Bessy Bell.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Lowland, small scale landscape dominated by drumlins and a complex drainage system.
The southern drumlins rarely rise above 120m AOD for example at Feenan, and are
commonly much lower. To the north, the foothills of the Sperrins rise to approximately 150m
AOD within the LCA.

Landform
The landform in the north, close to the Sperrins and Pollnalaght, is relatively broad, whilst
the south is dominated by densely packed drumlins, creating a deeply undulating terrain.
There is a complex drainage system of small streams and loughs with floodplains and
marsh. The Camowen River drains the north, whilst the Drumragh, Ballynahatt and
Quiggery rivers drain the south. South of Omagh, the drumlins become the dominant
landform influence.

Enclosure
The extensive drumlins, complex drainage and vegetation create a dynamic and secretive
landscape with a strong sense of enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Landcover is principally pasture with a complex, small-scale field pattern, forming an even,
geometric patchwork that often travels right over the drumlins; becoming irregular in shape
on the flatter land in between. This gives each drumlin an individual identity, particularly if
associated with a distinctive feature such as copse. There are dense hedgerows and small
deciduous woodlands, with wet inter-drumlin hollows supporting marsh and peat.

Man-made influence
Electricity transmission lines run north-south west of Omagh. Omagh is a major settlement
whose influence also affects the surrounding countryside, particularly along the main
transport corridors.

Skylines and settings

Local skylines and ridges are often prominent. The river corridor and parkland outside
Omagh provide an attractive setting, as does the drumlin setting of Seskinore Forest and
Fintona in the south. There are prominent mountain slopes to the north on the edge of
Mullaghcarn in the Sperrins. The sandstone ridges to the east of Fintona and the uplands of
West Tyrone form distant backdrops.

Visibility and views

There are few long views and the consistent size and shape of the drumlins can be
disorientating.

Landscape quality (condition)

This LCA is in good condition, although wet inter-drumlin gley soils show signs of rush
infestation.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality is quite high owing to the distinctive drumlins and river valleys. The
Sperrin AONB adjoins the LCA to the north-east.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Although an active agricultural landscape, the river corridors retain a tranquil character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Sites of earth science interest include the Ballygawley delta complex, of importance in
understanding the glacial history of Northern Ireland. Tully Bog and Cranny Bogs (both of
which are ASSI and SAC) are among the best examples of inter-drumlin raised bogs in
Northern Ireland. There are a number of raths, early Christian settlement at Cappagh, and
occasional estates such as Mountjoy and Edenfel (Registered Park). Conservation Area at
Omagh.

Cultural associations
Omagh town has links with O’Neill and the Plantation of Ulster.

Amenity and recreation

Historic trail around Omagh town; fishing at Lough Muck and cycling routes. Access to
walking in Sperrins AONB.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The sensitivity of this LCA is locally reduced by the high degree of enclosure afforded by
landform and vegetation, particularly within the drumlin areas to the south. However this is
offset by high landscape complexity, a strongly settled character, and the strong sense of
place and distinctive skylines provided by many drumlins.

The river corridors and their associated wetlands are highly sensitive to wind energy
development which could interrupt their more open character and potentially affect bog and
fenland habitats. The southern slopes of the Sperrins are also highly sensitive due to their
widespread visibility.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The undulating terrain of the southern part of this LCA, close to the foothills of Brougher
Mountain and Slievemore, may have better capacity for turbine development than other
areas. Mid slope locations may be best. It is recommended that turbines reflect the scale of
landform and landscape features such as small scale field patterns. It is recommended that
attempts be made to minimise visual clutter in the local skylines formed by the drumlins.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on river valleys, loughs and locally important
skylines and ridges associated with the drumlins. Open and exposed slopes should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farm developments
within this LCA; the closest were at Bessy Bell around 3km north of the LCA and at
Lendrum’s Bridge and Slievedivena, both around 5km south of the LCA. Cumulative impacts
should be a consideration.

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LCA 23 Camowen Valley

Location: County Tyrone, south of the Sperrins.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Lowland, small scale landscape with glacial moraines and complex drainage system. The
uplands to the north and east frame this area and the land gently rises on these margins of
the LCA, reaching around 150m AOD on the lower foothills of the Sperrins.

Landform
A broad, shallow valley composed of deposited glacial moraine that has produced an
undulating landform. Whilst much of the valley is underlain by sandstone, there are small
outcrops of granite and rounded glacial moraine forming minor ridges. Winding rivers and
streams produce a complex drainage system.

Enclosure
The landscape resembles a complex maze, and has a disorientating, enclosed character. A
sense of containment is further provided by the higher land to the north and east.

Complexity of landcover and features

The landscape pattern varies but generally comprises a patchy large-scale mosaic of peaty
marsh, conifer plantations and pasture. Shallow slopes on the ridges of moraine contain
extensive conifer plantations. Birch and willow scrub, marsh and bog occur in low-lying
areas; and small pastures with scrubby hedgerows on more elevated land

Man-made influence
Small scale forestry, cutover bog, mineral extraction and scattered settlement. Conifer
plantations have straight, angular shapes on shallow slopes.

Skylines and settings

The crinkly silhouettes of the granite outcrops of Crocknashinnagh are a local landmark.
The Sperrin top of Mullaghcarn encloses the LCA to the north.

Visibility and views

This undulating landscape generally does not afford long views although there are southerly
views from Crocknashinnagh and other areas of higher ground in the north and east.

Landscape quality (condition)

Large parts of marshy areas are neglected unfarmed, and combined with unmanaged
hedgerows this creates a scruffy character. The margins of this LCA tend to be better
drained and in better landscape condition.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality of this LCA is not particularly high but it adjoins and forms part of the setting
of the Sperrin AONB to the north.

Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA has a relatively wild character, linked to the extensive areas of wetland, marsh and
abandoned farmland.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Seefin Esker in the south of this LCA is of earth science interest. Deroran Bog ASSI and
SAC is one of the largest remaining lowland raised bogs in Northern Ireland. The Camowen
River has river water crowfoot and is also a salmon river. Cultural heritage features include
a concentration of raths close to the Camowen river.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

Local services at Drumnakilly. Brown trout and salmon fishing in Camowen River.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The undulating topography provided by the glacial moraines and widespread man-made
influences in this LCA suggest lower sensitivity to wind energy development, but this is
counterbalanced by the presence of complex and often small scale field patterns and
drainage systems. In addition, certain ridges and rocky outcrops such as those at
Crocknashinnagh would be highly sensitive to development.

The elevated, afforested eastern margins of this LCA might offer somewhat lower sensitivity
to appropriately scaled wind energy development but would still be highly sensitive to any
development of inappropriate scale.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The east of the area, close to Slievemore, is the area with best capacity to accommodate
some form of wind energy development. It is recommended that any wind energy
development reflects the existing small scale field patterns and landscape features of this
LCA. Consideration could be given to utilising mid slope locations as they may be the most
appropriate.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines, locally
distinctive eskers and craggy ridges and the broad river valley with associated
archaeological sites. Care should also be taken to ensure that turbines do not dominate this
relatively complex landscape.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farm developments
within this LCA. The closest was at Crockagarron and Slievedivena, 3 and 6km south-east of
the LCA. The adjacent LCAs of Carrickmore Hills and Slievemore also had a number of
wind farm application sites. Hence cumulative impacts might become an issue in future. It is
recommended that developments are well separated from each other and from wind energy
developments in adjoining LCAs.

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LCA 24 South Sperrin

Location: Counties Tyrone and Londonderry, Sperrins south of Glenelly Valley

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale, broad, rounded ridges rising to over 550m AOD and forming a backdrop to
more intimate valley landscapes of Owenkillew and Owenreagh Rivers.

Landform
Simple upland landform, with deep, branching gullies. Narrow floodplains below, often
subdivided by irregular mounds of glacial till.

Enclosure
Open mountain skylines tightly enclosing valley landscapes.. Stone walls and hedgerows on
lower slopes, following historic townland boundaries and emphasising undulating landform.
Valleys in the southern and eastern part of LCA have a more open form. Upper valley
reaches are characterised by conifer plantations with bold, dark shapes.

Complexity of landcover and features

Marginal farmland with scrub, rushes and moorland vegetation on upper slopes. Patches of
peaty marsh in low-lying areas between ridges of moraine and valley sides. River valleys
have narrow lanes with stone bridges at river crossings and a diverse pattern of hedgerow
trees, small copses and woodlands.

Man-made influence
Few intrusive influences except for forestry in the upper valley reaches, which disrupts some
skylines eg that of Carnanelly.

Skylines and settings

Upland edges enclose and form prominent skylines above the river valleys, especially in the
northern half of the LCA. Some of the upland edges such as Carnanelly have distinctive
rocky crests that lend a sense of scale. On its south side the LCA provides the landscape
setting for Beaghmore Moors and Marsh LCA, including its important archaeological
landscapes.

Visibility and views

Many views from valleys to surrounding ridgelines. Central Sperrins Way offers hillwalkers a
series of outstanding views into the Owenkillew and Glenelly valleys, north to the main
Sperrin ridge and east to Slieve Gallion.

Landscape quality (condition)

In the lower river valleys the historic field pattern is intact and stone walls are often striking
landscape features. In the upper river valleys, farm buildings are often derelict, and rushy
and unmanaged pastures are enclosed by scrub, broken walls, earth banks and gappy
remnant hedgerows.

Scenic quality
Area lies within the boundaries of the Sperrin AONB and is generally of very high scenic
quality.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Strong sense of tranquillity throughout due to the area’s remoteness and inaccessibility.
Wild character on ridge tops and in upper valley reaches, although this character is affected
by forestry in some areas.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Many features of earth science interest, including Barnes Gap (glacial meltwater channel)
and important sand and gravel complexes. Some of the finest rivers and river valley
woodlands in Northern Ireland, designated as ASSIs. Prominent raths and standing stones
that are important landscape features and rich archaeology. Beltrim Castle landscaped
demesne (Registered Park) near Gortin.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Central Sperrins Way waymarked route. Sperrin Heritage Centre in Glenelly Valley just to
the north of the LCA. Local picnic sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
While the large scale and relatively simple landform and landcover of this LCA are in theory
suited to wind energy development, most of the area of this LCA has an unspoilt character
and many valued characteristics and features that make it highly sensitive to change. The
dramatic, enclosed lower valley reaches are especially sensitive; wind energy development
on the slopes or tops above could potentially have an overwhelming landscape impact.

Further east, where the valleys have a more open form and where there is extensive
forestry, the character of the landscape appears better suited to wind energy development.
However this is outweighed by the very wide visibility of this part of the South Sperrins. In
views from the south particularly, Mullaghturk and Carnanelly appear as focal points, and the
landscape is very sensitive to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a sensitive landscape setting and wide visibility. Ideally turbines should be
associated with and reflect the scale of groups of buildings and trees or forestry plantation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive skylines and the
open, exposed and largely uninhabited landscapes of the upper slopes. Care should also be
taken to avoid adverse effects on the character and setting of features of natural and cultural
heritage landscape interest (as noted in this section), on the area’s sense of wildness, and
on views from the South Sperrins Way.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA and there were no issues of cumulative impact.

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LCA 25 Beaghmore Moors and Marsh

Location: Counties Tyrone and Londonderry, south and east of South Sperrin

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Rolling plateau of wide shallow valleys and broad, rounded ridges rising to over 250m AOD,
with smaller scale landscape features.

Landform
Extensive glacial deposits form irregular ridges and mounds throughout the area. Slopes
typically have shallower, smooth profiles, although some quarrying of outcrops forms
irregular skylines.

Enclosure
Generally open, exposed character. Exposed moorland on some ridge tops; elsewhere
pastures enclosed by low stone walls, stunted hedgerows or wire fences; open peaty marsh
on shallow valley floors. Extensive conifer plantations on lower slopes in some parts of the
LCA, notably in the south (Creggan) and east (Davagh).

Complexity of landcover and features

Expansive, relatively homogeneous landscape, fragmented in some areas by conifer
shelterbelts and forestry. Scattered farmsteads on higher ground, connected by generally
straight, embanked roads with stone bridges across watercourses.

Man-made influence
Sand and gravel quarries, particularly on the southern edge of the area. Forestry, including
many newly planted areas of forest.

Skylines and settings

Skylines mainly lie in the adjoining LCAs of Bessy Bell and Gortin (LCA 26) to the west,
South Sperrin (LCA 24) to the north and Slieve Gallion (LCA 41) to the east. The LCA also
provides the immediate setting for Beaghmore Stone Circle and its important archaeological
landscapes.

Visibility and views

At a broad scale the landform is concave, which means that there is generally wide visibility,
over long distances, to and from all the surrounding uplands. From within the LCA there are
some fine, long views to the hills, notably to Mullaghcarn to the west, Evishbrack to the east
and Mullaghturk to the north.

Landscape quality (condition)

Locally landscape quality is affected by sand and gravel quarrying. The effects of farm
abandonment are also evident in the form of derelict buildings, neglected field boundaries
and pastures and other relict farmland landscape features – although this also contributes to
the area’s wild character.

Scenic quality
This has a distinctive character and many important landscape values. Much of the area is
within Sperrin AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Wide, open, windswept landscape with a strong wilderness character, reinforced by a sense
that human occupation was once much more widespread than it is today (see below).

Natural and cultural heritage features

Various areas of national earth science and nature conservation importance, including
volcanic outcrops at Cashel Rock; Black Bog, one of the largest raised bog sites in Northern
Ireland; and the upper reaches of the Owenkillew River with its rare freshwater fauna.
Prominent and well-known historic monuments including Beaghmore stone circle, Ougham
Stone, Cloghacara Standing Stone and several other outstanding concentrations of
scheduled monuments, mainly dating from the Bronze Age and often revealed by peat
cutting. Most of the eastern third of the LCA lies within the Beaghmore ASAI.

Cultural associations
Music and folklore associated with the area’s wealth of prehistoric sites.

Amenity and recreation

An Creagán visitor centre and parts of Creggandevsky Archaeological Trail. Davagh Forest
picnic site. Popular cycling area.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The large scale, relatively uniform landform, simple uncluttered character and lack of
prominent skylines within this landscape tend to reduce its sensitivity to wind energy
development. However it is widely visible, particularly from adjoining upland areas, and has
a great wealth of features of natural and cultural heritage interest and also a strong wild
character.

There might be localised areas within this LCA where these qualities are absent and
sensitivity is lower, for example in the context of sand and gravel quarrying or extensive
forestry.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high visual sensitivity, wild character and important heritage interests. Areas
already influenced by sand and gravel extraction or forestry, for example in the south-
eastern part of the LCA, may be better able to accommodate turbines than other areas. It is
recommended that turbines be closely associated with and reflect the scale of buildings and
shelterbelts.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open and
exposed slopes. Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views to and
from the Sperrin tops that enclose the LCA on the west, east and north. Care should also be
taken to avoid adverse impacts on the fabric, character or setting of features of natural and
cultural heritage landscape interest (noted in this section). It is especially important to
protect the wild landscape character associated with many of these features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA and no issues of cumulative impact.

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LCA 26 Bessy Bell and Gortin

Location: Counties Tyrone and Londonderry, south-western section of Sperrins.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
High mountain summits and ridges rising to 542m AOD at Mullaghcarn, with lower summits
and ridges to the west.

Landform
Dramatic mountainous landform, with distinct, sharp ridges and rocky summits. A long ridge
extends north-west from the main mountain block, providing a sequence of lower summits,
including Mary Gray, whose twin peak of Bessy Bell lies west of the deeply incised Strule
valley and has a more rounded form.

Enclosure
Summits are generally open and unenclosed. Central slopes of the LCA, encircling
Cappagh Burn, are forested (Gortin Glen Forest Park). Lower slopes are enclosed by
hedgerows and relatively dense tree cover, with numerous hedgerow trees, small copses
and wooded valleys.

Complexity of landcover and features

Diverse landscape pattern, with transition from steep wooded river banks to farmland to
open moor in short distances. Mountain slopes are littered with grey scree and burns flow
in deep gullies. Lower slopes of Mullaghcarn have striking pattern of stone walls and earth
banks following historic townland boundaries.

Man-made influence
Existing wind farm on south-western slopes of Bessy Bell. Forestry plantations at Gortin
Glen and west of Bessy Bell. Busy road corridor of A5 Omagh to Derry road. Prominent,
locally intrusive industry and mineral extraction at Newtownstewart.

Skylines and settings

Notable ridges and skylines around the edges of all the main upland areas and along the
terrace east of the River Strule. Southern flanks of Slieveard, south of Mullaghcarn, are
particularly prominent and form part of the wider setting of Omagh. Northern flanks of Bessy
Bell provide landscape setting for town of Newtownstewart.

Visibility and views

Many long scenic views from mountain slopes and along Strule valley. Stunning views of
the main upland area from all the surrounding land but particularly from the south and west.
Bessy Bell is a key landmark in long distance views along the Strule valley and from the
west.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape as a whole is in good condition.

Scenic quality
This is a highly scenic landscape that is very popular and accessible for recreation. The
majority of the LCA lies within the boundaries of the Sperrin AONB, which extends as far
west as the eastern flanks of Bessy Bell. Bessy Bell and the Baronscourt estate to the west
form an ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The upland tops, especially on the east where they are not afforested, have a strong wild
character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Important earth science features include the steep-sided lacustrine mound at Gortin Gap
and the massive moraine near Newtownstewart on which Harry Avery’s Castle is sited.
Relatively large areas of upland heath, for example at Boorin Wood NR. Some notable
estate woodland and remnant semi-natural woodland, including areas of ASSI. Heritage
parkland at Baronscourt, west of Bessy Bell (Registered Park).

Cultural associations
Baronscourt is Ireland’s only surviving ducal seat and one of the grandest houses and
demesnes in the country.

Amenity and recreation

Notable series of countryside attractions, including Gortin Glen Forest Park, the Ulster
History Park and the Ulster-American Folk Park, offer opportunities to understand and
appreciate the area’s landscapes, habitats and history. Gortin Loop and Robber’s Table
Walk. Part of the Ulster Way crosses the area south of Bessy Bell.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The majority of this landscape is highly sensitive to wind energy development,
notwithstanding the presence of existing and consented wind farms. This is an iconic and
widely visible Sperrin landscape, whose summits and steep upper slopes are particularly
sensitive to the introduction of any new structures. Sensitivity is further increased by the
LCA’s popularity for outdoor recreation.

There are very localised areas of somewhat lower sensitivity to wind energy development on
the south- western fringes of the LCA, near Bessy Bell.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The south-western hill shoulder of Bessy Bell may be the most suitable area for wind energy
development. However, it is recommended that design and layouts are consistent between
any adjacent sites and should ideally read as a cluster.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on skylines, views from the Strule valley, A5,
Gortin Glen Forest Park and Mullaghcarn and on the setting of the Heritage Park at
Baronscourt.

At the time of assessment there was one existing wind farm at Bessy Bell (10 turbines of
60m on the south-western hill shoulder) and a further consented wind farm (6 turbines of
100m on the south-eastern hill shoulder). These give rise to issues of cumulative impact,
both locally and over a wider area to the west, where there are two existing wind farms
around 15km away in Lough Bradan LCA (LCA 14).

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LCA 27 Foyle Valley

Location: Counties Tyrone and Londonderry. Foyle, Mourne, Strule and Owenkillew
valleys running from Derry south and east to Newtownstewart and Plumbridge.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad, rolling valley on the western slopes of the Sperrins. Generally low-lying but enclosed
by hill tops of up to around 300m AOD in parts.

Landform
A very diverse landform. Character of the valley changes from an open sheet of water within
flat agricultural floodplain north of Ballymagorry, to an incised wooded channel enclosed by
river terraces and steep, irregular mounds of moraine between Strabane and
Newtownstewart.

Enclosure
Generally open character in north where the river is set within arable fields and pastures;
more enclosed to the south where the landscape is incised, well hedged and wooded along
watercourses and tributary valleys.

Complexity of landcover and features

A complex and varied landscape. Farmland has strong geometric field pattern, which
continues onto the slopes of the adjacent higher land. Edges of the Sperrin foothills and
Sperrin mountains to the east have scenic, steep, wooded incised valleys.

Man-made influence
Major towns of Derry and Strabane and smaller settlements of Artigarvan, Sion Mills and
Newtownstewart extend urban and industrial influences over parts of the area. Busy A5
Derry to Omagh with prominent bypasses at Strabane and Newtownstewart. Electricity
transmission line along eastern edge of valley. Localised sand and gravel extraction.

Skylines and settings

There is a sequence of distinctive skyline features and settings along the valley, including
prominent enclosing slopes and ridgelines (mainly just outside the LCA) at Derry and the top
of Knockavoe above Strabane. Bessy Bell and Mary Gray (outside the LCA) form part of
the wider landscape setting of Newtownstewart. Also many smaller skyline features
reflecting topographic variations.

Visibility and views

Important views both to and from the Sperrins. Valley has a key visual role as the western
setting for the Sperrin AONB and a major communications and tourist route. Stunning views
of the River Foyle from slopes of Knockavoe.

Landscape quality (condition)

Condition of field patterns, hedges and walls is relatively good. Mineral extraction affects
landscape quality in parts.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is generally high. The LCA includes land within the Sperrin AONB east of
Newtownstewart and north-east of Strabane as well as parts of ASQs at Knockavoe (Sperrin
Foothills) and Bessy Bell.

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Wildness and tranquillity

There is no strong sense of wildness within the LCA although much of the area is tranquil
countryside closely adjoining wilder areas.

Natural and cultural heritage features

River Foyle is an SAC. Owenkillew River and Owenkillew and Glenelly Woods are part of
more extensive ASSIs that extend eastwards into the heart of the Sperrins. Other smaller
river, moss and woodland ASSIs. Newtownstewart Castle. Conservation Area at Sion Mills
and Registered Parks at Molenan House near Derry, Holy Hill House near Artigarvan and
Moyle House near Newtownstewart.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Key gateway to the County Donegal, Derry and the central Glenelly valley of the Sperrins.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The alluvial plain and steep valley sides on the western margins of the Sperrin Foothills and
Sperrin Mountains are very sensitive to change, not only because of their complex and
varied character, but because they form a backdrop to views along the valley. They are a
key part of the landscape setting of the mountains as well as the towns of Strabane and
Newtownstewart.

The western edge of the valley south of Strabane (where this lies in Northern Ireland) has
less landscape and visual constraints to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has relatively high sensitivity. The western edge of the valley south of Strabane
would be the most suitable location for some form of wind energy development. It is
recommended that wind energy developments reflect the complexity and sensitivity of the
landscape setting and the relatively small landform scale.

Within this LCA care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of Derry,
Strabane and Newtownstewart. Care should also be taken to avoid detrimental visual
impacts on the Sperrins and the A5 tourist route. The settings of important natural and
cultural heritage features (eg Sion Mills Conservation Area) should be respected as should
important skylines and settings within the valley.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA. However one operational and one consented site (total 16 turbines) could be found at
Owenreagh in the Sperrin Mountains (LCA 29) around 8km east of Strabane. Other
operational and consented sites (total 16 turbines) were at Bessy Bell, around 16km south of
Strabane. In addition, there were three consented wind farms 10 to 18km west of Strabane
in County Donegal. Hence there are growing cumulative and transboundary impacts that
require consideration.

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LCA 28 Glenelly Valley

Location: County Tyrone. East-west valley in central north Sperrin, east of
Plumbridge.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Long linear mountain valley to the south of Sawel Mountain, following one of the principal
fault lines in the Sperrins. Hidden, secretive, narrow valley landscape that contrasts with
expansive, windswept moorland above. Enclosed by steep ridges rising to around 400m
AOD, with further higher summits beyond, outside the LCA.

Landform
Valley sides are undulating and field boundaries emphasise the undulations. River
meanders across a complex floodplain of alluvium and glacial moraine. Channel has carved
deeply into these soft deposits creating steep, irregular mounds and pockets of peaty marsh
on the valley floor.

Enclosure
Valley is tightly enclosed topographically. At lower levels, there is also enclosure by
woodlands, stone walls, hedgerows and a few, mainly small, conifer plantations.

Complexity of landcover and features

The pastures, woodland and copses form a varied, diverse patchwork with small, oddly-
shaped fields and larger woodlands on steeper slopes. Poor quality grassland with wet
flushes, gullies, patches of rushes and scrub. Earthbanks, hedgerows and stone walls form
an interconnected network, with walls increasingly common on upper slopes, often following
ancient townland boundaries. Other common elements include clachans, churches, stone
bridges and traditional stone farmsteads.

Man-made influence
Few prominent or intrusive man-made influences except for small conifer plantations which
are prominent, distracting and out of scale with the surrounding landscape pattern.

Skylines and settings

Very prominent skylines (small north-south ridges and tops) dominate the valley visually to
both north and south. Wealth of archaeological sites can be seen on the valley slopes.

Visibility and views

Views from minor roads to the north and south are strongly focused on the meandering river,
floodplain and valley sides. The ridge tops above, just outside the LCA, offer commanding
views into the scenic valley landscapes eg from the Central Sperrins Way to the south.

Landscape quality (condition)

Most of the farmland and field boundaries are in good condition, although the quality of the
upper pastures is generally poorer than near the valley floor. Some abandoned farmland on
the fringes of the moorland.

Scenic quality
The Glenelly valley, which lies at the heart of the Sperrin AONB, is highly scenic and is often
regarded as one of the most idyllic in Northern Ireland. Stunning mountain setting.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This is a highly tranquil, remote and ‘hidden’ landscape with a timeless character. Although
not wild in itself, except towards the valley head, there is a strong sense of wildness in views
to the Sperrin tops above, especially those to the north.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Considerable earth science interest (Glenelly river valley deglacial complex and Barnes Gap
glacial meltwater channel). Remnant blanket bog. The Glenelly River is of good water
quality, with salmon and trout. Many important and distinctive historic landscape features,
including the historic townland boundaries, traditional buildings, and hillside raths and
standing stones, which lend a strong historic character to the valley’s landscapes.

Cultural associations
Area has a rich sense of history and culture associated with the many signs of early human
habitation.

Amenity and recreation

Central Sperrins Way runs along and above the valley bottom and crosses the ridge to the
south. Sperrin Heritage Centre. Goles Forest to the east.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The inherent scale, form and complexity to the intimate valley landscapes of this LCA, which
are in addition very strongly influenced visually by the skylines above, make Glenelly Valley
highly sensitive to wind energy development. Any wind energy development on the slopes
or skylines would be extremely intrusive. In addition, the landscape is sensitive because it is
highly valued for its scenic beauty, historic field patterns and significant archaeological sites.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has very high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of farm buildings and
sheltering woodland.

Care would have to be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open,
exposed slopes and ridgelines and on the key landscapes and visual characteristics and
values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest existing wind farm was at Owenreagh (total 16 turbines) 8km north-west of
Plumbridge which is visible from some areas of higher ground around Plumbridge.

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LCA 29 Sperrin Mountains

Location:Counties Tyrone and Londonderry. High Sperrin tops.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad, rounded ridges with rocky outcrops leading to steep summits averaging 500m in
height and rising to 678m AOD at Sawel Mountain. Smaller scale, with enclosures, on lower
slopes.

Landform
Mountains form an east-west spine across the North West and have a dramatic appearance.
The ridges have a broad, rounded profile leading to summits with a rocky, pointed profile.
Glacial deposits sometimes from mounds and terraces along the lower slopes, softening and
confusing the natural break of slope. Deep, branching gullies and open, fast-flowing
streams.

Enclosure
Generally open and exposed. Some areas of conifer plantation and some broadleaved
woodland within lower valleys. Earth banks and hedgerows at lower elevations.

Complexity of landcover and features

Summits have extensive areas of bog with heather and rushes, punctuated by small,
rounded loughs. The steep slopes leading to the summits are carpeted with close-cropped
moorland grasses. The lower valley slopes retain the historic field pattern, with hedgerows,
earth banks and stone walls enclosing a diverse patchwork of fields and woodlands. Stone
walls on upper slopes often follow historic townland boundaries.

Man-made influence
Localised man-made influences including wind turbines at Owenreagh Hill; conifer
plantations, which in some areas (notably in the east and at Banagher Forest) form dark,
geometric blocks on the slopes; and a number of hard rock quarries.

Skylines and settings

Many prominent ridgelines. In the east the skyline is generally lower and more broken; here
the main skyline features include Knockavoe and Owenreagh Hill plus other smaller
individual tops. To the west the ridge broadens and increases in height. Mountains also
form part of the wider setting for the towns of Strabane, Dungiven and Draperstown, which
lie just outside the LCA.

Visibility and views

Exceptionally fine mountain and valley views characterise the LCA and are a key attraction
to tourists and walkers. The mountains are an iconic feature in views west and south from
the A6 Belfast to Derry road; and are also an important element of views east from the A5
Derry to Omagh road near Strabane.

Landscape quality (condition)

In some areas with poor soils, the field pattern on the lower slopes has become derelict and
obscured by rushes and scrub.

Scenic quality
This stunning mountain landscape of very high scenic quality and forms the heart of the
Sperrin AONB. Land at Knockavoe has been identified as part of the Sperrin Foothills ASQ.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Much of this landscape is extremely wild, remote and inaccessible, particularly towards the
eastern end of the ridge. Wildness is more strongly represented in the Sperrin Mountains
than in any other area of Northern Ireland except the Mournes.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Many earth science sites, such as the glacial meltwater channel at Butterlope Glen.
Extensive blanket bog, a habitat of national importance. Rare montaine plant communities
on the highest slopes of Sawel Mountain. Upland oakwood at Banagher Glen forms the
largest intact block of semi-natural woodland in Northern Ireland. Concentration of
prehistoric sites and monuments along Banagher Glen, an important early communication
route. Registered Park at Learmount Castle.

Cultural associations
Traditional farming customs, buildings and land uses have survived particularly well.
Association with President Wilson, whose ancestral home lies to the east of Strabane.

Amenity and recreation

Hill tops provide fantastic scope for mountain walking, yet are within easy reach of
contrasting valley landscapes that have a wealth of historical and cultural interest.
Learmount Castle and Banagher Glen and Forest are particular attractions.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA lies at the heart of the Sperrins. The scale and landform of at least parts of the
area are in theory well-suited to wind energy development. However, this is generally
outweighed by the sheer visual prominence of the Sperrin Mountains over a wide area of
Northern Ireland. This is an iconic landscape of immense appeal for tourism and recreation;
its core landscapes are highly sensitive to any wind energy development. In addition, it has
a strong wild character and many natural and cultural features that are highly vulnerable to
the introduction of wind turbines and associated access tracks and infrastructure.

Hence the majority of this landscape is highly sensitive to wind energy development,
notwithstanding the presence of existing and consented wind farms.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Owenreagh, in the west of this LCA, is the specific area in this LCA that is most suited to
wind energy development. Consideration could be given to siting turbines on hill flanks
where they might be seen against a backdrop of land.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on skylines, views and the visual amenity,
recreational value and wild character of this LCA. Open exposed slopes and ridgelines
should be respected as should natural and cultural heritage landscape interests. Care
should be taken to ensure that wind energy developments do not dominate and flatten this
topographically complex landscape.

At the time of assessment there was one existing wind farm at Owenreagh Hill and further
consented turbines (16 turbines in all, 60-66m high). Other operational and consented sites
in adjacent LCAs were at Bessy Bell (total 16 turbines) 15km to the south; and there are
three consented wind farms within 18 to 25km to the west in County Donegal. Hence there
are growing cumulative/transboundary impacts in this LCA.

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LCA 30 Sperrin Foothills

Location: County Londonderry, northern flanks of Sperrin Mountains

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Rounded foothills around 300m high along the northern edge of the Sperrin Mountains, plus
the larger and more irregular upland area of Slievekirk (370m AOD) to the north, separated
by small, intimate valley landscapes with small scale field patterns extending high up the
hillsides.

Landform
Varied landform, typically of rounded, dome-shaped hills and steep, winding, deeply
dissected valley systems and waterfalls of the Burn Dennet and Faughan River. Some of
the hills, such as Slievekirk, have steeper, patterned sides. Glacial moraine often forms a
complex, steeply undulating landform on valley sides.

Enclosure
Contrast between open hill tops and wooded, hedged valley landscapes close below.
Strong geometric pattern of fields and hedgerows sweeps up over the summits of the
smaller hills. Broadleaved woodland on the steepest slopes. Fairly dense tree cover with
numerous hedgerow trees and copses in the valleys.

Complexity of landcover and features

Diverse landscape pattern with steep, wooded valley sides, neat rolling farmland, and brown
moorland summits, all closely juxtaposed. Loughs and areas of peaty marsh, such as Lough
Ash, are occasionally found in poorly drained hollows. Numerous small settlements with a
traditional character.

Man-made influence
Sand and gravel quarrying on edges of some river valleys.

Skylines and settings

Dramatic, cliffed skylines all around the edge of Slievekirk. Settings of Learmount Castle
and settlements of Dunnamanagh, framed by the Burn Dennet River and Creaghan Hill, and
Claudy, overlooking the Faughan valley, are especially sensitive.

Visibility and views

Outstanding views. LCA forms the foreground to iconic views of the Sperrin Mountains (LCA
29) from the B74 at Claudy and from the A6 Belfast to Derry Road to the north. Slievekirk is
also a very prominent, attractive feature, seen at close range in views from the A6 just
outside Derry. Within the LCA, there are frequent close views from one side of the valley to
another.

Landscape quality (condition)

Localised impacts from hedgerow removal and built development.

Scenic quality
Much of this LCA is of outstanding scenic quality and is included in the Sperrin AONB;
central part of LCA also lies within the Sperrin Foothills ASQ. Scenic quality of valleys of
Burn Dennet near Dunnamanagh, Bonds Glen below Slievekirk, and River Faughan near
Claudy is particularly high.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not a wild landscape but one with a very strong sense of tranquillity, linked to the hidden,
intimate character of the valleys. Less tranquil on the northern edge of the LCA, where it is
more open and influenced by built development and busy roads.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Extensive fluvio-glacial sands and gravels of scientific interest. Many sites of national
conservation importance eg Silverbrook Wood, Corbylin Wood, Bonds Glen and Ervey
Wood ASSIs. Rivers of international importance for Atlantic salmon. Numerous sites of
historic interest, including chambered graves, raths, churches and castles, often on river
terraces eg in Faughan valley. Romantic ruined landmarks of Dunnamanagh and
Altinaghree Castles; Registered Parks at Learmount Castle and at Ardmore and The Oaks
north of Slievekirk.

Cultural associations
Rich cultural history and associations.

Amenity and recreation

Ervey Wood and Ness Wood Country Parks on northern edge of the LCA near Slievekirk.
Learmount Castle and Banagher Glen, on the boundary with the Sperrin Mountains (LCA
29) are key recreational attractions and gateways to the Sperrin Mountains.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Theoretically the simple, convex forms of some of the hills in this LCA are suited to wind
energy development, and the widespread tree cover could provide screening. However the
relatively small size of the hills, the intimate character of the adjoining valleys, the small
scale field patterns on the hill slopes, and the many sudden, short range views tend to
increase landscape sensitivity to wind energy development.

A further constraint is the fact that the LCA forms a foreground to some of the most
important views of the Sperrins: hence any wind energy development on this northern fringe
of the Sperrins could have widespread and significant impacts on landscape character and
visual amenity. The north-eastern and north-western fringes of the LCA might be of slightly
lower sensitivity.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a diverse, often intimate character and intrinsically high scenic quality. The
areas most suitable for some form of wind energy development are on the north-eastern
fringes of the LCA (north of the A6) and on outlying hills north-west of Slievekirk. It is
recommended that wind energy developments reflect the fact that turbines may be seen in
very close juxtaposition with small scale field patterns and landscape features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive prominent ridgelines
such as those around Slievekirk or in views to the Sperrin Mountains (notably from the B74
and A6) as development in these locations could dominate the landscape. Care should also
be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of Learmount Castle, Dunnamanagh and
Claudy and visual impacts on the Sperrins and the A5 tourist route. The settings of
important natural and cultural heritage features should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA but there were several outstanding applications. The nearest operational or consented
wind farms were at Owenreagh (total 16 turbines) and at Altahullion (total 24 turbines) on the
south-west and north-east fringes of the LCA respectively, around 25km apart. If any further
wind energy developments were to be proposed in the area between these sites the issue of
cumulative impacts would be a significant consideration. It is recommended that wind energy
developments are visually well separated from each other and from existing development in
adjoining LCAs.

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LCA 31 Burngibbagh and Drumahoe

Location: County Derry. West Derry close to the River Foyle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A relatively flat river valley enclosed by high ridges with a small scale pattern of fields and
hedges. The land rises to the east adjoining the Sperrin Foothills. Gortmonly Hill, 218m
AOD, is the highest point in this LCA.

Landform
The valley has a strong, narrow, linear form and is aligned along north-east to south-west,
following a similar geological fault line to that of the River Foyle. The valley floor is relatively
flat and well-defined and the enclosing ridges have a broad, rounded landform with open
summits. The Faughan River enters the Burngibbagh and Drumahoe valley system at its
central point and then turns abruptly north to follow the natural fault-line

Enclosure
In the north there is a more open character due to the broader valley floor and larger field
systems; while the south has more hedgerows, smaller fields and has a more enclosed
character. The hedgerows form a strong geometric pattern that clothes the valley sides to a
considerable height.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pasture is the main land use and fields are enclosed by a neat network of hedgerows, with a
transition to stone walls on some upper slopes. The northern part of the valley, containing
the Faughan River, has larger fields and a relatively wide, unenclosed valley floor. The
southern part supports smaller field systems with hedgerows, increasing in density towards
the valley floor. Estates are small, but their associated woods are locally significant.

Man-made influence
There are a number of quarry sites, several transmission lines running the length of the
valley (although these are well aligned and not unduly intrusive), and urban development
associated with the outskirts of Londonderry.

Skylines and settings

The ridgetops are very distinctive in this LCA, especially to the west, where they form the
wider setting of Derry and the Foyle. Ridges around Curryfree Hill in the east are important
skylines.

Visibility and views

Longer views are afforded in the northern valley whilst the southern part is narrower and
more enclosed, providing only occasional views. From higher ground there are outstanding
views across the Foyle to County Donegal. The western part of the LCA is very visible from
the A2 Strabane to Derry road and the A6 from Belfast to Derry crosses the centre of the
LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The Faughan River valley, to the north, has a somewhat degraded landscape character, with
evidence of hedgerow loss and sand and gravel extraction in the Gorticross area. The
landscape of the southern part of the valley is in good condition.

Scenic quality
The contrast between moor-capped summits and green pastures contributes to scenic
quality. The more intact southern part of the LCA has higher scenic quality.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The southern Burngibbagh section of the valley is relatively undeveloped and has a
secluded, tranquil, rural character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

The Faughan Valley is of high scientific interest due to the presence of extensive
glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits consisting of deltas, moraines, eskers and
outwash plains. The farmland has created habitats for several bird species. The River
Faughan is important for Atlantic salmon. Standing stones and raths are scattered along
elevated slopes of the valley sides. Small wooded estates are also present at Ashbrook and
Ardmore (Registered Parks).

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Area provides recreational open space for Londonderry; otherwise recreational opportunities
are not well developed.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is generally very sensitive to wind energy development due to its strong form and
field patterns extending high up the valley sides, its wide visibility, particularly from the south
and west, and its proximity to the city of Derry. Its open summits and ridges are distinctive
and characteristic landscape features; development on these summits could interrupt and
diminish these characteristic skylines.

The northern part is more degraded with pylons and former mineral workings so is
somewhat less sensitive in that respect, although also more heavily settled. The southern
part retains a remote, unspoilt intact character that would be highly sensitive to wind energy
development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The northern part of this LCA, which has more rounded landform and a more degraded
character, is more suitable for wind energy development than other locations in this LCA.
Consideration could be given to setting turbines well back from the steep valley sides to
reduce their prominence and to help contain visibility. It is recommended that wind energy
development reflects the limited height of the hills and the importance of this area as part of
the approaches to and setting of the Foyle estuary and Derry.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the more dramatic and scenic southern
part of this LCA. Open skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there was a wind farm application in this LCA, as well as others in
nearby parts of the Sperrin Foothills LCA, creating potential for cumulative impacts on the
intimate landscapes of the south of the LCA, especially since existing and consented wind
farm sites at Owenreagh lie less than 10km away to the south. There might also be
transboundary issues if wind farm development occurs west of the Foyle in County Donegal.

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LCA 32 Derry Slopes

Location: County Londonderry. West Londonderry sharing a border with Donegal

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A relatively open broad landscape dominated by city of Derry; Minkey Hill at 210m AOD is
one of the highest areas.

Landform
The landscape is composed of smooth rounded hill tops with undulating lower slopes, steep
slopes down to the River Foyle and a broad, shallow valley leading to the west.

Enclosure
Broad shallow valley form and urban waterfront present a mainly open character. In more
rural areas there is some enclosure by hedgerows and riparian vegetation.

Complexity of landcover and features

Broad geometric patchwork of fields disrupted by extensive built development; Relatively
open farmland on slopes of Minkey Hill; smaller fields, with hedgerows and narrow roads to
north of Skeoge valley. Bands of broadleaf woodland on the banks of the Foyle. City of
Londonderry/Derry dominates the landscape; areas of managed public open space are
juxtaposed with relatively neglected fields on the urban fringe.

Man-made influence
Man-made influence is very strong, with LCA dominated by city of Londonderry and
associated urban, industrial and port activities. Telecommunications masts at Holywell Hill
and Minkey Hill.

Skylines and settings

The historic city has a dramatic, elevated site, with massive defensive walls and a strong,
distinctive character. The lands adjoining the river north of the city also form an attractive
wooded valley with shoreline. The ridges around Minkey Hill form important skylines and
these western slopes drop fairly steeply towards the River Foyle, creating a distinctive
landscape setting. The ridges of Elagh More also form important skylines.

Visibility and views

The eastern slopes of Minkey Hill and the river corridor are prominent in views to the city
from the east bank of the River Foyle. River views from the banks of the Foyle are important
in this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape of the urban fringe is relatively degraded, with much evidence of hedgerow
removal and a general neglect of land management. The river banks and slopes of Minkey
Hill are the most scenic though telecommunications on the summits detract from the quality
of the views.

Scenic quality
The river banks are the most scenic part of this LCA, as well as the rounded summits of the
hills. Otherwise this LCA is not highly scenic.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is no strong sense of wildness or tranquillity

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Earth science interest is concentrated around Lough Foyle which demonstrates
contemporary coastal processes. Lough Foyle is a SPA and supports whooper swans, brent
geese, bar tailed godwit, Berwick swans and golden plover. Estate woodlands are an
important natural heritage feature, and the River Foyle is an important fishery. Considerable
number of Registered Parks and houses such as Thornhill; Doherty’s Tower on Elagh More
is a state care monument. Londonderry Conservation Area.

Cultural associations
Numerous associations with the historic city of Derry.

Amenity and recreation

LCA is an important gateway to Northern Ireland from County Donegal and the historic city
of Derry is an important tourism centre.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA’s gateway role and proximity to the historic city of Derry and the Foyle increases its
sensitivity to wind energy development, which could be highly visible. These western slopes
frame the city and provide a scenic landscape setting. The River Foyle waterside and the
area’s many small historic parks and estates are also highly sensitive.

However, the undulating slopes and urban fringe areas, particularly where already affected
by man-made influences, might be somewhat less sensitive to development that is carefully
sited and appropriate in scale.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The undulating lower slopes in the southern part of this LCA are least sensitive to wind
energy development. Consideration could be given to siting on mid-slope locations,
particularly where topography could offer some screening. Care should be taken in relation
to access roads which could be highly visible from across the river. Developed areas such
as urban fringe industrial estates may also offer some opportunities for turbine development.
It is recommended that any wind energy development reflects the scale of the relatively
small surrounding hills and existing built features that lend a sense of scale in this LCA.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive historic setting of
Derry, its surrounding steep slopes and skylines, the River Foyle and its adjacent lands, and
estates and estate woodlands. Although Holywell and Minkey Hills have a number of
telecommunications masts, care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on these hills as
they are on a prominent skyline. Care should be taken to ensure that wind energy
developments do not dominate or intrude unacceptably on the sensitive settings in this LCA.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA. Transboundary issues might arise as this LCA shares a border with County Donegal.

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LCA 33 Lough Foyle Alluvial Plain

Location: County Derry. North west of Londonderry, adjoining Lough Foyle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Generally open, low-lying alluvial plain with highest area no more than 30 to 40m AOD.

Landform
Flat, alluvial plain backed by a low bench of more resistant rocks.
Parts of coastal plain are reclaimed land, drained by straight channels and enclosed by
coastal embankments. Inland the ground rises gently to the Loughermore Hills.

Enclosure
Generally the area has an open character in landform terms, particularly when overlooked
from higher ground. However the western part of the area, on the northern outskirts of
Derry, is more wooded, particularly along the A2.

Complexity of landcover and features

A patchwork of large arable fields on coastal reclaimed land north of Eglinton and towards
mouth of River Roe. These are enclosed by straight drainage ditches with rare hedgerows
and trees. Inland, there are smaller pastures enclosed by low hedgerows. Gorse is the
dominant hedgerow species. Most mature trees are associated with shelterbelts around
farms. A few blocks of broadleaved woodland.

Man-made influence
Extensive and often intrusive urban and large scale industrial development north of Derry,
including airport, power station, power line and other intrusive structures.

Skylines and settings

Ridges associated with adjacent LCAs such as lower slopes of Gortnessy Hill in
Loughermore Hills LCA create local skylines. Eglinton enjoys an attractive setting, bounded
by the wooded Muff Glen to the south. The LCA forms a very important part of the wider
setting of Lough Foyle, Magilligan Strand and Binevenagh.

Visibility and views

This is quite an open landscape and long views are common, particularly north across
Lough Foyle to Inishowen in County Donegal and east to Binevenagh. Most views are from
the A2 Derry to Coleraine road.

Landscape quality (condition)

The condition of the landscape varies, depending on the extent to which it has been
developed or drained and improved as farmland. Reclaimed land is often intensively farmed
and subject to hedgerow removal whilst poorer land retains a more natural character.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this LCA is not particularly strong, although the views towards and
across to Lough Foyle are outstanding.

Wildness and tranquillity

The area to the west of Limavady retains a relatively wild and tranquil character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The deltaic deposits associated with this alluvial plain are of earth science interest. Despite
reclamation, there remain extensive mudflats and some small areas of coastal saltmarsh,
notably at the Roe Estuary NR. Lough Foyle is internationally important for birds. The
Lough Foyle SPA (also the Lough Foyle Ramsar site) supports whooper swans, brent
geese, bar tailed godwit and numerous other waterfowl in internationally important numbers
and is also internationally important for Atlantic salmon. There are relatively few
archaeological sites but the church at Eglinton is a scheduled monument.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Walks around Ballykeely bank and forest, outdoor education centre at Carromena.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is of varied sensitivity to wind energy development. In the west the strongly
industrial character with many large industrial structures suggests lower than average levels
of sensitivity, especially given the presence of existing screening woodland along the A2.

Further east, however, the low-lying, open farmland and coastal land is very sensitive, not
least as any wind energy development could intrude upon iconic views to Binevenagh
headland. Moreover, the ecological resources of this area are very significant with extensive
mud flats and internationally important waterfowl present on Lough Foyle.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The part of the LCA with most potential for some from of wind energy development is the
industrial area north of Derry at the western end of the LCA, given careful attention to siting,
scale and form relative to existing structures. The very open, exposed and low-lying coastal
plain might also be able to accommodate some turbine development if it is very carefully
sited and scaled in association with buildings and trees. Wind energy development would be
less appropriate at the eastern side of this LCA.

Care should be taken to avoid significant impacts on views to Binevenagh.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest existing or consented wind farm sites were around 9km to the south in the
Loughermore Hills LCA and are unlikely to be intervisible with any wind farm development in
this LCA. However, there were a number of existing and proposed wind farm sites 8-10km
to the north in County Donegal and these could give rise to cumulative, transboundary
impacts. Seaward impacts may be a relevant issue in the future.

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LCA 34 Loughermore Hills

Location: County Londonderry. Upland area in north-west of the county.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale upland massif averaging 280m and rising to almost 400m AOD at Loughermore.
Bounded to the west and south by the Rivers Faughan, Foreglen and Roe.

Landform
Broad ridges with rounded summits and wide, relatively shallow valleys and gently
undulating slopes. Many ridges have extensive conifer plantations that might appear to
flatten or diminish the scale of the landform. Lower in the west where smaller outlying hills
such as Slieve Buck and the Highland Hills are separate and distinct from the main upland
area.

Enclosure
Mixture of open moor and conifer plantations on high ground, particularly in the east,
creating dark, enclosed areas. Field enclosures (walls, earth banks and hedgerows) at
lower levels.

Complexity of landcover and features

Relatively homogenous landscape with a simple, large-scale pattern of open moorland, bog
and conifer plantations at Loughermore Forest on the upper slopes and summits. In the
valleys, patches of scrubby woodland and marsh in a more finely-grained landscape mosaic.
A more farmed landscape in the west.

Man-made influence
Several electricity transmission lines run along the north of the hills and also across the hills
to the south. Widespread evidence of peat cutting and extensive afforestation, mainly in
geometric blocks which form hard, angular lines across the rounded hill slopes.

Skylines and settings

Lower margins of the hills are prominent and visually sensitive.

Visibility and views

This LCA is prominent in views of the LCA from the A6 to the south and Glenshane Pass to
the east but views from the A2 and settlement of Eglinton to the north are largely contained
by the convex landform. From the settlements of Dungiven and Limavady to the east the
hills present a broad, low profile. North side of the upland overlooks, and is visible from,
Lough Foyle.

Landscape quality (condition)

Pastures of margins of moor might have broken stone walls and earth banks and gappy
hedgerows. Widespread peat cutting.

Scenic quality
Generally not high although some of the valley landscapes of the Burntollet and Muff in the
west of the area are very attractive. The area around Ness Wood lies within the Sperrin
Foothills ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Remote and empty with few roads and virtually no settlements, particularly on summits.
Exposed, windswept character on open moorland, although interrupted by presence of
conifer plantations.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Tracts of deciduous woodland in the gullies and steeper valleys on the margin of the hills,
including Ness Wood ASSI. Rivers important for salmon and trout. Many prehistoric
monuments on the hill slopes, including standing stones, chambered graves, raths and
cairns, especially around Slieve Buck and Ness Wood (Ballygroll prehistoric complex).
Registered Park at Templemoyle House in the north-west.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Ness Wood Country Park and waterfall, Ballygroll prehistoric complex, and Muff Glen are
popular with visitors. Forest walks within Loughermore Forest.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Much of this landscape is of low sensitivity and well-suited to wind energy development,
having large scale, rounded, convex summits; simple, relatively homogeneous landcover;
extensive upland forestry; and other man-made influences.

The broad, central massif of the eastern part of the LCA, centred on Loughermore, is of
lowest sensitivity to wind energy development. The lower margins of the upland, and some
of the land further west which has a more distinctive landform, are of medium sensitivity.
This is because these areas are more widely visible, and have a wider range of natural,
cultural and amenity interests.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium to low

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The large scale and horizontal form of this LCA indicates that parts of this LCA are well
suited to wind energy development. The landscapes around Loughermore in the eastern
part of the LCA are the most suited area to wind energy development. The creation of a
large compact cluster of turbines, (possibly through expansion of the existing Altahullion
wind farm), is likely to be the most successful solution in landscape and visual terms for this
LCA, and would help minimise cumulative impacts on surrounding areas. Consistent site
layouts and turbine sizes and designs would be desirable within the cluster. It is
recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where turbines would be
seen in the context of electricity transmission lines. Consideration could be given to utilising
forestry plantations for screening and access tracks.

However, open views to Loughermore summit itself from the north-east should be respected.
The lower margins of the upland and land to the west, particularly the more prominent outlier
hills, are less suited to wind energy development. The north side of the upland area might
also be more sensitive because of views from Lough Foyle. Care needs to be taken to avoid
adverse impacts on skylines, particularly near the A6 and on the natural, cultural and
recreational landscape interests in this LCA.

At the time of assessment this LCA already had an operational and consented wind farm
development at Altahullion (24 turbines in total, 82-83m high). There were other applications
nearby and another existing wind farm at Rigged Hill (10 turbines) around 15km to the north-
east. Hence there is potential for cumulative impacts. There is also some potential for
transboundary impacts due to several existing and proposed wind farms on the south-
eastern edge of Inishowen in County Donegal. Adequate separation distances will be an
issue. Ideally any additional wind energy development in this LCA would lie outside the zone
of visual influence of these developments.

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LCA 35 Magilligan Lowland

Location: County Londonderry. On north coast of the county at the mouth of Lough
Foyle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Flat alluvial plain just above sea level, overlooked and dominated by the Binevenagh cliffs.

Landform
Lowland originates from deposits of alluvium and blown sand which accumulated forming a
large, flat triangle of land in the lee of the long sandspit leading to Magilligan Point. Cliffs of
Binevenagh form backdrop. Rugged sand dunes south of Benone Beach are in strong
contrast to the flat, smooth land to the south.

Enclosure
Open, with large fields, occasional isolated hedgerows and groups of trees; some small
shelterbelts near farm buildings. Smaller enclosed pastures at the foot of the basalt
escarpment.

Complexity of landcover and features

Homogeneous landscape of rectangular fields subdivided by a grid of drainage ditches.
Predominantly white farm buildings are focal points in this rather uniform landscape. Farm
tracks on low embankments connect at right angles to the main road. Long strands at
Magilligan and Benone, the latter backed by dunes.

Man-made influence
Geometric pattern gives landscape an artificial, engineered character. Principal settlements
form linear development along main roads. Localised visual intrusion from the prison,
caravan park and new housing at Bellarena, although these are relatively small features
within the wider landscape.

Skylines and settings

Dramatic cliffs of Binevenagh are a striking backdrop and are the dominant landscape
feature. Mountains of Inishowen in County Donegal are visible as a distant horizon to the
west of Lough Foyle.

Visibility and views

The landscape is the focal point in views from the cliffs above, which also offer magnificent
panoramas across Lough Foyle to Donegal. From the A2 to the west and from Lough Foyle
(Inishowen ferry), it provides the foreground to Binevenagh. Its open character is crucial to
this role.

Landscape quality (condition)

Some hedgerows are unmanaged and in poor condition; some farm buildings derelict or
underused.

Scenic quality
Magilligan Strand is one of the longest, most inaccessible and unspoilt beaches in Europe.
The area provides the setting for Binevenagh, one of the finest scenic features in Northern
Ireland. The dune systems that back Benone are also of very high scenic interest; and the
distinctive rectilinear landscapes give valuable insights into the underlying physical
landscape. The whole LCA lies within the Binevenagh AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Strong sense of wildness, particularly at Magilligan Point and Strand, with their commanding
views of Lough Foyle and Inishowen Head.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Magilligan Strand is one of the largest beach and dune systems and the most studied post-
glacial land form in Europe. The intertidal sand and mudflats are of national (and
international) nature conservation importance, part of an outstanding coastal wetland
complex. The Lough Foyle SPA (also the Lough Foyle Ramsar site) supports whooper
swans, brent geese, bar tailed godwit and numerous other waterfowl in internationally
important numbers and is also internationally important for Atlantic salmon. LCA is bounded
on the south by the Roe Estuary NR and by the fine seventeenth century demesne of
Bellarena (Registered Park). Historic Martello tower at Magilligan Point.

Cultural associations
Important defensive landscape and special example of nineteenth century enclosures and
reclamation.

Amenity and recreation

Strands are outstanding recreational assets. New ferry link to Inishowen is a key visitor
attraction.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA’s key role in views to and from the landmark feature of Binevenagh. Its open
character, and great wealth of scenic, natural, cultural and recreational interests make it
highly sensitive to any wind energy development. Any wind energy development might be
difficult to accommodate in this LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has proximity to the cliffs of Binevenagh and is open and exposed in character. It
is recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of farm buildings and sheltering trees.

Care would be required to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive key landscape
and visual characteristics and values described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest ones are at Rigged Hill (10 turbines) around 12km to the south-east and at
Altahullion (24 turbines in total) around 16 km to the south. Neither is widely visible from this
LCA, and there are no issues of cumulative impact at present. More visible were two
existing transboundary wind farms (and further proposals) across Lough Foyle in County
Donegal, around 20km away. These wind farms cumulatively might subtly alter the western
landscape setting of this LCA. There may be seaward issues to consider in the future.

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LCA 36 Binevenagh
Location: County Londonderry. Upland running north-south from Lough Foyle to
near Glenshane Pass.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Dramatic west-facing cliff-like escarpment averaging 400m and rising to 550m AOD in the
south where it meets the Sperrin Mountains. Backed by expansive moorland plateau
landscape.

Landform
Escarpment of Binevenagh is a dominant feature of the landscape to the east of the Roe
Basin. A sequence of steep summits form striking landmarks with distinctive slope profiles
including near-vertical, craggy rock faces and landslips (as at Binevenagh itself). To the
east of the escarpment is a gently rolling plateau surface.

Enclosure
Open, exposed upland moors with few native trees or field boundaries. Extensive conifer
plantations subdivide and enclose areas of moorland, particularly in the northern part of the
LCA. Eastwards there is a gradual decrease in height and a transition from moorland to
farmland and enclosed fields.

Complexity of landcover and features

Large scale mosaic of upland moor and extensive conifer plantations. Textured pattern of
moorland grass, heather, rushes, stunted scrub and rocky outcrops. Ancient townland
boundaries.

Man-made influence
Wind farm at Rigged Hill. Conifer plantations with hard, geometric edges. A6 at Glenshane
Pass. Prominent hard rock quarries at Donald’s Hill and near Glenshane.

Skylines and settings

Prominent west-facing skylines, notably at Binevenagh, Keady Mountain, Donald’s Hill and
Benbradagh. These are a key part of the wider landscape settings of Limavady and
Dungiven in the Roe Basin (LCA 37). East-facing skylines tend to be less prominent. The
southern end of the LCA, at Mullaghmore, is prominent above Moneyneany and
Draperstown (LCA40). To the north, Binevenagh forms distinctive settings to Magilligan
Strand, Mussenden Temple and the Bann estuary (outside the LCA).

Visibility and views

A highly visible landscape, with clear views from settlements mentioned above, from A6
Belfast to Derry road, from A2 Derry to Coleraine road and from throughout the Roe Basin
as well as from the east. Outstanding, almost aerial, panoramas from the top of
Binevenagh, embracing Lough Foyle and the whole north coast.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape is generally in good condition although there are a number of man-made
influences as described above.

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Scenic quality
Much of the LCA is of very high scenic quality with stunning views. The northern part of the
escarpment forms the Binevenagh AONB, which includes both Magilligan and the Bann
estuary (the latter also an ASQ), key parts of Binevenagh’s setting. South of Benbradagh
the LCA falls within the Sperrin AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Wild unstructured landscape character in areas of open moor. More regimented areas of
dark conifer plantation tend to reduce the sense of wildness in parts.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Many features of biodiversity importance including arctic-alpine communities and cliff-face
woodlands at Binevenagh and extensive intact upland raised bog on plateau top, eg
Altikeeragh ASSI in north and Carn/Glenshane Pass ASSI in south. Numerous vernacular
buildings and archaeological monuments (raths and standing stones).

Cultural associations
Binevenagh has an important place in folklore and legend.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way runs almost the full length of the LCA. Numerous mountain and forest walks,
picnic sites and viewpoints.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Much of this landscape is of extreme sensitivity due to its iconic, landmark character and
very wide visibility.

However lower and less prominent sections of the escarpment, and areas where there is
extensive forestry, might be somewhat less sensitive to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity -High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The relatively large scale and strong horizontal form of the escarpment means that certain
locations in this LCA may be well suited to wind energy developments. The lower central
section of the LCA may be better suited to wind energy development in landscape and visual
terms than other areas. Siting in association with forestry may be beneficial.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive northern or
southern ends of the escarpment. Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts
on the distinctive skylines of Binevenagh, Keady Mountain, Donald’s Hill and Benbradagh
and on the settings of natural and cultural heritage features and recreational resources.

At the time of assessment there was one operational wind farm in this LCA, at Rigged Hill
(10 turbines of 60m). In addition there were operational and consented wind farms at
Altahullion (total 24 turbines) around 15km south-west of Rigged Hill. Further wind energy
development (unless closely associated with existing sites) could give rise to issues of
cumulative impact. Transboundary wind farms in County Donegal are 30km or more away
and unlikely to give rise to major landscape issues here. There may be seaward issues to
consider in future.

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LCA 37 Roe Basin

Location: County Londonderry. Valley landscape around Dungiven and Limavady.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad basin form, but primarily a small scale, settled and farmed landscape, with rolling
landform, hedges, trees and farms. Generally low-lying but ground rises to around 150m
AOD around the edges of the area.

Landform
Broad, saucer-shaped basin of the River Roe to the west of the basalt escarpment and north
of the Sperrins. Dominated by the striking silhouette of the basalt cliffs in particular. Alluvial
floodplain of River Roe and lower slopes of the uplands are fringed with rounded ridges of
glacial moraine.

Enclosure
A rolling landscape that rises and becomes more visible at its eastern, southern and western
edges. Regular, geometric patchwork of fields enclosed by hedgerows. Few large
woodlands, although copses, small broadleaved woodlands and numerous hedgerow trees
provide a sheltered character, particularly on lower ground.

Complexity of landcover and features

Scale of landscape pattern varies from smaller scrubby pastures on the edges of the basin
to larger arable fields on the glacial ridges alongside the river. Beech trees are important
landscape features towards the centre of the basin. Heathy patches of birch, gorse and
bracken throughout the valley. Villages have a clustered form and there are numerous
scattered white-washed farms.

Man-made influence
Areas around large settlements such as Dungiven and along the A2 show pressure for built
development. Locally new roads and bypasses disrupt landscape pattern. Sand and gravel
quarries are associated with glacial moraine around the margins of the valley.

Skylines and settings

LCA is strongly influenced by prominent west-facing skylines of basalt escarpment, notably
at Binevenagh, Keady Mountain, Donald’s Hill and Benbradagh and by Sperrin Mountain
tops south of Dungiven. Important internal skyline south of Limavady where land rises to
over 100m. Setting of Limavady includes deep wooded section of River Roe while Dungiven
is surrounded by attractive glens that also form the setting to the Sperrin AONB.

Visibility and views

Basin as a whole is overlooked from all the surrounding uplands. Area around Dungiven
has spectacular views of the mountains and attractive river valleys all around. Higher
ground in the centre of the basin, south of Limavady, provides views northwards to
Binevenagh and Lough Foyle.

Landscape quality (condition)

Pleasant farmed landscape that is generally in good condition with strong and intact
hedgerows, parkland and demesne plantings. Low-lying poorly drained and upland fringe
landscapes might be unkempt with gappy hedgerows and derelict farm buildings.

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Scenic quality
Part of the Curly valley south of Binevenagh lies within the Binevenagh AONB. No areas
identified as ASQs although the area around Dungiven is particularly scenic, reflecting its
proximity to the Sperrin Mountains and Benbradagh.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not a wild landscape but a generally tranquil, farmed landscape.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Few important nature conservation sites except for River Roe (SAC). Southern edges of the
LCA are relatively rich in early settlement sites and historic features. Registered Parks at
Ardnargle, Drenagh, Roe Valley Park, Pellipar and Knockan and Ash Park make an
important contribution to landscape character.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Roe Valley Country Park with historic incised river gorge. Banagher Glen and Forest.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is of a broad scale overall and a sense of enclosure is afforded by hedges,
hedgerow trees and woodland. However, it has relatively small and complex landform and
landcover features; and its western and southern edges are more exposed and provide the
setting for the basalt escarpment landscapes of Binevenagh LCA and for the Sperrin
Mountains.

Any inappropriate wind energy development could affect views to and from adjoining upland
areas and, importantly, could interrupt the broad sweep of the basin landform. Limited areas
around the periphery of this character area, away from the principal views, might be of
somewhat lower sensitivity to appropriately scaled wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Fringe landscapes west of Dungiven and south-west of Limavady are the areas in which
turbines are most likely to be suitable compared with other locations. Consideration could be
given to siting turbines on lower slopes, preferably against a hillside backdrop. It is
recommended that turbine development reflects the low-lying landforms of this LCA.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive and prominent
skylines or settings of Binevenagh and the Sperrins. Care should also be taken to avoid
adverse impacts on the other skylines, settings or views described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
although there were wind farms close by at Rigged Hill (10 turbines) just to the east and
Altahullion (total 24 turbines) to the west. These already affect the character of the central
part of the LCA and any wind energy development that would visually link these sites could
be very disruptive to the landscape of the Roe Basin. Transboundary wind farms in County
Donegal lie around 15km away from the north-west edge of the LCA and intervisibility with
these sites should be avoided. Separation distances from each other and from existing
development in adjoining LCAs should be a key consideration.

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LCA 38 Eastern Binevenagh Slopes

Location: County Londonderry, eastern slopes of Binevenagh, between the north
coast at Castlerock and Garvagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale landscape of low rolling plateau between around 100 and 150m AOD.

Landform
Sloping basalt plateau to the east of Binevenagh, drained by numerous branching streams in
narrow, well-defined valleys and steep gullies. Plateau surface is rolling with a series of
broad ridges aligned north-west to south-east. These have an irregular, slightly crumpled
surface.

Enclosure
In general few woodlands except those associated with the historic estate of Downhill and
Garvagh Forest. Hedgerow trees and small copses give a relatively well-treed character in
parts and there are tracts of scrubby woodland on steeper valley slopes. Fields have
geometric, angular shapes and are enclosed by a mixture of stone walls, fencing and gappy
hedgerows.

Complexity of landcover and features

Numerous tracks and roads form straight, angular patterns. Roads generally follow ridge
tops or run directly across the contours, emphasising the alignment of the terrain. Most of
the area is relatively poor farmland and rough pastures with scattered farmsteads. Small
coniferous plantations. Reservoir at Ballystrone.

Man-made influence
Few overt man-made features although development pressures are evident in some areas.

Skylines and settings

Binevenagh LCA, just to the west, forms long low skyline. Skyline is not uniform but
punctuated by small tops such as Sconce Hill to the north, and broken by a number of
communications routes. North-south ridges form internal skylines as at Ballystrone Hill.
Settings of Garvagh, Castlerock and the historic estate of Downhill nearby.

Visibility and views

Area is widely visible in long distance views from the east, including A2 and other east-west
communications routes. Clear views from the Bann estuary, Portstewart and high ground
around Coleraine.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape is generally in poor condition, with incomplete field boundaries and areas of
derelict buildings and pastures. Small copses and hedgerow trees are sometimes poorly
structured.

Scenic quality
Not particularly high, the exception being at the northern end of the LCA, around Downhill,
which lies within the Binevenagh AONB and has a stunning coastal setting.

Wildness and tranquillity

Localised sense of wildness on higher ground, especially near Binevenagh.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Woodland ASSI at Errigal Glen. Many monuments and archaeological sites (cairns, raths
and standing stones) suggestions ancient settlement. Registered Park at Downhill.

Cultural associations
Downhill has associations with the Bishop of Derry.

Amenity and recreation

Downhill is in National Trust ownership. Walks at Downhill Forest, Garvagh Forest and
Errigal Glen.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is less obviously sensitive than the western slopes of Binevenagh, but
nonetheless there are significant landscape and visual constraints to wind energy
development. These include the coastal setting in the north, the distinctive landform of
ridges and small knolls (which raises issues of scale), and the fact that the landscape is
open to views from the east.

Although these impacts could be reduced to some extent by careful siting, they are likely to
remain a key constraint to wind energy development. The southern part of the LCA is least
sensitive

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is scenic and contains open and prominent locations at the northern end. The
lower southern section of the LCA may be better suited to accommodate some form of wind
energy development in landscape and visual terms. It is recommended that site layout fits
with the long, low form of the hill. It is recommended that wind energy development reflect
the scale of surrounding landform features of this LCA, which are often relatively small and
distinctive.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the distinctive profiles of hilltop knolls and
on natural, cultural and recreational landscape interests. Care should also be taken to avoid
adverse impacts on skylines especially in key views such as those from east-west
communications routes.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest wind farm, at Rigged Hill, was visible from parts of this LCA and it is
recommended that any new wind farm should be well-separated from that site. There were
also two consented wind farms at Long Mountain, around 15km to the east, hence
cumulative impacts might occur in future. There may be seaward issues to consider in the
future.

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LCA 39 Glenshane Slopes

Location: County Londonderry. East facing slopes north and south of Glenshane
Pass.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
High summit of Carntogher (464m AOD) which towers over the Glenshane Pass. Broad,
rounded ridges with sweeping slopes and rocky outcrops, leading to steep, pointed summits.

Landform
Relatively small upland area on the eastern fringes of the Sperrins. Landform similar to that
of the Sperrins to the west, with knife-like ridges and pointed summits which are more
sharply defined than those of the basalt plateau. Summits are surrounded by steep ridges
and steep slopes. Deep branching gullies on upland edges.

Enclosure
A largely open moorland landscape, carpeted with close-cropped moorland grasses and
extensive bog. Prominent townland boundaries are visible as earth banks and stone walls
and form a striking landscape pattern on some slopes. Extensive conifer plantation of
Glenshane Forest fringes Upper Roe valley on the south-western edge of the area.

Complexity of landcover and features

Simple open landscape composition on the tops. Eastern slopes have a more diverse
landscape pattern, with a transition to the undulating pastures of the drumlin lowlands near
Maghera. Striking ladder field patterns on south-east slopes eg at Crockor.

Man-made influence
Generally limited in this open, wild landscape. No prominent buildings or infrastructure
except for the A6.

Skylines and settings

Area is a key element in the dramatic approach to and route through the Sperrins and North
West along the A6. The upland edges are important skyline features.

Visibility and views

Long distance views to this area from around Lough Neagh. Closer views from Garvagh to
the north and Maghera to the west. From the tops themselves there are outstanding views
to Donegal and Lough Foyle, Sawel and the high Sperrins, Slieve Gallion, the Antrim Hills
and even the Mournes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally in good condition, although the transitional landscapes of the eastern and north-
eastern slopes have broken field patterns and abandoned farms and cottages that lend an
air of decline.

Scenic quality
Very high – dramatic moorland landscape of sweeping slopes and summits. Almost all of
the LCA lies in the Sperrin AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Extensive area with a strong wild character on the tops, which are inaccessible by road, with
gradual transition to more settled pastoral landscapes to the east.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Wealth of nature conservation interest, notably extensive areas of intact blanket bog of
European importance (at Carn/Glenshane ASSI) and smaller areas of upland heath. Strong
concentrations of archaeological sites at Crockmore, east of Carntogher, and in the north-
east corner of the LCA, representing ancient landscapes that have been relatively
untouched by change.

Cultural associations
Area is rich in mythology and archaeological heritage.

Amenity and recreation

Glenshane Forest. Carntogher Way and History Trail. Drumbane Trail.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
While the rounded ridges of this LCA are, in principle, suited to wind energy development,
the very high prominence and visibility of the LCA at a Northern Ireland-wide level is a key
constraint. In addition, this is a pristine mountain landscape to which many special
landscape values – including a strong sense of wildness – are attached.

This landscape is highly sensitive to wind energy development. Even its north-eastern
fringes, where landscape condition is in decline, are highly sensitive due to the presence of
important archaeological landscapes.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is a very exposed landscape with very high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of farmsteads.

Care would be required to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open, exposed
slopes and ridgelines and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values
described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA. The nearest operational or consented site was at Rigged Hill, around 10km to the
north and Long Mountain, around 16km to the north-east. These might have some impact
on the landscape setting of the LCA and cumulative impacts will have to be carefully
considered.

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LCA 40 Upper Moyola Valley

Location: County Londonderry. Centred on Draperstown and enclosed by Sperrin
Mountains to north and Slieve Gallion to south.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad basin of the Moyola River, containing small scale, intimate, well-settled farmland
landscapes and rising to around 250-300m AOD on parts of its western and southern
fringes.

Landform
Valley is deeply undulating, with steep, rounded slopes dissected by numerous small
branching streams, becoming steeper and smaller in scale towards the centre of the valley.

Enclosure
Surrounding mountains provide a strong sense of enclosure. Upper slopes are relatively
open but lower slopes have numerous hedgerow trees, small copses and some avenue
features. Dense tree cover creates enclosure and tends to mask the variations in landform.
The river is almost hidden from view. Some small conifer plantations such as Derrynoyd
Wood.

Complexity of landcover and features

Small pastures and many small broadleaved woodlands forming an irregular patchwork.
Larger fields enclosed by walls around the outer margins of the valley; regular ladder fields
extending up onto the hills above. Often a striking division between the farmland and the
moorland above. Straight roads along the margins of the valley; narrow twisting, banked
lanes elsewhere. Traditional farms and houses, bridges and fords.

Man-made influence
Little overt man-made influence. Some pressure for built development. Electricity
transmission line cuts across the valley south-west of Draperstown.

Skylines and settings

Most skylines lie on the edges of or outside the LCA and belong to the Sperrin Mountains
and Slieve Gallion. No prominent internal skylines.

Visibility and views

Glimpsed views into the valley bottom from roads around valley margins and from lanes
rising up the valley sides. Many high level views into and across the area from surrounding
hills.

Landscape quality (condition)

Most hedgerows and farmland landscape features are in good condition. Farmland on the
edges of the moors is of poorer quality, with gappy hedgerows and weed and scrub
encroachment.

Scenic quality
Moderately high scenic quality overall, due unspoilt character, variety of landscape feature
and attractive upland setting. Upper slopes are of high scenic quality and included in the
Sperrin AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

Strongly tranquil character away from main roads and some sense of wildness on the upland
edges.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Standing stones, cairns, graves and raths on the upper hillsides. Conservation Area at
Draperstown.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Area forms part of several important approaches to the Sperrins near Drapertown (roads
leading to Banagher Forest, Glenelly and Lough Fea). Derrynoyd Forest and the Rural
College.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is characterised by its strongly enclosed, treed character and limited internal views
which tend to reduce its sensitivity. This is however offset by the fact that there are many
high-level views into the LCA.

This landscape is sensitive to inappropriately scaled wind energy development. The least
sensitive part of the LCA is the southern edge of the valley, on the lower slopes of Slieve
Gallion.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Fringe landscapes on the southern edge of the valley are the areas in this LCA that have the
best capacity for some form of wind energy development. Consideration could be given to
siting turbines on mid slopes against a hillside backdrop. It is recommended that wind
energy developments reflect the small scale of landform features. It is also recommended
that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where turbines would be seen in close
proximity with electricity transmission lines.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of or approaches to
the Sperrins. The degree of exposure of landscapes of the valley edges should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest consented wind farm was at Long Mountain, more than 20km to the north-east.
Separation distance from any development in adjoining LCAs should be a consideration,
notably Slieve Gallion LCA to the south.

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LCA 41 Slieve Gallion

Location: Counties Londonderry and Tyrone. Eastern edge of the Sperrins between
Cookstown and Draperstown.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale upland area rising to 528m AOD. Steep, flat-topped summit of a former volcanic
plug.

Landform
Prominent summits on the eastern fringe of the Sperrins. Distinctive profile with steep-sided,
flatter summit than the surrounding mountains and an uneven slope profile. Northern slopes
are shallower and more undulating than those on the south. Resistant band of limestone
outcrops at the foot of the hill and is dissected by steams in deep, narrow valleys. Upland
plateau with blanket bog around Lough Fea; lower outlier hills to south-west.

Enclosure
Slieve Gallion is largely open and untreed at high levels. Increasing hedge and tree cover
on lower slopes, particularly to the south, where there are many copses and hedgerow trees,
creating a secluded, soft, sheltered character. Shores around Lough Fea are wooded and
further west on the outlier hills there are extensive areas of conifer forest, including part of
Davagh Forest.

Complexity of landcover and features

Lower slopes have a diverse landscape pattern with an irregular patchwork of fields
punctuated by small blocks of woodland. Many of the narrow glens are densely wooded.
Some small conifer plantations on the ridges south of the summit. Fields become smaller on
steeper slopes and on the valley floor and are mainly enclosed by hedgerows. No large
settlements but scattered farms and houses connected by narrow, twisting lanes.

Man-made influence
Single tall mast on the summit of Slieve Gallion. Extensive sand and gravel quarrying of
glacial moraine on the north-western side of Slieve Gallion summit, the upland plateau
fringes of Lough Fea and in the western outlier hills. Blocky form of conifer woodlands is
prominent in parts.

Skylines and settings

Prominent gateway feature for the Sperrins. Hill slopes, particularly those facing south and
east, are extremely sensitive and part of the wider landscape setting of Cookstown and
Magherafelt. Western outliers, although smaller scale, are also notable skyline features.
Bright blue kettle hole lake of Lough Fea provides a visual focus.

Visibility and views

Outstanding 360˚ views of most of Sperrins and Lough Neagh basin. Focal point in views
towards Sperrins from south and east.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape quality is generally good, particularly on the southern and eastern slopes, but
deteriorates in the western part of the LCA where quarrying and to a lesser extent forestry
are intrusive and have damaged the landscape fabric.

Scenic quality
Most of the LCA lies within the Sperrin AONB. The attractive and verdant slope and valley

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landscapes and southern and eastern flanks of Slieve Gallion are also an ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The summit of Slieve Gallion has a relatively strong wild character, although this has been
affected by the mast and quarrying. The plateau area north of Lough Fea has a very strong
wild character with extensive heather moor and bog.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Numerous sites of earth science interest including Slieve Gallion and Lough Fea deglacial
complex. Upland raised bog and blanket bog ASSIs at Teal Lough. Remnant semi-natural
valley-side woodlands. Wealth of archaeological sites on the plateau area (including part of
Beaghmore ASAI). Registered Park at Lissan.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Forest trail from Inishcarn Forest to summit. Viewpoints and picnic sites near Lough Fea.
Scenic route north of Slieve Gallion.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Slieve Gallion is an LCA of varied sensitivity, reflecting its varied character. The summits
and steep southern and eastern slopes are highly sensitive to wind energy development as
they are exposed to long views and provide a visual focus over a very wide area. Land
around Lough Fea, which links the area to South Sperrin (LCA 24) is also highly sensitive.
The south-western outlier hills, although adversely affected by sand and gravel extraction
and forestry, are visually prominent thus increasing the sensitivity of this area to wind energy
development.

The north-western slopes of Slieve Gallion, with their more rounded topography and lower
visual prominence, are somewhat less sensitive, particularly where they are already affected
by commercial sand and gravel extraction.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Most of this LCA has visual prominence and a role as an important landmark. The area of
this LCA with the best potential capacity for wind energy development is the western slopes
of Slieve Gallion, where the landscape is affected by widespread sand and gravel extraction.
Consideration could be given to setting any development in this area well back from the
steeper, more prominent slopes along the northern edge of the massif to optimise
topographic screening.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views westwards across the plateau area
around Lough Fea towards South Sperrin LCA and on views of Slieve Gallion from the south
and east. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on natural and cultural
landscape features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest such wind farms were at Crockagarron around 20km to the south-west and at
Rigged Hill and Long Mountain, around 30km to the north and north-west respectively.
Separation distances from any development in adjoining LCAs, notably the Moyola Valley
LCA to the south, should be a consideration.

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LCA 42 Cookstown Farmlands

Location: County Tyrone, west of Lough Neagh

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A relatively small scale, low-lying drumlin landscape, with land rising to just over 100m AOD
towards the west near the Carrickmore Hills and Slieve Gallion.

Landform
This is a drumlin landscape; relatively shallow in the Cookstown area, but becoming steeper
and more pronounced on the higher land to the west and north west. Towards the east, the
landform flattens towards the floodplains of the Ballymully, Ballinderry and Killymoon Rivers.

Enclosure
Quite an enclosed landscape owing to small-scale topography, field size and hedgerows.
The floodplains of the east are shallower and less enclosed.

Complexity of landcover and features

A diverse patchwork of pasture and some arable land, with hedgerows and farm buildings.
The wooded parkland landscapes and high stone boundary walls of the Killymoon, Loughry
and Drum Manor estates are important local landscape features. The Killymoon River is
particularly attractive, with woodlands and small-scale riverside pastures along the
immediate river corridor.

Man-made influence
Some intrusive development near Cookstown and along main roads and some sand and
gravel extraction.

Skylines and settings

The designed wooded landscapes encircling Cookstown to the south and east contribute to
a distinctive setting for the town. Killymoon River is particularly attractive with riparian
vegetation and woodlands. Elsewhere, adjacent uplands such as Slieve Gallion and
Slievemore provide distant skylines. Local skylines are provided by drumlins.

Visibility and views

This is an inward looking landscape with the drumlins permitting occasional outward views
only. The floodplains are more open in character but similarly do not provide long views.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is in relatively good condition, although there is evidence of hedgerow
removal in areas where more intensive agricultural operations are undertaken.

Scenic quality
The interaction between drumlins, agricultural activity, floodplains and adjacent uplands
contributes to a moderate scenic quality in this LCA. The Sperrin AONB adjoins the LCA to
the north-west.

Wildness and tranquillity

River corridors and estates contribute to a sense of tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The south of the LCA is part of the Moneymore deglacial complex. Upper Ballinderry River
(ASSI and SAC) supports important aquatic species such as freshwater pearl mussel.
Raths, chambered graves, holy wells and estates testify to a long settlement history. Ardboe
High Cross near Cookstown is one of the best examples of ninth century high crosses in
Northern Ireland. Several Registered Parks including Drum Manor and Killymoon Castle
and Loughry near Cookstown.

Cultural associations
Rich association with myths and legends.

Amenity and recreation

Drum Manor Forest Park has a number of walks; Tullaghoge Fort; and Cookstown provides
local services.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
For much of this landscape views are inward looking and short, interrupted by topography
and vegetation. These factors reduce the sensitivity of the landscape to wind energy
development. However the variations in topography over short distances and the small
scale of the drumlins mean that this landscape could easily be overwhelmed by poorly sited
wind energy development.

The drumlins and higher lands to the west and north offer the best areas for wind energy
development due to their undulating topography, but the scale of turbines in relation to the
drumlins will nonetheless be a key constraint. The most sensitive parts of the landscape are
the river corridors and their associated trees and woodlands, the historic designed
landscapes and the river floodplains.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has small scale landscapes. The drumlins in the south-west, towards Slievemore,
offer the best opportunities for turbines, although care would still be needed to avoid
dominating the drumlin landscape. It is recommended that turbines be integrated into and
reflect the scale of the existing pattern of drumlin hills and mature vegetation.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the the highly sensitive southern setting
of Slieve Gallion, drumlin summits and skylines and characteristically flat open river
floodplains. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of
settlements, historic features such as raths, and estate landscapes.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
but two consented sites were located in the adjacent uplands of Slievemore LCA and there
were further application sites in both Slievemore and Carrickmore Hills LCAs. Wind energy
development in the south-west of the LCA might therefore give rise to cumulative impacts in
the future.

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LCA 43 Carrickmore Hills

Location: County Tyrone. South of Sperrins, midway between Cookstown and Omagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A broad, generally open upland fringe landscape, but one that includes a range of smaller
scale landscape features such as small loughs, areas of moss and carr woodland. Rises to
around 300m AOD at Cregganconroe.

Landform
Underlain by igneous rocks which form an elevated plateau. Steep, prominent rocky granite
summits with a crinkled ridge-top profile and undulating landform in areas of glacial moraine.
More rolling character on lower slopes to the south.

Enclosure
Generally open and exposed, particularly on upper slopes. Sparse tree cover except for
scrubby woodlands on margins of marshy ground. Some localised enclosure by landform
and hedgerows.

Complexity of landcover and features

Irregular rocky outcrops. Complex series of glacio-fluvial features. Varied and unpredictable
pattern of loughs, marsh, rushy pastures, gorse hedgerows, granite boulders and earth
banks. Raised bog and numerous rounded loughs, particularly in the area to the west
known as the Murrins.

Man-made influence
Extensive sand and gravel quarrying, particularly in the northern and eastern part of the
LCA. Also issues of traffic, housing and industrial development around Dunnamore in the
north-east.

Skylines and settings

Area forms skyline north of villages of Carrickmore and Pomeroy and contributes to the
setting of these two settlements. To the north, the granite outcrops at Cregganconroe form
locally distinctive landscape features when seen from the A505, as do the western outlier
hills of Slieve Gallion.

Visibility and views

To the west the LCA is closely framed by summit of Mullaghcarn, providing a strong visual
connection to the Sperrin high tops. There are long outward views to the south.

Landscape quality (condition)

Poor marginal farmland has a rough character and is in relatively poor condition. Many field
boundaries incomplete.

Scenic quality
Part of the LCA is located on the edge of the Sperrin AONB. Within the remainder of the
LCA the areas with highest scenic quality are the western part of the LCA (the Murrins) with
small scenic loughs and views to Mullaghcarn; and the north eastern fringe, which abuts
Slieve Gallion.

Wildness and tranquillity

The area has a wild and remote character in parts but this is tempered by man-made
influences as outlined above and by landscape quality issues.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Important glaciofluvial complexes. Lough Doo ASSI. An outstanding wealth and
concentration of prehistoric, particularly Bronze Age, sites.

Cultural associations
Music and folklore associated with the area’s wealth of prehistoric sites.

Amenity and recreation

An Creagán visitor centre lies on the northern edge of the LCA. Creggandevsky
Archaeological Trail is publicised as a medium distance walking route within the LCA. Drum
Manor Forest Park on eastern edge of the LCA is a Registered Park and has woodland
walks. Wellbrook Beetling Mill (National Trust) also lies on the east.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape, although large scale overall, includes many smaller scale, complex
landscape features. Its character could easily be overwhelmed by inappropriately scaled or
poorly sited wind turbines. Locally, the relatively strong man-made influence, generally
convex skyline and mixed landscape quality, reduce landscape sensitivity somewhat,
particularly in the north-east.

However there are also areas of very high landscape sensitivity close to the rocky summits,
glacial features and concentrations of prehistoric sites, where the area has a strong wild
character. The area to the west, the Murrins, is also more sensitive due to its proximity to
Mullaghcarn.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has an open, exposed and largely uninhabited landscape on the upper slopes.
The middle or lower southern slopes of the LCA, and areas in the eastern part of the LCA
(where the landscape is already affected by gravel extraction and industrial development)
may be better able to accommodate wind energy development than other areas. It is
recommended that wind energy development reflects the relatively small scale of nearby
landform and landcover features.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the distinctive skyline of
Cregganconroe, on views to and from the Sperrins at Mullaghcarn, Evishbrack, Beltonanean
Mountain and Slieve Gallion and on the area around the Murrins which is sensitive due to its
high scenic quality. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse effects on the character and
setting of glaciofluvial features, loughs and prehistoric sites and on key recreational
landscape interests.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Crockagarron, around 7km to the south in
Slievemore LCA. There were no issues of cumulative impact at this time.

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LCA 44 Slievemore
Location: County Tyrone. Upland area between Pomeroy and Garvaghy.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad, rounded, convex sandstone ridge up to around 300m AOD.

Landform
Sandstone ridge extending from Pomeroy, on the southern edge of the Creggan Plateau,
south-west to Garvaghy (beyond which point the ridge becomes part of LCA 16, Brougher
Mountain). Highest summits of Slievemore (314m) and Cappagh Mountain (280m) have a
rounded shape, while the glens and lower slopes have a more complex, lumpy form
resulting from glacial deposition.

Enclosure
Broad ridge tops are a generally open, large scale mosaic of extensive heather moorland
and conifer plantations. Tree cover increases on lower slopes, with numerous hedgerows
and hedgerow trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

The landscape has a diverse pattern, relating closely to the varied topography. There are
strong contrasts in scale, colour and character between the landscape of the ridge tops and
that of the undulating pastures and marshy hollows on the fringes of the moorland. Dense
network of narrow lanes links scattered farms and villages, with a few straight roads across
the ridge top.

Man-made influence
Peat cutting has had a significant influence on many parts of the moorland. Conifers form
prominent geometric blocks. Some communications masts on higher ground.

Skylines and settings

Steep escarpment on the south-west of the ridge around Slievemore and Slievedivena.
Clear ridge line on the south-east.

Visibility and views

Long outward views from the ridgetop summits over the surrounding lowlands. Although
settled, this landscape is relatively remote and empty. The larger settlements surrounding
the area (Pomeroy, Ballygawley, Beragh, Sixmilecross and Carrickmore) are in general fairly
distant from higher ground, which is partially screened by the convex landform, although
Pomeroy has views southwards along the crest of the ridge.

Landscape quality (condition)

Marginal upland landscape where farmland features such as field boundaries are often
neglected. Peat cutting, forestry and sand and gravel extraction have also affected
landscape quality.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is unexceptional on the whole. There is no AONB or ASQ designations within
this LCA..

Wildness and tranquillity

Some sense of wildness on the summits, reduced by the presence of peat cutting, forestry
and sand and gravel extraction.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Extensive blanket bog, but most has been cut over. Some small broadleaved and wet
woodlands of interest, notably at Pomeroy Forest and Glenmore Wood ASSI.
Archaeological sites such as raths and standing stones, mainly along the north-western
edge of the ridge. Registered Park at Pomeroy House.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Few formal opportunities.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Much of this landscape is of relatively low landscape and visual sensitivity and hence is well-
suited to wind energy development. The broad, convex shape of the ridge; its strongly
horizontal form in long views; the presence of localised enclosure by forestry and of various
man-made influences; and the limited visibility and prominence of the hill tops all tend to
reduce sensitivity.

Sensitivity is generally lowest away from the edges of the ridge, which tend to be more
visible. It is higher in areas with distinctive small summits or ‘crocks’.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium to low

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of this LCA are of a scale well suited to wind energy development. Areas away from
the edges of the ridge, where the landform is rounded rather than angular, are the most
suitable areas for wind energy development. Significant groups of turbines might fit best
within this large scale landscape, given the strongly horizontal landscape form. It is
recommended that any turbine clusters be well-separated to ensure that the landscape of
the LCA is not wholly dominated by wind energy developments. It is also recommended that
consistent site layouts and turbine sizes and designs be used within clusters. The utilisation
of tree or woodland screening and the use of existing forest tracks for access would be
beneficial.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas of sensitive smaller scale
topographic interest, such as the small summits or ‘crocks’ north of Altmore Forest. Care
needs to be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views from surrounding settlements and from
the A4 and A5 to the south of the LCA.

At the time of assessment the nearest operational wind farm was around 15km outside the
LCA at Lendrum’s Bridge in Brougher Mountain, LCA 16. There were consented wind farms
in this LCA at Slievedivena (20 turbines of 101m) and Crockagarron (6 turbines of 125m);
and a number of applications for other sites lie along the ridge. Hence cumulative impacts
and appropriate separation distances are key issues.

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LCA 45 Dungannon Drumlins and Hills

Location: County Tyrone. Area south-west of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This is a drumlin landscape, but with an unusually large scale landform. Certain hills such
as Branny Hill in the south-west rise to 197m AOD.

Landform
The drumlins form steep, rounded hills, some of which are linked together to form groups of
hills with distinctive, rounded summits. The principal hill groups are in the south-west, where
two small uplands and in the north-east of the LCA near Stewartstown.

Enclosure
The landscape has an enclosed character, and the steep slopes and scenic loughs add a
note of drama. Narrow winding lanes form a dense network. Farms and settlements are
sited in sheltered locations on lower slopes of drumlins, often associated with avenues and
parkland trees. The areas of higher ground have a somewhat more open and sometimes
heathy character, although still farmed. There are small coniferous plantations and pockets
of broadleaved wood throughout.

Complexity of landcover and features

The area has diverse landscape patterns and features. Fields are predominantly pasture
and are of irregular shapes and sizes, becoming smaller and more angular on steep slopes.
Rounded loughs fringed by patches of marsh and alder or willow scrub are a feature of low-
lying areas between drumlins; many are overlooked by houses whose gardens might be a
significant influence. In some areas arable fields are interspersed with pastures.

Man-made influence
Much of the area is unspoilt by overt human influence. However there are isolated features
such as masts and small quarries plus an electricity transmission line in the north of the
area. Outskirts of Dungannon have been affected by intrusive industrial, commercial and
housing development.

Skylines and settings

Lough shores, drumlins and estates contribute to an attractive setting for several towns and
villages including Ballygawley, Aughnacloy and parts of Dungannon. The higher hills such
as Aghnahoe Hill, Ivy Hill, Branny Hill and Burnt Hill reach an elevation above the
surrounding drumlins, providing local skylines.

Visibility and views

The higher ground in the south-west offers outward views and is in turn widely visible from
the A5 Armagh to Omagh road and also from the A4 Belfast to Enniskillen road.

Landscape quality (condition)

This is generally a well maintained landscape in good condition. In the north there is some
evidence of amalgamation of fields with removal of older boundaries.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this area is quite high with a secretive and ancient character, the steep
hills providing more dramatic scenic quality and contrasting with the loughs. Much of the
southern part of the LCA lies within the Clogher Valley ASQ.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The largely sheltered and pastoral character of this LCA contributes a relatively high
tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Several sites of earth science interest. The Ballygawley Water and the River Blackwater
have white clawed crayfish. Many raths throughout the LCA. Registered Parks at
Drumcairne House and Stewart Hall in the north and at Parkanaur, Martray House and
Manor House Benburb further south. Conservation Area at Northland in Dungannon.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeology. US President Grant’s ancestral home.

Amenity and recreation

Parkanaur and Drumcairne both now Forest Parks. Ulster Way traverses southern part of
LCA. Lakeside picnic sites. US President Grant home.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This is a relatively intimate, enclosed landscape. Although, over much of the LCA, views are
short due to enclosure by drumlins, the landscape is quite heavily settled. The loughs and
areas with shallow landform are especially sensitive and often overlooked or used for
recreation. The higher drumlin areas might be somewhat less sensitive but development is
still constrained by the relatively small landform scale and the high degree of landscape
complexity.

The higher, more open hills in the south-west, which theoretically might be less constrained
in scale terms, are particularly scenic and widely visible from popular tourist routes.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a small scale intimate landscape character. The higher hills towards the north
and south of the LCA may be better able to accommodate some appropriately scaled form of
wind energy development than elsewhere. It is recommended that care be taken to
integrate turbines into the existing pattern of drumlin hills and mature vegetation.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on key skylines and hill or drumlin summits.
Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the Clogher Valley, on settings of the
small scenic loughs, settlements, historic features such as raths and estate landscapes and
on views from the A4 and A5.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest such site was at Slievedivena around 5km west of the LCA. Wind farm
development here may have some impacts on the Dungannon Drumlins and Hills, and the
need to maintain adequate landscape separation will be a key consideration. In addition,
there were other application sites in Slievemore LCA to the west, Slieve Beagh LCA to the
south-west, and County Monaghan to the south that might affect this LCA in future.
Cumulative impacts will therefore be an important consideration.

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LCA 46 Blackwater Valley

Location: Counties Tyrone and Armagh. Lies in south Tyrone adjoining County
Monaghan.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A flat river valley enclosed by scattered drumlins creating a small scale landscape.
Generally low-lying (30-40m AOD), the highest land being around 90m AOD.

Landform
The Blackwater Valley contains the flat marshy floodplain of the tortuous Blackwater River,
which flows from the Clogher Valley into Lough Neagh. Scattered drumlins form islands on
the floodplain.

Enclosure
Drumlins, often wooded, enclose the valley and hedge-banked lanes allow limited views,
creating a secluded and secret landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

The river is fringed with wet semi-improved and improved pasture and marsh. Fields are
divided by overgrown hedgerows and mature trees giving the area a well wooded character
Numerous small streams flow between scattered drumlins and an abandoned canal, with
numerous bridges along the length of the valley. Historic wooded designed landscapes;
large estate houses with parkland and lakes enjoy an attractive riverside setting.

Man-made influence
There are few intrusive man-made influences in this unspoilt rural landscape.

Skylines and settings

Caledon village enjoys an attractive drumlin setting to the north and the church spire is a
local landmark. Middleton with its castle is also situated in attractive wooded drumlin setting.

Visibility and views

Inaccessible, with few settlements; winding banked lanes offer occasional views.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is in good condition with excellent examples of wetland and parkland which
have both ecological and historical value.

Scenic quality
This is a rural, peaceful, undisturbed and unspoilt valley with outstanding scenic qualities.
The LCA is designated as the Blackwater Valley ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Rural, peaceful and unspoilt landscape is highly tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Crilly House quarry is of earth science interest containing numerous fossils. There are
several small patches of fen in the LCA, usually around small lakes as at Tullybrick Lough
ASSI. Estate woodland is also ecologically significant. Numerous raths and crannogs.
Registered Parks at Aughnacloy, Caledon and Tynan Abbey, Caledon are among the finest
designed landscapes in Northern Ireland, with stone walls, follies and acres of mature
woodland. Historic plantation village at Caledon is also a Conservation Area.

Cultural associations
Caledon, home of the Earls of Caledon, has many historic associations eg with architect
John Nash, picturesque landscape designer WS Gilpin, and Pheilim O'Neill.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way and cycling routes traverse this LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Although the scattered drumlins might afford some screening, this small LCA is highly
sensitive to wind energy development due to its secluded, secret and unspoilt character.
The small scale of the landscape, both in terms of elevation and features, and the presence
of particularly fine historic estates and designed landscapes, further heighten the area’s
sensitivity.

The LCA is of outstanding scenic quality and the Ulster Way passes through it. These
factors further increase its sensitivity.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a low-lying character, small scale and high sensitivity. It is recommended that
any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and
sheltering woodland.

Care would be required to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive drumlin tops
and key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest such wind farm was at Slievedivena, 12km or more to the north-west. The LCA
shares a long border with County Monaghan, so there might be transboundary issues in
future.

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LCA 47 Loughall Orchard Belt

Location: Counties Tyrone and Armagh, south of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This is a varied landscape, with a mixture of landscape scales and patterns. The drumlins
are generally low, rarely exceeding 80m AOD.

Landform
The area is characterised by low rolling drumlins. The ground falls away gently towards
Lough Neagh to the north, the Blackwater valley to the west and the Bann valley to the east.
The LCA is crossed by numerous small river valleys and streams, tributaries of the Rivers
Blackwater and Bann; these have flat open floodplains. The underlying geology is a mixture
of sedimentary and contemporaneous igneous rocks and gives rise to rich brown earths.

Enclosure
Generally enclosed by drumlin and hedgerows. Blocks of attractive, well kept orchards are
located on the steeper sheltered drumlin slopes. There are many old gnarled trees as well
as some newly planted orchards and nurseries. There are numerous wooded designed
estates and parklands.

Complexity of landcover and features

The upper slopes are a mixture of pasture and arable fields, enclosed by hedgerows and
some hedgerow trees. The very shallow northern slopes near Portadown tend to be poorly
drained, with extensive areas of moss. Regenerating alder, birch and willow are found on
the moss; and previous peat extraction has left a typical pattern of rectangular working sites
linked by access tracks. Locally, attractive loughs, hilltop copses, mature trees and neat
clipped hedges are landscape features.

Man-made influence
The landscape pattern over much of the area to the east is influenced by the linear corridors
of the M1, the A4 and by the River Bann. Two lines of pylons run east-west across the LCA
and the urban fringe of Portadown is under pressure from residential and infrastructure
developments.

Skylines and settings

Loughall enjoys an attractive setting associated with the manor house estate and Lough Gill.
Low hills provide local skylines. Churches with spires are common in this LCA, creating local
landmarks.

Visibility and views

Long views to Lough Neagh and Portadown area from hill-tops. In some areas there are
pleasant long views across mixed farmland to farmsteads, churches and woods, but
elsewhere, views are more contained by narrow tree-lined roads or regenerating scrub.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape condition is relatively good, with a well maintained hedgerow structure.

Scenic quality
This is a well-maintained and diverse landscape. The characteristic orchards, parklands,
wetlands and traditional buildings contribute to a relatively high scenic quality although there
are no scenic designations as such.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA does not have a strong wildness character. It has an active, agricultural landscape
which is not particularly tranquil sense.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Carganamuck Quarry is of earth science interest with exposures of limestones and shales
and a number of fossils. Selshion Bog ASSI. Demesne woodland (lowland woodland
pasture and parkland) includes that at The Argory. The Argory and Ardress House (both
National Trust), Manor House Loughall and Summer Island are Registered Parks.
Loughgall, the largest estate, has associated historic features such as crannogs and raths.
Conservation Areas at Moy and Loughall.

Cultural associations
Associations with archaeology and estates.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way and part of Newry Canal way. Public access to The Argory and Ardress House.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The majority of the area has a rolling landform and good tree cover and in that sense is not
particularly sensitive to change. However the complex, varied landscape patterns, with
mixed farmland and horticulture, including extensive orchards on sheltered drumlin slopes,
are unusual and heighten the LCA’s sensitivity. Orchard landscapes in particular are
increasingly rare, this being the only example in Northern Ireland.

The key constraint, however, is the small landform scale. This means that wind energy
developments could easily dominate and ‘flatten’ the landscape. The more open land on
lower slopes adjacent to the floodplains of the Blackwater and Bann and their tributaries is
very sensitive to wind energy development of all types and scales.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The most appropriate locations for turbines are sites sheltered by drumlins and woodland
and which are associated with buildings or settlement. Siting in mid-slope locations may
provide the best landscape fit. It is recommended that turbines reflect the scale of this
complex landscape. It is recommended that attempts should be made to minimise turbines
being viewed in conjunction with overhead power lines.

Particular care should be taken to avoid any adverse impacts on distinctive settings and
designed landscapes (as described in this section). Care should be taken to avoid adverse
impacts on small scale but distinctive landform variations, landmarks such as churches, and
the complexity of the area’s landscape patterns.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA. Cumulative impacts might be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 48 West Lough Neagh Shores

Location: Counties Tyrone and Londonderry. This LCA is located on the western
shores of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A low-lying landscape with extensive flat pastures and drumlins rising to no more than
around 50m AOD.

Landform
The landscape is low-lying, particularly in its eastern half, with a transition from shallow
drumlins on the edges of the floodplains, to extensive flat farmland on the fringes of Lough
Neagh. Many small streams drain east to the lough.

Enclosure
Enclosure varies but is generally high. There are dense hedges, numerous hedgerow trees,
and the mature hedgerow oaks are a special, distinctive feature of the area. There are large
wet woodlands of willow, alder and birch on more extensive low-lying land. Enclosure is
also provided by embankments close to river channels.

Complexity of landcover and features

Extensive flat pastures surrounded by regular patterns of drainage ditches and a well-
connected network of straight hedgerows. Farms and individual houses are concentrated on
shallow drumlins, which often form prominent wooded 'islands' and lend greater complexity
to the landscape.

Man-made influence
Disused airfield. Some intrusive industry. Intrusive housing and linear development, for
example around Moortown. Derelict buildings and abandoned farms.

Skylines and settings

Ballyronan, a wooded estate on the lough shore, has an attractive setting. Ardboe Cross,
also on the lough shore, is a landmark in this LCA.

Visibility and views

Views across the flat landscape are often contained by trees and woodland, particularly in
the northern half of the LCA. Views towards the lough from the B161 for example at
Tamnavalley, on somewhat higher ground inland of the lough shore. Expansive views along
the shoreline in parts.

Landscape quality (condition).

Most farmland is in good condition, but wetter areas are more extensively managed with
evidence of rush and scrub.

Scenic quality
This LCA has relatively high scenic quality in parts. The immediate lough fringe is part of the
Lough Neagh Fringe ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Close to the lough shore there might be some sense of wildness, reflecting the vast expanse
of the lough.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Glaciofluvial sands and gravels associated with the deglaciation of the region and the
wasting of the Lough Neagh ice sheet. The whole of Lough Neagh is designated as ASSI,
Ramsar and is an SPA due to bird populations including breeding terns and great crested
grebes and numerous wildfowl and waders. Cultural heritage features include scattered
raths, Ardboe Church and Salters Castle.

Cultural associations
Mythology associated with Lough Neagh.

Amenity and recreation

Walks around Ballyronan Wood. Gort Moss Walk. Cycle routes. Small marinas and
slipways on the lough shore.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The extensive areas of flat topography, high degree of tree and woodland enclosure, and
presence of significant man-made influences (notably the disused airfield), suggest that at
least parts of this landscape might have relatively low sensitivity to wind energy
development. The area is isolated and not widely visible or prominent within the wider
landscape because it is so low-lying.

Set against this, the LCA is valued for its scenic, natural and cultural interests and also fulfils
an important recreational role. The most sensitive parts of the landscape are the drumlin
hills, the higher ground and the lough shores; the least sensitive are the extensive flat
pastures away from the lough shores, the former airfield site and areas around existing
industrial structures.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Given the strongly horizontal form of the landscape, parts of this LCA might be well suited to
wind energy development. The former airfield site and other areas of degraded landscape
away from the lough shore but well-contained by trees and woodland may have the best
capacity for some form of wind energy development. Turbine layouts that relate well to the
underlying field patterns may be most successful. It is recommended that wind energy
development be in scale with and be effectively assimilated within this flat but relatively
wooded landscape.

Care should be taken to avoid interruptions to views to the lough from the higher ground in
the western part of the LCA. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on natural,
cultural and recreational landscape interests. The lough shore should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no existing or consented wind farms within or close to
this LCA. The nearest such site was the consented wind farm at Crockagarron around 30km
to the south-west.

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LCA 49 Magherafelt Farmland

Location: County Londonderry. Northwest of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This is a relatively elevated area adjacent to the West Lough Neagh Shores, reaching
heights of 120m AOD at Gortagilly Hill. However it is a farmed landscape with some small
scale landscape features.

Landform
Narrow valleys contrast with open, windswept farmland. The drumlin landform is generally
not as well-defined as in the surrounding lowlands, but individual small drumlins are
important landscape features which are often up-standing from the farmland plateau. The
higher ground is separated from the Sperrins to the west by a north-south river valley.

Enclosure
The plateau and drumlins are quite open, in contrast to the more sheltered and enclosed
valleys. Narrow river valleys have ribbons of woodland and tall riverbank trees. On higher
land, stands of mature trees are present. Hedgerow network is quite sparse with straight
roads sometimes unenclosed.

Complexity of landcover and features

The large farmsteads, and their associated stands of mature trees, are prominent landscape
features. Woodland is scarce, largely confined to incised streams on the western border
and to the Spring Hill estate

Man-made influence
Landscape is affected by recent development around Magherafelt. Electricity transmission
line runs north-west to south-east across the area.

Skylines and settings

The western ridges of Magherafelt create an attractive setting for the town; likewise the
steep slopes of Spring Hill provide enclosure and a backdrop to views around Moneymore.
Individual drumlins and ridgetops such as provide local skylines and are a feature of this
LCA. Killowen Hill, south of Magherafelt, is a notable example.

Visibility and views

The summits of Mullaghboy Hill, to the west of Magherafelt; and Spring Hill, overlooking
Moneymore, are the highest points of a broken ridge line which provides long views over the
deep river valley to the west. There are long views to and from Slieve Gallion to the west,
notably from the A31 between Moneymore and Magherafelt.

Landscape quality (condition).

Landscape condition is variable, with the field pattern in some areas being disrupted by loss
of hedgerows.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this LCA is not particularly high but the views west towards Slieve
Gallion are important scenically.

Wildness and tranquillity

This area has no special sense of wildness or tranquillity; it is crossed by several major
roads.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Moneymore complex is of earth science interest, recording the final ice-margins in the Lough
Neagh lowlands during the deglacial period. Damp grasslands are important sites for
breeding waders. A small number of raths, and Springhill, a seventeenth century plantation
house and Registered Park managed by the National Trust. Conservation Area at
Moneymore.

Cultural associations
Associations with the Plantation.

Amenity and recreation

Springhill has a costume museum and trails. Moneymore and Maghera provide local
services.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The diversity of landform and enclosure in this LCA contribute to varying sensitivity. The
most sensitive landscapes are those that are small in scale such as narrow river corridors,
small drumlins and local ridgetops. Open views to Slieve Gallion and to settlements also
heighten sensitivity locally.

The plateau is somewhat less sensitive and topographically is separated from the Sperrin
edge, which tends to reduce its sensitivity. However, wind energy development might be
widely visible as there is little screening offered by either hedgerows or topography.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

To the west of the LCA (ie away from the Sperrins) mid slope locations on the eastern side
of more elevated land may offer the best capacity for some form of appropriately scaled wind
energy development.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings or views outlined in this
section, notably on the setting of Slieve Gallion and on the very sensitive settings of
Magherafelt, Moneymore and Springhill. Distinctive local skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA, with the nearest lying around 30km away.

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LCA 50 Moyola Floodplain

Location: County Londonderry. South of Maghera.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Flat, extensive, open and medium scale floodplain landscape with small scale low drumlins
to the east which rise to approximately 60m AOD.

Landform
Shallow landscape bowl comprising the flat floodplain of Moyola River extending into gently
shelving and shallow valley slopes and drumlins in the east. River meanders though this
landscape joined by a number of tributaries.

Enclosure
Enclosure is mixed – belts of woodland, isolated trees and drumlin topography create a
strong sense of enclosure in places and there are more open views across parts of the
floodplain.

Complexity of landcover and features

Grassy embankments along the Moyola River, some steep, and small rectangular fen
pastures drained by straight ditches on the floodplain and associated with hedgerows.
Areas of dense scrubby fen carr. Stone hump-backed bridges are local features.

Man-made influence
Landscape in the east is settled with dispersed farmsteads and clustered estate villages eg
Gulladuff and Knockcloghrim. The valley floor has little settlement and the town of Maghera
is located to the north on the margins of the floodplain. Roads are straight and often on
embankments. Major roads eg A42 radiate from Maghera and there are occasional small
conifer plantations.

Skylines and settings

Most skylines lie outside the LCA and belong to the Sperrin Mountains and Slieve Gallion.
No prominent internal skylines. The open valley floor meadows form an important setting to
the town of Maghera. Village church towers form local landmarks.

Visibility and views

Views across the open valley floodplain and glimpsed views between drumlins from roads
and lanes. High level views particularly towards the Sperrin Mountains and across the area
from drumlin tops.

Landscape quality (condition)

Strong contrast in landscape condition – some floodplain pastures are in good condition;
others are partly derelict or undermanaged. Hedgerow and ditch condition also varies.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is unremarkable and there are no landscape designations within this LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

Floodplain has a remote character as a result of its openness and lack of access.
Elsewhere the landscape is deeply tranquil and rural away from the transport corridor of the
A42.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Wet woodlands and areas of lowland moss are of ecological value. Ballynahone Bog is a
NNR, ASSI, SAC and Ramsar. Curran Bog is an ASSI, and SAC. There are a number of
scheduled archaeological sites, which are mainly in the drumlin areas.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Valley floor and riverside locations are important and valued for walks and picnic sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open floodplain landscape in this LCA has a simple topography and strong horizontal
emphasis which makes it in theory suitable for some wind energy development. However
this area is highly valued for nature conservation and sensitive in this respect. Further east
the rounded, gently undulating terrain and small scale of the drumlins (which are
approximately 40m in height at most) along with the settled character of this landscape
(including built landmarks) are key constraints to wind energy development. The role of this
landscape in forming a setting to local settlements also increases its sensitivity in parts.

Nevertheless this area is not of high scenic value and the pattern of the landscape is in
places fragmented, giving some scope for appropriately scaled wind energy development if
carefully sited.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The north-eastern parts of the LCA (where the locally treed character of the area might
assist in screening some views) may be better able to accommodate wind energy
development than other areas. It is recommended that any turbine development should
reflect the small scale of landform features and sensitivity of church tower landmarks.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of, or approaches to,
the Sperrins. Prominent hilltops, the setting of existing built landmarks and natural heritage
interests should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest consented wind farms was at Long Mountain, more than 20km to the north-
east.

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LCA 51 Garvagh Farmland

Location: County Londonderry. Intermediate land lying between Sperrin Hills to the
west and Lower Bann valley to the east.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Low lying drumlin hills and small scale landscape pattern. Ground rises to 139m AOD in the
south-west only.

Landform
Undulating terrain comprising rounded drumlins with smooth elliptical forms and a north-west
to south-east axis between which are inter-drumlin hollows. Through wider gaps in the
drumlins flow the rivers Agivey and Grillagh. Most drumlins are no higher than 50-70m AOD.

Enclosure
Enclosed character as a result of hedgerow pattern, drumlin topography, many small
copses, numerous hedgerow trees and woodlands. Woodland blocks are most prevalent to
the east of Garvagh.

Complexity of landcover and features

Predominately pasture (some wet and rush infested, adding texture to the landscape) along
with wetland areas in the inter-drumlin hollows. Pattern of field enclosure and woodlands,
copses and trees emphasise the drumlin landform.

Man-made influence
Dispersed pattern of farms linked by minor lanes. Modern bungalows and associated
urbanising influences throughout the area.

Skylines and settings

Rounded drumlin tops form local skylines. This landscape provides an important part of the
setting to the Sperrin AONB, the hills forming a skyline to the west. This LCA also forms a
setting to the towns of Maghera and Garvagh. The church at Aghadowey forms an
important landmark.

Visibility and views

Views are generally short and inward-looking although there are occasional elevated views
from drumlin tops on local roads towards the rising land of the Sperrin Mountains to the west
and Long Mountain Ridge to the east.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland on the drumlins is in good condition, particularly where drumlins are smaller
although many hedgerows are not maintained and there are occasional patches of
uncultivated land. Some loss of quality due to dispersed development and loss of field
boundaries particularly in the north-east.

Scenic quality
This landscape is not designated but abuts the Sperrin AONB in the west and south.

Wildness and tranquillity

In places away from the major roads this landscape has a deeply tranquil quality.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Occasional archaeological sites, with the highest concentration occurring in the south with a
number in State Care. Ampertaine House is a Registered Park.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Cycling is popular in this area.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The rounded gently undulating terrain and small scale of the drumlins (which are
approximately 40m in height at most), along with the settled character of this landscape,
make much of the area highly sensitive to wind energy development. Areas of
archaeological or historic value and the role of this landscape as a setting to local towns are
key constraints. This area is not of high scenic value and the pattern of the landscape is in
places fragmented.

Away from the rising land close to the Sperrin Mountains and in the more wooded areas east
of Garvagh where the topography is more gently rolling, the landscape is less sensitive to
wind energy development if carefully sited.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The northern part of this LCA and particularly east of Garvagh (where the topography is less
distinct, cultural heritage sites are fewer and where blocks of woodland might assist in
screening some views), may be better able to accommodate wind energy development than
other areas. It is recommended that wind energy development relates well to field enclosure
patterns and reflects the scale of settlement and landscape features and drumlins.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the Sperrins. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on cultural heritage
landscape interests, registered park land and local landmarks. Drumlin summits should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Rigged Hill, around 7km to the west. There were
also consented wind farm sites to the east in LCA 58 (Garves and Glenbuck), around 10km
away. These sites might give rise to some cumulative impacts in future. Adequate
separation from any wind farms in adjacent LCAs will be important

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LCA 52 Lower Bann Valley

Location: Counties Londonderry and Antrim. Valley landscape between lowland
drumlins to the west and Long Mountain Ridge to the east.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad expansive valley of large to medium scale, particularly on open floodplain. Low
elevation at approximately 50m AOD.

Landform
Gentle, relatively flat landform comprising floodplain of Lower Bann River with isolated
drumlin hills towards the outer fringes of the valley.

Enclosure
Open character particularly around Lough Beg. Elsewhere conifer plantations near
Portglenone, areas of wet woodland, mixed woodland belts as well as hedgerow trees give
rise to a generally enclosed character overall.

Complexity of landcover and features

Diverse landscape pattern including open floodplain pastures divided by straight drainage
ditches with areas of poor drainage, wet woodlands and bog. In places rivers are flanked by
raised embankments. On margins of area there is a strong hedgerow network with many
mature hedgerow trees.

Man-made influence
Extensive ribbon development along straight roads and on lower drumlin slopes and some
nucleated villages. Some industrial development, a new bridge and transmission lines near
Toome.

Skylines and settings

Wide skylines are formed by higher land to the west and east. The churches on Church
Island, Lough Beg, and in the historic towns act as local landmark features. This LCA forms
an important river setting to the towns of Kilrea, Castledawson and Bellaghy and to Lough
Beg and Lough Neagh.

Visibility and views

Openness affords some longer range views (including views from boat traffic on the River
Bann) across this landscape as well as views to higher land to the west including the Sperrin
Mountains and Slieve Gallion, and to the east where Long Mountain Ridge forms the skyline.

Landscape quality (condition)

Local areas have a degraded character as a result of loss of field boundaries.

Scenic quality
The Lower Bann valley floor and farmland margins to Lough Beg are an ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Secluded character over much of the area. The fringes of Lough Beg are particularly remote
and tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

High concentration of earth science and nature conservation sites, many of which are
designated ASSIs including Lough Neagh, Lough Beg, Tully Hill, Wolf Island Bog, Dead
Island Bog, Ballymacombs More and Toome. The western slopes of Lough Beg are also a
NNR. Lough Beg and Lough Neagh are also SPAs and are important for breeding terns and
great crested grebes and numerous wildfowl and waders. There is a high concentration of
Registered Parks in this LCA including Moyola Park, Ballyscullion House, Moore Lodge and
Portglenone House. There are a few archaeological sites, some of which are in State Care.

Cultural associations
Eel fishery at Toome Bridge.

Amenity and recreation

Portglenone Forest Park and cycling. Boating on River Bann.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
While the relatively simple and flat topography found in this area in theory makes it suited to
wind energy development, this LCA has a wealth of nature conservation interest and
designed parkland landscapes as well as areas of high scenic quality associated with Lough
Beg and Lough Neagh. These qualities act as key constraints to wind energy development.
The river valley floodplain of the Lower Bann and tributary river valleys are also particularly
sensitive to wind energy development because of their openness and small scale drumlin
landscape features.

The landscape is somewhat less sensitive where the topography is relatively simple;
vegetation provides localised enclosure and potential screening; and there are fewer
sensitive cultural or natural heritage sites.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The middle western part of this LCA (where the topography is relatively simple) is the area
most likely to be able to accommodate some form of wind energy development. It is
recommended that wind turbines relate well to field enclosure patterns and reflect the scale
of the drumlins and other landscape features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive, rounded small
scale drumlins and small scale tributary valleys. Care should be taken to avoid adverse
effects on church landmarks and on natural and cultural heritage landscape interests.
Drumlin summits should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest consented wind farms were at Garves Mountain Farm and Glenbuck in LCA
58: Long Mountain Ridge (around 5km away). These might give rise to some cumulative
impacts in future.

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LCA 53 Lower Bann Floodplain

Location: Counties Londonderry and Antrim. Between Aghadowey in west to
Ballymoney in east.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Mixed – some areas of extensive open floodplain pastures and other areas of smaller field
pattern and enclosure. Elevation rising to 50m AOD.

Landform
Flat floodplain extending into undulating landform on outer margins, across which flow the
wide channel of the Lower River Bann and numerous tributaries.

Enclosure
Extensive blocks of wet woodland on margins of rivers and some woods (including blocks of
conifers) on higher land at margins (eg Brickhill Bridge) giving rise to moderately enclosed
landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

Varied sized pastures. On floodplain these are divided by straight drainage ditches.

Man-made influence
Dispersed settlement pattern. Disused airfield. Large farms with prominent buildings and
straight roads on embankments across the floodplain.

Skylines and settings

Church at Aghadowey and rath on the floodplain near Ballynacree House are local landmark
features. This is a landscape of gentle topography. Prominent skylines tend to be formed
by higher land beyond this LCA eg Binevenagh hills and Long Mountain Ridge.

Visibility and views

There are some medium distance views from the slightly raised land overlooking the
floodplain.

Landscape quality (condition)

Varied – there is evidence of hedgerow removal in areas with good quality farmland. Low-
lying pastures are often in poor condition (infested with rushes). Disused airfield has a
degraded character.

Scenic quality
Although of some scenic interest, there are no landscape designations in this LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

This landscape has a tranquil character away from main roads and the disused airfield but is
not wild.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Occasional raths on the valley floor form important archaeological sites (scheduled or in
state care). This landscape has a high concentration of Registered Parks including Moore
Fort, Lizard Manor and Bovagh House.

Cultural associations
Not known.

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Amenity and recreation

Walks, parking and picnic locations along the River Bann and some camping sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
While the relatively simple and flat topography found in this floodplain landscape in theory
makes it suited to wind energy development, the often open nature of the floodplain makes it
visually sensitive. The river floodplain also contains a number of landscape features and
affords a high degree of tranquillity which is sensitive to change. The small geographical
extent of this LCA is also a key constraint.

In areas where the landscape condition is mixed and landscape patterns are less strong
such as in the south-west of the LCA and around the disused airport, the landscape is
somewhat less sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The landscapes in the south-western parts of this LCA (where the condition of the landscape
is mixed, there are fewer sensitive natural and cultural heritage sites, and localised
woodland blocks might provide some screening), may be better able to accommodate some
form of wind energy development than other areas. It is recommended that turbine layouts
relate well to the pattern of ditches and woodlands and reflect the scale of landscape and
settlement features.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas which form an important
setting to settlements or Registered Parks. The open floodplain adjacent to the River Bann
and natural and cultural heritage landscape interests should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest consented wind farms were at Garves Mountain Farm and Glenbuck in LCA
58: Long Mountain Ridge (approximately 6km away). These might give rise to some
cumulative impacts in future.

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LCA 54 Coleraine Farmland

Location: Counties Londonderry and Antrim. Comprises farmland along the north
coast and stretching inland along the River Bann.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large-medium scale on open ridgetops; sand dunes and coastal areas with areas of more
intimate small scale landscape in lower lying areas and coastal farmland fringe.

Landform
Series of broad ridges (rising to approximately 90m) and valleys aligned north south with
occasional rocky outcrops. River Bann flows in a narrow wooded valley widening to an
estuary at the coast. The coastline is dramatic and rocky with indented broken cliffs
comprising distinctive peninsulas, sand dunes and expansive sandy beaches.

Enclosure
Ridges are open and windswept, interspersed with areas of more secluded farmland eg
south of Portrush. Enclosure is created by topography and bushy hedgerows. Somerset
Forest (mixed woodland) creates localised enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Complex landcover. Mixture of coastal habitats, estuary; inland - incised wooded river valley
and intervening farmland.

Man-made influence
Larger settlements including Coleraine, Portrush, Portstewart and Castlerock and the
outskirts of Ballymoney to the south exert an influence over surrounding landscapes.
Caravan parks and housing developments sometimes prominent on skylines.

Skylines and settings

The coastal landscapes, River Bann estuary and inland ridges form important settings to the
towns of Castlerock, Portstewart, Portrush and Coleraine and part of the wider landscape
setting of the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast WHS. Similarly the wooded Bann
valley and its tributary valleys form an important setting to Coleraine. Local landmarks
include churches and historic sites eg Ballyreagh Castle.

Visibility and views

Long sweeping views to the Causeway Coast from the lowlands east of Coleraine and to the
hills of Binevenagh to the west. Distinctive and memorable coastal views out to the Skerries
Islands and along coastline. Elevated views from inland ridges out to sea and over coastal
towns.

Landscape quality (condition)

Moderate condition – some loss of field boundaries.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is high, particularly within the eastern coastal areas of this LCA which are
included within the Causeway Coast AONB; and the north-western part of the LCA which
lies within Binevenagh AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Rugged coastal sand dunes have a striking wild character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Sand dune landscapes at the mouth of the Bann. SAC and ASSI . Nature Reserves also
exist along the Bann Estuary and at Portrush. These designations recognize the particular
importance of the Bann Estuary and the coast for birds and other wildlife interests. Areas of
particular importance include the Bann Estuary, Portrush West Strand, Rathmore Head and
The Skerries. Some sites are managed by the National Trust. Registered Parks at Cromore,
Guy Wilson Daffodil Garden, Knockarna House, Leslie Hill and O’Harabrook.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Golf courses along the coast (Portrush is of international importance). Caravan parks.
Waymarked walks from the coast along the estuary to Coleraine; and walks at Christie Park
and Somerset Forest, along the River Bann, and through woodlands. Coastal areas are
important for watersports. Horse riding on beaches and rural lanes. Portrush has a role as
one of Northern Ireland’s premier seaside resorts.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The farmland in this LCA is vulnerable to wind energy development due to its generally open
character and elevation. The wooded river valley of the Bann is also highly sensitive to wind
energy development as a result of the scale of the landscape features and the area’s
recreational value. Similarly the complex indented form of the coastline and open character
of the Bann estuary, along with their subtle characteristics and strong sense of wildness, are
particularly sensitive. These characteristics are key constraints in this LCA.

Land to the south-west of the LCA away from the estuary comprises broader ridges where
there are fewer cultural and natural heritage sites. Here the landscape is somewhat less
sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The southern-western parts of this LCA (where there are fewer sensitive natural and cultural
heritage sites, less recreational activity and where localised woodland might provide some
screening) may be better able to accommodate some form of wind energy development than
other areas. It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the scale of
landscape and settlement features.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive
Binevenagh and Causeway Coast landscapes, other estuary and coastal landscapes and on
areas which form an important setting to settlements or the River Bann valley. Important
skyline locations, rocky outcrops and natural and cultural heritage landscape interests
should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Rigged Hill in LCA 36, approximately 12km away.
There may be seaward issues in the future.

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LCA 55 Garry Bog

Location: County Antrim. West of Bush River north of Ballymoney.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open broad, large scale landscape forming a very small LCA. Low elevation at
approximately 35m AOD.

Landform
Flat expansive floodplain landscape.

Enclosure
Open exposed character with occasional shrubs and trees and some blocks of coniferous
woodland which provide localised enclosure and structure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Matrix of farmland, carr, raised bog and coniferous forestry. Pastures are divided by straight
wet ditches and post and wire fencing.

Man-made influence
Coniferous plantations (eg Garry Wood) and geometric pattern of drainage ditches. Few
houses and farms located along roadsides.

Skylines and settings

Vertical structures such as telegraph poles are prominent against the skyline.

Visibility and views

Open landscape with long flat views to surrounding rolling farmland and hills beyond.

Landscape quality (condition)

Raised bog of Garry Carr is in good condition. However the flat surrounding farmland has a
degraded feel in parts as a result of post and wire fencing which is in a poor state of repair.

Scenic quality
There are no landscape designations associated with this LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

Rural, remote, relatively wild character as a result of little settlement and general open
pastoral characteristics.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Garry Bog is a lowland raised bog and is designated as ASSI, NNR, SAC and Ramsar site.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Garry Bog is an area of tourism and recreational value for walking and exploring.

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Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open, broad and expansive character of this small LCA, and its relatively simple
topography, make it in theory suited to wind energy development. However the nature
conservation interest of much of the area is high; and it provides an oasis of wild, tranquil
character within an area of intensive farming. In addition, wind energy development in the
south of the area could be highly visible, particularly from Ballymoney.

However, the coniferous plantations found to the north-east of this LCA have a blocky
character, limit views and could help accommodate appropriately scaled wind energy
development. Sensitivity here might be lower, although the area concerned is very small.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Areas already influenced by forestry in the north-eastern part of the LCA may be better able
to accommodate turbines than land elsewhere. It is recommended that turbines reflect the
sensitive landscape setting of this LCA and the relatively low elevation of surrounding
farmland and hills.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive wild and tranquil
landscape character associated with this area and on key landscape and visual
characteristics and values described in this section. Open, exposed farmland should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 56 Dervock Farmlands

Location: County Antrim. Area north of Ballymoney extending towards Ballycastle
and Coleraine.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium to large scale derived from gentle topography and field enclosure pattern. Land
rises to approximately120m AOD.

Landform
Open, rolling but often flattish farmland crossed by shallow valleys of River Bush. This
landscape has a strong horizontal emphasis.

Enclosure
Mature hedgerow trees coupled with areas of broadleaved and conifer woodland create
moderate enclosure. Trees become progressively more windswept towards the coast and
the landscape more open and exposed. More sheltered, intimate landscapes occur along
the River Bush valley; pockets of fen and in woodland areas.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mixed land uses dominated by pastures and some arable forming a patchwork of fields
separated by clipped hedges and fences. Large area of coniferous woodland. Inland there
are small flat areas of raised bog.

Man-made influence
Commercial forestry. Scattered small settlements (including Bushmills) and individual
properties along minor lanes with traditional farms associated with large new barns. Some
prominent new farm buildings sit uncomfortably in the landscape.

Skylines and settings

This landscape forms an important inland setting to the Causeway Coast and Antrim Coast
and Glens AONBs and the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast WHS. It is also an
important setting to the historic towns of Bushmills and Dervock. Occasional church towers
stand out as local landmarks.

Visibility and views

Open rolling countryside permits long views particularly from elevated ridges and routes to
and from the WHS.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland is in generally good condition. Hedges are well clipped with occasional
replacement to post and wire.

Scenic quality
The land surrounding and including the historic town of Bushmills forms part of the
Causeway Coast AONB. The north-eastern fringes of this LCA also fall within the Antrim
Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Wild character becomes progressively stronger towards the coast on more elevated ridges
of farmland. Elsewhere the landscape has a strong rural tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Clontyfinnan is designated an ASI. High concentration of Registered Parks along the River
Bush and its environs including Gardenvale, Ballyhibistock House, Benvarden House,
Ballylough House and Dunarave. Scattering of archaeological sites many of which are
scheduled with a concentration occurring in the Ballymoney area. Conservation Areas at
Bushmills and Ballymoney.

Cultural associations
Bushmills is associated with important Irish whisky distillery.

Amenity and recreation

Bushmills is a major tourist centre serving the Causeway Coast AONB. Waymarked walking
route connecting coast road with Ballycastle. Important tourist routes (A2 and A44) pass
through this landscape.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The variety of enclosure and land use in this landscape reduces its sensitivity to wind energy
development. However the often open long distance rural views and presence of areas with
a smaller scale intimate character, such as the river valleys and pockets of fen, make parts
of this landscape sensitive to development. The northern fringes of this LCA (particularly
north of the B17) are especially sensitive to wind energy development as a result of their
visual prominence and importance in providing a rural unspoilt backdrop to the Giant’s
Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site.

The more central areas where there are larger blocks of commercial forestry and where the
land dips away to the south are likely to be less sensitive. The southern fringes where the
land rises towards Connellys Hill might also be less sensitive, although the fact that the
landscape forms part of the setting to adjacent LCAs in this area is likely to be a constraint.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The northern edge of this LCA, is a sensitive part of the setting of the WHS. The central and
southern parts of this LCA (where the land dips away from the coast, and where there are
blocks of woodland), may be better able to accommodate wind energy development than
other areas. It is recommended that turbine layouts relate well to the pattern of field
enclosures and blocks of woodland and reflects the scale of the landscape features and
patterns.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive prominent
skylines and viewpoints and on the special qualities of the Causeway Coast, including the
WHS, or the Antrim Coast and Glens. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse effects on
areas which form an important setting to settlements or Registered Parks.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm site was at Corkey (approximately 8km away to the
south-east). Other consented wind farms were at Garves Mountain Farm and Glenbuck in
LCA 58: Long Mountain Ridge (approximately 6.5km away). These might give rise to some
cumulative impacts in future. Careful consideration will need to be given to separation
distances between wind farm sites in this and adjoining LCAs.

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LCA 57 Causeway Coast and Rathlin Island

Location: County Antrim. North coast between Portrush and Ballycastle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale rural landscape rising to 207m AOD.

Landform
High plateau coastal landscape with rocky knolls and vertical or stepped rugged cliffs.
Coastal features include stacks and needles and the island of Rathlin.

Enclosure
Exposed and open windswept landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

Rough and semi-improved pastures divided by low (often gorse) hedges, stone walls and
post and wire fencing. Occasional hedgerow trees are windswept. Rocky knolls are
characteristic.

Man-made influence
Some modern bungalows, derelict cottages and farmsteads (some of which have been
developed as holiday cottages). Occasional disused quarries.

Skylines and settings

Ruined castles on headlands and cliff tops form striking landmarks. This landscape forms
an important setting to the coastal towns of Portrush, Portballintrae and Ballycastle.

Visibility and views

Long views from elevated areas along the coast and inland. Large farms, barns and holiday
cottages might be visually prominent, as are wires and poles where they occur on skylines.

Landscape quality (condition)

Coastal margins have a pristine condition. Inland fringes have suffered from some
development but otherwise remain in good condition overall.

Scenic quality
High scenic quality derived from dramatic basalt cliffs, sandy bays, coastal scenery and rich
wildlife and archaeological features. The majority of this LCA falls within the Causeway
Coast AONB. Rathlin Island forms part of the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Wild and open character as a result of its exposure to sea weathering, strong prevailing
winds and lack of tree cover or topographic shelter.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Unique formation of the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast – Northern Ireland’s only
World Heritage Site. Particularly high concentration of natural heritage sites associated with
valued habitats (including sand dunes) or exceptional geology eg Craigahulliar, White Park
Bay, Carrickarade, White Rocks, Giant’s Causeway and Dunseverick, Runkerry, Sheep
Island and North Antrim Coast. The latter two are also designated SPA and SAC
respectively. Rathlin Island also has a wealth of ASSI, ASI, SPA and SAC designations and
a NR reflecting its importance in terms of nature conservation and bird habitats. Birds within
this LCA include breeding auks, gulls, fulmars, peregrine and cormorant. Rich in

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archaeology including ruined castles eg. Dunluce Castle and Dunseverick Castle; and raths
and cairns associated with Lannimore Hill, many of which are scheduled.

Cultural associations
Associated with the myth and legend of Finn Macool. Area also associated with the Girona
(part of the Spanish Armada) which was shipwrecked off the Causeway Coast.

Amenity and recreation

Beaches are valued for outdoor recreation including horse riding. Giant’s Causeway is
Northern Ireland's premier tourist attraction. There are various coastal walks (including the
Causeway Coastal Way). Watersports are also popular, including surfing. The Carrick-a-
rade bridge is also a key tourist destination. The coast road is a scenic route and has a
number of parking places with spectacular coastal views.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The Causeway Coast and Rathlin Island LCA is highly sensitive to wind energy
development. This is due to the open nature of this landscape, its elevation, and the
opportunity for wide ranging views; these factors act as key constraints. It is also because
this landscape is of exceptional coastal beauty and is a key tourist destination within
Northern Ireland. Its international importance has been recognised in WHS designation.

The inland parts of this landscape, in the main form an important backdrop to the designated
landscape. This landscape is also highly valued for its archaeological sites and range of
other natural and cultural heritage landscape features.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and sheltering
woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive, visually
prominent and open, exposed slopes and ridgelines and on the key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
adjacent LCAs and the nearest existing wind farms was at Corkey in LCA 118 (over 22km
away). There may be seaward issues to consider in future, especially from elevated coastal
viewpoints.

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LCA 58 Long Mountain Ridge

Location: County Antrim. Ridge extending from Ballymoney to Randalstown in the
south.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Diverse scales – medium to large scale on broad, rounded ridge rising to 210m AOD, and
smaller scale on side slopes. Ridge elevation is greatest in the north and becomes
progressively shallow towards the south.

Landform
Distinct rounded ridge shaped by glaciation and orientated north-south with complex and
undulating side slopes. Strong horizontal from when viewed from east and west.

Enclosure
Open and exposed on ridge crest; more treed (hedgerow trees, avenues of beech and
wooded estates) on side slopes. Woodland in the south is less common.

Complexity of landcover and features

Predominately pastoral farmland (rough and improved pastures) with some arable defined
by strong hedge enclosure pattern with hedgerow trees. Patches of moorland, scrub and
blanket bog occur on exposed ridge top especially towards the north. Craggy outcrops
occur at the heads of streams.

Man-made influence
Settlements (eg Rasharkin and Dunloy) and houses are frequent and dispersed on ridge
crest and side slopes and include some intrusive development. Occasional conifer
plantations eg Craigs Wood. Complex network of telegraph poles. Existing
telecommunications masts stand out on the skyline.

Skylines and settings

This landscape forms an important skyline feature when viewed from lower-lying landscapes
adjacent as the main area of elevated land between the Sperrins and Antrim Coast and
Glens. The southern slopes of the ridge form a northern setting to Lough Neagh. Church
spires at Moneyglass and Ahoghill are key landmarks.

Visibility and views

Distant elevated views into lowlands, river valleys and across to other ridges and hills eg to
Antrim Plateau to the east and the Sperrins to the west. Views constantly change through
this landscape as a result of complex valley-side topography and vegetation.

Landscape quality (condition)

The moorland areas on the crest of the ridge are fragmented and under-managed but
otherwise the condition of this landscape is fair to good.

Scenic quality
There are no landscape designations in this LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

The more open crest and moorland scrub areas have a sense of relative wildness and
remoteness. Elsewhere the rural and treed character of the landscape gives rise to a high
degree of tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Ballymacaldragh is an ASSI. Concentration of archaeological sites and features in state
care or scheduled. Small wooded estates on lower slopes overlooking the River Main
valley. Glebe House is a Registered Park.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Long distance walking route from Portglenone towards Lough Beg.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The gentle convex shape of the ridge and its relative simplicity of character tend to reduce
this landscape’s sensitivity to wind energy development; and although the area is visible
over a wide area, close range views are generally filtered by existing vegetation. In addition,
this LCA is not of exceptional landscape or scenic quality. This means that, overall,
landscape sensitivity is medium.

However, the side slopes and southern sections of the ridge are of a lower elevation and
have a more complex topography as well as smaller scale field patterns which increase
sensitivity. The southern sections of the ridge also form a setting to Lough Neagh. In
addition landscape features such as craggy outcrops at the heads of streams,
archaeological sites, estate landscapes and dispersed pattern of settlement are key
constraints in some areas.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of this LCA have a strongly horizontal form which is well suited to wind energy
development. The central and northern crest of this LCA may be better able to
accommodate wind energy development than other areas. It is recommended that turbine
layouts relate well to the pattern of field enclosures and blocks of woodland, and reflect the
relative scale of the landform, field patterns and landscape features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse effects on archaeological sites and their settings and
other key landscape features as noted in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational wind farms in this LCA, however there
were two consented wind farms in LCA 58: Long Mountain Ridge at Garves Mountain Farm
and Glenbuck (5 and 1 turbines of 125m and 120m respectively) and further application sites
in close proximity to Glenbuck, where they might read as a cluster with it. Other existing and
consented wind farm sites occur to the east in LCA 118 (Corkey and Gruig, approximately
9km away). Hence there are growing issues of cumulative impact. Ideally wind energy
development in this LCA would read as a cluster. Careful consideration will need to be given
to cumulative impacts and separation distances from sites in other nearby LCAs.

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LCA 59 Cullybackey and Clogh Mills Drumlins

Location: County Antrim. East of Long Mountain Ridge extending south to
Ballymena.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium (in north-east) to small scale as a result of relatively low-lying topography, rising to
168m AOD, river valley and field enclosure pattern.

Landform
Variety of landform including steep-sided ridges, generally trending north-south, and small
hills, troughs and hollows between the distinctive rounded drumlins on River Main valley
floor. River Clogh meanders through the drumlins.

Enclosure
Relatively high tree cover and undulating topography give rise to a sheltered and enclosed
landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastures divided by hedgerows and stone walls. Wet rush infested pastures in hollows
between drumlins. Areas of localised peat cutting. Historic sites such as mottes and stone
bridges are characteristic features.

Man-made influence
Main transport corridor for the A26. Abandoned gravel pits exist on the main esker ridge
and quarrying is more prevalent around Ballymena. Ballymena area is affected by housing
pressure and road improvements

Skylines and settings

The River Main Valley and Glarryford esker form an important setting to the town of
Cullybackey. Historic mottes located on prominent hill tops form notable landmarks eg
Dundermot Motte, as does the prominent church spire of Cullybackey.

Visibility and views

This is a predominately inward-looking landscape as a result of vegetation and topography
although there are some longer views to higher land adjacent eg to the Long Mountain
Ridge to the west and hills of the Antrim Plateau to the east.

Landscape quality (condition)

Improves to the north-east away from Ballymena. Hedgerow neglect has lead to overgrown,
gappy or leggy hedgerows in places.

Scenic quality
The Clogh River valley is of scenic interest.

Wildness and tranquillity

This landscape is deeply rural in areas away from Ballymena and the A26 transport corridor;
it has a high degree of tranquillity but it is not remote or relatively wild.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The west of the LCA includes most of the Glarryford esker outwash complex, where the
ridge and mound topography adds interest to the low-lying, frequently bog-dominated, valley
of the River Main. Many of the low lying wetland landscapes including Caldanagh Bog,
Dunloy Bog and Frosses Bog are ASSIs. Concentration of archaeological remains including
raths and mottes which are scheduled sites. Lissanoure Castle is set within wooded historic
parkland towards the northern end of the LCA and is a Registered Park, along with Craigdun
and Hillmount further south.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

A26 is the main tourist route connecting Belfast with the North Antrim coast.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
For much of this landscape views are inward-looking and short, interrupted by topography
and vegetation. This reduces the sensitivity of this landscape to wind energy development.
However the variation in topography over short distances and the small scale of the drumlins
(which are often just 20m height) and the complex landform mean that this landscape could
easily be overwhelmed by poorly sited or inappropriately scaled wind energy development,
especially since there is already wind energy development in adjoining LCAs to east and
west. Local landscape sensitivity is high due to the quality of the landscape along the river
valleys and the value of local landscape features such as wetland sites and cultural heritage
features.

Towards the northern part of this LCA, on the more elevated ridges, the scale of the
landscape is larger and there are fewer sensitive cultural and natural heritage sites. In
addition the influence of development and the A26 corridor in the area north of Ballymena
makes this area somewhat less sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a relatively low and varied landform. The ridge towards the north of this LCA
(away from the river valleys and where the landscape has a larger scale), and the area
along the A26 corridor in the southern part of the LCA may be better able to accommodate
turbines than other areas. It is recommended that turbine layouts relate well to the north-
south trend of the landform, rivers and main communication routes.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on prominent and sensitive skylines. Care
should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on geomorphological sites, bog landscapes,
archaeological sites and their settings, Registered Parkland and other key landscape
features as noted in this section. The tops of drumlins should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational wind farms in this LCA. There were
however two consented wind farms at Garves Mountain Farm and Glenbuck in LCA 58
(about 3km to the west of the LCA) and other existing and consented wind farm sites to the
east in LCA 118 (Corkey and Gruig, about 3km to the east of the LCA). Caution should be
used if there are proposals to link these sites visually as this could give rise to significant
cumulative impacts. Cumulative impacts should be a consideration.

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LCA 60 River Main Valley

Location: County Antrim. River Main Valley between Randalstown in the south and
Ballymena in the north.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium to large scale and almost flat.

Landform
Almost uniformly flat valley floor landscape (at approximately 40m AOD) comprising
expansive floodplain of the River Main. Contrasts with more elevated ridges to the east and
west.

Enclosure
Well wooded, especially in the south, due to hedgerow trees, and which form an important
landscape structure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastoral farmland with a strong hedgerow pattern. Small fragmented patches of moss and
wetland in the south.

Man-made influence
Large farm buildings are prominent. There are occasional isolated commercial
developments. Pylons cross the central part of this LCA and stand out on the skyline in this
flat landscape. Extensive areas of peat cutting. Motorway and railway routes influence the
landscape, particularly in the south.

Skylines and settings

The northern part of this LCA forms an important part of the riverside setting to Ballymena.

Visibility and views

Occasional open, expansive views across the floodplain and glimpsed views to higher land
which frames this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape degradation through peat cutting and development of infrastructure and
commercial development along major roads.

Scenic quality
Local areas have scenic but there are no scenic designations within the LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

Areas of past peat cutting, remnant moss and areas of regenerative birch combined with
pylons give this landscape a desolate feel that does not express a strong wilderness or
tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

In the south of the area are areas of peat, wetland and birch woodland which are of
ecological value. Galgorm Castle in the north of the LCA is a Registered Park and there are
a number of scheduled monuments within the area. Gracehill and Randalstown are both
historic towns with Conservation Areas.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Riverside walks along the Braid River in the north near Ballymena.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The relatively flat and uniform topography of this landscape suggest that there might be
some scope for wind energy development. However, the northern part of the LCA is highly
sensitive for its riverside landscape, settings to Ballymena and cultural heritage sites, and
recreational opportunities. In these areas the small scale of landscape is also a key
constraint.

The central and southern parts of this LCA are more wooded and somewhat less sensitive to
wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The southern part of this LCA, particularly where the landscape is affected by other man-
made influences and where woodlands help integrate turbines into the landscape, may be
better able to accommodate some form of wind energy development than other areas. It is
recommended that turbines reflect the scale of the landscape patterns and features and that
layouts relate well to the pattern of field enclosures.

Open prominent sites should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The closest such sites were at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog (approximately 10-11km to the east);
there were further applications in that area and in the area north of Broughshane, also
around 10km away, to the north-east. Care will need to be taken to avoid any significant
cumulative impacts within this LCA and careful consideration will need to be given to
separation distances from sites in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 61 North Lough Neagh Shores

Location: County Antrim. Northern shores of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A belt of mostly flat land approximately two to three km wide, fringing the northern shores of
Lough Neagh and rarely reaching heights above 40m AOD. Small scale landscape features,
particularly along the lough shore.

Landform
The lough banks are carved into troughs and hummocks with incised streams but landform
is predominantly flat. The shoreline is composed of meandering line of bays, inlets and
headlands, with numerous tiny islands particularly to the west where the area merges into
the lower slopes of Long Mountain Ridge; to the east the land rises more steeply from the
lough shore.

Enclosure
Densely wooded shoreline to south-east where broadleaved woodland runs almost
continuously over 6km from Portlee to Farrs Bay and Randalstown Forest; more open, reed
fringed edge to west with expansive lough views.

Complexity of landcover and features

Complex lough shore of bays and headlands. Diverse, irregular pattern of landcover,
including marsh, moss, pasture, rough grassland and reed beds at lough edge, backed by
extensive flat pasturelands with large open fields, gappy hedges and straight drainage
ditches. A border of reed beds is quite characteristic along much of the shoreline, giving a
soft and distinct edge. In other marshy areas, patchy rushes and low-growing alders create
pockets of semi-natural habitat. A diverse landscape close to the shore, the farmed interior
is simpler in character.

Man-made influence
Few intrusive influences apart from some large farms, loughside houses, bungalows and
M22 motorway south of Randalstown.

Skylines and settings

This low-lying area does not provide many skylines except for the expansive lough skyline.
The eastern fringe of Antrim town enjoys an attractive setting composed of estate, parkland
and river elements.

Visibility and views

Villages such as Churchtown, Knockaphort and Dostree have open aspects overlooking the
expanse of the lough. Lough views are perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of this
landscape

Landscape quality (condition)

Most of this landscape is grazed intensively and its flat relief has encouraged large field
sizes and drainage works. Hedgerows are generally in poor condition.

Scenic quality
Much of this LCA has relatively high scenic quality and is included in the Lough Neagh
Shores ASQ.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The farmed interior does not have a wild character but is strongly rural; the fringed lough
shores, inlets, bays and headlands have a tranquil character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Excellent examples of wet woodland around the shore, but especially east of the River Main
where the woodland belt is wider. Examples can be seen at Rea's Wood and Farr's Bay
SAC and Randalstown Forest NRs. The whole of Lough Neagh is designated as Ramsar,
ASSI and SPA due to bird populations. The lough supports breeding terns and great crested
grebes and numerous over wintering wildfowl and waders. Shane’s Castle and Antrim
Castle, on the outskirts of Antrim, are Registered Parks.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with the area’s prehistoric sites.

Amenity and recreation

Randalstown Forest and forest walks; public park at Antrim Castle. Watersports, bird
watching, fishing and walking around the lough. Several small marinas.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The flat landform, large scale pastures and degree of woodland enclosure within this LCA
suggest some scope for wind energy development. However this narrow band of land along
the lough shores – with their complex form and many small scale landscape features,
expansive views and wide range of valued natural, cultural and recreational features – is
unspoilt and highly sensitive in most respects. Wind energy development could easily be
out of scale with the landscape and be very intrusive.

However, the more enclosed landscapes of the eastern part of the LCA might be less
sensitive to appropriately scaled wind energy development, because of their enclosed
character and separation from the lough edge by woodland.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has an unspoilt character and expansive views. Areas away from the lough shore
but well-contained by trees and woodland may have the best capacity for some form of wind
energy development. It is recommended that turbines reflect the scale of the landscape
features.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive views to and from the
lough and on the settings of historic parkland. Landscape interests associated with natural
and cultural heritage features and recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
with the nearest being at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog around 12km to the north-east. Currently
cumulative impact is not a significant issue but due to the wide landscape setting of this LCA
issues could rapidly develop.

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LCA 62 East Lough Neagh Points

Location: County Antrim. Eastern shores of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Flat farmland landscape on the fringes of Lough Neagh, rising to around 40m AOD on
margins of the basalt plateau. Scale of landscape varies from relatively large scale near the
lough shore to smaller scale inland.

Landform
There is a strong contrast between the flat clay landscape on the fringes of Lough Neagh
and the rolling margins of the basalt plateau to the east. The coastal form is relatively
simple in the north; more complex in the south.

Enclosure
The fringes of the lough are fairly open with long views; this contrasts with the more
enclosed rolling farmland in the east.

Complexity of landcover and features

Near the lough is a completely flat landscape, with prominent large farmsteads on small
`islands'. Many farms are associated with stands of mature trees. Linear shelterbelts
subdivide the farmland and mature hedgerow oaks and willows line the roads in this flat clay
landscape. The large arable fields are drained by straight ditches and enclosed by gappy
hedgerows. By contrast, the rolling farmland to the east is mostly small in scale, with
overgrown hedgerows and numerous small-holdings. There is a linear pattern of settlement,
with some derelict farm buildings and tiny cottages along the ridgetop roads.

Man-made influence
Prominent linear development along ridgetop roads. Sand and gravel extraction on the
lough shore has led to erosion of the character of narrow roads by heavy lorries. Private
airfield west of Crumlin.

Skylines and settings

Skylines are not a feature of this LCA although the ridge tops inland form local skylines.

Visibility and views

Long views from lough shore such as at Ardmore Point. However much of the lough shore
is relatively inaccessible, especially in the northern half of the LCA, hence seldom viewed.

Landscape quality (condition)

The condition of the landscape deteriorates in the southern half of the LCA and in some
lough shore areas due to hedgerow removal. The larger scale farmland close to the lough is
generally in better condition than the rolling farmland to the east.
.
Scenic quality
Although landscape condition is variable in this LCA, shoreline areas fall within the Lough
Neagh Shores ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The lough shore supports a relatively tranquil quality but not an especially wild character
except in the area close to Portmore Lough in the south.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The fringes of Lough Neagh are renowned for their wildlife and habitat value. Extensive
areas are designated as ASSI for fen, marsh and moss habitats which support many rare
examples of flora and fauna. The entire fringe of Lough Neagh is also designated as a SPA
and supports breeding terns and great crested grebes and numerous over wintering wildfowl
and waders. There are numerous raths and a round tower on Ram’s Island (Registered
Park).

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with the area’s prehistoric sites.

Amenity and recreation

Watersports, birdwatching, fishing, cycling and walking at various sites around the Lough.
The southern part of the LCA, around Bartin’s Bay is most visited.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The shores of the lough are very sensitive, as are the ridge tops inland, with their smaller
scale landscape patterns. Along the lough shore, the area’s considerable ecological and
historic resources and its recreational role are key constraints. The southern part of the area
is most sensitive due to its more complex shoreline and accessibility.

However there might be some areas of lower sensitivity, especially in the flat clay farmland
landscapes in the northern part of the LCA, away from the lough’s edge. These are
relatively large scale landscapes with limited access and visibility; the surrounding trees and
shelterbelts might offer opportunities to integrate appropriately scaled wind energy
development into the landscape.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a strongly horizontal form. The northern half of the LCA, inland of the lough
shore, where visibility is well-contained by trees and woodland, may have the best capacity
for wind energy development. Turbine layouts that relate well to the underlying field patterns
may be most successful. It is recommended that turbine development reflects the scale of
and is effectively assimilated within this flat but relatively wooded landscape.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts to the lough shore and to views to the
distinctive shoreline points, bays and islands. Interruption to views to the lough from the
higher ground in the eastern part of the LCA should be minimised.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
with the nearest being at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog around 15km to the north-east.

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LCA 63 Portmore Lough Fringe

Location: County Antrim. Small area to east of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Fenland landscape, rising no higher than around 40m AOD, with many small scale
landscape features.

Landform
This low-lying, flat area is underlain by Lough Neagh clay and becomes increasingly
waterlogged towards the margins of the lough.

Enclosure
A relatively enclosed, inaccessible landscape. The larger pastures on higher land towards
the edges of the Lough Neagh Shores are enclosed by overgrown hedgerows. On the
margins of Portmore Lough the fields become progressively overgrown by regenerating
scrub and fen carr.

Complexity of landcover and features

There are geometric field patterns and numerous drainage channels; and many of the
straight, narrow roads are raised on embankments and bordered by ditches. Pasture and
fen become waterlogged towards lough margin, which is clothed in scrub and inaccessible.
The traditional settlement pattern is of tiny houses and small farmsteads at the end of
narrow, straight tracks.

Man-made influence
Is evident only through drainage, pasture, scattered and sparse settlement.

Skylines and settings

The ancient moated churchyard to the west of the village of Lower Ballinderry has a special,
remote character; it is on an island virtually surrounded by fen carr.

Visibility and views

There are few views to or from Portmore Lough, as it is screened by dense fen carr.

Landscape quality (condition)

This is a relatively remote area, characterised by marginal, partially waterlogged farmland
and fen. The land has always been of poor condition, but the area is important for its habitat
interest.

Scenic quality
The fenland landscape is of high scenic quality and fall within the Portmore Lough and
Derrymore Point ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The landscape retains a rather wild, remote character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

SAC at Montiaghs Moss. Portmore Lough ASSI is a eutrophic lough with extensive marginal
fen and reed vegetation. It is part of the Lough Neagh and Lough Beg SPA which has
internationally important numbers of breeding terns and great crested grebes and numerous
over wintering wildfowl and waders. The south-western shore is also an RSPB Reserve;
wintering wildfowl visit the damp pasture fields and in summer, curlew and lapwing breed
here. Moated churchyard at Ballinderry and Registered Park (former deerpark) at Portmore.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

This remote area is not well developed for recreation and amenity.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This is a small scale, low-lying LCA encircling Portmore Lough. It has many small scale
landscape features, a remote and inaccessible character, and significant ecological
resources.

It would be highly sensitive to wind energy development which could easily overwhelm the
small scale landscape patterns and potentially threaten the area’s wildlife interests.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has small scale, wild character, and high ecological resources.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive wild character of
this sparsely settled landscape and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and
values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
with the nearest being at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog more than 25km to the north-east.

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LCA 64 Lough Neagh Peatlands

Location: Counties Tyrone and Armagh. Southern shores of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A low-lying marshy landscape on the southern part of Lough Neagh. Small drumlins reach
heights of 20 to 30m AOD.

Landform
Small protruding drumlins set within a low-lying wet and marshy landscape. Drumlins are
more pronounced in south-west towards Dungannon. Lough Guillion is the largest of
several small loughs and the Rivers Bann and Blackwater drain this LCA, their floodplains
having a flat, fenland character.

Enclosure
Enclosure is more pronounced in pasture areas with hedgerows and drumlins in south-west
while floodplain and peatland areas towards the lough are generally much more open.

Complexity of landcover and features

Intricate shore line. Extensive varied patchwork of pasture, plantations, regenerating bog,
lough shore and small settlements. Distinct changes of level marking former peat extraction.
Old canal, river channels and drainage have strong visual influence as does the traditional
road pattern laid out for peat working. South west has more pronounced drumlins with
pastures of medium size enclosed by hedgerows. Larger pastures are found on the farmland
adjacent to the River Bann. There are some small orchards and areas of horticulture (mostly
strawberries) on the old peat beds.

Man-made influence
Prominent influences include M1 motorway, embanked roads, former peat extraction,
horticulture and extensive urban, industrial and commercial development around Lurgan and
Craigavon.

Skylines and settings

Church spires are locally prominent in the low-lying landscape.

Visibility and views

Access to and views from the water’s edge is relatively rare but important where located eg
near Maghery and at Oxford Island. Near Charleston, there are unusually long views south-
east along the River Bann. Long views are afforded from the higher land in the south.
Extensive views from the M1 particularly where it crosses river floodplains.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally good away from urban areas and transport corridors. Hedgerows are often
neglected and some fields suffer from invasion by gorse and bramble, with areas of
regenerating scrub.

Scenic quality
This is a varied landscape with superb indented shoreline landscapes and a valuable sense
of isolation and tranquillity. The wetland and shoreline landscapes on the edge of Lough
Neagh are highly valued for their scenic quality and the areas close to the lough lie within
the Lough Neagh Shores ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The shores in particular are highly valued for their isolation and tranquillity; while some of the
fen areas have a strong wild character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Earth science interest at Coalisland Brick Pit which contains a fine exposure of Coal
Measures of Westphalian age. Very good ecological resources evidenced by Lough
Neagh’s designation as an ASSI, SAC and Ramsar site. Most of the LCA is within the
Ramsar Site and part of it is within Lough Neagh SPA). The lough and lough shores and
wetlands support breeding terns and great crested grebes and numerous over wintering
wildfowl and waders. The woodland at Annagarriff NR in Peatlands Park appears to have
survived as a hunting preserve for over 200 years. The main intact bog is Peatlands Park
SAC and ASSI and Mullenakill NR. Inland, the River Blackwater and a number of loughs
provide further wildlife interests. Coney Island (National Trust) and Raughlan on the lough
shore and Fairview House further south are Registered Parks. Industrial heritage related to
lough shore and Portadown port.

Cultural associations
Mythology associated with Lough Neagh.

Amenity and recreation

Wetlands Way and the Ulster Way traverse this LCA; County Park at Peatlands Park. Lough
Neagh Discovery Centre, jetties, fishing on the lough; birdwatching at Oxford Island. Cycle
routes.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is a distinctive landscape of high sensitivity due to its generally open yet often
small scale, intricate landscape character and its huge diversity of both natural and cultural
landscape features. It is also highly valued in scenic terms, and includes some of the most
important recreational areas around Lough Neagh. The open flat floodplain areas, lough
shore, wetlands and estates would be highly sensitive to any wind energy development,
which could be widely visible from the M1 and embanked roads. The more defined drumlin
belt in the south-west might offer some topographic screening but great care would be
needed to avoid interrupting the long views towards the River Blackwater from this area.

The only area of significantly lower sensitivity is on the south side of the motorway between
Lurgan and Craigavon where the landscape has been significantly affected by intrusive
urban, industrial and commercial development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Inappropriate turbine development in this LCA could easily detract from the area’s landscape
character and values. The principal area that best might accommodate some appropriately
scaled form of wind energy development is the land south of the M1 on the northern fringes
of Lurgan and Craigavon. Carefully scaled, designed and sited wind energy development in
this area could form a new landmark feature. Given careful siting, association with existing
structures, and use of hedgerow screening, the more defined drumlin belt in the south-west
may also provide locations for some form of wind energy development.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive floodplain sites and
features such as church spires. The lough shore should be respected. Care should be taken
to avoid any significant impacts on views to or from the lough shore. Landscape interests
associated with natural and cultural heritage features and recreational resources should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA, however cumulative impacts may have to be considered.

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LCA 65 Upper Bann Floodplain

Location: Counties Armagh and Down. Bann floodplain south of Portadown.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
A small LCA defined by the immediate valley of the Upper Bann south of Portadown. Most
land lies below around 40m AOD. Its unenclosed character of the area gives it a moderate
scale.

Landform
This LCA follows the course of the Upper Bann River and the Newry Canal and consists of
well defined, broad river terraces, with floodplain areas close to Portadown.

Enclosure
There LCA has an open character generally.

Complexity of landcover and features

The area includes the extensive areas of moss on the river floodplain at Terryhoogan Moss,
Park Bog and Brackagh Bog with well-defined, broad river terraces containing large pastures
above Dynes Bridge. The river floodplain is the most attractive landscape feature and is an
important focus for views and recreation. The River Bann has been contained by flood
embankments (often 6m high) and many smaller banks and straight drainage ditches run
laterally across adjacent pastures. There is some riparian wood and scrub present along
river banks.

Man-made influence
At Portadown, built development is a dominant local influence and the Belfast-Dublin railway
also runs through the LCA. Many large agricultural and factory buildings on lower floodplain
Electricity transmission line across the valley.

Skylines and settings

The river flats, pastures and mosses south of Portadown contribute to its landscape setting;
skylines are not a feature of this open LCA. Portadown port at northern end of LCA.

Visibility and views

Important views of the river around Portadown; long views across the floodplain within the
LCA are also a feature.

Landscape quality (condition)

The condition of the River Bann floodplain landscape is good, with the exception of the area
immediately to the south of Portadown.

Scenic quality
The river valley itself is in good condition and has some scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is no particularly strong wild or tranquil character to this LCA although the river Bann
itself with riparian woodland has a tranquil character in places.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Wet woodlands cover much of the former peat bog, as for example at Terryhoogan Moss
and at Brackagh NR where there is dense alder and willow carr woodlands. There are
scattered occasional raths and Moyallen and Woodbank on the eastern margins of this LCA
are historic parks.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Newry Canal Way traverses this LCA and the river is an important focus for recreation
especially around Portadown. Cycling opportunities.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The character of this LCA is defined by the River Bann and its floodplains. Its open
character, river views and recreational and educational value lend a generally high
sensitivity, increased by the presence of some important and sensitive habitats.

The river terraces are the key landscape element. They do not easily lend themselves to
wind energy development, which could dominate the floodplain landscapes and be widely
visible.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has an open character of river valley and floodplains in which it is difficult to
accommodate wind energy development. The edges of the LCA would be the most likely
areas for some form of turbine development. It is recommended that any turbine
development be associated with and reflects the scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive key landscape and
visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA, however care should be taken to avoid cumulative effects in the future.

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LCA 66 Armagh Drumlins

Location: County Armagh. Area centred on city of Armagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
Relatively small scale landscape due to field enclosures and topography. Highest land is in
the south as the land rises towards Carrigatuke Hills, reaching 222m AOD near Derrynoose
in the south-west.

Landform
The Armagh Drumlins is an extensive area of rolling north-south orientated drumlins,
overlooked by the Carrigatuke Hills to the south. To the north the ground falls away towards
the Loughgall Orchard Belt and the fringes of Lough Neagh, the drumlins becoming more
pronounced in this area.

Enclosure
The open character and views that occur on higher ground in the west and south contrast
with the more enclosed and intimate hill and drumlin landscapes further north.

Complexity of landcover and features

The area is drained by numerous small winding streams, tributaries of the Callan River.
Occasional loughs and sedgy mosses occupy the hollows between drumlins. Land use is
dominated by improved pastures with overgrown hedgerows and tree belts. Mature
hedgerow ash trees are common. There are a number of wooded historic estates with stone
walls and stands of mature trees eg at Mullaghbane. There are numerous scattered
dwellings and farms, connected by a network of winding, hedged roads. Large farm barns
and ruined stone dwellings are common.

Man-made influence
New development on ridges especially close to Armagh is highly visible and detracts
somewhat from the landscape setting of the city.

Skylines and settings

The most sensitive areas of this landscape are the settings of the numerous important
archaeological sites. These are concentrated to the south and west of Armagh and include
Navan Fort. Local skylines and drumlin summits are also relatively sensitive, for example
north of Keady, particularly when they are the sites of ancient raths. Settlements such as
Armagh, Keady and Richhill all enjoy distinctive settings, commonly associated with estates.

Visibility and views

The city of Armagh, with its tall spires, is a focus for local roads and views, particularly from
higher ground to the south.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland landscapes throughout this LCA are generally in good condition.

Scenic quality
This LCA is of some scenic quality, but has no scenic designations.

Wildness and tranquillity

This LCA does not have an especially strong wild character, although it is highly tranquil in
parts.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Rare area of dry grassland at Annacramph Meadows ASSI north of Armagh (due to a
limestone outcrop); also a number of small inter-drumlin lough ASSIs. Navan Fort (ASAI), of
national significance; numerous estates with associated demesnes and houses including a
number of important Registered Parks particularly in the north; churches and cathedral of
Armagh; Conservation Areas at Armagh and Richhill.

Cultural associations
Armagh has numerous cultural associations and is an important diocesan centre.

Amenity and recreation

Gosford Park has amenity facilities; Castle Dillon has a bird sanctuary; numerous historic
sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This is a large LCA with a strong drumlin topography, particularly in the north, and a
generally robust landscape pattern that should in theory contribute to a lower sensitivity.
However, the scope for wind energy development is strongly constrained by the relatively
small scale and pronounced form of most individual drumlins, and the many important
skylines and settings across the LCA. Archaeological settings on drumlin skylines are
especially sensitive.

Mid slope locations in the south-west, close to the Carrigatuke Hills might be somewhat less
sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The foothills of Carrigatuke Hills in the south-west of the LCA may offer the best capacity for
some form of wind energy development. Consideration could be given to siting turbines on
the middle or lower slopes of drumlins rather than on drumlin tops. Care should be taken to
ensure that turbine development does not dominate the generally small scale, complex
landscape patterns or individual hills or drumlins within this LCA (possibly by using careful
spacing).

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on important archaeological and
historic landscapes as described in this section. Hill tops and notable landscape features
should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs however cumulative impacts and separation distances may be a
consideration in the future. Transboundary impacts might become an issue in future as this
LCA borders County Monaghan.

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LCA 67 Armagh/Banbridge Hills

Location: Counties Down and Armagh. Hills to east and west of Banbridge.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
A generally broad scale landscape with some variations. Highest ground rises to around
150m AOD.

Landform
The landscape is characterised by broad, rolling and generally convex hills, ridges and
shallow valleys. Most slopes have a relatively smooth profile but there are rocky outcrops on
the slopes leading up to the summit of Knockiveagh to the south-east.

Enclosure
Relatively open landscape, with long views from local ridges. Many buildings are associated
with shelter stands of mixed broadleaved trees but there are typically few hedgerow trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

The shallow valleys support flat pastures with drainage ditches, bog and wet woodland.
Arable land is generally concentrated on the broad, upper slopes of ridges. To the south,
the fields become larger and more open in character as the landform flattens out at the base
of the slopes; here there is extensive sheep grazing and stud farming. Small loughs such as
Lough Shark are attractive features locally. There are many groups of residential dwellings
(which are often stone built) scattered along rural roads in this LCA.

Man-made influence
Substantial farmsteads and outbuildings are often prominent on the upper slopes.
Transmission line runs north-south through the western part of the LCA. Some intrusive
development around Banbridge.

Skylines and settings

Castle grounds, river settings and local ridges to the south of Gilford create an attractive
setting for the town; field patterns to the west of Loughbrickland are distinctive.

Visibility and views

Long views from local ridges.

Landscape quality (condition)

In general, the landscape is in good condition, particularly on the upper slopes, but there are
patches of gorse and brambles in the poorly-drained areas towards the valley floor.
Hedgerow loss is evident as a result of intensification and field enlargement.

Scenic quality
Landscape is generally attractive but not of special scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is no a particularly strong wildness to this landscape although it is tranquil in parts.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Area supports lowland woodland, pasture and parkland with beech and oak common.
Lough Shark ASI is important for wintering wildfowl and rare passage species. Many large
estates and Registered Parks such as Scarva House, particularly along the Newry Canal
corridor. Industrial heritage such as mills.

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Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

Newry Canal Way and Ulster Way. Lough Shark is popular for coarse fishing with perch,
pike, rudd and bream present. Loughbrickland historic trail and woodland; Scarva visitor
centre, services at Banbridge; access to several historic sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The broad scale landform and landcover patterns of much of this LCA are of relatively low
sensitivity to wind energy development. The landscape’s convex form and undulations could
offer some topographic screening; and although there are features of natural and cultural
heritage interest, these are relatively infrequent on the higher land which is intensively
farmed and often sparsely settled. The settings of settlements, historic features and loughs
are, however, more sensitive.

The high ground in the west of the LCA and in the area west of Banbridge is of lowest
landscape sensitivity, provided care is taken to protect the settings of raths and other
monuments, which occur on some hill tops.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA contains hills of broad form. The higher hills in the west and centre of the LCA may
have the best capacity for some form of wind energy development. Consideration could be
given to carefully siting any development within the hilltop undulations, avoiding the higher
ground which is not only more visible but might be capped by raths or other historic features.
It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the scale of the relatively low hills
that are found in this LCA. It is recommended that attempts should be made to minimise the
siting of turbines where they will be seen in close proximity to electricity transmission lines.

Care should be taken to avoid detrimental impacts on the landscape settings of the principal
settlements, river valleys and loughs. Hill tops and notable landscape features should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 68 Carrigatuke Hills

Location: County Armagh. Hills lying between city of Armagh and Ring of Guillion to
the south-east.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A large scale landscape of smooth rolling green hills and deep wooded valleys. The summit
of Carrigatuke is 365m AOD.

Landform
The higher hills form a broad continuous upland area with few valleys. The rounded
summits are separated by a plateau. The lower hills are more rolling with streams and
loughs (particularly in the west) draining the valleys in between. They have a strong north-
south orientation.

Enclosure
A generally open landscape, particularly on the uplands. The lower slopes are more
enclosed due to hedgerows and valley landform.

Complexity of landcover and features

The higher hills contain blanket bog and grass and heather moorland. Large conifer
plantations create a series of straight edged blocks on the highest hills, where they stand out
clearly against open moorland. On the lower rolling hills there are small woodlands, mature
trees and tree belts, giving a well-treed character. Wooded streams and loughs are
attractive features of the valleys which drain from the hills. These include the valleys of the
Carnagh estate, Glen Anne and Ballymoye.

Man-made influence
Man-made influence is evident in major quarries in the northern part of the LCA and
extensive, hard-edged conifer plantations. Telecommunications mast on the top of
Carrigatuke.

Skylines and settings

The uplands form several skylines in this LCA, particularly defining the setting of
Newtownhamilton to the south and east. Other prominent ridges are around the edges of
Carrigatuke, Black Hill and Blackrock.

Visibility and views

There are extensive views from the hilltops, particularly Carrigatuke, over the surrounding
lowlands. However, Carrigatuke summits are distant in views from the settlements of
Armagh and Keady to the north.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape condition is generally fair to good with a reasonable hedgerow structure.
However, landscape quality and diversity have been adversely affected by afforestation in
some areas.

Scenic quality
The scenic quality of this LCA is relatively good, the remote uplands plateau contrasting with
the enclosed, intimate wooded valleys below. The southern margin of the LCA includes a
small part of the Ring of Gullion AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The higher hills have a wild exposed character where not affected by forestry.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Straghans Lough, Crossbane Lough and Drumcarn ASSIs to the west are designated for
their habitat diversity. Archaeological features are associated with some of the hilltops.
Ballymoyer House Estate is operated by the National Trust and is a Registered Park, as is
Drumbanagher to the north-east.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with archaeology.

Amenity and recreation

Ballymoyer House with woodland walks, open to the public, viewing from Carrigatuke
summit, Carnagh Country House.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The large scale of the uplands within this LCA, combined with rolling slopes and the
presence of coniferous forestry, tend to reduce this LCA’s sensitivity to wind energy
development. Conservation and recreational interests are not as extensive as in many other
LCAs. Parallel north-south ridges create areas of reduced close range visibility (although
the upland tops are a part of many long range views over a wider area). The lower and
more prominent slopes to the north and east of the area are more sensitive in this respect as
they lie closer to Armagh and Newry than the central and southern sections of the hills. In
addition, the south-east of the LCA is particularly sensitive because of its proximity to the
Ring of Gullion.

Overall, though, this is a landscape of only moderate sensitivity to wind energy development.
The central section of the hills, away from the more prominent edge landscapes, is least
sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The large scale landscape of this LCA, the extent of the upland area and the fact that there
are relatively few short-range views means that parts of this LCA are well suited to the
accommodation of wind energy development. The central section of the hills, around
Carrigatuke summit, offers the best scope for wind energy development, which should
ideally be set back from the edges of the upland area. The extensive conifer plantations
around the summit may be beneficial in terms of temporary screening and access. In
addition screening opportunities provided by the north-south ridges could be considered. It is
recommended that wind energy development be in a coherent cluster (of consistent height
and design) or be well separated, as long views are a feature of this LCA. Access tracks
should respect open moorland areas.

Care should be used to avoid adverse visual impacts and impacts on the highly sensitive
landscape settings of the parts of the uplands that lie closest to Armagh, Keady, Newry and
the Ring of Gullion. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of
the area’s small loughs, archaeological sites and Registered Parks.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA. Transboundary and cumulative issues could arise in future if there was wind
energy development in nearby areas of County Monaghan.

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LCA 69 Newry Basin

Location: Counties Down and Armagh. Area around Newry draining into Carlingford
Lough.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
The Newry Basin is a large scale rolling drumlin landscape situated between the Ring of
Gullion and the Mourne Mountains. The ground rises gently to just over 100m AOD around
the edges of the area.

Landform
At a broad scale, the landform is concave. The area is drained by tributaries of the Newry
River which flow in attractive river valleys. To the south-east, the drumlins are replaced by
broader ridges separated by narrow, flat-bottomed valleys with ribbon loughs and bogs such
as Derryleckagh Lake. South of Newry, the Newry River flows in a dramatic, steep-sided
narrow valley.

Enclosure
The landscape seems open and exposed on ridgetops and enclosed and sheltered within
the valleys.

Complexity of landcover and features

The Newry Basin is a very diverse area, with a rich heritage of historic landscapes and
archaeological sites. The rolling fields have a neat and artificially green appearance,
although pastures become increasingly marginal with rocky knolls, bracken and gorse
hedgerows towards the foothills of the Mourne Mountains. Elsewhere, well-trimmed low
hedges and tree belts separate fields, creating an intact and unified landscape pattern.
Small woodlands, such as Derryleckagh Wood, are often found on valley sides.

Man-made influence
Pylons, quarries, major transport corridors and insensitive development detract from the
landscape in parts, especially around and south-east of Newry.

Skylines and settings

The Newry River valley south and east of the city is dramatic and steep, creating a
distinctive landscape setting for the city. Narrow Water Castle is an important historic
landmark at the entrance to the Newry River.

Visibility and views

There are occasional panoramic views of the Mourne Mountains from the tops of the
drumlins. In turn the LCA is widely visible from the surrounding hills within the Ring of
Gullion and the Mournes and from the A1, A26 and A27.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is generally in good condition, especially in the drumlin farmland landscape
to the north. It becomes slightly more degraded on the fringes of Newry.

Scenic quality
The western edge of the LCA lies within the Ring of Gullion AONB, whereas the south-
eastern margin overlaps and incorporates part of the Mourne AONB. Landscapes around
Newry are generally less scenic despite the town’s dramatic landscape setting.

Wildness and tranquillity

The ridge tops and upper slopes retain a relatively wild character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Overwintering brent geese and breeding terns are present in Carlingford Lough on the
southern edge of the LCA (ASSI, Ramsar, SPA). Derryleckagh ASSI (and SAC) is a large
example of wet inter-drumlin fen. Raths are scattered throughout, whilst there is a
concentration of cashels and standing stones on eastern Mourne foothills. Registered Parks
include Narrow Water Castle and Green Park. Conservation Areas at Bessbrook and
Newry.

Cultural associations
Folklore associated with Carlingford Lough and adjacent uplands of Slieve Gullion and
Mourne Mountains.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way traverses this LCA. Access to Mourne and Slieve Guillion walking areas. Newry
acts as key gateway to Northern Ireland from the Republic of Ireland.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This diverse landscape contains a number of elements that are sensitive to wind energy
development including attractive river valleys, loughs and marshes, and many
archaeological sites (raths, mottes, standing stones) around the fringes of the area. The
drumlin landscapes and the narrow ridges and valleys around Derryleckagh may not be of a
scale to accommodate significant wind energy development. South of Newry the LCA is
sandwiched between Slieve Guillion and the Mourne Mountains that overlook the LCA. This
too heightens its landscape and visual sensitivity.

The least sensitive parts of the LCA are the broad drumlin ridges to the north-east, the area
around the Burren (which is already affected by large scale development); and the river’s
edge and industrial landscapes just south of Newry town centre. However, inappropriately
sized wind energy development would be out of scale with the landscape and would be
highly intrusive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has relatively high landscape and visual sensitivity. The north-eastern part of the
LCA, with its larger scale drumlins, the area around the Burren, and the industrial area south
of Newry may have the best capacity to accommodate some form of turbine development.
Consideration could be given to siting turbines on drumlin side-slopes rather than tops and
to taking advantage of screening afforded by low north-south ridges and tree groups.
Closer to Newry, visual relationships with existing structures will be the key influence on
turbine siting.

In all cases, care should be taken to avoid significant impacts on views to and from the
Mournes and the Ring of Gullion. Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the
landscape settings of river valleys, estates, bogs, loughs and archaeological sites such as
hilltop raths.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA. Transboundary and cumulative issues could arise in future if there was wind
energy development in nearby areas of County Louth.

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LCA 70 Crossmaglen Drumlins and Loughs

Location: County Armagh. South-western corner of the county.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
This lowland landscape on the southern border of County Armagh is contained to the north
and east by the uplands of the Carrigatuke Hills and the Ring of Gullion. The land rises to
around 150-200m AOD around the edge of the LCA but is generally much lower.

Landform
This is a structured landscape of rolling green drumlins and some elevated hills. It has a
concave form overall. Rivers, including the Creggan River, pass inconspicuously between
drumlins, with some areas of flat floodplain.

Enclosure
Higher ground has a regular, hedged field pattern and its drumlins provide enclosure.
Broad, open areas of wetland and bog in inter-drumlin hollows and floodplains.

Complexity of landcover and features

A diverse well structured landscape with regular field patterns containing pasture enclosed
by hedgerows; small loughs, bog and scrub occupy poorer land in between. Some lough
shores are wooded and many are inaccessible as they are fringed with extensive areas of
moss. Rivers and streams are crossed by attractive stone bridges. Roller-coaster roads
wind across the drumlins making orientation difficult. The principal settlement is
Crossmaglen, at the junction of several rural roads. Archaeological features, such as the
Drumhill standing stone, are important.

Man-made influence
Quarrying and electricity transmission lines are the principal man-made influences.

Skylines and settings

The Ring of Gullion creates a strong backdrop, with hilltop towers overlooking the drumlins.
The stream corridor and Glen Lough house to the north, and moss and scrub to the south,
create an attractive setting for the village of Crossmaglen.

Visibility and views

This LCA is inward-looking with short views afforded due to topography. The Ring of Gullion
forms a backdrop and there are views to and from the neighbouring uplands.

Landscape quality (condition)

The hedgerow pattern remains intact on the drumlins but there are some areas of degraded
farmland, with derelict and abandoned fields and stone cottages. The principal pressure for
change is neglect.

Scenic quality
Inter-drumlin wetlands and loughs are of locally high scenic quality. The backdrop of the
Ring of Gullion AONB adds to scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

Isolation of the area by the uplands has given it a remote and deeply rural character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Lowland pastures managed at low intensity are relatively rare in Northern Ireland, especially
in the east, but there are several examples in this LCA, including Tullyard ASSI.
Archaeological features, such as the Drumhill standing stone, are important and The Dorsey
is an ASAI.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

A29 is a gateway to Northern Ireland from Dundalk. Local services and recreational facilities
at Crossmaglen.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The rolling topography and robust field structure might offer some screening but the role of
the area as a gateway and as part of the setting of the nearby Ring of Gullion, and its
strongly rural and relatively unspoilt character tend to increase its sensitivity. It has a
particular wealth of archaeological sites, further raising its sensitivity. The inter-drumlin
wetlands and loughs are also very sensitive and are of both ecological and scenic
importance.

The higher ground in the centre of the LCA, away from the Ring of Gullion, is less sensitive
than other areas. However, the small scale of both the landform and landscape features
strongly influences the appropriate height of wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The higher ground towards the centre of the LCA may have greater capacity than other
areas to accommodate some form of wind energy development. Turbines could take
advantage of topographic screening by avoiding hill and drumlin tops. Care should be taken
to ensure that turbines do not overwhelm the pattern of drumlins. It is recommended that
wind energy development reflects the scale and complexity of the surrounding landscape.

Particular care should be taken to avoid any significant impacts on key views to and from the
Ring of Gullion, which provides a dramatic backdrop to this LCA. Care should be taken to
avoid adverse impacts on the landscape interests associated with inter-drumlin wetlands,
loughs and archaeological sites (in particular the Dorsey ASAI).

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA. Transboundary and cumulative issues could arise in future if there was wind
energy development in nearby areas of County Monaghan or County Louth.

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LCA 71 Ring of Gullion

Location: County Armagh. On southern boarder of Northern Ireland south-west of Newry.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open moorland with exposed expansive character on hilltops, which rise to over 500m AOD.
Small scale pastures and ladder farms on lower slopes and intervening lower lying land.

Landform
Ring of volcanic hills and central volcanic plug – Slieve Gullion (576m AOD) enclosing a
lower-lying circular, concave basin. Hills have a ‘knobbly’, craggy and uneven skyline profile
and many rocky outcrops.

Enclosure
Exposed on upper slopes and hills away from coniferous plantations; more intimate and
enclosed on lower slopes and basins as a result of trees and gorse hedgerows.

Complexity of landcover and features

Within lower-lying basin there are river valleys and extensive areas of bog. Upland grass,
heather, moorland and coniferous plantations dominate the hilltops with pasture on lower
slopes divided by stone walls and gorse hedgerows. Dispersed pattern of farmsteads on
lower slopes.

Man-made influence
Extensive commercial forestry on hillsides and radio masts and hilltop towers on the skyline.
New housing of pebble-dash bungalows often some distance from roads.

Skylines and settings

Slieve Gullion as the highest hill in this LCA forms a distinctive skyline feature from the
surrounding basin and ring of hills. In addition each of the hills due to their isolated nature
also has a distinctive skyline profile and encloses the LCA forming a setting to Slieve
Gullion. The eastern slopes of Camlough Mountain also provide an important setting to
Newry.

Visibility and views

This is an inward-looking landscape, the outer hills enclosing views from lower lying areas.
However from the hill tops there are views across the Carlingford River and Lough to the
Mourne Mountains and north-west to the Carrigatuke Hills.

Landscape quality (condition)

Mixed. Some areas remain unaffected by development while other areas have undergone
change eg near Meigh. Many of the traditional stone buildings are derelict. Walls are often
in poor condition and some pastures infested with scrub and rushes.

Scenic quality
Special visual character resulting from its unique physical structure and the farming of the
land through thousands of years of occupation, which have given rise to a distinctive
enclosure and settlement pattern. LCA designated as Ring of Gullion AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Remote, isolated and open in places. Narrow lanes and derelict farmsteads and stone walls
enhance sense of remoteness and isolation. However the sense of tranquillity is
undermined in places by masts or towers on hilltops and commercial forestry operations.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

This LCA is of outstanding geological significance and value forming one of the best ring-
dyke systems in the British Isles. Slieve Gullion is designated ASSI and SAC for its
geological importance. High concentration of archaeological and historic features eg cairns,
castles and cashels many of which are scheduled or are in State Care. Areas of nature
conservation value include extensive areas of heathland (ASSI) and wetlands and basin
fens many of which are designated ASSI or ASI. This LCA also contains three Registered
Parks (Hawthorne Hill, Killevy Castle and Forkhill House).

Cultural associations
Rich association with myths and legends.

Amenity and recreation

LCA is a gateway feature when approaching Northern Ireland from Dundalk and Dublin.
Slieve Gullion Forest Park. Viewpoints and picnic sites eg Ballymacdermot Mountain.
National cycle route passes through this area between Carnlough and Sieve Gullion.
Archaeological and historical interest.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape has a very high sensitivity to wind energy development primarily because of
its topography but also due to its dispersed settlement pattern, small scale pastoral basin
features and high concentration of cultural and natural assets.

Slieve Gullion, as the central and highest hill within this LCA is highly sensitive to wind
energy development and any turbines could dominate the entire LCA. Elsewhere, although
the ring of hills is often cloaked in commercial forestry that might have some screening
potential, the hills often have an uneven or ‘knobbly’ skyline profile making it difficult to place
wind turbines comfortably. Moreover, development on any one top would compromise the
integrity of the ‘ring’ as a whole. The concentration of heritage, nature conservation and
geological interest associated with these hills only heightens their overall sensitivity.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a highly sensitive landscape with many internal views. How any proposed
turbine development blends into the landscape should be a key consideration.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive, open, exposed
hills or upper slopes and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that
were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs. The nearest existing wind farm site was near Dundalk, around 9km away.
Cumulative and transboundary issues could arise if wind energy development were to occur
closer by in County Louth eg at Carlingford Mountain. Cumulative impacts could also easily
arise if there was a proliferation of individual turbines within this LCA. Due to the proximity of
Carlingford Lough there may be seaward issues to consider in future.

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LCA 72 Slieve Roosley

Location: County Down. East of Newry and west of the Mourne Mountains.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A group of large scale upland ridges (to 364m AOD) dissected by generous deep valleys or
glens, particularly to the south, with lower lying foot slopes and outlier hills.

Landform
Elevated convex but often narrow ridges with a jagged skyline profile and steeply sloping
valley sides and footslopes. Convex gently rounded outlier hills.

Enclosure
Open and exposed on moorland ridges with limited areas of conifer plantation to the east.
Within valleys topography provides enclosure reinforced by enclosure pattern and
occasional hedgerow trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

Valley sides comprise wet and improved pasture enclosures while upland areas become
progressively unimproved, forming extensive areas of textured heather moorland, bracken,
gorse, rush and cotton grass. Dispersed farmsteads, cottages and isolated properties within
the valleys.

Man-made influence
Absence of overt influences on upper ridges and slopes except for commercial forestry to
the east. Some urbanising influences to the north west around Mayobridge; quarrying and
landfill at Gruggandoo.

Skylines and settings

Distinctive jagged profile ridges and upland areas. Important setting to Mourne Mountains
and Carlingford Lough. Important setting to settlement of Mayobridge.

Visibility and views

Extensive outward views from elevated areas and outer slopes. Particularly long, open
panoramic views across the hilltops to the dramatic horizon of the Mourne Mountains,
Carlingford Lough and Carlingford Mountain, notably from the northern and south-eastern
parts of this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

Core area is in good condition but lower footslopes have a degraded appearance – poor
condition of stone walls and rush infested pastures. Some urbanising influences (modern
property development) in glens and on outlier hills towards Mayobridge.

Scenic quality
High scenic quality in core of area derived from visually attractive juxtaposition of open
exposed ridgetops, enclosed valleys and textured land cover and enclosure patterns. Area
forms part of Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Exposed, remote upland ridges and sheltered valleys have a high degree of tranquillity and
relative wildness derived from absence of overt man-made structures and openness of the
landscape and low population density.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Area is rich in historic and archaeological sites (scheduled monuments in the west of the
area) eg raths, standing stones, graves and earthworks and historic townland boundaries
and Registered Park at The Lodge (Kilbroney).

Cultural associations
This area has inspired artists and writers as a result of its inherent scenic quality. The
enclosure pattern is also nationally significant in relation to the Irish potato famine.

Amenity and recreation

The Ulster Way passes through this LCA as does the Rostrevor Cycle Route. The area is
also popular for para-gliding, hang gliding (Ballywally Mountain), as well as fell running and
shooting.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape, although mainly elevated and large scale includes intimate valley and
footslope landscapes – a combination which gives rise to high scenic quality. Although the
vertical scale of the landscape reduces sensitivity, the narrowness of the upland ridges, their
wild character, and their wide visibility (from the valleys and surrounding landscapes) make
them highly sensitive to wind energy development.

Lower lying foothills to the west and north which are of mixed landscape quality are
somewhat less sensitive although their smaller landscape pattern, notable concentration of
archaeological sites, and function as a setting to the Mournes are key constraints.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The outlier hills to the west of this LCA, particularly to the south and north of Mayobridge
(away from main ridgelines and cultural heritage features) may be better able to
accommodate wind energy development than other areas. It is recommended that wind
energy development reflects the relatively small-scale outlier hill landform, landscape
features and settlement.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the distinctive skyline profile of
the upland ridges and on views to and from the Mournes, Carlingford Lough and Carlingford
Mountain. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse effects on the character and setting
of archaeological sites or key recreational resources (see previous information). The open,
exposed and largely uninhabited upper slopes and ridges should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs. The nearest existing wind farm site was near Dundalk, around 18km
away. Transboundary issues could arise if wind energy development were to occur closer
by in County Louth eg at Carlingford Mountain. Due to the proximity of Carlingford Lough
there may be seaward issues to consider in future.

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LCA 73 Kilkeel Coast

Location: County Down. South of Mourne Mountains adjacent to Carlingford Lough
and the Irish Sea.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
An open, flat landscape (less than 30m AOD) on coastal margins with small scale enclosed
settled farmland, some wooded estates and incised river corridors inland.

Landform
Gently undulating, coastal lowland dissected by narrow rocky burn valleys. Land flattens out
towards the sandy coastline.

Enclosure
Hedgerows and occasional hedgerow trees along with some wooded estates and wooded
incised valleys locally provide some enclosure in this relatively flat landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mainly pastoral landscape of unimproved and semi-improved grassland divided by
hedgebanks, stone walls and hedges. Extensive areas of open salt marsh at Mill Bay.

Man-made influence
Housing development associated with Kilkeel and ribbon development along the A2.
Caravan parks on coastal headlands particularly Cranfield and north east of Kilkeel. Areas of
sand and gravel extraction along the coastal margins between Kilkeel and Cranfield.

Skylines and settings

Much of this area forms an important foreground to the Mourne Mountains and Carlingford
Lough.

Visibility and views

Open, extensive views across Carlingford Lough and to the Kingdom of Mourne and Mourne
Mountains, particularly from the open, flat coastal areas in the south-west. Local vegetation
and field enclosure might limit outward views but views are notable from locally raised land
eg moraines. There are limited views inland from the coastal margins.

Landscape quality (condition)

High quality landscape particularly towards Greencastle, the mud flats around Mill Bay and
inland around the incised river corridors. Elsewhere the condition of the landscape is mixed,
influenced by ribbon development, caravan parks, signage and sand and gravel extraction.

Scenic quality
Extensive views across open water of Carlingford Lough and to surrounding mountain
scenery. Coastal mudflats and rocky skerries at the mouth of the lough gives rise to an
outstanding composition of elements. Area lies within the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Peaceful landscape of water, salty air, muddy estuary sides and at other times an exposed
elemental landscape. Wooded burn valleys have a verdant and secretive quality.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Significant glaciofluvial features including moraine and raised beaches along the coastline
(ASIs). Internationally important habitats (mudflats and saltmarshes) at Mill Bay (Ramsar,

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SPA, ASSI) and bird populations including breeding terns and overwintering brent geese.
Cultural heritage features include Green Castle at Mill Bay (historic monument), Registered
Park at Ballyedmond, and numerous archaeological sites many being scheduled
monuments.

Cultural associations
Scenic quality of this landscape and its immediate setting has inspired many artists.

Amenity and recreation

Significant area for coastal watersports including sailing , windsurfing, waterskiing, sea
angling and jet skiing. Valuable area for birdwatching and access to natural coastal habitats
(walking and cycling – Cranfield to Greencastle and Mill Bay footpath and Cranfield to
Greencastle Circular Cycle Route). Clay pigeon shooting (Cranfield), motocross and pitch
and putt golf.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The influences of development and ability of vegetation and enclosure pattern to screen
views locally reduce the sensitivity of this landscape. Nevertheless much of the LCA forms
an important setting and foreground to views of the Mourne Mountains and Carlingford
Lough and Mountain. This is particularly true of the open coastal areas around Carlingford
Lough, where the scale and grandeur of these views, and the tranquil and relative wildness
of these coastal landscapes, could easily be overwhelmed by poorly sited wind energy
development. Further inland local landscape features such as incised burn valleys, glacial
moraines and cultural heritage sites are also of very high sensitivity.

Towards the south-east coast the influence of development and limited inland views tend to
reduce landscape sensitivity, although this is offset by the high concentration of settlement
and recreational activities in this part of the LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The south-east coastal area of this LCA may be able to accommodate some form of wind
energy development. Consideration could be given to siting any development where it might
be viewed as separate and distant from the Mourne Mountains and away from notable
landscape features and settlements. It is recommended that wind energy development
reflects the relatively small scale landscape and settlement features and that intrusion in the
many long views be minimised.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the open and unspoilt coastal
mudflats and distinctive views to the surrounding Mourne and Carlingford mountains. Care
should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the character and setting of
archaeological sites, geological features, or key recreational resources. The open, exposed
uninhabited coastal areas and geomorpholoical and cultural sites should be respected.

In 2007 there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or in adjacent LCAs.
Transboundary issues could arise if wind energy development were to occur in County Louth
eg at Carlingford Mountain. Due to the proximity of Carlingford Lough and the south Down
coast there may be seaward issues to consider in future.

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LCA 74 Kingdom of Mourne

Location: County Down. Foothill slopes of Mourne Mountains between upland areas
and the Irish Sea.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open but settled landscape divided by a small-medium distinctive field pattern defined by
glacial boulders. Elevation less than 200m AOD.

Landform
Gently shelving plain extending from the foot of the Mourne Mountains to the sea. Dissected
by numerous rocky streams and glacial moraines giving rise to areas of gentle undulations.
Occasional knolls of higher land.

Enclosure
Generally open landscape with few trees. Some areas of greater vegetation cover, limited to
valleys, coniferous plantations on higher knolls, and parkland areas.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mixed farming land use with patches of gorse scrub and rushy pastures in places.

Man-made influence
Scattered distribution of farms and housing development across the area and particularly
along the coast. Telecommunications masts on hills and many telegraph poles along
roadlines.

Skylines and settings

Spectacular views to the Mourne Mountains and to the sometimes dramatic rocky coastline.
This landscape forms an important and unique setting to the Mourne Mountains.

Visibility and views

Views to and from southern summits of Mourne Mountains and Carlingford Mountain to the
south. The higher land surrounding this landscape and its general openness mean that the
stone wall enclosure pattern is a defining feature of this landscape. Development is often
highly visible and might draw the eye.

Landscape quality (condition)

Distinctive and intact field boundary and road network pattern. Majority of stone walls are in
good condition. Recent housing development across the area visually disrupts this pattern
in places. Some clearance of scrub and rough ground for agriculture. Quality of the
landscape reflected in inclusion within Mourne AONB.

Scenic quality
Striking, unique and culturally significant pattern of small fields, combined with backdrop
views to the mountains and views out to sea, gives rise to an area of high scenic quality.
This is reflected in the area’s inclusion within the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Limited sense of remoteness except on northern fringes. Tranquillity is patchy due to the
dispersed nature of settlement and intensity of farming activity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Geomorphological interest along the coast (ASSI). Archaeological sites. Registered Park at
Mourne Park.

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Cultural associations
Attracts many artists (past and present). Enclosure pattern reflects an important phase in
Irish history.

Amenity and recreation

Area provides access and parking to the Mourne Mountains beyond. Important tourist sites
include Silent Valley, open access forests (eg Crocknafeola Wood) and Mourne Park
heritage garden. Coastal areas offer opportunities for water sports. Cycle routes exist
throughout the area.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape forms an important setting to the Mourne Mountains. It is a generally open
landscape with distinctive patterns of small-medium field enclosures which are visible both
from within this landscape and from surrounding higher land. This pattern is highly sensitive
to physical and visual disruption particularly by development which is comparatively large
and out of scale.

Woodland cover in and around knolls of higher land to the west of the area reduces
landscape sensitivity although a number of the knolls currently have existing
telecommunication masts and these areas still form an important setting to the Mourne
Mountains.

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This is a sensitive LCA with a dispersed pattern of settlement and highly visible landscape
which is vulnerable to significant impacts. It is recommended that any wind energy
development be closely associated with and reflect the scale of farmsteads and sheltering
woodland

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive, visually
prominent and open, exposed upper slopes, on shorelines and on the key landscape and
visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs. Transboundary issues could arise if commercial wind energy
development were to occur in nearby County Louth eg at Carlingford Mountain. Cumulative
impacts could also easily arise if there was a proliferation of individual turbines within this
LCA. Due to the proximity of Carlingford Lough and the south Down coast there may be
seaward issues to consider in future.

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LCA 75 Mourne Mountains

Location: County Down. Mountainous area stretching between Rostrevor and
Newcastle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open and expansive upland landscape comprising a series of mountain peaks (rising to
853m AOD at Slieve Donard) dissected by rocky streams and rivers in steep combs and
glens.

Landform
Dramatic mountain peaks forming distinctive pyramidal jagged peaks with sculptured tors or
more gently rounded smooth rolling mountains. Smooth slopes occasionally give way to
vertical rock outcrops and scree slopes. Steep sided hanging valleys and glens lie between
mountain peaks.

Enclosure
Predominately this is an open exposed landscape. Upper slopes are unenclosed except for
the Mourne Wall, while lower slopes are enclosed by stone walls creating medium scale
fields.

Complexity of landcover and features

A general uniformity to landcover including extensive areas of rough grassland and
heathland, areas of peatland and blanket bog and isolated commercial forestry and
broadleaved woodland. There are rock faces and scree slopes in places. Dispersed
farmsteads occur on lower slopes.

Man-made influence
Little evidence of man-made elements on high peaks with the exception of the Mourne Wall,
Silent Valley Reservoir and telephone masts on Slieve Martin. Commercial forestry and
reservoir development have exerted influence on some valleys but tend to add visual variety.

Skylines and settings

Distinctive mountain skyline profiles seen from considerable distance give this area a strong
identity. The profile of the mountains forms a striking backdrop to views from the
surrounding landscape throughout south-eastern Northern Ireland.

Visibility and views

Spectacular, exhilarating and panoramic long distance views afforded from this LCA both
inland and out to sea.

Landscape quality (condition)

High quality landscape as a result of intact landcover, traditional grazing rights and an
enclosure pattern which is in good condition. There are some derelict farm properties in
places.

Scenic quality
High scenic quality derived from compactness of area, simplicity of landform and striking
diversity of individual profiles of mountain peaks. Area is designated as an AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Strong sense of relative wildness and remoteness away from honey pot sites and major
recreation routes. High scenic quality and lack of overt man-made features strengthens
these qualities.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Many important habitats including Eastern Mournes SAC and many geological and
physiographic features including the largest outcrop of Tertiary granites in the British Isles
(ASI, ASSI and SAC designations). Ancient woodland at Rostrevor (NR and SAC).
Peregrine falcons. Mourne Wall and historic grazing rights and smuggling trade routes.

Cultural associations
Mourne Wall which encloses the mountain peaks and is associated with the supply of water
to Belfast. Many artists and writers have been inspired by this landscape and its dramatic
scenery.

Amenity and recreation

Important area for hillwalking and orienteering. Ulster Way traverses through this LCA.
Other recreation activity includes horse riding in Rostrevor Forest, rock-climbing and hang
gliding from crags, off road cycling, as well as water skiing, sailing, canoeing and kayaking
on the River Glen.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape, although large scale overall, includes many areas of complex features eg
rocky crags and tors or areas of nature conservation value. The collection of distinctive
mountain summits, widespread visibility and memorable skyline profiles make them highly
sensitive to wind energy development. Smooth rounded summits are often located in close
proximity to other more sensitive summits or notable landscape features such as steep cliffs,
rocky crags or important views.

The intactness of this landscape and its high scenic quality mean that it is vulnerable to wind
energy development, which would fragment the area and alter the unfettered skyline.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This is a highly sensitive LCA which is vulnerable to significant impacts on the landscape. It
is recommended that any wind energy development be closely associated with and reflect
the scale of farmsteads and sheltering woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive visually prominent
and open, exposed upper slopes, ridges or rocky crags and on the key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs. Transboundary issues could arise if commercial wind energy
development were to occur in nearby County Louth eg at Carlingford Mountain. Due to the
proximity of Carlingford Lough and the south Down coast there may be seaward issues to
consider in future.

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LCA 76 Ballyroney Basin

Location: County Down. North of Hilltown between the Mourne Foothills to the east
and Iveagh Slopes to the north-west.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Flat lowland basin containing repetitive pattern of small scale rounded hills or drumlins rising
to 113m AOD.

Landform
Lowland basin of drumlins creating a gently hummocky landscape interspersed with inter-
drumlin watery hollows and the course of the Rivers Bann and Drumadonnell.

Enclosure
Hedgerow enclosure pattern and occasional hedgerow trees combined with topography and
wet woodlands in low lying hollows give rise to an enclosed and intimate landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

Patchwork of land cover closely relating to topography: farmed improved pastoral fields
enclosed by gappy hedgerows and occasional hedgerow trees on the drumlins and rushy
pastures, birch woodland and moss areas and small loughs in poorly drained hollows. This
is a settled landscape with a dispersed pattern of farmsteads and properties located along
roads on the higher land provided by the drumlins.

Man-made influence
Development along roads has an urbanising influence in places.

Skylines and settings

Town of Rathfriland sits in a strikingly prominent location on top of a drumlin and its church
spire acts as significant landmark.

Visibility and views

Views are typically short and inward looking – interrupted by drumlins and dense pockets of
gorse and birch. However this landscape also affords some important views to the Mourne
Mountains to the south and to Slieve Croob in the north and the Iveagh Slopes in the west.

Landscape quality (condition)

The quality of this landscape is mixed – in some areas landscape features such as
hedgerows are gappy and copses lack management.

Scenic quality
Some scenic quality due to combination of ‘classic’ drumlin hills which highlight field
boundary patterns and contrasting low lying wetland areas. The southern parts of this LCA
are included in the Mourne AONB, reflecting their association with adjacent hills.

Wildness and tranquillity

The inaccessibility of this landscape and unspoilt nature of many areas eg river courses give
it a high degree of tranquillity and remoteness away from road corridors.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Extensive area of lowland peatland at Lacken Bog (ASSI). Many archaeological sites
designated as historic monuments eg raths and a couple of monuments in State Care eg
Goward Dolmen. Registered Garden at Ballyward.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Core recreational activities focus on the settlements and River Bann and include Cabra
Towers Outdoors Centre at Rathfriland, games fishing and canoeing on the Upper River
Bann.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
For much of this landscape views are inward looking and short, interrupted by topography
and vegetation. However to the south there are regular views out of this landscape to the
Mourne Mountains. The variation in topography over short distances and the small scale of
the drumlins (which are often only approximately 40m in height and small in geographical
extent), mean that this landscape could easily be overwhelmed by poorly sited wind energy
development. The quality and condition of the landscape, its role as a setting to the Mourne
Mountains (particularly south of the A25) and the small scale of the drumlins are key
constraints in this LCA. Similarly local landscape features such as cultural heritage features,
wetland sites and loughs and areas important for recreation eg the River Bann are of very
high sensitivity.

Towards the north of this LCA there are fewer sensitive sites and the landscape is less
significant in forming a setting to the Mourne Mountains which makes this area relatively less
sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The northern part of this LCA (away from the Mourne Mountains) may be better able to
accommodate wind energy development than other areas. It is recommended that wind
energy development should reflect the relatively small scale landscape and settlement
features and drumlins. Care should be taken to prevent overcrowding turbines on individual
drumlin hills and to seek balanced patterns of development where a site might extend onto a
number of adjacent drumlin hills.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the surrounding mountains and foothills of the Mournes, on the character and setting of
Rathfriland and on prominent drumlin summits. The landscape interests of natural or cultural
heritage or recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs. Separation distances may however be an issue in the future.

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LCA 77 Iveagh Slopes

Location: County Down. Low hills south of Banbridge and northwest of Rathfriland.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Relatively open, upland, medium scale landscape of exposed hill summits around 200m
AOD (with a general south-west to north-east orientation) and enclosed undulating plateau
marginal pastures.

Landform
Undulating upland plateau and more elevated hills rising to 230m AOD on Knockiveagh with
a scattering of rocky outcrops on upper slopes.

Enclosure
Distinctive hedgerow patterns radiating out from shallow depressions or running in a linear
elongated pattern parallel with contours with occasional hedgerow trees. Narrow lanes are
tree lined with glimpsed views out.

Complexity of landcover and features

Patchwork of marginal pastures and shallow depressions of bog with areas of gorse which
add texture and areas of arable cultivation. Sparsely settled with a scattered distribution of
isolated properties and farms located at the end of long straight lanes and occasional
villages at road intersections.

Man-made influence
Generally few intrusive man-made influences.

Skylines and settings

Knockiveagh is the most distinctive skyline of the collection of hills that make up this LCA
and forms a prominent ridge particularly when viewed from the south as a result of its
elevation above surrounding areas and its rocky outcrops. Other landmarks include
standing stones near Ballynafoy.

Visibility and views

Open nature of this landscape and elevation of hilltops affords long views over adjacent
lower lying landscapes to the Mourne Mountains to the south, Sperrins to the north-west and
short-range views to Slieve Croob to the north-east.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally high quality landscape with attractive stone buildings and unspoilt farmland. The
plateau areas are often poorly drained and have a lower quality farmland than the upper
slopes where the fields and hedgerows are in good order.

Scenic quality
This landscape is not overtly scenic and is not part of a designated landscape. Nevertheless
areas of scenic quality occur where there is an attractive composition of upland slopes and
low lying raised bogs associated with a distinctive pattern of hedgerows.

Wildness and tranquillity

Remote and unspoilt qualities combined with upland character give this area a degree of
relative wildness and tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Low in diversity of habitats and species although small remnant patches of fen are
characteristic. Scattering of historic monuments particularly on hill tops comprising cairns
and raths, a number of which are scheduled.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Tourist viewpoint on Knockiveagh with long distant views to the Mournes and Slieve
Roosley. Waymarked route on southern slopes of Imdel.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The elevated nature and visual prominence of this LCA relative to other surrounding low-
lying landscapes, and the distinctive ridge of Knockiveagh, make this landscape sensitive to
poorly sited wind energy development. Cultural heritage features and their settings are also
sensitive particularly those sites that form local landmarks.

However the medium scale, open and elevated nature of the central plateau, and its clear
visual separation from the landscapes of the Mournes and Slieve Croob reduce the
sensitivity overall.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The slightly lower lying and less distinctive plateau areas in the centre of this LCA (which
faces away from the Mourne Mountains and Slieve Croob) may be better able to
accommodate wind energy development than other areas. If more than one cluster of
turbines is proposed it is recommended that they have a consistent height and design.
Consideration could be given to siting turbines on mid slopes away from skyline craggy
summits and ridge tops.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with memorable long
distance views to the Mournes and Sperrins eg Knockiveagh summit. Care should be taken
to avoid adverse effects on the character and setting of geological features, archaeological
sites or key recreational resources (see previous information). Visually prominent and open,
exposed upper slopes should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 78 North Banbridge Hills

Location: County Down. North of Banbridge.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
The landscape as a whole has a medium scale due to its combination of smooth, rounded
hills, ridges and drumlins and medium scale field patterns. The ground rises to just over
100m AOD in the south-east.

Landform
This is an area of smooth, rounded hills, and ridges, interspersed with drumlins. The hills
are separated by narrow, winding valleys or wider lowlands. The steep valley of the River
Bann forms the southern boundary of the area.

Enclosure
Drumlins and hedgerows create a generally enclosed landscape. There are numerous
hedgerow trees and small mixed woodlands scattered throughout the area and these too
lend enclosure. Arable farming areas tend to be more open.

Complexity of landcover and features

The landscape pattern is diverse, with a mixture of pasture and arable farming, with patches
of marsh and wet meadows dissected by drainage ditches. The long grass, rushes, and
scrub in these areas provide a visual contrast to the smooth pastures on the upper slopes.
Most drumlins and hills are divided evenly into fields by dense hedgerows which produce a
striking pattern of field boundaries.

Man-made influence
Dispersed settlement along ridge top routes. A1 and town of Banbridge exert an influence
on the landscape of the south-eastern part of the LCA. Agricultural service and industrial
buildings along the principal routes. Quarries in the south-east. Communications masts and
two transmission lines crossing the LCA from east to west.

Skylines and settings

The broad drumlins and river valley create an attractive setting for the town of Banbridge.
The chimneys and buildings of historic mills provide a sequence of landmarks along the
River Bann valley.

Visibility and views

The viewpoints are constantly shifting in this undulating drumlin landscape, consequently
longs views are occasional rather than frequent.

Landscape quality (condition)

The condition of the landscape varies; most hedgerows are intact, but the majority are also
under-managed and mature hedgerow trees are in decline.

Scenic quality
This valley is an attractive and characterful landscape feature, with clustered stone villages,
historic churches and stands of mature trees.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is no strong wildness or tranquillity associated with this LCA.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Fen is widespread and most individual sites are small; however, in some parts, the drumlins
are widely spaced and the fens more extensive, as for example at Clare Bog, which also has
developing wet woodland. Elmfield and Straw Hill are Registered Parks. Mills associated
with the linen industry are also a feature.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

Huntley Wood Walk along River Bann.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This area is similar in sensitivity to wind energy development to the Armagh/Banbridge Hills
to the south. The relatively broad, rounded form of the hills and drumlins, combined with
dense hedgerow cover, tend to decrease sensitivity to wind energy development, and there
are few long views within this landscape, which can at times be disorientating. The
landscape is already affected by intrusive development in parts; and although there are
features of natural and cultural heritage interest, these are relatively infrequent on the higher
land which is intensively farmed and often sparsely settled. The settings of settlements,
wetlands and cultural heritage sites are, however, more sensitive, notably within the Bann
valley.

The high ground in the east and south-east of the LCA is generally least sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The higher hills in the east and south-east of the LCA may have the best capacity for wind
energy development, particularly in areas where the landscape is already affected by
development such as quarrying. Consideration could be given to carefully siting turbines
within the hilltop undulations. It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the
scale of the relatively low hills that are found in this LCA. It is recommended that attempts
be made to minimise the siting of turbines where they will be seen in close proximity to
electricity transmission lines.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on hilltops and landmark features
of natural or cultural heritage interest, particularly close to the River Bann where mill
buildings form landmarks. Open wetland areas and drumlin skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA, or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 79 Craigavon Plateau

Location: Counties Armagh and Down. South-east of Lough Neagh.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
Rural parts of this landscape are characterised by a relatively small-scale pattern of fields on
a low plateau generally less than 60m AOD but rising to 102m AOD at Shane’s Hill.

Landform
The plateau has a gently rolling or undulating landform, with steeper slopes on the margins
of the valley of the Upper Bann to the south of the Donaghcloney valley to the north-east.
Small, winding, steep-sided valleys are attractive features on the southern edges of the
plateau.

Enclosure
Enclosure varies; steeper slopes and valleys offer more enclosure whilst the plateau is more
open in character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Land uses include pasture, horse grazing, horticulture (including some orchards) and small
blocks of mixed woodland. There is a more unified agricultural landscape pattern on the
slopes overlooking the Donaghcloney Valley, where land quality is relatively high.
Significant pockets of rural landscape remain with stone walls, bridges, and some thatched
cottages.

Man-made influence
Urban areas of Lurgan, Craigavon and Waringstown strongly influence character. The
continuity of the landscape pattern is broken by the A26 and B3 roads and by extensive,
scattered residential and roadside development in some areas. Transmission lines run
across the plateau.

Skylines and settings

Estate planting associated with Waringstown contributes to its landscape setting. River flats
and pasture form the eastern landscape setting of Portadown.

Visibility and views

Church spires are often local landmarks; long views are not a particular feature.

Landscape quality (condition)

The quality and condition of the landscape is mixed due to urban and urban fringe
pressures. There are pockets of good quality farmland on the plateau but also areas of
neglect, particularly towards the River Bann valley. The character of many settlements,
such as Bleary and Waringstown, is dominated by extensive new housing estates and
scattered peripheral development

Scenic quality
Generally low due to proximity to urban areas, existing man-made structures and relatively
poor landscape condition.

Wildness and tranquillity

Substantial pockets of relatively tranquil and rural lands remain outside the urban areas and
their fringes.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Semi-natural and less improved grassland is located mainly between Lurgan and Portadown
and occurs as undeveloped land and planned open space in Craigavon, often associated
with planted trees and shrubs. Occasional raths. Waringstown House, Brownlow House
(Lurgan Park) and Eden Villa are Registered Parks. Conservation Area at Lurgan.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

Millennium route 9, a cycling route around Craigavon, Lurgan Castle with woodland
demesne. Recreational facilities associated with urban centres.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The small scale landscape patterns and densely settled character of this LCA tend to
increase its sensitivity. Any significant wind energy development could be both out of scale
with the landscape and highly visible. The steeper slopes and more rural areas on the
margins of the River Bann and the Donaghcloney valley are the most sensitive and visible
parts of the landscape; but parts of the plateau are also sensitive due to visual clutter and
lack of a clear structure.

Sensitivity is reduced, however, by the presence of widespread existing man-made

influences; it is lowest in areas of derelict or brownfield land and along heavily developed
transport corridors.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Suitable sites for some form of wind energy development are most likely to be found in areas
of derelict or brownfield land, in developed areas such as industrial estates and transport
corridors, and in open farmland. It is recommended that any turbines should fit well in terms
of siting, scale and design with existing built structures.

Care should be taken to minimise visual impacts from dwellings and public open spaces.
Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on sensitive landscape features such as
river corridors, particularly in the southern part of the LCA.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA or in neighbouring LCAs.

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LCA 80 Donaghcloney Valley

Location: County Down. East of Lurgan.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A subtle lowland valley with a small scale field patterns on the margins, and larger open
scale meadows on the valley floor. Highest land is around 40m AOD.

Landform
This is a small, shallow, flat-bottomed valley which lies between the Upper Ballinderry
Plateau to the north and the Kilwarlin Plateau to the south. The River Lagan drains this
LCA.

Enclosure
The outer margins are more enclosed by trees and hedges than the floodplain meadows.

Complexity of landcover and features

The River Lagan occupies a small channel but its visual presence is emphasised by stream-
side willows and the historic remnants of water mills near the head of the valley. The
principal settlement of Magheralin has a clustered form. It is surrounded by open arable
farmland, with some prominent lines of mature trees.

Man-made influence
The roads are generally straight and ribbon development, which is often associated with
conifer shelterbelts, is particularly evident along the B9. There are a number of large agri-
industrial buildings within the valley and many are built from prominent, reflective materials.

Skylines and settings

The valley centre (floor) has an open landscape character but Magheralin village to the
south has an attractive parkland setting. The valley also forms part of the setting for Moira
at its northern end.

Visibility and views

The River Lagan meanders tightly at the entrance to the broader Lagan valley to the north
east and is a prominent focus in views. There are also views across open meadows within
the river valley.

Landscape quality (condition)

The field pattern towards the head of the valley is beginning to break down and the general
condition of the hedgerows is 'gappy'.

Scenic quality
The river channel and associated riparian vegetation, combined with former mills lend some
localised scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is not a particularly wild or tranquil LCA.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Much landcover is improved grassland with little associated biodiversity. Hedgerows are
probably most important habitat in this LCA. Cultural heritage features include Pretty Mary’s
Fort near Moira.

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Cultural associations
Historic association with battle in 637 between King of Ulster and High King of Ireland.

Amenity and recreation

Very limited, local services at Moira.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This very small LCA has little space for wind energy development, which could easily be out
of scale and out of place in the open floodplain landscape. The area is also closely
overlooked by the settlements of Magheralin and Moira. It is highly sensitive overall.

The centre of the valley is most prominent and open and therefore particularly sensitive to
any wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This is a small scale lowland valley LCA. The margins of the LCA are more enclosed in
character and may offer the best opportunity for some form of turbine development.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open flat valley
floor and the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA or in neighbouring LCAs.

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LCA 81 Kilwarlin Plateau

Location: County Down. North of Dromore.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale.
Broad plateau between 100 and 150m AOD with medium scale field patterns.

Landform
The escarpment slopes of the Kilwarlin Plateau overlook the Lagan Valley and extend from
Hillsborough to Moira. The plateau is an extension of the Hillsborough ridge and dips
gradually to the west from 146m at Fort Hill to 122m AOD at Red Hill. It has a broad,
undulating surface, with rounded summits echoing the drumlin form. It has a relatively flat
as opposed to convex form overall.

Enclosure
This is a relatively open landscape apart from some enclosure by mature hedgerows and
hedgerow trees. The farmland is subdivided into medium-sized fields by neat hedgerows.
There are numerous mature hedgerow trees – principally oak, ash and sycamore –
scattered throughout the landscape.

Complexity of landcover and features

The hedgerows on more elevated land contain gorse and have a clumpy character, but in
general, the landscape pattern is very consistent, with few irregularities. Traditional farms
are often sited on low ridges and are sheltered by stands of mature trees, some containing
Scots pine. These, and the short avenues of mature oak trees along sections of the roads
and farm tracks, are striking features in the local landscape. The principal routes run along
the ridgetop and at the foot of the escarpment; they link a branching network of narrow
roads.

Man-made influence
There are numerous scattered farmsteads and houses but relatively little ribbon or other
intrusive development. The area generally has rural unspoilt character.

Skylines and settings

The broad ridge top creates a distinctive skyline overlooking the Broad Lagan Valley. The
southern edge of the LCA forms part of the setting of Dromore.

Visibility and views

There are long views to and from the Lagan valley (including the M1 motorway) and the
Upper Ballinderry Plateau to the north.

Landscape quality (condition)

Most field boundaries are in relatively good condition. There is, however, some evidence of
hedgerow removal and neglect.

Scenic quality
There are local areas of scenic quality within this consistent and well maintained landscape
although the area as a whole is not designated for its scenic quality.

Wildness and tranquillity

There is a tranquil, unspoilt character to this LCA but it is not wild.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Glacio-fluvial deposits that occur along the north-eastern margin of the LCA and are part of
the Lagan Valley deglacial complex. There are some small areas of demesne woodland,
comprising both broadleaved and coniferous woodland, found for example at Eglantine
House and Islanderry House. There are occasional raths and forts and Kilwarlin Moravian
Church is a Registered Park. Generally a low density of special features.

Cultural associations
None known.

Amenity and recreation

Very limited amenity and recreation within this LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The undulating landform, rounded summits and relatively large, regular field patterns tend to
decrease sensitivity to wind energy development within this LCA; there are also relatively
few highly valued natural, cultural or recreational features. Set against this, the landscape is
generally unspoilt, rural and tranquil.

However areas of lower sensitivity are confined to the plateau top. The side slopes,
particularly to the north, are more prominent and visually sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Given its broad form and long horizontal profile parts of this LCA might be well suited to
accommodate some form of wind energy development. The interior of the plateau might
offer the best capacity for wind energy development, utilising the rounded slopes and ridges
as screening. Mid slope locations would be the most appropriate.

The northern escarpment is very sensitive and particular care should be taken to avoid
unnacceptable visual impacts on views from the Lagan valley or on the landscape interests
of natural and cultural heritage features. Notable landscape features and drumlin tops
should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA or in neighbouring LCAs. If more than one site is proposed in this LCA it is
recommended that they be well separated.

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LCA 82 Dromore Lowlands

Location: County Down. South of Dromore and north-west of Slieve Croob Foothills.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Very small scale and isolated landscape of drumlins and lowland bog generally below 100m
but rising to around 150m AOD in the south.

Landform
Small rounded drumlins surrounded by flat bottomed marshy inter-drumlin hollows through
which the River Lagan and its tributaries flow on the northern edge of the LCA. Some areas
of lowland bog and scrub are extensive eg Big Bog.

Enclosure
Scattered hedgerow trees within field pattern, areas of scrub in low-lying areas and trees
associated with farmsteads. Collectively this vegetation gives rise to an enclosed often
intimate character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mixed land use reflecting variations in drainage and topography and including rough and
improved pastures, areas of arable, small woodland copes and wetland bog, fen and scrub
woodland. Dispersed patterns of small holdings and dwellings on local roads and small
clusters of houses at junctions located on the higher land afforded by the drumlins.

Man-made influence
Pylons pass through this landscape south of Dromore.

Skylines and settings

Where the River Lagan passes through Dromore it creates a distinctive landscape setting to
the town. Otherwise this landscape does not contain prominent skylines.

Visibility and views

The undulating topography of this landscape combined with the relatively dense tree cover
means that views are often short and inward-looking. Occasionally there are contrasting
longer views to and from the higher land of Slieve Croob Summits and the Mourne
Mountains beyond.

Landscape quality (condition)

Good on higher land with a transition to scrub and moss in low-lying areas.

Scenic quality
This landscape is not renowned for its scenic quality but contrasts in texture between
smooth pastures on low hills and scrubby areas of bog and fen create areas of localised
scenic interest.

Wildness and tranquillity

Areas of lowland bog and scrub have a remoteness and tranquillity, in part due to their
inaccessibility and lack of human habitation or intervention.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Wetland south of Big Bog. Rough grassland. Notable concentration of archaeological sites
in this LCA particularly raths and forts, many of which are scheduled. Registered Park at Gill
Hall. Conservation Area as Dromore.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Localised bridleways close to Dromore including Gourleys Loanin.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The subtle undulating topography, relatively dense dispersed settlement pattern and longer
views to the Slieve Croob summits and Mourne Mountains are key constraints in this LCA.
Small scale features and field patterns mean that there are many scale comparators in this
landscape and this, combined with a high concentration of archaeological sites and natural
heritage sites, increases the sensitivity of the LCA to wind energy development.

Although hedgerow trees help to screen and contain views to some degree, the scale of the
drumlins in this landscape is relatively small and they could be easily overwhelmed by
innappropriately scaled vertical structures. Localised low-lying flatter areas of landscape
(excluding wetlands) might be less sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The south-western more open parts of this LCA may be better able to accommodate wind
energy development than other areas. It is recommended that wind energy development
reflects the relatively small scale drumlins and landscape and settlement features. It is
recommended that attempts be made to minimise turbines being seen in the context of
existing pylon development.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the surrounding mountains and foothills. Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse
impacts on the character and setting of archaeological or parkland sites, Dromore, Big Bog
and the River Lagan corridor. Drumlin summits should be respected. If the south-western
more open parts of this LCA are being considered care should be taken to avoid
unnaccepatble impacts on distinctive drumlin landforms or drumlin tops.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 83 Lower Slieve Croob Foothills

Location: County Down. West of Slieve Croob Summits.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad scale, simple, smooth often open rolling ridges (reaching approximately 200m AOD)
with smaller scale manicured valley landscapes divided by a strong field enclosure pattern.

Landform
Area of high ground with a distinctive pattern of rolling ridges and incised glens with a strong
south-west to north-east alignment.

Enclosure
Generally open landscape with localised areas of enclosure derived from beech shelterbelts
and clumps and occasional hedgerow trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

Improved pasture is the predominant land use with some areas of arable divided by a strong
geometric field pattern which is an important and prominent feature of the landscape as are
stands of beech trees. Large farms associated with outbuildings are generally well
integrated into the landscape and associated with tree clumps.

Man-made influence
Few man-made elements as a result of low population and no main roads (although there is
a dense pattern of minor lanes).

Skylines and settings

This landscape forms a foreground to views of the Mourne Mountains and a setting to the
Slieve Croob Summits. The church tower at Finnis forms an important local landmark.

Visibility and views

Attractive views across glens and into adjacent landscapes and particularly eastwards
towards the Slieve Croob Summits from the B7 and south to the Mourne Mountains, which in
turn overlook this landscape.

Landscape quality (condition)

Good condition overall, with well maintained farm buildings and intact field boundaries,
although occasional hedgerows and hedgerow trees have been lost to post and wire
fencing.

Scenic quality
Derived from the strong field pattern, deeply rural character and undulating topography. The
southern fringes are included in the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a deeply pastoral landscape and the glens have a particularly strong tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Nature conservation designations relate to scattered peatland and fen sites. Some
archaeological sites, eg raths, are often located on ridge tops and most are scheduled.

Cultural associations
Not known.

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Amenity and recreation

Pony trekking centre and opportunities for walking along the rural lanes.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The broad scale and smooth profile of the ridges and valleys in this LCA make them
arguably suited to wind farm development. However, this is a generally open landscape with
wide visibility within the LCA and to landscape beyond, most notably within the Mourne
AONB. This increases the sensitivity of the area. The dispersed pattern of farmsteads mean
that there are likely to be few locations where scale comparisons cannot be made, further
heightening overall sensitivity.

Areas furthest away from the AONB and away from individual farmsteads are less sensitive
and might be able to accommodate some wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The north-western ridges of this LCA may be better able to accommodate wind energy
development than other areas. If clusters of turbines are to be proposed it is recommended
that they have a consistent height and design. It is recommended that wind energy
development reflects the scale of the ridges and landscape and settlement features and that
turbine layout relates well to the strong geometric pattern of field enclosures.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the surrounding Slieve Croob Summits and on the character and setting of archaeological
sites. Ridge summits should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 84 Mourne Foothills

Location: County Down. Land between the Slieve Croob Summits (to the north) and
Mourne Mountains (to the south).

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
The scale of this landscape varies between medium to small depending on the topography,
vegetation and enclosure pattern. The land rises to 272m AOD.

Landform
Topographically diverse, undulating foothills forming rugged scenery including distinctive
craggy hill summits with rocky outcrops and river valleys. These foothills wrap around the
base of the Slieve Croob Summits and Mourne Mountains and connect to the sea south of
Newcastle.

Enclosure
Enclosure is provided by topography and vegetation and varies within the area, being most
keenly felt in areas of conifer plantation and in historic estates and parklands.

Complexity of landcover and features

Predominantly pastoral landscape with a strong geometric field pattern defined by stone
walls and hedges. Stands of beech trees are characteristic along with patches of gorse and
wind-sculpted pines. Pastoral land use and vegetation give rise to a varied texture and
colourful landscape. There are notable areas of conifer plantation.

Man-made influence
Area contains the town of Castlewellan and northern parts of Newcastle valleys. Some
areas of visually intrusive housing. Conifer plantations and reservoirs add interest and
quarries (working and disused) are common particularly in the north-east.

Skylines and settings

This elevated landscape forms an important setting to surrounding lower-lying landscapes
and a foreground to the Mourne Mountains, Slieve Roosley and Slieve Croob Summits. It
also provides much of the landscape setting to Castlewellan and Newcastle.

Visibility and views

Elevated points, eg White Hill, give dramatic and memorable views over the surrounding
lowland landscapes of the Newcastle Valleys and the Quoile Valley Lowlands and towards
the Mourne Mountains.

Landscape quality (condition)

This landscape is in particularly good condition – stone walls are in a good state of repair
and most stone cottages are occupied.

Scenic quality
Visually pleasing and balanced pattern derived from varied topography and strong land use
patterns. Area forms part of the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

The wild and rugged terrain of parts of this landscape contrasts with areas of a more tamed
and settled character. Overall the area has a strong tranquillity outside of the main
settlements.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Nature conservation sites include Castlewellan Lake (ASSI) and Bohill Wood NR in the
north-east of the LCA. High concentration of archaeological sites including cashels,
souterrains and dolmens – a number are scheduled or in State Care. Extensive mixed
woodlands and Registered Park landscape at Castlewellan (including the National
Arboretum), Tollymore Forest Park and Donard Wood. Conservation Area at Castlewellan.

Cultural associations
Views to the Mourne Mountains from this landscape have inspired artists.

Amenity and recreation

This LCA provides a wide variety of recreational provision including extensive areas of public
access in Castlewellan and Tollymore Forest Parks. Area contains many viewpoints and
picnic sites and a series of waymarked walks including the Ulster Way. Recreation pursuits
include fell running and orienteering, cycling, mountain biking, horse riding, rock climbing.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The majority of this landscape is highly sensitive to wind energy development. It is a varied
and rugged landscape of high scenic quality which performs an important role in providing
an outstanding setting to other more elevated landscapes adjacent. Sensitivity is further
increased by the LCA’s popularity for outdoor recreation.

There are localised areas of somewhat lower sensitivity to wind energy development on the
north-eastern fringes of the LCA where, in transition to lower-lying landscapes, there are
fewer outdoor recreation activities or landscape features of conservation value, and the
landscape has been altered by quarrying and conifer plantations.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The north-eastern part of this sensitive LCA might be the best suited area to accommodate
some form of wind energy development. Existing woodland might assist in screening views.
It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the scale of the landform and
landscape and settlement features and that turbine layout relates well to the strong
geometric pattern of field enclosures.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the surrounding Slieve Croob Summits and on the settings of natural or cultural heritage
features. Hill summits and rocky knolls should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 85 Newcastle Valleys

Location: County Down. North of Newcastle and west of Dundrum.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Long but narrow, smooth and relatively open rolling ridges (rising to approximately 110m
AOD) and small scale intimate valleys.

Landform
Relatively low-lying rolling ridges and parallel linear river valleys aligned north-west to south-
east. Near the coast there are a number of distinctive rounded knolls.

Enclosure
This a generally open landscape with limited tree cover. Enclosure is afforded mainly by the
rolling ridges.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastoral landscape with a diverse landscape pattern of medium sized fields defined by gorse
hedgerows and broken stone walls. Stands of trees and shelter belts are a feature,
particularly along rivers and on small rounded knolls. Patches of fen, willow carr and damp
grassland occur in low lying areas. Dispersed settlement pattern and dense network of
lanes. Traditional vernacular dwellings and small nucleated historic villages eg Maghera.

Man-made influence
Proliferation of modern bungalow housing and commercial development on the outskirts of
Newcastle are locally intrusive.

Skylines and settings

Ridges form significant skylines and are prominent within this LCA. Central and southern
parts of this area form an important foreground to short range views of the Mourne
Mountains. This landscape also forms an important setting to Dundrum.

Visibility and views

The open ridges provide spectacular and memorable views to the Mourne Mountains,
Murlough Bay and more distant views to the Slieve Croob Summits.

Landscape quality (condition)

Fairly good condition although locally broken stone walls, gappy hedgerows and intensive
housing have tended to undermined quality.

Scenic quality
Derived from the repetitive pattern of open ridges and contrasting sheltered valleys and
lower lying areas. The majority of this LCA (with the exception of land to the north-east) is
within the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

High degree of tranquillity particularly in the sheltered river valleys and in the north of this
LCA.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Significant raised beach deposits (Murlough SAC/ASSI) extend into this LCA. Nature
conservation interest relates to species rich and damp grasslands (Ballybannan ASSI) as
well as river courses and woodland copses. Dundrum Inner Bay adjacent to this LCA
supports numerous wildfowl and waders. Numerous archaeological sites many of which are
scheduled or are in state care. Registered Park at Church Hill.

Cultural associations
Historic associations between Maghera round tower and church and Slieve Donard which
was supposedly named after the Saint.

Amenity and recreation

Section of Ulster Way. Important area for walking, cycling and horse riding along the rural
lanes and promoted footpaths. Recreation activity is focused south of the A25 although
there are opportunities for fishing at Ballylough.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open ridges and tranquil valleys of this LCA on the margins of the Mourne Mountains
are very sensitive to change, not only because of their complex, varied character and high
concentration of archaeological sites but because they form a foreground to views of the
mountains and form part of the Mourne AONB. They also form a setting to the towns of
Newcastle, Castlewellan and Dundrum.

The north-eastern part of the LCA shows less obvious landscape and visual constraints to
wind energy development but remains sensitive for reasons of its scale and tranquillity.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The north-eastern part of this LCA is the most likely area that might be able to accommodate
some form of wind energy development. It is recommended that wind energy development
reflects the scale of the landform and landscape and settlement features and that turbine
layout relates well to the pattern of field enclosures and residential properties. Visual impacts
on adjoining landscapes should be a consideration.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with distinctive views to
the Slieve Croob Summits. Open ridge tops or rounded knolls, the historic character of
Dundrum and its setting, and the landscape interests of natural and cultural heritage
features should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs. Due to the proximity of the south Down coast there may be seaward
issues to consider in future.

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LCA 86 Tyrella Coastal Dunes

Location: County Down. Coastal landscape around Dundrum Bay.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Relatively flat, open and expansive with a strong horizontal emphasis. Generally below 40m
AOD.

Landform
Long sweeping sandy beach and bay, hummocky sand dunes and low-lying gently
undulating farmland.

Enclosure
Windswept and exposed with little or no tree cover.

Complexity of landcover and features

Sandy beach, marram grass and heathland covered sand dunes and inland farmland of
pastures and arable give a textured and varied landscape pattern and colours.

Man-made influence
Traditional white-finished rural dwellings and town houses in villages and Dundrum coastal
town. MOD site and conifer plantations at Ballykinler

Skylines and settings

Mourne Mountains form a distinctive skyline in views to the south-west and dunes form a
simple and horizontal skyline from the beach. This landscape is an important setting to
Dundrum, Newcastle and the Mourne Mountains.

Visibility and views

Dramatic views to Mourne Mountains and along the curve of the bay. View inland to
undulating farmland from sand dunes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally high with extensive areas of unspoilt and intact sand dune, mudflat and farmland.
Areas closer to Newcastle have been affected by development including caravan parks and
loss of field boundaries.

Scenic quality
Derived from combination of high landscape quality, open water and backdrop of the Mourne
Mountains. This landscape falls partly within the Mourne AONB and partly within the
Strangford and Lecale AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

The windswept nature and evident natural processes give this LCA a wild and remote
character.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Important area for beach processes and evidence of raised beach deposits. Nature
conservation value relates to the heathland, sand dunes and mudflats (Murlough ASSI and
NNR and SAC). Largest areas of dunes in Northern Ireland and of rarity value. Dundrum
Inner Bay is important for wildfowl and waders. Registered Parks at Tyrella House and
Mount Panther.

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Cultural associations
Views of the Mourne Mountains and Dundrum Bay have inspired many artists.

Amenity and recreation

This area is highly important for outdoor recreation. Lecale Way footpath passes through this
landscape as well as the Dundrum Bay Path, and there are marketed horse riding trials.
Wildfowling, angling, and water sports are also important. Area contains Royal County
Down golf course and numerous caravan sites along the coast.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The Tyrella Coastal Dunes are highly sensitive to wind energy development of all types and
scales. This is due primarily to their open and exposed character, inherent scenic quality
and role as a setting to the Mourne Mountains. The openness and wild character of the area
mean that any development is likely to interrupt important skylines and would be extremely
intrusive, extending an industrial influence into landscapes which are currently pristine and
natural. The value of the area for outdoor recreation further increases its sensitivity.

Any wind energy needs to be approached with great caution in this LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has very high landscape and visual sensitivity and a role as a setting to the
Mourne Mountains. These landscapes are vulnerable to significant impacts. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with existing
development and tree groups. It is recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual
clutter where turbines are seen in relation to overhead telegraph wires.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive historic character of
Dundrum, on open sites or on areas where there are important views along the coast or
across the sand dunes.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
Due to the proximity of Carlingford Lough and the south Down coast there may be seaward
issues to consider in future.

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LCA 87 Slieve Croob Summits

Location: County Down. North of the Mourne Mountains and Foothills.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open exposed upland landscape (rising to 534m AOD) with expansive views.

Landform
Rolling rounded hills and summits with rocky outcrops and screes giving rise to a mainly
rough and rugged landscape.

Enclosure
Generally open with occasional stunted or windswept trees and some areas of enclosure by
conifer plantations eg Drumkeeragh Forest.

Complexity of landcover and features

Rugged and textured character comprising unimproved, wet and semi-improved pastures,
patches of heather and blanket bog, rocky outcrops and screes and some areas of conifer
plantation. Strong stone wall enclosure pattern in the east, hedgerows elsewhere. Isolated
stone dwellings (many derelict) and farmsteads and a low density of narrow lanes.

Man-made influence
Rural landscape with few overt man-made features except for some conifer plantations and
telecommunications masts on summits of Slieve Croob.

Skylines and settings

Prominent rugged summits and ridgelines visible from miles around, particularly those
formed by the Slieve Croob and Slievenisky complex, but also the summits of Legananny
Mountain and Slievegarran.

Visibility and views

Panoramic views over the surrounding area and to and from the Mourne Mountains and
Dundrum Bay to the south. Views to Strangford and Lecale AONB from Slieve Croob.

Landscape quality (condition)

Relatively good condition with a largely intact pattern of dispersed farmsteads, lanes and
pastoral fields and, at higher elevations, areas of more open rougher ground.

Scenic quality
Subtle scenic quality relating to attractive patterns and balance of enclosed pasture fields
and rough craggy hills on the most elevated land. Much of the area falls within the Mourne
AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Strong wild qualities derived from textured vegetation, rocky outcrops, elevation and
exposure. Occasional derelict dwellings contribute to a sense of desolation and tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Nature conservation interest relates to peatland on the main summits, mosaic of habitats at
Black Lough (ASSI). Important archaeological sites eg cashels, raths, dolmens and
standing stones many of which are scheduled or in state care.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

This landscape is an important recreation gateway to the Mourne Mountains and views to
the Mourne Mountains in this landscape are a key part of the area’s recreation experience.
Area is important to visitors for hiking (Slieve Croob circular walk and other waymarked
ways), forest walks, orienteering, horse riding and cycling (Sustrans Cycle Route 2). Hang
gliding and paragliding are also popular here. There are a number of popular car parks and
viewpoints eg Windy Gap and Cratlieve.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
In theory the rounded convex profile of the summits in this LCA make it suitable for wind
energy development. However the openness of this landscape and subsequent high
visibility, coupled with its scenic quality and often rugged, craggy and wild character,
increase its sensitivity. Of particular sensitivity is the area’s role in providing a gateway to
the Mourne Mountains AONB and providing some of the most spectacular mid-distance
views to this iconic upland. Wind energy development in this landscape could therefore
have widespread and significant impacts on landscape character and visual amenity.

These sensitivities lessen somewhat in the north-east of this LCA where the lower-lying hills
are less sensitive visually, and of lesser scenic quality. In this area the presence of conifer
plantations might also assist in screening some views. However the small geographical
extent of this area is a key constraint.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The lower slopes on the north-eastern fringe of this LCA, away from the higher ridgelines
where views to the wider landscape are less significant and where conifer plantations may
assist in screening some views, may be better able to accommodate some form of wind
energy development than other areas. It is recommended that turbine development reflects
the scale of landform and landscape and settlement features and that turbine layout relates
well to the pattern of field enclosures and residential properties. Attempts should be made to
minimise turbines being seen in relation to existing transmission masts.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive prominent
ridgelines such as Slieve Croob and Slievegarran as turbines in these areas could dominate
the landscape. The landscape interests of natural and cultural heritage features should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs. Due to the proximity of the coast there may be seaward issues to consider
in future.

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LCA 88 Craggy Dromara Uplands

Location: County Down. North of Slieve Croob Summits and south-west of
Ballynahinch.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Gentle terraces of land rising up to 193m AOD on the edge of Slieve Croob Summits to the
south. Gently rounded drumlins in lower areas to the east and north and areas of lowland
basin.

Landform
Rolling elevated terraces and plateau with scattered rocky outcrops to the south. Distinctive
rounded or conical drumlins in the east; less distinctive rounded rolling drumlins in the north.

Enclosure
Enclosure particularly in lower-lying areas to the north and east (around Montalto House) as
a result of hedgerow and parkland trees (mature oaks), stands of Scots pine and
topography, giving rise to an intimate character. More exposed on elevated areas to the
south and wetland basin surrounding Lough Aghery.

Complexity of landcover and features

Marginal pastoral landscape on elevated terraces and drumlins accompanied by wasteland,
patches of gorse and rock outcrops. Marshy land in inter-drumlin hollows. Numerous small
loughs provide variety in texture and colour. Pastures are enclosed by low stone walls and
hedgerows.

Man-made influence
Dispersed pattern of derelict farmsteads and modern bungalow development that is
sometimes visually prominent along principal roads eg the B2.

Skylines and settings

Archaeological sites might form important landmark features eg dolmen north-west of
Dromara. The slopes south of the B2 form an important skyline when viewed from the north
and north-east. The wooded parkland of Monalto House provides an important setting to the
south of Ballynahinch. The prominent conical drumlins in the east of this LCA also
contribute to the settings of Ballynahinch and Spa.

Visibility and views

The lowland valley to the east of Ballykeel and the fringes of Lough Aghery are prominent in
views across the area. There are notable views northwards from the B2.

Landscape quality (condition)

Loss of hedgerows due to farming activity and lack of management of stone walls mean that
the condition of this landscape is mixed.

Scenic quality
The central southern corner of this LCA is included in the Mourne AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Rugged relatively wild character derived from elevation, textured land uses and untamed
character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The loughs form an important habitat for whooper swans. Historic mill buildings at Woodford
and archaeological sites eg rath west of Dromara are valued cultural features, as are other
archaeological sites many of which are scheduled. Monalto House on the outskirts of
Ballynahinch is a Registered Park.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Begny Lake is valued for its fishing and angling.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The sensitivity of this landscape relates to its predominantly settled character and small
scale, its often rugged form and the range of different landscape features such as loughs
and archaeological sites. This landscape also forms a foreground to views of the Mourne
AONB and particularly Slieve Croob summits. Significant wind energy development on the
conical drumlin hills found to the east of this LCA may not be appropriate simply because the
scale of the drumlins is not sufficiently large to accommodate it. In addition, particular
drumlins have an unusual and distinctive form and provide an important setting to adjacent
settlements. Development in the low-lying basin around Lough Aghery or on the elevated
ridges to the south may also be inappropriate because of the openness of these areas and
their visual prominence from elsewhere within the LCA and indeed from Strangford Lough
AONB.

Away from ridgetops and on lower lying, less distinctive drumlin landscapes to the north the
landscape is somewhat less sensitive but turbine height is strongly constrained by the size
of the drumlin landform.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The central area of this LCA away from ridgetops might offer the best scope for some form
of wind energy development. Here hedgerow trees might provide some screening. It is
recommended that wind energy development reflects the relatively small scale of landform
and landscape and settlement features of this LCA and the role it plays as part of the setting
of the Mournes to the south.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive prominent ridges.
Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on key views to the Mournes to the
south as well as the settings of landscape features such as loughs or archaeological sites.
Prominent drumlins and skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 89 Hillsborough Slopes

Location: County Down. South of Lisburn and north of the B2.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale, broad rounded ridges rising to 170m in the centre of this LCA but becoming
smaller scale at the edges.

Landform
Rounded ridges and hills which are gently rolling and progressively influenced by drumlin
forms (egg-shaped and rounded summits) at the fringes of the LCA. Central ridges have an
east-west alignment.

Enclosure
Windswept farmland on ridge tops. More enclosed on lower slopes due to scattered
hedgerow trees and coniferous woodland at Hillsborough Castle Estate and Forest.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mixed farmland landscape divided by a varied patchwork of fields and hedgerows – medium
scale enclosures on the open slopes and smaller paddocks on lower-lying land and adjacent
to settlements. Small farmsteads scattered throughout the area. Historic town of
Hillsborough.

Man-made influence
Some roads have linear urban development along them. Pylons pass through this
landscape over the highest ridge. There is an area of landfill in the southern part of the LCA.

Skylines and settings

Church spires of Hillsborough are a key landmark, and the lower slopes below the town are
important to its setting. The higher ridges in the LCA form the setting to the Registered Park
of Hillsborough Castle; while Cannon Hill (drumlin) contributes to the setting of Dromore.

Visibility and views

Long views from ridge tops, particularly to the north but also south towards Slieve Croob.

Landscape quality (condition)

Good condition although agricultural intensification of the ridge-tops has lead to field
boundary loss and hedges are gappy or replaced with post and wire. Some paddocks show
signs of neglect.

Scenic quality
This landscape has no special scenic qualities but its archaeological and historic interest,
partly associated with Hillsborough and Dromore, is of particular conservation value..

Wildness and tranquillity

The windswept character of the upper ridges and their openness give rise to a sense of
relative wildness, reduced by the settled character of the area and presence of pylons.

Natural and cultural heritage features

There are a few archaeological sites including raths and chambered graves some of which
are scheduled. Hillsborough Castle is a Registered Park and its wooded character and
stone wall dominate the higher ridges in this landscape. Hillsborough is an important historic
town and Conservation Area. Dromore to the west is also a Conservation Area.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Hillsborough town is an important tourist destination as is Hillsborough Forest. Hillsborough
Forest Lake Walk.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
While the rounded gently rolling ridges of this landscape are in theory suited to wind energy
development, the visual prominence of these ridge tops and small scale of the drumlins on
the fringes, along with the overall settled character of this LCA, make much of the area very
sensitive to change. Parts of this LCA contain important designed landscapes while other
areas perform an important role as a setting to landmarks or settlements and this further
heightens sensitivity. From the elevated areas of this LCA there are significant views to the
Mourne Mountains and Slieve Croob. Nevertheless this area is not of high scenic value and
the pattern of the landscape is in places fragmented.

Away from the ridge tops and main settlements the landscape is slightly less sensitive to
change and there might be some scope for appropriately scaled wind energy development in
these areas if carefully sited.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The lower slopes on the southern side of the central ridges may be better able to
accommodate some form of wind energy development than other areas. It is recommended
that wind energy development reflects the relatively small scale of landform and landscape
and settlement features of this LCA, the role it plays as part of the setting of the Mournes to
the south and also the historic character of Hillsborough. It is recommended that turbine
layouts relate well to the pattern of field enclosures and residential properties. Attempts
should be made to minimise impacts where turbines might be seen in the context of pylons.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on the sensitive central most elevated and
prominent ridges as turbines in these areas could be widely visible and could dominate the
landscape. Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of natural and
cultural heritage sites or landmarks. Prominent drumlins and skylines should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 90 Ravarnet Valley

Location: County Down. River valley between Lisburn and Ballynahinch.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad lowland river valley landscape containing small drumlins which create areas with a
distinctly smaller scale. Drumlins rise to 148m in the south-east at Magheraknock Fort.

Landform
Drumlins have amorphous, irregular and elongated form with shallow slopes. Inter-drumlin
hollows have marsh, small loughs and undulating floodplain, through which runs the
meandering course of the River Ravarnet.

Enclosure
Localised enclosure created by drumlin topography, scattered hedgerow trees, woodland
associated with Larchfield Estate, and regenerating areas of willow and birch in lowland bog
areas. Otherwise this landscape is mainly open particularly on the floodplain.

Complexity of landcover and features

Large pastures and small paddocks on the valley floor with smaller patchwork of mixed
farmland on drumlins. Loughs occur on parts of the valley floor, notably north of
Magheraknock. Dispersed pattern of traditional farmsteads on mid-slopes of drumlins often
associated with mature trees.

Man-made influence
Quarrying on more elevated land towards Ballynahinch. Pylons pass though the north-
western part of the LCA.

Skylines and settings

The rounded form of the drumlins and scattered hedgerow trees form significant skylines in
this landscape and have an important visual presence. They form the settings to the loughs,
to the villages of Annahilt and Ravarnet and also the northern setting of Ballynahinch. The
motte and bailey to the east of Ravarnet is a notable landmark.

Visibility and views

The longest views are gained from the most elevated drumlins, particularly to the south-east
where there are attractive views northwards across the floodplain or from the open floodplain
itself. There are also views to Slieve Croob to the south. Otherwise views are generally
short-range and inward-looking.

Landscape quality (condition)

Moderately good condition although many hedgerows are neglected and gappy and there
are occasional pockets of derelict land.

Scenic quality
An area of largely unspoilt tranquil countryside. The loughs on the floodplain north of
Magheraknock have a notable scenic quality and have been identified as the Magheraknock
Loughs ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The broader floodplains express the greatest sense of remote and tranquil character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Valley floor is of local wildlife importance, providing a wildlife corridor linkage to the River
Lagan. Numerous archaeological and historic sites, most of which are scheduled or are in
state care, including raths, forts and mottes eg Magheraknock Fort. Larchfield is a
Registered Park.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Fishing and horse riding are popular.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open nature of this valley landscape is visually sensitive to wind energy development
which could have a serious impact on character and visual amenity, particularly in the ASQ
landscape north of Magheraknock. Development on the drumlins may not be appropriate
simply because of their small scale and their importance in forming local skylines.

In the south-east of this LCA, north of Ballynahinch, where existing quarrying activity has
influenced the character of the landscape, the landscape might be less sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a valley setting and relatively small scale landscape and settlement features.
The locations in which some form of wind energy development is most likely to be
accommodated are the south-eastern fringes of the LCA in the area already affected by
quarrying. Attempts should be made to minimise turbines being seen in association with
pylons.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on sites near highly sensitive key views, on
prominent drumlins and ridgetops, on important skylines and around Magheraknock Loughs.
Care should be taken to avoid adverse effects on the settings of the intimate valley floor
loughs, wetlands and archaeological features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA or
in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 91 Quoile Valley Lowlands

Location: County Down. West of Downpatrick.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Smalls scale landscape of drumlins hills rising to approximately 60-70m AOD but many
being smaller.

Landform
Pronounced, often steep, rounded drumlins (some with a distinctive egg-shaped form)
divided by marshy hollows, loughs and bogs and the course of the Rivers Ballynahinch,
Annacloy and Blackstaff. The landscape has a complex topography which becomes
progressively shallower towards the south and higher to the north.

Enclosure
Relatively enclosed and intimate landscape as a result of topography and the woodland
which surrounds some loughs. Avenues of beech trees, stands of pine and estate woodland
also provide enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastoral landscape with a prominent field pattern emphasised by stone walls, hedges and
topography. Open water and succession of vegetation types give a textured quality to low
lying areas. Areas of parkland and estate give a well wooded and tamed character in parts.
Large farmhouses, traditional stone dwellings, and small settlements.

Man-made influence
Some intrusive modern housing dispersed throughout LCA. Pylons pass though LCA to the
east of Ballynahinch.

Skylines and settings

Drumlins create a distinctive setting to many clustered settlements including Ballynahinch,
Downpatrick, and Drumaness. Raths, standing stones, mottes and churches are often
located on the tops of drumlins and create important skyline features. The land surrounding
Inner Dundrum Bay is important in defining a setting to this inland expanse of water.

Visibility and views

Although generally inward-looking there are some significant views to the south-west
towards the Mourne Mountains and Slieve Croob, which overlook this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

Stone walls and hedgerows are in good condition along with rural buildings, with only a few
cottages in a derelict state.

Scenic quality
The eastern side of this LCA around Downpatrick, the land surrounding Inner Dundrum Bay,
and the southern fringes of this LCA, are all valued for their scenic quality and form part of
the Mourne and Strangford and Lecale AONBs.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a tranquil rural landscape but it does not have strong relative wildness.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Inter-drumlin hollows and wetlands are important for their fenland flora eg Woodgrange,
Ballykilbeg, Corbally, Ballygallum Ponds and Hollymount ASSIs. Ballykilbeg and Lecale
Fens are also SACs. Dundrum Inner Bay is also important for waders and wildfowl. This
LCA has a high concentration of archaeological sites which are scheduled or in state care
and the land west of Downpatrick is an ASAI. Registered Parks occur at Rademon,
Crossgar House, Seaford House, Mount Panther and Ballydugan House. Conservation
Area a Downpatrick.

Cultural associations
Ancient landscape strongly associated with local folklore, myth and legends.

Amenity and recreation

Lecale Way runs along the coast.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The extent, intact character and cohesiveness of this drumlin landscape make it sensitive to
wind energy development. The small scale of the drumlins, their often distinctive profiles
and the high concentration of natural and cultural landscape features found here further
heighten the area’s overall sensitivity. Those areas which are designated as AONB might
be especially sensitive.

Although this is often a mainly inward-looking landscape, with a relatively high tree cover
that theoretically could screen wind energy development to some degree, the scale of the
landscape features and subtle, small scale of the topography mean that this landscape is
highly sensitive to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has complex topography, small scale and a concentration of natural and cultural
landscape features. The fringes of Inner Dundrum Bay are particularly sensitive visually. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflect the scale
of existing buildings and tree groups.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive drumlin tops or prominent
skyline positions. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of the
area’s key settlements, its many wetland habitats, archaeological sites and Registered
Parks.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Due to the proximity of the south Down coast there may be seaward issues to consider
in future. Although the mouth of Carlingford Lough is at least 30-40km away there may be
seaward issues to consider from higher ground to the south. Other issues may arise relative
to the proximity of the LCA to Strangford Lough.

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LCA 92 Ballyquintin and Lecale Coast

Location: County Down. Coastal landscape stretching from the southern tip of the
Ards peninsula to St John’s Point.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Expansive and broad with a strong horizontal emphasis. Elevation rises to approximately
50m AOD.

Landform
Gently undulating coastal farmland with low drumlins and open inter-drumlin hollows. Rocky
coastline with distinctive headlands and bays.

Enclosure
Open, exposed and windswept with sheltered coves along the coast.

Complexity of landcover and features

Predominately sheep grazing on pastoral farmland with patches of gorse and scrub which
add texture. Fields divided by stone walls and complex pattern of fen and wet inter-drumlin
hollows. Small settlements and town of Ardglass and a scattered distribution of individual
dwellings, often of traditional vernacular character.

Man-made influence
Few intrusive influences apart from disused airfield at Ringawaddy.

Skylines and settings

Forts, castles and windmills are often sited on hilltops and form highly visible landmarks eg
the church on St John’s Point. The headlands form an important setting to the fishing town
of Ardglass.

Visibility and views

Uninhibited views of the sea and spectacular views of the Mourne Mountains to the south
particularly from St John’s Point.

Landscape quality (condition)

Relatively unspoilt with many intact traditional features. Some loss of field boundaries in
places.

Scenic quality
Much of this LCA (the margins of Strangford Lough and the coast) falls within the Strangford
and Lecale AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Deeply rural character and high degree of tranquillity. The open windswept character gives
rise to a degree of relative wildness, particularly along the coast.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Outer Ards SPA supports breeding manx shearwaters, terns and overwintering brent geese.
Strangford Lough SPA supports breeding terns, overwintering brent geese and numerous
wildfowl and waders. This landscape has significant nature conservation value. Numerous
ASSI sites associated with coastal, wetland and fen habitats including Ballycan, Killough Bay
and Strand Lough, Tieveshully, Killard and Ballyquintin Point. The latter two are also NRs
along with Cloghy Rocks and Granagh Bay. Killough Bay is a Ramsar site and SPA which
supports overwintering brent geese.. Numerous archaeological remains many of which are
scheduled or in state care including standing stone, castles, chambered graves, crosses and
churches. Rich seafaring, fishing and industrial heritage. Conservation Areas at Killough
and Ardglass.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

This area is valued for its recreation associated with nature conservation sites, bird watching
and water sports. Lecale Way and a number of other beach and coastal walks at Killard,
Ballyquintin Farm and Kearney.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The open, low lying and relatively gentle topography of this area in theory makes it suitable
for wind energy development particularly in areas of brownfield land such as Ringawaddy
airfield.

However a significant proportion of this landscape is valued for its scenic quality and the
openness of the area, wide-ranging views and high concentration of natural and cultural
sites of interest – many along the coast itself – make it highly sensitive. Those areas outside
of the AONB provide an important setting to the areas of designated landscape. Any wind
energy development has the potential to interrupt important skylines and could be extremely
intrusive. Sensitivity is further increased by the LCA’s popularity for outdoor recreation.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has very high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflect the scale of existing development and
tree groups. It is recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where
turbines would be seen in relation to overhead telegraph wires.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on extremely sensitive open sites or areas
where there are important views along the coast or across the sand dunes. Care should
also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the historic character of Killough or Ardglass.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Due to the proximity of the south Down coast there may be seaward issues to consider
in future. Although the mouth of Carlingford Lough is at least 30km away there may be
seaward issues to consider from low elevations.

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LCA 93 Portaferry and North Lecale

Location: County Down. Land adjoining the southern edge of Strangford Lough
and Portaferry on the Ards peninsula.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Complex, small scale landscape comprising the North Lecale Hills which rise to just over
100m AOD, and drumlin landscapes on the edge of Strangford Lough.

Landform
Sharp undulating ridge. Highest points are Castlemahon Mountain and Slieve Patrick.
Undulating drumlin foothills and islands below.

Enclosure
The hills are prominent in long and medium distance views. Within the LCA itself an
enclosed character often prevails as views are contained by gorse scrub and woodland.
Robust field pattern with stone walls and gorse hedgerows.

Complexity of landcover and features

The area supports grazing and well-structured farmland. Estate and shoreline parkland
are an important influence in the landscape, contributing stone walls, deciduous
woodland and fine buildings.

Man-made influence
Intrusive influences are generally limited.

Skylines and settings

The hills form a prominent skyline all along their length, with Patrick’s shrine as a central
landmark. They also create the setting for Downpatrick at one end and for both
Strangford and Portaferry at the other. They bridge and create a gateway at the mouth
of Strangford Lough – a unique landscape feature.

Visibility and views

The hills are highly visible from surrounding lowlands and from Strangford Lough and are
therefore very sensitive. They also afford stunning views across the Lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

The landscape is in extremely good condition: stone walls are continuous, woodlands are
well managed and traditional buildings are still in use.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality in this LCA is exceptionally high, recognised through inclusion of much of
the area in Strangford and Lecale AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a highly tranquil but not a wild landscape.

Natural and cultural heritage features

The entire coastline of this LCA lies within Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland's first
MNR, and features areas of rare saltmarsh and a wealth of wildlife interest.
Overwintering brent geese, breeding terns and numerous other wildfowl and waders are
supported by Strangford Lough, which is of international conservation importance and is
designated as a SPA, SAC, ASSI, and NNR.Numerous historic and archaeological

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features including tower houses, castles and other ancient monuments Castleward and
Myra Castle are Registered Parks; Conservation Areas at Portaferry and Strangford.

Cultural associations
Wealth of cultural associations including important association with St Patrick.

Amenity and recreation

Outstanding recreational assets including the nearby lough, islands and ferry; harbours
and quays at Portaferry and Strangford; Castleward (National Trust); woodland walks
through National Trust land on both sides of The Narrows. Coastal walks are part of
Lecale Way long distance walking route.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is of exceptionally high sensitivity to wind energy development due to its
small scale and complexity, prominent skylines and important settings, and high visibility.
There is a very strong concentration of valued landscape characteristics and features,
reflected in the area’s AONB designation. Many of these features are vulnerable to
damage or intrusion as a result of wind energy development.

The LCA is less sensitive to very small scale wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has small scale, complexity and many valued features. Areas of lower ground
south of the ridge might offer suitable locations for some form of wind energy
development, although it is recommended that any turbine development be closely
associated with and reflect the scale of existing development and tree groups.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive ridges, the
lough edge, skylines and settings and on the key landscape and visual characteristics
and values that were described in this section.

In 2007 there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near this LCA.

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LCA 94 Strangford Drumlins and Islands

Location: County Down. Western shores and hinterland of Strangford Lough.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Small scale intimate landscape of drumlins and loughs, islands and inlets on the western
shores of Strangford Lough. Land seldom rises higher than 50m AOD.

Landform
Landform is dominated by drumlins. Influence of glacial action has produced a complex,
convoluted coastline with rocky islets and drowned drumlins rising out of the water as small
rounded islands. Inland there is also a dense pattern of drumlins.

Enclosure
Drumlin farmland with a robust network of stone walls predominates. The hollows between
the drumlins contain marshy pasture or attractive small loughs, which often have well-
wooded margins. The many small wooded estates also contribute a wooded character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Highly complex and varied. On the shores of the lough there are many small settlements
and local quays with vernacular whitewashed dwellings overlooking isolated islands and
tranquil inlets, and the lough edges are grazed by sheep. Inland is a farmed landscape with
white farmhouses and red outbuildings. Numerous small roads wind around and through the
drumlins. Stands of beech and pine, often with stone walls, are distinctive.

Man-made influence
Few overt man-made influences except for the main A22 which cuts across the drumlin
landform and has some associated development.

Skylines and settings

Many distinctive local skylines formed by individual drumlins. The settings of the numerous
inter-drumlin loughs are also sensitive. The northern part of the landscape setting of
Downpatrick and the local setting of Killyleagh lie within this LCA.

Visibility and views

A very contained landscape visually with few long or open views except from drumlin tops
and at the water’s edge, which offers many sweeping views to islands and inlets.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape condition is extremely good with well-maintained stone walls, restored castles,
churches and traditional buildings.

Scenic quality
A highly scenic and unspoilt landscape, with a particularly attractive interplay of land and
water. Most of the eastern part of the LCA lies within Strangford and Lecale AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Tranquillity and isolation are key characteristics of this landscape and are especially strongly
represented near the water’s edge.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Strangford Lough and its intertidal mudflats are recognised as ASSI, SPA, SAC, Ramsar site
and MNR. Overwintering brent geese, breeding terns and numerous other wildfowl and
waders are supported by Strangford Lough, Characteristic inter-drumlin loughs, fens and
bogs, some of which are ASSIs. Islands were favoured sites for churches, castles and
chambered graves; restored monastic site on Mahee Island. Numerous Registered Parks,
particularly in the southern part of the LCA. Killyleagh Conservation Area.

Cultural associations
Many historical and cultural associations.

Amenity and recreation

Outstanding opportunities for quiet, water-based recreation and nature study, as well as
visits to the many historic sites. Castle Espie (Wildfowl and Wetland Trust) lies at the
northern end of the LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is of very high sensitivity to wind energy development, as it could easily be
out of scale with the much smaller drumlin landform and would adversely affect the LCA’s
intimate, tranquil character.

It is inherently less sensitive to appropriately scaled wind energy development because of

the high degree of enclosure afforded by landform and woodland, especially inland of the
lough shore and AONB. However the many valued landscape characteristics and features
remain vulnerable to damage or intrusion as a result of any poorly sited or inappropriately
scaled turbines.

Overall Sensitivity -High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a small scale intimate character and a range of valued landscape
characteristics and features. These include the the much valued distinctive islands and
contorted edges of Strangford Lough. It is recommended that any turbine development be
associated with and reflect the scale of groups of buildings or trees.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on the islands and shores of Strangford
Lough and on the extremely sensitive prominent drumlin skylines. Care should also be taken
to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of inter-drumlin loughs and on the landscape
interests of natural and cultural heritage features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within or near
this LCA.

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LCA 95 Ballygowan Drumlins

Location: County Down. Area south of Comber.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Smooth rolling drumlin landform overlain on ancient Silurian rocks. Elevation up to around
100m AOD.

Landform
Ground falls gradually towards Strangford Lough and, in more low-lying areas, the drumlins
exhibit a relatively waterlogged character.

Enclosure
Open, rolling farmland landscape of large pasture and arable fields divided by low, trimmed
hedgerows or wire fences. Loughs and damp woodland are found within lowland hollows
between drumlins. Streams and rivers wind between drumlins towards Strangford Lough.

Complexity of landcover and features

Generally simple, repetitive landscape patterns. However, the Enler valley in the north of
the LCA has a particularly subtle, intimate landscape in which scenic, lush valley slopes
contrast with the wetlands and meadows of the valley floor.

Man-made influence
Large and complex farmhouses and outbuildings. Settlements of Comber, Ballygowan and
Saintfield, linked by fast, straight main roads with some ribbon development.

Skylines and settings

The smooth, rolling drumlin landforms create a dynamic landscape pattern and the eye is
constantly drawn to landmarks, such as prominent houses and hilltop features as well as to
drumlin skylines. Drumlins help form distinctive settings to settlements.

Visibility and views

Overlooked by Scrabo to the north. Otherwise fairly contained visually, with few long views,
although there are some views from drumlin tops. Many short range residential views due to
dense scatter of settlement.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape is degraded in places due to hedgerow and tree loss. Housing with a diverse
mixture of building styles.

Scenic quality
Not of high scenic quality except locally in the Enler valley and in some inter-drumlin
hollows, such as around the lough just outside Ballygowan.

Wildness and tranquillity

No strong sense of either wildness or tranquillity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Some inter-drumlin wetlands of conservation interest eg Aughnadarragh Lough ASSI.
Locally rich in historic and archaeological sites, for example north of Saintfield where there is
a cluster of raths. Registered Parks at Saintfield House and Rowallane Gardens (National
Trust). Saintfield Conservation Area.

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Cultural associations
Not known

Amenity and recreation

Few features of more than local interest, apart from Rowallane Gardens.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The scale, openness and settled character of this landscape are the key constraints to wind
energy development. The northern part of the LCA is also sensitive visually because of its
proximity to Scrabo.

Most turbines, unless of appropriate scale and very carefully sited, could be out of scale with
the drumlin landform and very few sites would offer adequate separation distances to
dwellings, although there might be a few isolated areas of lower sensitivity on larger
drumlins and away from dwellings. Scope for wind turbines is also constrained by the
generally open character of the landscape

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

In this LCA there are a few isolated areas, eg on larger drumlins and away from dwellings,
that may be most capable of accommodating some form of appropriately scaled wind energy
development. There may be opportunities to integrate turbine development with landform
and tree cover.

Care should be used to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive prominent drumlin
skylines. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on landmark features such as
churches or raths, settings to settlements, loughs or Registered Parks, and views from
Scrabo Hill and to and from Strangford Lough.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Given the relatively low level of tree cover in this LCA, cumulative impacts and
separation distances between turbines might become an issue.

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LCA 96 Castlereagh Plateau

Location: County Down. Area above the Castlereagh slopes, centred on Carryduff.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Compact, undulating terrain rising to around 180m AOD and extending over wide areas.
Perceived scale of landscape varies with elevation: small scale to medium scale in low-lying,
treed areas and larger scale in raised areas with outward views.

Landform
LCA is underlain by Silurian sedimentary rocks but has been strongly influenced by
glaciation which has created a rolling landform of small hummocks and narrow valleys.

Enclosure
Small fields separated by hedges which rise and fall across the landscape, emphasising
contours. Hedges, although often unmanaged and gappy, provide a strong structure,
occasionally enhanced by hedgerow trees and copses, together giving sense of a well-
wooded landscape, especially in hollows and valleys.

Complexity of landcover and features

Occasional areas of scrubby wet woodland and marsh break up the uniformity of the
pastures.

Man-made influence
Well-settled due to proximity to Belfast. Edges of towns and villages might be ill-defined and
intrusive. Modern houses and bungalows, often conspicuously sited. Urban fringe
influences such as golf course. Prominent transmission lines running both north-south and
east-west. Small quarries in parts.

Skylines and settings

Principal skyline is that of the Castlereagh Slopes (LCA 105) to the north.

Visibility and views

From high ground, views of sea to east and south-east and to mountainous skyline of Slieve
Croob to south-west. Along northern edges of the area, occasional views over Belfast and
Belfast Lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally good, but landscape is increasingly affected by hedgerow neglect and suburban
influences such as inappropriate planting.

Scenic quality
Generally not of special scenic quality. However the south-western edge of the area abuts
the Lagan Valley AONB and the Castlereagh Slopes to the north are ASQ. Locally
enhanced by fine long distance views.

Wildness and tranquillity

Relatively tranquil, with many small, quiet, winding lanes.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Few features of note.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Few features of note although theUlster Way through the LCA links Lagan Valley Regional
Park and AONB to the North Down Coastal Path via the Craigantlet Hills.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
In terms of scale, landform, enclosure and man-made influence, this landscape shows
considerable internal variation. The higher ground, away from the escarpment and from the
intimate valley landscapes, is least sensitive to wind energy development.

Key constraints to wind energy development are the presence of small scale landscape
features (such as distinct, undulating hill tops and hedgerow trees), and views towards
Strangford and Slieve Croob, as well as the settled character of the landscape.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has undulating form and a settled character. Consideration could be given to siting
turbines in areas where the landscape scale is relatively large and topography or tree cover
affords some screening. It is recommended that wind energy development reflects the scale
of landform and landscape and settlement features and that disruption to small scale field
patterns or wetland landscapes be minimised.

Care should be used to avoid any adverse impacts on the settlement of Carryduff and the
sensitive escarpment edge with its views over Belfast Lough. Care should be taken to
minimise any impacts on views from Strangford Lough and Slieve Croob (for example by
siting turbines on lower ground around the edges of hills and ridges rather than on hill
crests).

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Due to its high level views, seaward issues may be a consideration in the future due
to the proximity of the Ards Peninsula.

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LCA 97 Belfast/ Lisburn

Location: Counties Antrim and Down. Metropolitan area.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Topographically a large scale basin landscape defined by steep ridges around the edges,
within which are set complex, small scale urban and suburban landscape features and
intimate valley landscapes along the river corridors. Generally low-lying but rising to more
than 150m AOD on margins, especially to the west.

Landform
Lowland basin of the River Lagan. Steep escarpments and ridges surround the LCA: the
Belfast Basalt Escarpment (LCA 112) to the north and west; the Castlereagh Slopes
(LCA105) to the south and the Craigantlet Escarpment (LCA 012) to the east. West and
south of Lisburn the valley sides are lower.

Enclosure
Both Belfast and Lisburn are mostly contained within the broad Lagan valley and are heavily
built up. The slopes above are (outside the LCA) generally open and unenclosed.

Complexity of landcover and features

A highly complex urban landscape. Main industrial areas are concentrated along the banks
of the Lagan and the docks are prominent at the head of Belfast Lough. Large red-brick
industrial buildings. Residential areas mainly characterised by dense red brick terraces near
the city centre; lower densities in outer suburbs.

Man-made influence
Man-made influence is strong across the LCA. Landscape setting of city is increasingly
marred by housing and infrastructure development. Industrial sites and quarries.

Skylines and settings

The surrounding hills and escarpments provide a series of landmarks, notably the craggy
outline of Cave Hill and Stormont Estate, frequently visible on the eastern edge of the city.
The River Lagan and Lagan valley, with extensive open space, also provide an important
setting for the city.

Visibility and views

Densely settled and much viewed landscape. Long views over urban areas and Belfast
Lough from the surrounding escarpments and upland landscapes. Views along the Lagan
valley to the city centre, focused on docks and new Laganside development. More industrial
views across the lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

An urban environment with considerable derelict land and ongoing regeneration. Marginal
farmland is often in poor condition, reflecting steep slopes or poor drainage..

Scenic quality
Urban area is ringed by ASQs of Belfast Basalt Escarpment, Castlereagh Slopes and
Craigantlet Escarpment. Adjacent Lagan valley parkland landscapes to the south, in LCA
106, are also of scenic quality and are part of Lagan Valley AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

No special wildness. Localised areas of tranquillity, particularly within river corridors.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Belfast Lough ASSI, SPA and Ramsar site supports great crested grebe and redshank.
Many Registered Parks and Conservation Areas.

Cultural associations
Diverse and numerous.

Amenity and recreation

Lagan Valley Regional Park with extensive public open space and designed landscapes
(mainly outside but adjacent to the LCA). Laganside walkways and towpath. Smaller river
corridor parks such as the Connswater, Lagmore and Colin Glen linear parks, providing a
valuable link between the urban areas and their landscape setting. Many formal parks such
as Ormeau Park, Botanic Gardens, Victoria Park and Lisburn’s Wallace Park. Belfast
Castle.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The high degree of man-made influence and the mixed landscape quality of this LCA tend to
lower its landscape sensitivity to wind energy development. Conversely the basin landform
creates visually prominent skylines and edges, which are highly sensitive.

Lower sensitivity to wind energy development is therefore mainly concentrated in brownfield

or industrial areas such as those around the city’s docklands. It is important to note,
however, that such areas might also be subject to other significant constraints such as
proximity to Belfast City Airport and ornithological interests associated with Belfast Lough.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a highly urban landscape which means there is a lack of space for any
significant wind energy development. The most suitable areas for some form of wind energy
development are on flat land affected by existing urban or industrial development, where a
strong visual and design relationship to existing built structures is possible. Reclaimed
industrial land on the northern and southern shores of Belfast Lough might offer the best
opportunities. Well designed and sited wind energy development in such areas could form
new landmark features, but care should be taken to avoid any visual conflicts with existing
structures (such as dockyard cranes) where seen in close proximity. It is recommended that
turbine development reflects the heights of existing structures.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines and settings
named in this section. Any wind energy development should respect the character, setting
and views from ASQs, Registered Parks and Conservation Areas. The open and exposed
slopes that surround the city should also be respected as should the landscape interests of
natural and cultural heritage features and recreational resources.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
although separation distances may be an issue in the future.

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LCA 98 Carrickfergus Upland Pastures

Location: County Antrim. Upland area between Larne and Carrickfergus.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium to large scale landscape of undulating plateau around 250 to 300m AOD. Smaller
scale landscape features on enclosed lower slopes.

Landform
Undulating plateau topped by low ridges and shallow valleys. Steep basalt escarpment on
south-eastern edge. Western and northern plateau edges more gently sloping and rounded.

Enclosure
Small, regular fields enclosed by gappy hedges, earth banks and stone walls, often
neglected. Small hedgerow trees and shelterbelts with a wind-blown profile. Large scale
pattern of plantation forests and exposed pasture with scrub, heather and rushy bog on the
higher ground, creating dramatic contrasts in colour and scale.

Complexity of landcover and features

A number of loughs and water supply reservoirs, mainly set within forest and hence having
limited visual influence. Area is sparsely settled. Traditional stone farm buildings sheltered
by trees.

Man-made influence
Transmission lines from Kilroot and Ballylumford Power Stations extend up from the coast
and run along the western and northern edges of the area, as well as across the top of
Slimero Hill. These and a telecommunications mast exert a strong man-made influence on
the area’s skylines, particularly in the north.

Skylines and settings

This is the southernmost of a series of moorland summits stretching all along the Antrim
Coast. It is prominent in views from the A8 Belfast to Larne road and in views across Belfast
Lough from Bangor and the Holywood Hills. The northern edge of the area adjoins and
frames the attractive valley landscape of Glenoe and the southern edge provides a
distinctive setting to Newtownabbey. The monument at Knockagh is a very prominent
landmark.

Visibility and views

Views within the area are often restricted by the enclosure of landform and forest, but longer
views north to Larne and the Glens of Antrim and south to the Belfast Hills and Belfast
Lough are possible from the edges of the area.

Landscape quality (condition)

Condition of farmland is mixed. Forestry generally fits fairly well with landform. Some
intrusive new housing.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is mixed, due to the presence of intrusive man-made influences. However the
southern edge of the area is part of the Carrickfergus Escarpment ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

A relatively remote landscape with some sense of wildness, particularly in comparison with
nearby built up areas to the south.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Scattering of archaeological sites.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Monument and caves above cliffs at Knockagh on the southern edge of the area, above
Greenisland. Section of the Ulster Way. Otherwise few formal opportunities, although the
area is probably used to some extent for recreation by nearby urban populations.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape has characteristics that suggest suitability, in parts, for wind energy
development, while other parts of the LCA would be highly sensitive and much less suitable.

The north-western and northern parts of the area are least sensitive as they lie away from
the escarpment edge and Belfast Lough, are partly enclosed by forestry, and are already
affected by intrusive influences. The southern and eastern parts of the LCA are much more
sensitive, due primarily to their extreme visual prominence. The monument at Knockagh is a
particular landmark whose setting is highly sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The western and northern slopes of the LCA may be better able to accommodate wind
energy development than other areas. Consideration could be given to siting any turbines in
the lee of the forested areas and summits, to contain visibility from the south and
Belfast/Newtownabbey by avoiding sites on the highest ground and to site turbines away
from distinctive landform features such as the small ridges that occur on the summits.
Attempts should be made to minimise visual conflicts with existing structures, notably
electricity transmission lines.

Particular care should be taken to avoid any significant impacts on views from Belfast Lough
or from the Bangor and Holywood Hills Care should also be taken to avoid any undue
intrusion on the skylines to the north, notably in the vicinity of Glenoe, for example by
backclothing turbines against higher ground. Open ridges should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest existing wind farm was at Elliots Hill, around 12km to the north. Due to the
proximity of the Antrim coast there may be seaward issues to consider.

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LCA 99 Outer Ards Coast

Location: County Down. Eastern edge of the Ards peninsula between Groomsport
and Cloghy.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Open windswept gently sloping shoreline, generally under 20m AOD. Many small scale
landscape features and landmarks.

Landform
Long narrow strip of gently sloping coastal land with an exposed rocky coastline that extends
into the sea as small off-shore rocky islands.

Enclosure
Character of the coastal edge landscape alternates between open, exposed pastures and
wooded areas, the latter usually associated with estates.

Complexity of landcover and features

Simple, repetitive landscape patterns. Estate landscape features such as stone walls,
towers and large houses (some now hotels) often form the settings to more recent
settlement. Stands of pine and beech. Traditional settlements with a clustered form.
Colourful harbours form focal points.

Man-made influence
Extensive linear development along the A2 coastal road and around some settlements.
Many static caravan sites, often prominent and exposed.

Skylines and settings

Historic features and stands of pine and beech stand out as landmarks and distinctive
silhouettes against the pale sky and expansive seascapes.

Visibility and views

Panoramic coastal views along the rocky coastal edge and out to sea to small islands and
skerries.

Landscape quality (condition)

Managed estates contribute a strong and well-maintained character, but landscape quality
has been adversely affected in parts by development that is poorly sited and designed.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is not particularly high, reflecting the degree of man-made influence. Area
adjoins the Strangford and Lecale AONB at its southern end.

Wildness and tranquillity

Although well-settled, many parts of the LCA have a relatively wild character, reflecting the
LCA’s exposure to the sea and to the elements.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Intertidal foreshores provide a wide range of earth science features, habitats and wildlife.
ASSIs all along the coastline (Outer Ards SPA, also of international importance), the
Copeland Islands and Ballymacormick Point. The area supports breeding manx
shearwaters, terns and overwintering brent geese. Churches, mottes, standing stones, raths
and castles, often striking landmarks. Registered Parks at Ballywalter Park, Portavo House
and Glenganagh. Conservation Area at Donaghadee.

Cultural associations
Ballywalter Park has a long history and many cultural associations.

Amenity and recreation

Harbours are attractive and popular amenities. Many parking places, picnic areas, small
beaches and opportunities to observe coastal wildlife. Ballywalter Park open to the public.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Long tracts of open coastal landscape are sensitive to built development which would alter
the LCA’s wild and exposed character. Despite its open, horizontal form, this landscape is
far from featureless. Wind energy development could easily dominate and overwhelm its
small scale landscape features and landmarks, which would also accentuate turbine size.

Due to the low-lying landform, wind turbines could have a very extensive visual envelope
and hence could also affect landscapes to the west, around Strangford Lough, which are
even more sensitive than the coast itself.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has inherently high landscape and visual sensitivity and close proximity to
Strangford Lough, which is highly sensitive. It is recommended that any turbine development
be located in sections of the coast with significant tree cover and be associated with and
reflect the scale of groups of buildings or trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive key landscape and
visual characteristics and values that were described in this section. The landscape interests
of natural and cultural heritage features and recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA. Due to the proximity of the Irish Sea and the Ards peninsula and the panoramic sea
views that are the setting of this LCA, seaward issues might be a consideration.

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LCA 100 Ards Farmland and Estates

Location: County Down. Ards peninsula except for its eastern, Irish Sea coast and
southern tip.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Small scale undulating landscape rising to no more than 40m AOD.

Landform
Smooth, gently undulating landform with shallow but distinct drumlins and waterlogged inter-
drumlin hollows. Slightly higher, drier land, sometimes with a heathy character, along the
central spine.

Enclosure
Drumlins provide some sense of enclosure in inland areas and there is a good hedgerow
network. However there are relatively few hedgerow trees and hence the farmed landscape
often has an open and visually exposed character. On the lough edge, large wooded
estates such as Mount Stewart and Rosemount have an important influence on the
landscape, providing a sheltered woodland backdrop along parts of the lough. They are
sometimes visible right across the peninsula.

Complexity of landcover and features

Network of small roads and lanes connects scattered farmsteads and houses. Roads
across the peninsula are relatively straight but coastal road is sinuous and marked by rocky
headlands eg at Kirkcubbin.. Scattered areas of heathland have clumps of gorse and
prominent stands of Scots pine, often seen in silhouette. Archaeological and historic features
are often prominent in the landscape. Area is also known for its windmills, eg at
Ballycopeland, which are unique in Northern Ireland.

Man-made influence
Principal influences are variety of building styles and presence of large complexes of farm
buildings.

Skylines and settings

Few prominent ridgelines but local skylines might be marked by specific landscape features
as above. Mount Stewart and Greyabbey estates are distinctive parts of the eastern setting
of Strangford Lough; while parkland also creates a distinctive setting to Carrowdore Castle in
the north of the LCA.

Visibility and views

LCA is overlooked from western side of Strangford Lough and from Scrabo and other areas
of high ground at Holywood Hills and Castlereagh Plateau. A20 passes close to the water’s
edge, allowing attractive views to a rural loughside landscape with wooded estates.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape is generally in good condition, although some field boundaries have been lost
through neglect. Recent build development sometimes detracts from character, particularly
in the more open parts of the farmland and where it is out of scale with the characteristic
small clustered settlements.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is high; the lough and shoreline areas fall within Strangford and Lecale AONB.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This is not a wild but a highly tranquil waterside landscape.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Strangford Lough’s intertidal mudflats are internationally recognised for their earth science
and conservation interest. Strangford Lough is a MNR, SAC, SPA, ASSI and NNR which
supports overwintering brent geese, breeding terns and numerous other wildfowl and
waders. Other habitats of note include inter-drumlin carr woodlands. There is a variety of
monuments, including castles, churches, abbeys, mottes and raths. Registered Parks at
Carrowdore Castle, Mount Stewart (National Trust), Greyabbey and elsewhere.

Cultural associations
Numerous associations, reflecting the wealth of historic interest attached do this landscape.

Amenity and recreation

Many sites of recreational interest, particularly in coastal areas, including Mount Stewart
gardens (National Trust), abbey ruins at Greyabbey, picnic and birdwatching sites, and
slipways for sailing.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape has a small scale, undulating landform with relatively little enclosure; it is
very exposed visually. Unlike the traditional windmills found in this LCA, wind energy
development could easily be out of scale with and could wholly dominate the landscape; it
could also be very intrusive visually, towering above the many prominent, small scale
landscape features.

In addition, coastal areas of the LCA are very highly valued both scenically and in terms of
natural and cultural heritage interest. These special qualities, which are also an important
resource for tourism and recreation, are very vulnerable to change as a result of wind energy
development, which could particularly affect the area’s ornithological interest and the
settings of its historic estates.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a small scale, exposed and highly valued landscape which is vulnerable to
inappropriately scaled development which could dominate landscape character and be very
intrusive visually. The broader northern part of the LCA may have greater capacity for some
form of turbine development than other areas. It is recommended that any turbine
development be located in sections of the coast with significant tree cover and be associated
with and reflect the scale of groups of buildings or trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive distinctive drumlin and
heathy skylines, on the edges of Strangford Lough and on the key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were described in this section. The landscape interests of
natural and cultural heritage features and recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA or nearby. Due to the proximity of the Irish Sea and the Ards peninsula seaward issues
may be a consideration especially within the central spine of the LCA.

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LCA 101 Scrabo

Location: County Down. Land around and south of Newtownards.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Relatively large scale low-lying landscape dominated by a single landmark feature, Scrabo
Hill, 163m AOD.

Landform
Flat, open farmland at the head of Strangford Lough, including the town of Newtownards and
the meandering tranquil landscape of the Comber estuary. Scrabo Hill, with its distinctive
steep rocky profile, rises dramatically out of the sandstone plain, its prominence reinforced
by the tower marking the highest point.

Enclosure
This landscape has a relatively open character and large scale pattern, with large farms
scattered evenly across the patchwork of arable fields. The fields on the lower slopes of
Scrabo Hill are particularly prominent, although Killynether Wood, high on the south-western
slopes of the hill, creates a more secluded landscape character in this area. A relative lack
of trees or hedgerows adds to the open, expansive character.

Complexity of landcover and features

Strong contrast between Scrabo Hill and the surrounding flat, open landscapes.

Man-made influence
Town of Newtownards spreads across the head of Strangford Lough. Several large scale
developments on the outskirts, including industry and a small airfield. Some prominent
groups of farm buildings. Disused sandstone quarries at Scrabo Hill.

Skylines and settings

Scrabo Hill and the slopes that provide its landscape setting are highly sensitive to change.
LCA also includes the Comber Estuary, which forms part of the wider setting of Scrabo Hill
and the town of Comber (outside the LCA).

Visibility and views

Scrabo Hill is a key landmark in views for miles around and provides breathtaking 360
degree views; those along Strangford Lough are especially stunning. Remaining
undeveloped flat foreground to Scrabo Hill is visually significant in these long distance views.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland generally has good field boundaries although hedgerow loss threatens patterns in
some areas. Commercial and industrial uses on the outskirts of Newtownards have caused
degradation in this area.

Scenic quality
High at Scrabo Hill itself. Scrabo Hill and the coastline to the south fall within the Strangford
and Lecale AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not particularly marked. However many views have a sense of grandeur.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Volcanic landform of Scrabo Hill ASSI is of earth science interest eg South Quarry reveals
dolerite sills and a massive dyke. ASSI also includes fine beech woodlands at Killynether
and hazel wood beyond on the flank of the hill. Overwintering brent geese, breeding terns
and numerous other wildfowl and waders are supported by Strangford Lough, which is of
international conservation importance and designated as a SPA, SAC, ASSI, NNR and
MNR. Scrabo Hill is archaeologically rich, containing a prehistoric hill fort with adjacent
enclosures and hut-circles and there is range of other monuments in the surrounding area.

Cultural associations
Scrabo Hill is seen as an emblem for the Ards area. Scrabo stone, once quarried at Scrabo
Hill, was used in many fine public buildings.

Amenity and recreation

Scrabo Country Park including Scrabo Tower, Killynether Wood and the quarries are open to
the public for informal recreation.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The scope for wind energy development in this LCA is severely constrained by the iconic,
landmark character of Scrabo Hill and its role as key element and focal point at the head of
the lough in many views from around Strangford Lough.

Although part of the setting of the hill has been damaged by urban and industrial
development, the landscape remains highly sensitive to the introduction of new built
elements, particularly vertical ones that would stand out clearly in the flat open landscape
and compete for attention with Scrabo Hill.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA contains an iconic landmark and has a special role in relation to Strangford Lough.
It is also open in character and is visually sensitive. Turbines may best be sited in
association with existing industrial or commercial features of similar scale or with groups of
buildings or trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive open landscapes
between Scrabo Hill and Strangford Lough and the key landscape and visual characteristics
and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms within this
LCA or nearby. Due to the proximity of the Irish Sea and the Ards peninsula seaward issues
may be a consideration especially for areas close to Scrabo Hill.

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LCA 102 Holywood Hills

Location: County Down. Hills between Belfast Lough and head of Strangford Lough.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium to large scale upland landscape rising to over 200m AOD, with windswept summits
and steep, wooded escarpment slopes.

Landform
Area of undulating upland hills and plateau ringed by Belfast, Bangor, Newtownards and
Dundonald. Plateau reaches a high point at Cairngaver, dropping steeply towards the
south-west and more gently to the north-east. Small incised river valleys around the edges
of the upland area.

Enclosure
Landscape of undulating pastures, conifer plantations, deciduous shelterbelts and estate
woodlands, creating a well-wooded character and sense of enclosure, except on the highest
summits.

Complexity of landcover and features

Conifer plantations and gorse scrub on summits. Numerous large reservoirs add an extra
visual and recreational element to the landscape.

Man-made influence
Sandstone quarries and large upland reservoirs. Scattered housing along networks of small
roads, generally not prominent. Electricity transmission lines cross the eastern part of the
LCA.

Skylines and settings

South-western edge of the area forms edge of skyline above Stormont estate; north-eastern
edge helps frame Belfast Lough. Striking gorse-covered ridge line at Whitespots, north of
Newtownabbey.

Visibility and views

Exposed summits are very visible from surrounding landscapes (including those to the north,
across Belfast Lough) and at the same time offer outstanding views from their edges over
Belfast Lough and southwards to Scrabo and Strangford.

Landscape quality (condition)

Hedgerow and woodland network is generally in good condition. Estates and recreational
areas have a managed character.

Scenic quality
Relatively unspoilt and scenic with fine views. The Craigantlet Escarpment ASQ lies just to
the south-west of this LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

Exposed, wild character on windswept summits. Relatively undeveloped, tranquil, rural
character elsewhere, resulting from undulating landform and tree and hedgerow cover which
create a screen between this LCA and nearby urban areas.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Upland mixed ash woodlands (Craigantlet Woods ASSI). Whitespots geological ASSI
(mineralogy unique in Northern Ireland). Concentration of monuments at Whitespots (ASAI).
Registered parks at Clandeboye (described as one of Ulster’s most extensive examples of
Victorian parkland planting) and Cultra Manor.

Cultural associations
Range of cultural associations relating to designed and archaeological landscapes.

Amenity and recreation

Proximity to surrounding settlements makes the LCA an important recreational resource.
Specific recreational assets include a section of the Ulster Way, the Ulster Folk Museum,
Whitespots Country Park, the Somme Heritage Centre and a number of golf courses. Forest
walks at Cairn Wood.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Convex, undulating landform and an extensive woodland network tend to reduce the
landscape and visual sensitivity of this LCA to wind energy development. However, this is
offset by its key skyline role in the settings of Belfast Lough, Stormont and Newtownabbey;
by its many conservation interests; and by its importance for recreation.

While most of the landscape is of high sensitivity there might be localised areas of
somewhat lower sensitivity in the central part of the LCA, for example where the landscape
is already affected by forestry and quarrying.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has an important skyline role. Land in the central part of the LCA near Cairn
Wood where landscape character has already been affected by forestry and quarrying might
offer the best capacity for some form of wind energy development. It is recommended that
turbine development reflects the relatively low elevation of the Holywood Hills.

Particular care should be taken to avoid significant impacts on the distinctive skylines and
settings above Belfast Lough, Stormont and Newtownards and on open, windswept upper
slopes. Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on key views to and from Scrabo
and Strangford Lough and on the landscape interests and settings of natural, cultural and
recreational features.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Due to the proximity of the Ards peninsula seaward issues may be a consideration,
especially due to the high level views associated with this LCA.

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LCA 103 Bangor Coastline

Location: County Down coastline between Holywood and Bangor.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Small scale, intimate, undulating shoreline topography gently rising inland to around 70m
AOD.

Landform
Linear coastal strip with gently undulating topography. Land rises inland to the edge of the
Holywood Hills LCA, from which a series of narrow, wooded valleys wind down the slopes
towards the lough shore.

Enclosure
Patchwork of pasture, mature deciduous woodland and dense urban development.
Presence of many large estates has created a landscape of large fields, stone walls and
woodland.

Complexity of landcover and features

A very varied landscape with strong estate and recreational influences. Wild rocky shoreline
with gorse scrub and stands of Scots pine. Estates with mixed woodlands overlooking the
sea; large country houses and hotels set in ornamental grounds.

Man-made influence
Urban development and infrastructure, including the A2 and railway line from Belfast to
Bangor. Industrial areas on the south-western outskirts of Holywood.

Skylines and settings

Sequence of landmarks glimpses in views along the coastal roads. Wooded slopes frame
Belfast Lough and are in turn enclosed by the Hollywood Hills above.

Visibility and views

The LCA is prominent in views south from the north shore of the Belfast Lough and in
approaches to Belfast by sea and by air to Belfast City Airport. Within the LCA views are
generally short due to the well-wooded character of the coast, but the exposed coastline has
an open rocky edge and provides opportunities for long panoramas across the lough, for
example at Cultra, Grey Point and Helen’s Bay.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally good in both urban and rural contexts, with active countryside management. The
many large houses, hotels and estates generally have well-maintained grounds, parkland
and estate woodlands.

Scenic quality
No scenic designations as such. However, scenic valleys, woodlands, open shores and
beaches provide the context for extensive urban development and are backed by ASQ land
at Craigantlet, in LCA 104.

Wildness and tranquillity

Pockets with a relatively wild and tranquil character are much valued given the generally
urban context.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Belfast Lough SPA and Ramsar site supports great crested grebe and redshank. Outer
Ards SPA supports breeding manx shearwaters, terns, overwintering waders and brent
geese. Outer Belfast Lough ASSI. Several Registered Parks, notably Crawfordsburn House
and Bangor Castle. Archaeological sites and Conservation Area at Holywood.

Cultural associations
Wide range of different cultural associations related to estate landscapes, transport and
wartime coastal defences.

Amenity and recreation

Many footpaths, parking places and picnic sites. North Down Coastal Path. Ulster
Transport Museum at Cultra. Crawfordsburn Country Park and Grey Point. Sailing at
Bangor. Beaches at Helen’s Bay and Ballyholme. Golf courses.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is of high sensitivity to wind energy development which could easily be out of
keeping with and detract from its small scale, complex and highly valued landscapes.

The only area of slightly lower sensitivity is the industrial area south-west of Holywood,
where industrial and other man-made influences are strong.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has space constraints and high landscape and visual sensitivity. Industrial land on
the south-western edge of the LCA is the most suitable area in which to accommodate some
form of turbine development, possibly as a landmark feature.

Care should be taken to avoid any adverse impacts on views along the lough shore and
views from the north across Belfast Lough. Exposed shoreline landscapes should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. At present there are no seaward issues but these may arise in the future.

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LCA 104 Craigantlet Escarpment

Location: County Down. Steep ridge east of Belfast between Dundonald and
Holywood.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Small LCA comprising medium scale escarpment slopes rising to around 150m AOD, with
many small scale features.

Landform
Steep, prominent ridge containing the eastern urban edge of Belfast. Forms the western
edge of the Holywood Hills. Encloses and shelters the urban edge of east Belfast which
pushes up against the ridge. Deep wooded glens incise the slopes, particularly east of
Stormont.

Enclosure
Green pastures extend along the ridge, divided by hedgerows and shelterbelts. Dense
network of woodlands and avenues gives the landscape a robust structure, especially
around Stormont.

Complexity of landcover and features

Parliament Buildings at Stormont stand out as a major landmark, situated high up on the
ridge. The rural/urban interface is strong and well-defined.

Man-made influence
Some encroachment of development from the edges of Belfast. Prominent radio masts on
the ridge top.

Skylines and settings

Prominence of the escarpment and proximity to Belfast make it a key part of Belfast’s
landscape setting, with the Parliament Buildings as a focal point in many views.

Visibility and views

Clear views to the ridge from the surrounding lowlands and adjacent escarpments, including
an important view across Belfast Lough from the M2 at Newtownabbey. Any development
on the ridge is highly visible.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape is in good condition, with a well structured woodland and hedgerow network.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is high, reflecting the strong landscape structure, fine views and role of the
landscape as a setting for Stormont. Area has been identified as Craigantlet Hills ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not particularly high given urban fringe location.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Valley woods of upland mixed ash on the southern flank of the Craigantlet Hills represent the
largest area of semi-natural woodland remaining in north Down and are an ASSI. Stormont
Castle and Parliament Buildings is a Registered Park.

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Cultural associations
Stormont Castle and Parliament Buildings have many important historical associations.

Amenity and recreation

Area provides an important informal recreational resource for nearby urban populations.
Public access and walks in parts of Stormont estate.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Like other escarpment landscapes around Belfast, this small LCA is highly sensitive to wind
energy development due to its intrinsic character, small scale features and visually
prominent location on the edge of the urban area

A key constraint is its role as the setting to Stormont Castle and Parliament Buildings, which
are of national importance. It is also a very important part of the wider setting of the city.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is in a highly prominent location, and has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It
is recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines and views,
on the character of parkland within the Stormont estate and on the key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA.

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LCA 105 Castlereagh Slopes

Location: County Down, extending from south-eastern outskirts of Lisburn to south of
Dundonald.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale landscape of escarpment slopes rising to 130-170m AOD, with many small
scale landscape features.

Landform
Steep slopes on the north-west margins of the Castlereagh Plateau. Prominent ridge with a
smooth, undulating, rolling landform and a steep gradient. Deeply incised by steep glens.

Enclosure
Broad slopes of the ridge are divided into a patchwork of undulating pastures and
hedgerows. Deep glens are generally well-wooded with fingers of broadleaved woodland
extending up the hillsides. Roads within glens are bordered with lines of mature specimen
trees.

Complexity of landcover and features

Steep, narrow, winding roads traverse the slopes linking the ridge top with the edges of
Belfast. Farms and farm buildings on the escarpment mid slopes. Remnant landscapes of
the many historic estates and country houses of the Lagan Valley, particularly at the south-
western end of the escarpment where avenues and lines of mature beech trees and clumps
of parkland trees are important landscape features.

Man-made influence
Overhead power lines cut across the ridge. Radio masts on parts of the ridge top. Urban
expansion and road building on the north-west edge of the LCA and some linear
development along local roads.

Skylines and settings

Entire ridge forms a prominent skyline and backdrop to the south and east sides of Belfast
and the historic designed landscapes of the Lagan Valley.

Visibility and views

Elevated views over the Lagan Valley and the urban areas below. Views north to Belfast
Lough and Stormont Castle and Parliament Buildings. Ridge itself is visible from much of
Belfast and Lisburn and hence is extremely sensitive visually.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland and hedgerows in reasonably good condition but with pockets of dereliction.
Historic parkland landscapes are generally in poor condition and have lost their visual
integrity as estates have been broken up and put to commercial and institutional uses.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality is relatively high, reflecting the strategic location of the ridge and the fine
views it affords. South-western part of the LCA lies within the Lagan Valley AONB and most
of the remainder is Castlereagh Slopes ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not particularly marked due to proximity to busy urban areas and roads.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Some woodlands and parklands of nature conservation interest. Peregrine falcons. Raths.
Registered Parks at Belvedere and Purdysburn House.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Area provides an important informal recreational resource for nearby urban populations eg
walks at Cregagh Glen.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is highly sensitive to wind energy development due to its intrinsic character –
which includes many small scale features. It is visually exposed and has a prominent
location on the edge of the urban area.

It is a key part of Belfast’s landscape setting and is highly valued, notwithstanding the
presence of some existing man-made influences and issues of landscape management.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of groups of buildings and
trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines and views,
the distinctive character of its remnant parkland and estate landscapes and on the key
landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA.

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LCA 106 Lagan Parkland

Location: Counties Antrim and Down. South of Belfast on the edge of the urban area.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Small scale landscape centred on the deep, narrow valley of the River Lagan south of
Belfast. Generally low-lying, under 50m AOD.

Landform
Undulating steep slopes of the narrow river valley. Flatter land on the upper fringes of the
river valley including, rolling landscape of estate farmlands to the south.

Enclosure
An amenity parkland landscape set within the historic designed landscapes of a series of
eighteenth and nineteenth century estates. Valley slopes are well-wooded, with dense
hedgerows and mature trees. Winding linear woodlands follow the local streams,
particularly close to the foot of the Castlereagh slopes. More open landscape of golf
courses, public open spaces and playing fields dominates flatter land.

Complexity of landcover and features

Variety of formal designed landscapes, commercial forests and natural habitats. Important
stands of mature beech and oak. River corridor is characterised by its early industrial
heritage reflected in surviving mill buildings, disused canal and numerous minor artefacts
along the canal towpath.

Man-made influence
Urban edges enclose the area. Some impacts from incremental housing and infrastructure
development. Transmission lines in southern part of LCA and some ridgetop
communications masts. Golf courses and playing fields have a suburbanising influence.

Skylines and settings

LCA is strongly influenced by Castlereagh Slopes (LCA 105) which forms its south-eastern
skyline and setting. LCA as a whole is an invaluable part of the southern setting of the city
of Belfast. Immediate valley slopes are particularly vulnerable to change visually.

Visibility and views

Locally fine views from the valley to surrounding hills and into the valley floor.

Landscape quality (condition)

Much of the area is under active management, eg by the National Trust, as amenity
parkland. Recreation pressures and vandalism evident in parts. Farmland landscape to the
south is in relatively good condition although there is a need for woodland management.

Scenic quality
High scenic quality. Part of Lagan Valley AONB and Lagan Valley Regional Park.

Wildness and tranquillity

The riverbank scenery, meadows, woods and the pleasant pastoral land of the Lagan valley
make this a peaceful haven. Linked series of wooded spaces within the deep river valley
seems remote from its immediate urban surroundings.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Includes a great diversity of grassland, woodland and wetland habitats of conservation
interest – notable species include red squirrels. Rich cultural heritage, associated not only
with impressive monuments such as the Giant's Ring (ASAI), early Christian raths and
mottes on the riverbank at Belvoir and Edenderry, and remnants of fine estates, but also
important industrial archaeology related to linen production and the old Lagan Canal and its
towpath. Registered Parks at Belvoir, Malone House (Barnett Demesne), Wilmont (Sir
Thomas and Lady Dixon Park) and Ballydrain (Malone Golf Club)

Cultural associations
Many associations related to both the area’s demesnes and industrial heritage.

Amenity and recreation

Easy access to countryside for a large urban population. Many parks including Belvoir
Forest Park, Barnett Demesne, Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park. Lagan towpath. National
Trust land at Minnowburn Beeches.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This small LCA is inherently highly sensitive to wind energy development due to the
landscape’s small scale and complexity.

Sensitivity is heightened by its role as the southern setting for the city, and the fact that it is a
highly valued scenic, heritage and recreational asset for the adjacent urban areas.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine development be
closely associated with and reflects the scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive heritage and
recreational landscape features and the key landscape and visual characteristics and values
that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA.

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LCA 107 Hummocky Lagan Lowlands

Location: County Down. Small LCA east of Lisburn and the M1.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Very small LCA with small scale, hummocky, lowland landscape. Generally low-lying, under
50m AOD.

Landform
Hummocky landscape covered by deep layers of glacial sands and gravels that have been
dissected by winding minor streams and shaped into a variety of irregular landforms.

Enclosure
Fairly open character, with some localised enclosure by landform and trees. Patchwork of
small pasture fields divided by overgrown hedgerows. Areas of waterlogged land and
extensive patches of scrub.

Complexity of landcover and features

Mixture of pasture, recreational areas, remnants of historic estates and private grounds.
Diverse range of land uses and landscape patterns, with small settlements and farmsteads
scattered along narrow roads.

Man-made influence
Transmission lines cross the LCA. Some large industrial and institutional buildings are
visible on the urban fringe. M1 on western edge of LCA.

Skylines and settings

Area forms an important part of the southern setting of Belfast and the eastern setting of
Lisburn, linking the Lagan Valley Parkland LCA with the prominent ridgeline and higher
ground of the Castlereagh Slopes LCA.

Visibility and views

Views from higher ground within the LCA towards the Lagan valley and the city. Views from
the Castlereagh Slopes LCA across this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

In some areas, especially towards the south and west of the LCA, the field pattern has been
eroded to leave only remnant hedgerows and odd clumps of trees. Some derelict farm
buildings.

Scenic quality
Pockets of attractive, prosperous farmland although also some evidence of degradation
associated with proximity to urban fringe. Land lies within the Lagan Valley AONB and next
to the Castlereagh Slopes ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

No strong sense of wildness but locally tranquill.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Some woodland, parkland and wetland habitats of local interest.

Cultural associations
Not known.

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Amenity and recreation

Limited opportunities.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This very small LCA is inherently highly sensitive to wind energy development due to the
landscape’s small scale, irregular landform, complexity of landcover, and role as part of the
southern setting of Belfast and the eastern setting of Lisburn, within the Lagan Valley AONB.

Areas of open character are likely to be particularly sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This very small LCA has high landscape sensitivity with irregular landform, generally open
character and presence of transmission lines. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive open character
and on key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA.

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LCA 108 Broad Lagan Valley

Location: Counties Antrim and Down. Lagan Valley between Lisburn and Moira.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale, broad, almost flat valley of elevation less than 40m AOD, with mainly large
arable fields.

Landform
River Lagan flows in a winding, narrow channel across a very broad, flat valley to the west of
Lisburn. The river is relatively inconspicuous.

Enclosure
Fairly large arable fields predominate, but there are also pockets of smaller pastures and
paddocks, particularly around settlements. Fields are enclosed by hedgerows, those close
to the river having a scrubby character. There are numerous hedgerow trees, mainly ash
and oak but also beech, particularly towards the edges of the valley.

Complexity of landcover and features

Valley is well-settled, with linear villages and farmsteads along a dense, branching network
of narrow lanes which follow minor ridges. Some larger houses and farms have shelterbelts
and avenues of mature beech trees.

Man-made influence
Smooth lines of the A3, M1 and main Belfast-Dublin railway are superimposed on the
historic landscape pattern. Housing, industrial sites and former Maze prison site (proposed
for redevelopment) on the outskirts of Lisburn.

Skylines and settings

Narrow corridor of River Lagan provides a setting for views to Lisburn from the west. Area
south of the M1 is relatively sensitive to change, forming part of the broader setting of the
shallow escarpment slope of the Kilwarlin Plateau LCA. Western and north-western part of
valley is also overlooked from vantage points on the higher land at Moira and Maghaberry.

Visibility and views

There are views into this landscape from the Kilwarlin Plateau to the south and Maghaberry
to the north-west, as above.

Landscape quality (condition)

Arable fields on the fringes of Lisburn are much enlarged and have few remaining
hedgerows but elsewhere field boundaries are in better condition.

Scenic quality
Not exceptionally high. No landscape designations within or near to the LCA.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not exceptionally high. Influence of transport corridors.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Small areas of wet woodland. Damp grasslands along the River Lagan support wader
populations.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Few features of note.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Most of this landscape is not intrinsically of high sensitivity to wind energy development,
given its medium scale, flat, uniform topography, the presence in some areas of existing
man-made influences, and the absence of notable natural and cultural heritage interests.
However the relatively limited extent of the valley landscape means that inappropriate wind
energy development would be out of scale with the valley landscape and would intrude not
only on the valley itself but also on adjoining landscapes.

The southern and western edges of the LCA, where it is overlooked by higher ground, are
more sensitive to wind energy development than other areas. Conversely, land on the
outskirts of Lisburn might be somewhat less sensitive due to existing man-made influences
and landscape quality issues.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Those parts of the LCA that are dominated by large arable fields (especially where field
boundaries are in poor condition) or have existing man-made influences, for example
brownfield land on the outskirts of Lisburn, may be better suited to some form of wind energy
development than other areas. It is recommended that any wind energy development
reflects the small extent of this LCA and its low-lying landform character with proximity to
areas of higher ground.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the approaches to Belfast when seen in
the context of the particularly sensitive Belfast Hills. Care should be taken to avoid undue
intrusion on the skylines, settings and views outlined in this section. Views from the M1 and
the mainline railway should also be carefully considered.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA.

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LCA 109 Upper Ballinderry Plateau

Location: Counties Armagh, Down and Antrim. A linear area extending from the
outskirts of Lurgan to near Templepatrick.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Undulating farmed landscape rising to around 100m in the south and 150m AOD in the
north. Medium scale in terms of topography but with many smaller scale landscape
features.

Landform
A rolling farmland landscape on the southern and western fringes of Derrykillultagh, which in
turn fringes the Belfast Hills LCA. Steep escarpments on the southern margin of the plateau
overlooking the Lagan, Friars Glen and Donaghcloney valleys.

Enclosure
Views are generally short or contained by avenue, roadside or hedgerow planting. There
are numerous hedgerow trees and a consistent patchwork, geometric pattern of medium to
large fields and smaller paddocks on settlement edges. Fields tend to be larger in the south,
near Lurgan. Some valley-side woodlands, eg Friars Glen.

Complexity of landcover and features

A relatively prosperous farmland landscape with fairly large farms and many estates.
Settlements are nucleated, often with grand avenues and stands of beech trees and
prominent church spires.

Man-made influence
Large scale developments such as a prison, poultry farms and factories affect some areas,
particularly in the south eg north of Maghaberry. M1 motorway and Belfast-Dublin railway in
the area near Lurgan.

Skylines and settings

The southern escarpments and the ridges north-east of Ballinderry around White Mountain
form skylines. Settings of the ridgetop settlement and castle of Moira, and of the smaller
settlements of Ballinderry and Glenavy, are important in landscape terms.

Visibility and views

Glimpsed views of large farmsteads and country houses are important local landmarks. Few
longer views except from the southern escarpments. Landscape is seen rising above Lough
Neagh in some distant views from the west.

Landscape quality (condition)

Farmland is generally in good condition, particularly where in estate ownership.

Scenic quality
Pleasant rural landscape but with few special scenic qualities.

Wildness and tranquillity

Not wild but relatively isolated and tranquil over most of its area.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Some demesne woodland, wet woodland and meadow habitats of interest eg
Ballynanaghten ASSI. A scattering of historic monuments. Moira Castle Registered Park
and Moira Conservation Area.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

No particular interests of note except for towpath walks at Broad Water, Moira, where old
canal corridor to Lough Neagh is of local nature conservation and historic interest.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is of medium scale with relatively few important settings or views and a
pattern of large farms, estates and nucleated settlements. Although its condition is generally
good, it is not of special scenic quality and has few significant natural or cultural features. All
these factors tend to reduce its sensitivity to wind energy development. However the
presence of small scale designed landscape features tends to heighten sensitivity, as does
the settled character of the landscape.

The southern escarpments and ridges are the most sensitive parts of this landscape;
sensitivity might be somewhat lower away from these areas.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Those parts of the LCA affected by existing large scale developments are the best suited
areas to accommodate some form of wind energy development. Consideration could be
given to siting turbines away from small scale, designed landscape features that might
accentuate their scale.

Care should be taken to avoid unnacceptable impacts on the skylines, settings and views
outlined in this section or on views from the M1, the mainline railway and Lough Neagh.
Open ridges should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest existing wind farm was at Elliots Hill, around 14km to the north. Adequate
separation distances from any commercial wind energy development in adjoining LCAs
(particularly LCA 110 Derrykillultagh and LCA 113 Expansive Crumlin Farmland) will be
important.

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LCA 110 Derrykillultagh

Location: County Antrim. Area ringing western edge of Belfast Hills.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale, rolling, elevated farmland rising to around 250m AOD on the western edge of
the Belfast Hills (which in turn rise to 478m AOD at Divis). Some small scale features,
particularly in more settled parts of the LCA to the west and south.

Landform
Rounded hills and generally shallow slopes with some gullies. Southern boundary of the
LCA is marked by a steeper escarpment slope. Many slopes divided by straight, narrow
glens. Plateau descends gently to the west.

Enclosure
Open moorland character on the highest ground in the northern part of the LCA. Elsewhere,
small marginal fields and paddocks on the valley sides with a disconnected pattern of gorse
and holly hedges. Lines and stands of mature trees associated with older farmsteads.
Gradual transition to a landscape of larger fields, hedgerow trees and more prosperous
farmland on the lower, western plateau margins.

Complexity of landcover and features

Farmland landscape often has a relatively untidy character with patches of gorse and scrub.
Shallow valleys contain areas of marsh and rushes. Small white-rendered farms and
smallholdings with scattered barns are sited on mid-slopes or local ridges and connected to
roads by straight tracks. Network of straight roads follows the ridges.

Man-made influence
Generally limited apart from some modern bungalows and linear development. Several
water supply reservoirs, the largest of which is Stoneyford, west of White Mountain.
Electricity transmission lines.

Skylines and settings

Southern slopes form part of the wider northern landscape setting of Lisburn and include
attractive small scale landscape features such as the deep wooded valley at Lagmore and
the small valley by Duncan’s Park.

Visibility and views

Outstanding views over Belfast from the lower slopes of White Mountain, and views back to
this area from Lisburn. Long views of the western parts of the area from roads between
Antrim/ Crumlin and Belfast/ Lisburn, the area forming the lower foreground slopes of the
Belfast Hills. Landscape is also seen rising above Lough Neagh in some distant views from
the west.

Landscape quality (condition)

Parts of the LCA have many derelict buildings and patches of waste ground, particularly on
the higher ground to the east where farmland is of poorer quality. Evidence of hedgerow
removal affecting field patterns.

Scenic quality
Not particularly high except in localised areas such as the slopes and wooded valleys north
of Lisburn.

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Wildness and tranquillity

A relatively wild landscape on higher ground, particularly to the north, which is also more
sparsely settled.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Some important grassland habitats eg ASSI at Leathemstown. NR at Belshaw’s Quarry.
Scattering of ancient monuments, principally raths, across the LCA.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Few formal recreational opportunities, but area provides some informal countryside access,
particularly for residents of Lisburn.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This medium scale, rolling, elevated landscape is in theory suited to wind energy
development, at least in some areas, due to its rounded landform, marginal character,
sparse settlement, relatively low visual prominence and limited scenic and heritage value.

These qualities prevail particularly in the northern parts of the LCA, which is visually in the
lee of the Belfast Hills when viewed from Belfast and Lisburn. Its southern half is generally
much more sensitive in terms of both scale and visibility.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The northern parts of the LCA, where landscape scale is larger and where topography
affords some screening in views from Belfast and Lisburn, may be best suited area in this
LCA for wind energy development. Wind energy developments in the southern edge of the
LCA would be less in keeping with landscape character and more widely visible than
northern parts of the LCA. Consideration could be given to siting turbines away from any
small scale landform and landcover features that might accentuate their scale. It is
recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter if turbines are sited where
they will be seen in close proximity to electricity transmission lines.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse landscape impacts upon the sensitive southern edge
of the LCA. Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on views of the Belfast Hills
from the south, south-east and east (notably from the escarpments at Castlereagh and
Craigantlet) as inappropriate development would affect the wider setting of Belfast city. Care
should also be taken to avoid intrusion on the skylines, settings and views outlined in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest existing wind farm was at Elliots Hill, around 13km to the north. Adequate
separation distances from any commercial wind energy development within this LCA and in
nearby LCAs 109 Upper Ballinderry Plateau and 113 Expansive Crumlin Farmland will be
important.

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LCA 111 Divis Summits

Location: County Antrim. High summits of the Belfast Hills.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
A large scale landscape of broad rounded summits rising to 478m AOD at Divis.

Landform
The principal summits of Black Mountains, Squires Hill and Cave Hill reach around 400m,
while Divis is higher. The summits generally have gentle slopes, with some gullies and
abrupt steep slopes in places. Along the edge of the basalt plateau above Belfast there are
much steeper slopes.

Enclosure
A relatively open landscape with extensive areas of windswept, often waterlogged, moss
and rough farmland on the plateau top. Valley slopes have a more farmed character, with
straight, overgrown hedgerows and belts of mature trees. Farmsteads are often sheltered
by trees and reached by straight tracks, sometimes embanked.

Complexity of landcover and features

Landscape has a rather irregular, patchy pattern, with areas of scrub and wasteland, often
associated with abandoned mineral workings, derelict farmsteads and areas of waterlogged
or unfarmed land.

Man-made influence
Hard rock quarrying was once widespread across this LCA. Radio masts are situated on the
highest summits and are prominent in views from surrounding areas. Transmission lines
cross the ridge between Divis and Cave Hill.

Skylines and settings

Divis Summits form a dramatic and widely visible backdrop to the city of Belfast and are one
of Northern Ireland’s most important landmarks. The south, west and north facing ridges
around the edges of the hills, although less dramatic in shape, also form prominent skylines
seen over wide areas.

Visibility and views

The breathtaking views from the summits stretch across and beyond the city itself. The
Mourne Mountains, Strangford and Belfast Loughs, the Castlereagh and Holywood Hills and
the Sperrins are all visible.

Landscape quality (condition)

Landscape often in poor condition, particularly in areas with a history of mineral extraction.
Evidence of hedgerow removal. Much abandoned farmland and widespread fly-tipping.
However, marked improvements in recent years, particularly with the acquisition and
management of land at Divis and Black Mountain by the National Trust.

Scenic quality
The eastern slopes of the area have been identified as part of the Belfast Basalt Escarpment
ASQ reflecting their unique character and the spectacular views that they afford.

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Wildness and tranquillity

The area has a strong sense of wildness in areas where there are no major intrusive
influences. This wild character is of particular importance because of its rarity and
accessibility to urban populations.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Species-rich grassland ASSIs at Leathemstown and Slievenacloy, the latter an Ulster
Wildlife Trust reserve. National Trust land at Divis is of considerable biodiversity
significance. Important archaeological remains including megalithic tombs, Bronze Age
burial cairns, hut sites and walled enclosures at Divis and Cave Hill.

Cultural associations
Many important historical and cultural associations.

Amenity and recreation

Public access to National Trust land at Divis and Black Mountain. Section of the Ulster Way.
Variety of walks and trails on Divis, Black Mountain and to the south at the Stoneyford River
and Slievenacloy. Walks from Belfast Castle to the viewpoint on Cave Hill.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The Belfast Hills, of which this LCA forms the highest point, is intrinsically the most sensitive
of all the upland and escarpment landscapes around Belfast because of their iconic
character. Each individual summit is a landmark in its own right and together the summits
have a strong influence on the settings of almost all parts of the city as well as Lisburn,
Newtownabbey and Belfast Lough.

Wind energy development on these summits would not only fundamentally alter their
landscape character but would also be very widely visible indeed. The scenic, natural,
cultural and recreational values associated with this LCA further heighten its sensitivity

Overall Sensitivity – High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is in a highly prominent location and has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive skylines and
views, on its natural, cultural and recreational landscape interests and on the key landscape
and visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Elliots Hill, around 15km to the north.

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LCA 112 Belfast Basalt Escarpment

Location: County Antrim. Slopes and cliffs below the Divis Summits north-west of
Belfast.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale cliffs with a stepped profile towering above the northern and western edge of
Belfast. Land up to around 250m AOD lies within the LCA. Small scale patchwork of
improved pasture with scrub encroachment.

Landform
Edge of the Antrim plateau, well-defined by a steep scarp slope towering above the city of
Belfast. Black basalt cliffs and outcrops with a distinctive, sheer profile, broken by a series
of steep, wooded glens. Thin band of contrasting chalk below.

Enclosure
A fairly open landscape except within the glens which include, in the west, the steep wooded
landscapes of Colin Glen Forest Park; and in the north the designed landscape of Belfast
Castle.

Complexity of landcover and features

The lower escarpment slopes are a mixture of hummocky open pasture, gappy hedgerows,
and stands of deciduous trees on steeper slopes. Extensive areas of regenerating scrub
and gorse. Narrow roads providing steep links between the ridgetop road and Belfast,
winding up the basalt edge.

Man-made influence
Prominent, abandoned quarries and associated fly tipping affect landscape character and
quality. Electricity transmission lines along the contour in the central section of the LCA.

Skylines and settings

Open, highly prominent skyline all along the escarpment edge.

Visibility and views

The basalt edge, like Divis Summits, provides opportunities for panoramic views over the city
of Belfast and south to Strangford Lough and the Mournes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Somewhat degraded when seen at close quarters due to neglect and loss of field
boundaries, dereliction and fly tipping but some restoration and enhancement by the Belfast
Hills Partnership and others in progress.

Scenic quality
Despite localised issues of intrusion and landscape quality, the open, landmark character,
distinctive profile and stunning views from the escarpment have justified the area’s inclusion
in the Belfast Basalt Escarpment ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Rugged, brutal character in dramatic contrast to the dense urban areas below. Strong
sense of wildness in exposed areas, particularly where there are no notable intrusive
influences.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Species-rich grassland ASSI at Slievenacloy, an Ulster Wildlife Trust reserve. Important
archaeological remains eg McArt’s Fort on Cave Hill. Registered Parks at Belfast Castle and
Bellevue.

Cultural associations
Many important historical and cultural associations.

Amenity and recreation

Walks around Slievenacloy. Colin Glen Forest Park. Section of the Ulster Way. Belfast
Castle, Cave Hill Country Park and Belfast City Zoo. Walks from Belfast Castle to the
viewpoint on Cave Hill.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This prominent edge is part of Belfast Hills, intrinsically the most sensitive of all the upland
and escarpment landscapes around Belfast due to their iconic character. The escarpment,
with its distinctive profile, has a strong influence on the setting of Belfast and Belfast Lough,
despite localised issues of intrusion and poor landscape quality.

Wind energy development could not only be difficult in practical terms, but could
fundamentally alter the character of the escarpment and be visible over a very wide area.
The scenic, natural, cultural and recreational values associated with the LCA further
heighten its sensitivity.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is in a highly prominent location and has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the particularly sensitive skylines and
views, its natural, cultural and recreational landscape interests and on the key landscape
and visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.

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LCA 113 Expansive Crumlin Farmland

Location: County Antrim. Land south of Antrim around Belfast International Airport
and Crumlin.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Expansive farmland sloping gently towards Crumlin and Lough Neagh. Highest ground, in
the east, is around 150m AOD.

Landform
Relatively flat areas underlain by Upper Basalt formation. Land slopes gently from the lower
slopes of he Belfast Hills to the fringes of Lough Neagh in the west. Drained by Clady Water
and the Dunmore and Crumlin Rivers but the valleys of these rivers are generally
inconspicuous in the landscape.

Enclosure
An extensive network of overgrown hedges, hedgerow trees and shelterbelts gives the area
a well treed character in parts but overall it appears flat and relatively open. Pastures are
large and simple in shape. Town of Crumlin is divided by the steep wooded valley of the
Crumlin River.

Complexity of landcover and features

Ordered, simple landscape pattern. Scattered farms and small villages form the main
settlements. Farms are relatively large and well-spaced, typically sited at the ends of
straight tracks some distance from the road. More recent housing tends to be sited
alongside the road.

Man-made influence
Airfields occupy the flattest land at Nutt’s Corner (former civil airfield, now disused) and
Aldergrove (Belfast International Airport). Many straight roads cutting across the landscape.

Skylines and settings

No prominent skylines although the Belfast Hills form a gentle backdrop to the area, and the
LCA forms part of the wider setting of Lough Neagh. Crumlin Glen provides an attractive
setting to the compact town of Crumlin.

Visibility and views

Occasional views north to the Six Mile Water valley and Antrim Plateau from the northern
part of the LCA. Otherwise few notable views either into or out of the area, although for
many visitors to Northern Ireland arriving at Belfast International Airport, this landscape will
be their entry point.

Landscape quality (condition)

The agricultural landscape is in reasonable condition although hedgerow trees are over
mature and hedgerows in need of management. Disused airfield affects scale and structure
of the landscape.

Scenic quality
No special scenic quality except in localised pockets such as Crumlin Glen.

Wildness and tranquillity

Neither wild nor tranquil given proximity to airport.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Broad scatter of monuments including standing stones, raths and churches. Registered
Park at Glendarragh (Crumlin Glen).

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Crumlin Glen and Woodland Park is the only formal recreational opportunity.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is of large to medium scale. Its simple, open, horizontal composition and the
presence of existing man-made influences tend to reduce its sensitivity to wind energy
development, as do its relatively sparse settlement, lack of important settings or views, and
lack of significant natural or cultural features.

Sensitivity is lowest on the southern fringes of the LCA where the former airfield has led to
landscape degradation and where turbines would be backclothed against the western slopes
of the Belfast Hills.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Due to its relatively large scale, simple horizontal composition and lack of other notable
landscape sensitivities, parts of this LCA may be suited to wind energy development. The
southern part of the LCA, where the former airfield has led to landscape degradation and
where any turbines would be backclothed against the western slopes of the Belfast Hills, is
the area most likely to be suited to wind energy development. Consideration could be given
to siting turbines away from any small scale landform and landcover features that might
accentuate their scale.

Care should be taken to avoid any adverse impacts on the settings of Lough Neagh and
Crumlin. Special attention should be paid to the potential visual impact on residents of
Crumlin and visitors arriving in Northern Ireland via Belfast International Airport.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
and the nearest existing wind farm was at Elliots Hill, around 13km to the north. Adequate
separation distances from wind energy development in nearby LCAs 109 Upper Ballinderry
Plateau and 110 Derrykillultagh would be important.

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LCA 114 Three and Six Mile Water Valleys

Location: County Antrim. Corridor between Newtownabbey and Antrim.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Mixed scales – large scale rolling pastoral landscape rising to 231m AOD on Carnmoney
Hill, with more intimate valley floor field pattern near Newtownabbey.

Landform
Gently rolling ridges within broad lowland valleys. Some hills are more prominent than
others and might have a rugged character.

Enclosure
Valley floor has a secluded character due to a high concentration of trees, while skylines and
ridgelines are open. There are few woodland blocks in this LCA.

Complexity of landcover and features

Large pastures divided by overgrown hedgerows. Densely settled with large farms and key
settlements including Antrim, Templepatrick, Doagh, Ballyclare and Newtownabbey.

Man-made influence
Urban fringe influences and characteristics lead to a landscape that often lacks visual
cohesion. Significant transport corridor containing M2, A6 and A57 as well as railway line
and pylons. Widespread large scale industrial development scattered throughout the valleys
and especially on outskirts of Newtownabbey and Antrim. Occasional areas of quarrying
and landfill.

Skylines and settings

Carnmoney Hill is a prominent outlier of the Belfast basalt escarpment which forms a
landmark for Newtownabbey. This LCA provides an important gateway and approach to
Belfast (from the north-west and from Belfast International Airport and the port of Larne); and
the eastern part of the LCA forms the setting to the historic settlements of Ballyclare and
Doagh The Registered Parks and estate landscape which are scattered through this area
also form important settings to adjacent settlements.

Visibility and views

Long views south-east from the M2 along the Three Mile Water valley to the town of
Newtownabbey and to Belfast Lough. Also long views from narrow roads lining settlements
on the lower valley slopes. The LCA is overlooked from the surrounding higher slopes of the
Antrim Plateau.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally low due to incomplete hedgerow network and decline in mature trees. Valley floor
between Antrim and Templepatrick has richer character and higher quality, and contains
some intact glaciofluvial features. Some estates and areas have a more wooded and
managed appearance where there are estates.

Scenic quality
Much of this area has no special scenic quality but Carnmoney Hill has been identified as an
ASQ.

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Wildness and tranquillity

This landscape is not wild but there are pockets of tranquillity in the valley landscapes away
from major transport infrastructure and development.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Intact glaciofluvial topography (part of the Six Mile Water complex) in the river valleys.
There is only one ASSI in this LCA at Ballypalady, designated for its palaeo-environmental
value. Great crested grebe and redshank occur in vicinity of Belfast Lough SPA. Scattering
of archaeological sites. Registered Parks are significant in this landscape and include The
Steeple, Greenmount. Loughmore, Castleupton and Holestone House. Merville Garden
Village and Antrim town centre are Conservation Areas.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Riverside walks at Antrim.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Although the often degraded quality of this landscape makes it less sensitive to wind energy
development, the extent of the long views across the area, the area’s role as a gateway to
Belfast, and the fact that it is overlooked by adjacent higher land all increase its sensitivity.

In addition, the general lack of visual coherence makes it difficult to identify areas for wind
energy development in this landscape without creating further visual confusion. There are
many scale comparators in this landscape and turbines could dwarf existing built structures
which are widespread.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The eastern half of the LCA, particularly close to the M2 corridor, may be better able to
accommodate wind energy development than land further west. It is recommended that wind
energy development reflects the scale of the landform and landscape features of this LCA.
It is recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where turbines and
pylons might be seen close together.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on areas with valuable long
distance views, especially views to Belfast Lough. Care should be taken to avoid adverse
impacts on key skylines and settings (notably that of Carnmoney Hill) and natural and
cultural landscape interests.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
but there is an existing wind farm at Elliots Hill and a consented one at Wolf Bog (both
around 10km away to the north); additional wind energy development has been applied for
in the same area (Tardree Upland Pastures LCA 125) and to the east (Carrickfergus Farmed
Escarpment, LCA 130). It will be important to assess potential cumulative impacts if wind
energy development is proposed in this LCA.

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LCA 115 Tardree and Six Mile Water Slopes

Location: County Antrim. Between the high ground of Tardree Upland Pastures and
Three and Six Mile Water Valleys.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Narrow band of land between around 100m and 250m AOD flanking higher hills. Mixed
pattern of fields and woodlands of different scales.

Landform
Undulating uneven topography. This area forms the intermediate slopes between the
Tardree Uplands and lower-lying river valleys. It wraps around the higher ridges and hills
and comprises hummocky pastures with hillocks and rocky outcrops. The western limb of
the LCA, which runs down to the River Main, is characterised by a series of approximately
north-south oriented drumlins.

Enclosure
Upper slopes in the west are most open and exposed. Elsewhere hedgerow trees provide a
more sheltered character. Highest concentration of woodland occurs in the east.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastoral landscape with irregular field pattern. Hedgerow trees are common and occasional
reservoirs and rocky outcrops add visual interest. Numerous small villages, farms and farm
holdings scattered throughout the area connected by a dense network of lanes.

Man-made influence
Electricity pylons are prevalent in this landscape. Occasional reservoirs.

Skylines and settings

These slopes of the Antrim hills are the setting to the lower-lying landscape of the Three and
Six Mile Water valleys (including the settlements of Ballyclare and Doagh) and form
important skyline ridges. This is especially the case for Donegore Hill, an outlier that
protrudes into the valleys.

Visibility and views

Extensive views to the south (particularly from the network of lanes) across lower-lying
landscapes and to the Belfast Hills to the south.

Landscape quality (condition)

Degraded in parts by leggy hedgerows and rush infested pastures.

Scenic quality
The north central part of this LCA includes a very limited area of the Antrim Coast and Glens
AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

The upper open slopes of this LCA have an increasingly remote and relatively wild
character. Elsewhere the landscape is rural and tranquil.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Scattering of archaeological sites eg Donegore Hill and Wiley’s Fort, reflecting long history of
settlement on these accessible slopes – many are scheduled. Drumnadarragh House is a
Registered Park.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way long distance path passes through the north-east of the LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This is a visually prominent landscape, the upper slopes of the LCA forming important
skyline ridges, particularly when viewed from adjacent lower-lying areas. The outlier hill of
Donegore is especially sensitive. The dispersed settlement pattern, dense lane network,
scattering of archaeological sites, varied topography and landscape features eg loughs and
rocky outcrops increase the sensitivity of this landscape to wind energy development.

This LCA forms a narrow band of land flanking higher hills. It is not broad in scale and could
be overwhelmed by inappropriate wind energy development. Land away from ridgelines and
key views might be somewhat less sensitive.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high visual sensitivity and small scale landscape patterns and features. Land
away from prominent ridgelines and outliers such as Donegore Hill are the areas most likely
to be able to accommodate some form of wind energy development. It is recommended that
wind energy development relates well to field and lane patterns. It is recommended that
attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where turbines might be seen in conjunction
with transmission lines, which are widespread.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of archaeological sites, and on
skylines and long distance views, particularly from nearby settlements and from the Ulster
Way.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
but there was an existing wind farm at Elliots Hill and a consented one at Wolf Bog (both
within 3km to the north); additional wind energy development has been applied for in the
same area (Tardree Upland Pastures LCA 125). Visual relationships with any wind farms in
LCA 125 should be a key consideration for wind energy development in this LCA.

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LCA 116 Ballymena Farmland

Location: County Antrim. East of River Main corridor, north of Antrim.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Wide open valley forming broad and extensive landscape, rising to around 200m AOD on
the fringes of the LCA.

Landform
Rolling farmland within an undulating valley rising towards the fringes of the Larne basalt
moorland to the east. The Braid River and Kells Water extend from the surrounding hills
through this landscape forming distinctive valleys and joining the River Main valley to the
west. Drumlins are particularly striking to the north of Ballymena, but less pronounced to the
east.

Enclosure
Moderately enclosed as a result of strong hedgerow network, although tree cover is sparse
and there are just occasional deciduous woods. The landscape is more exposed on upper
slopes to the east.

Complexity of landcover and features

Patchwork of farmland. Shelterbelts, stands of mature trees and beech avenues are
distinctive local features. Large houses and farms scattered across area.

Man-made influence
Includes the significant settlement of Ballymena and towns of Broughshane and Kells. M2
transport corridor and industry east of Ballymena, and some areas of ribbon development
along minor roads. Pylons traverse the middle and southern parts of this LCA. Quarrying
eg east of Ballymena on lower slopes of Black Top.

Skylines and settings

The rising hills of the Larne basalt moorland and Slemish Mountain to the east form an
attractive setting to this LCA and its settlements. The Braid River valley forms an important
landscape setting to the settlements of Broughshane and Ballymena; while the Kells Water
forms a setting to the historic town of Kells.

Visibility and views

Views within the valley are often contained by hedgerow network and tree cover but there
are more open, longer views from upper slopes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Well maintained productive farmland landscape. Hedgerow network is intact and creates a
strong landscape pattern.

Scenic quality
A small area on the north-eastern fringe of this LCA falls within the Antrim Coast and Glens
AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Relative wildness is only experienced on upper slopes. The river valleys, away from
transport corridors, have some intimacy and tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Occasional scheduled sites concentrated around Ballymena and Hamillstown. People’s
Park Ballymena and Random Cottage are Registered Parks.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

A number of outdoor trails and walks particularly in the Ballymena area.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The moderately enclosed character of this landscape with its hedgerow trees and
shelterbelts helps to reduce its sensitivity to wind energy development. However the upper
slopes of this LCA are visually prominent from lower-lying areas in this LCA and land further
west. These slopes are also important in forming a setting to the settlements, and any
development here could affect much of the LCA. To the south, the river valley of the Kells
Water is especially sensitive due to its small intimate character and landscape features.

Areas away from settlements, key ridgelines and existing pylons might be less sensitive, as
might the principal transport corridors and industrial areas on the edge of Ballymena.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high visual sensitivity and proximity to settlements. Land on the lower hill
slopes to the east, away from settlements and their settings (eg below Black Top) may have
some capacity for some form of wind energy development. There might also be
opportunities for wind energy development on brownfield or industrial land near to the M2
transport corridor east of Ballymena, if carefully sited relative to existing man-made
structures. It is recommended that wind energy development relates well to field and lane
patterns. It is also recommended that attempts be made to minimise the siting of turbines
where they will be seen in close proximity to electricity transmission lines and cause visual
clutter.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive prominent ridgelines and
the settings to settlements. Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the setting of
cultural heritage sites.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
but there was an existing wind farm at Elliots Hill and a consented one at Wolf Bog (both
around 5km to the south-east); additional wind energy development has been applied for in
the same area (Tardree Upland Pastures LCA 125) and to the north-east (Central Ballymena
Glens, LCA 117). Cumulative impacts and separation distances with any wind energy
development in these two LCAs and within this LCA should be a key consideration for wind
energy development in this locality.

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LCA 117 Central Ballymena Glens

Location: County Antrim. Glens radiating out from Ballymena up to the Garron
Plateau above.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad, expansive glens fringed by slopes rising to 349m AOD at Slieve Rush in the north.

Landform
Broad glens containing subtle mounds and knolls and framed by gently undulating ridges
which extend onto the Garron Plateau. Slopes vary; they might be convex or concave in
profile. The glens narrow towards the uplands. There are some distinctive landforms and
outlier hills such as Carncoagh and Elginny Hill.

Enclosure
Tree cover and small woods give an overall sense of enclosure. More open and exposed on
upper slopes and ridges.

Complexity of landcover and features

Rocky burns and deciduous woodlands become more pronounced in the upper glens.
Mature beeches and stands of Scots pine are features throughout the area.

Man-made influence
A42 and A43 penetrate along the glens. Isolated dispersed traditional farmsteads on lower
slopes and small nucleated settlements eg Buckna and Martinstown.

Skylines and settings

Church at Carrowcowan Bridge is a local landmark. Distinctive landforms and hills act as
landmarks. The glen landscape forms an important setting for the landmark feature of
Slemish Mountain to the south (just outside the LCA).

Visibility and views

From the upper slopes and distinct hills such as Carncoagh Hill and Elginny Hill there are
extensive views westwards across lower-lying landscapes and as far as the Sperrins; there
are also views across the Garron Plateau and into the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB to
both north and south. Hill slopes of this LCA frame views from the A42 and A43 which are
major tourist routes and gateways to the Antrim glens.

Landscape quality (condition)

Extremely good – intact field boundaries, preserved traditional farmsteads and good tree
age structure.

Scenic quality
A significant proportion of the LCA lies within the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB (south-
eastern half and north-eastern fringes). Visual amenity is enhanced by distinctive landforms
such as Skerry Rock or Craignamaddy.

Wildness and tranquillity

On exposed upper slopes and prominent ridges there is a high degree of relative wildness
and the glens themselves are deeply rural, remote and tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Antrim Hills SPA supports hen harrier and merlin. This LCA contains a number of ASSIs
including Rathsherry, Cleggan Valley and Glen Burn, all designated for their nature
conservation value. Scattered archaeological sites and Registered Park at Cleggan Lodge.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Key gateway to the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB. The upland ridges and more sheltered
glens are valued for hill walking, horse riding and cycling.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
These glens are extremely sensitive to wind energy development due to their distinctive
character, relative wildness and tranquillity, high scenic quality and key role in views from
surrounding ridges and major tourist routes. The south-eastern half of this LCA (Braid
valley) also forms part of the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB and is an important setting to
Slemish. Elsewhere the distinctive knolls and outliers on the valley sides are sensitive in
both character and visual terms and are valued for their scenic and perceptual qualities. In
the lower-lying valley landscapes there are many small scale features. Development here
could be out of scale with the landscape and might appear to ‘flatten’ the landform and
reduce the sense of contrast with surrounding upland areas.

The prominent upper slopes on the western edges of the LCA are most sensitive because of
their very wide visibility. There might be some localised areas of lower sensitivity on the less
prominent middle slopes.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high visual prominence and many small scale landscape features. Mid slope
locations with simple, rounded landform are the areas that are most suited to accommodate
some form of wind energy development. It is recommended that wind energy development
reflects and relates well to local topography, especially to ensure that development does not
dominate adjacent valley landscapes and flatten the often subtle, varied landform of this
LCA.

Throughout the LCA care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on extremely sensitive,
prominent, distinctive rocky knolls and outliers, particularly on the eastern edges of the LCA.
Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on perceptual landscape qualities such as
wildness and tranquillity or on the setting of the Antrim hills, coast and glens. Care should
also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of cultural heritage sites or
settlements and on the setting of Slemish, in the south, which is particularly sensitive.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA,
although applications have been received for wind energy developments. The closest
operational and consented sites were Corkey and Gruig, around 2km to the north of this
LCA in Moyle Moorlands and Forest, LCA 118. Careful consideration will need to be given to
landscape and visual relationships and separation distances between any wind energy
developments in adjacent LCAs.

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LCA 118 Moyle Moorlands and Forests

Location: County Antrim. Uplands south of Ballycastle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale, sweeping, open, expansive rounded upland rising to approximately 550m AOD
and forming a backdrop to more intimate glens.

Landform
Smooth, sweeping landform often with steep sided distinctive forms and clear tops such as
Knocklayd and Slieveanorra, as well as areas of rocky cliffs and plateau. The area is
dissected by small rocky burns and in the north by the headwaters of the Glenshesk and
Carey Rivers.

Enclosure
Generally open except in areas of coniferous forestry, which are extensive in the central part
of the LCA. Small broadleaved woodlands on lower, more sheltered slopes.

Complexity of landcover and features

Rough unimproved grassland and heather without field boundaries. Large areas of blanket
bog, some of which have been cut over for peat. Extensive conifer plantations on the hill
slopes. Pastures on the fringes of the uplands with some gorse banks and stone walls.
Settlement is confined to lower moorland edges and more sheltered valleys. Abandoned
dwellings and farms on higher land.

Man-made influence
Coniferous plantations often with harsh straight edges. Radio masts and wind turbines on
some summits and disused quarry at Knocklayd. Several public roads.

Skylines and settings

Landscape is an important setting to the steep-sided coastal glens (Glenshesk, Glendun,
Glenaan and Glenballyemon) that penetrate the area, and is also a setting to lower-lying
landscapes to the west. The hills on the outer edges of the LCA form prominent skylines for
miles around.

Visibility and views

Roads offer long open views over the moorland, to the sea and into adjacent glens. The
western edge of the LCA is highly visible from lower-lying land to the west and the coastal
fringes of the LCA are highly visible from many coastal viewpoints and the sea.

Landscape quality (condition)

Excellent although some loss of quality where there has been coniferous planting and peat
cutting.

Scenic quality
Most of LCA is within the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Unforested parts of this LCA have a high degree of relative wildness as a result of their
open, windswept upland character, extensive semi-natural vegetation and lack of overt man-
made features. More sheltered areas and edges of moorland are deeply rural and tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

This LCA also contains important geological sites including Tievebulliagh, Loughaveema
and Carey Valley (ASIs). The majority of the LCA falls within the Antrim Hills SPA which
supports breeding hen harrier and merlin. Breen Forest and Slieveanorra are both NRs.
Many archaeological features (scheduled) from chambered graves to standing stones, often
associated with moorland summits.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Popular for outdoor recreation. Ulster Way passes through LCA along coast and Moyle Way
crosses central uplands. Milibern scenic hillwalking route and the forest areas are promoted
for parking, walking, picnicking and camping.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The scale and landform of at least parts of this LCA are in theory well-suited to wind energy
development in landscape and visual terms. The principal tops and summits often have a
distinctive form, wide visibility and a strong wild character; they are highly sensitive to wind
energy development. However, the plateau landscapes of the central part of the LCA are
less sensitive due to their simple, often convex landform (which lends some topographic
screening) and the uniformity of their landcover.

These areas might have lower landscape and visual sensitivity to wind energy development,
provided other natural and cultural heritage constraints can be satisfactorily addressed.
Locations within or close to forestry plantations might be least sensitive. In these areas the
landscape and wildlife habitats have already been modified by forestry, and existing access
tracks might also provide wind farm access without the significant landscape and habitat
damage that could occur elsewhere. In addition, a forest or woodland setting might help
integrate and reduce the visibility of turbines and associated infrastructure.

Overall Sensitivity -High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of the large scale and horizontal form of the upland plateaus within this LCA are well
suited to wind energy development, in particular the central plateau areas, away from
distinctive summits and rocky cliffs, and where commercial forestry reduces landscape and
visual sensitivity and facilitates access. Consideration could be given to setting wind energy
development well back from the steep upland and plateau edges to help contain its visibility.

Particular care needs to be taken to avoid significant impacts on key views from either the
lowland landscapes to the west or from adjacent glens to the north, east and south and on
the wild character of the area. The landscape interests of natural and cultural features and
recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there was one operational wind farm in this LCA (Corkey, 10
turbines of 60m) and a further consented site (Gruig, 10 turbines of 100m) which together
will form a cluster. Careful consideration will need to be given to cumulative impacts and
separation distances from existing developments. Inappropriate development on the central
plateau of this LCA could introduce cumulative impacts and undermine the integrity of the
landscape. Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast seaward issues may be a consideration
especially in parts of the landscape from which there are high level views.

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LCA 119 Ballycastle Glens

Location: County Antrim. East of Causeway Coast on the north Antrim coast around
Ballycastle.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale dramatic landscape in upper glens (rising to 130m AOD) becoming smaller
scale and more enclosed in valley bottoms and lower lying areas.

Landform
Steep sided glens (Glentaisie and Glenshesk) with undulating sides and rocky rivers in the
valley bottoms. Upper reaches of glens are narrow and contained by smooth rounded hills
of higher moorland eg Knocklayd. The Carey River is set in more open lowland landscape
with distinctive terraces.

Enclosure
Valleys are enclosed by topography and have a well vegetated character due to riverside
trees and woods. Forestry plantations occur on some valley sides.

Complexity of landcover and features

Rough and improved pastures bounded by hedgerows including gorse and thorn, creating a
variety of colours and textures. Wetland areas of sedge and alder along watercourses.
Dispersed pattern of farmsteads along valley sides. Attractive coastal town of Ballycastle.

Man-made influence
Forestry plantations on some valley sides. Some new farm buildings which are visually
prominent.

Skylines and settings

The western half of this landscape, in association with the distinctive upland topography of
Knocklayd, forms an exceptional and scenic setting to Ballycastle and the north coast
including Fair Head.

Visibility and views

Long views available down the glens to and from the coastal town of Ballycastle and the
sea. There are also spectacular elevated views from the rural glen side lanes across
Ballyvoy to Fair Head and out to sea.

Landscape quality (condition)

Dry stone walls on upper slopes are in a poor state of repair. Some forestry plantations
have abrupt straight edges and felling activity has created some localised degradation.

Scenic quality
The whole of this LCA is highly scenic and the majority is included within the Antrim Coast
and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

The sheltered valleys and particularly their upper reaches have a strong sense of
remoteness and relative wildness and tranquillity.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Antrim Hills SPA supports merlin and hen harrier. Tow River Wood is an ASSI and the Carey
River an ASI for its geological significance. Many historic sites including mottes, crosses,
raths and standing stones which are scheduled or in state care. There are two Registered
Parks in this LCA namely Magherintemple and Clare Park. Conservation Area at
Ballycastle.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way and Moyle Way long distance paths extend into this LCA from Ballycastle.
Ballycastle is an important tourist centre and acts as a gateway to the Antrim Coast and
Glens AONB (including Rathlin Island) and The Causeway Coast AONB. Ballycastle Bay is
popular for watersports. The whole area is highly valued for its scenic routes, viewpoints, hill
walking, horse riding and cycling.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is highly sensitive due to the strong contrast that it affords with the uplands
above and the sea below and the often small scale of its field patterns and landscape
features. There is little flat land on which turbines could be accommodated and the hill
slopes are visually highly exposed. The more open areas near the coast often have steep
slopes, long views, attractive wooded river corridors; and the low-lying areas are also
overlooked by glen-side viewpoints. In addition, the LCA is highly valued for its scenic
quality, recreation and role as a setting to Ballycastle.

Collectively these landscape and visual characteristics and values make this landscape very
sensitive to wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine
development be closely associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and sheltering
woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive, open, exposed
slopes and shorelines and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that
were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest wind farms were at Corkey and Gruig, approximately 15km away to the south
but they are not visible from within the LCA. Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast
seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 120 Fair Head

Location: County Antrim. Coastal strip between Antrim plateau and the sea.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Narrow coastal strip with dramatic vertical cliffs rising to approximately 230m AOD.

Landform
Steep slopes and dramatic, often precipitous cliffs, on the northern edge of the Antrim
plateau. Coastline comprises distinctive and exposed headlands (eg Fair Head) and more
sheltered bays (eg Loughham). The steep slopes are dissected by short rocky streams
forming minor incised valleys.

Enclosure
Landscape of contrasting enclosure and exposure. Few trees, and those that exist are
windswept. Below the cliffs are some sheltered woods.

Complexity of landcover and features

Small scale rough pastures and moorland on the steep coastal edge separated by degraded
stone walls. Small loughs are attractive features.

Man-made influence
Few overt man-made influences. Coastal road winds precariously along parts of the cliff
edge linking dispersed pattern of cottages and farms, but coast at Fair Head is accessible
only on foot.

Skylines and settings

Coastal headlands (Fair Head and Torr Head) form important and highly visible landmarks.
Fair Head is particularly visible from the Causeway Coast AONB to the west and forms an
important setting to Ballycastle. The steep slopes which back this coastal strip form the
landward skyline and overhang the area, emphasising the narrowness of this LCA.

Visibility and views

Many dramatic and outstanding views to and from the sea and views along the cliff line
throughout this LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

This coastal fringe is in pristine condition with its attractive combination of cliffs of varying
rock strata, native woods, pastures, headlands and bays. Some degradation of pastures,
stone walls and derelict cottages in places.

Scenic quality
The whole of this area is included within the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is an exceptionally wild landscape as a result of its elevation, dramatic scenery,
exposure to the elements and the sea and inaccessibility. More sheltered locations below
the cliffs and in the bays are deeply tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Fair Head is a feature of outstanding geological importance. There are a number of ASSI
designations including Ballycastle Coalfields and Torr Head. The south-eastern fringe of this
LCA also falls within the Antrim Hills SPA which supports breeding hen harrier and merlin.
Concentrated number of chambered graves associated with Fair Head and dispersed
pattern of other historic sites.

Cultural associations
Rich cultural associations with Fair Head.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way long distance path passes though the south eastern part of this LCA. The
coastal road is one of the most spectacular scenic routes in Northern Ireland and has
numerous parking bays offering spectacular views. This landscape is highly valued for
outdoor recreation including hill walking and water sports.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The landscape and visual sensitivity of this LCA is extremely high because this is a
landmark landscape, visible across much of the north coast, and also widely visible from the
sea. It provides an important setting for some of Northern Ireland’s most important tourism
and recreational assets. The unspoilt, pristine condition and high scenic quality of this
landscape, with its dramatic and memorable views and rich natural and cultural heritage
interests, increase its sensitivity still further. There are no areas of lower sensitivity.

In addition, the narrowness, steepness and inaccessibility of much of this coastal landscape
would make wind energy development difficult.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA is an exposed, sensitive landmark landscape with high landscape and visual
sensitivity and physical constraints. It is recommended that any turbine development be
closely associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and sheltering woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open, exposed
slopes and shorelines and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that
were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest wind farms were at Corkey and Gruig, approximately 10km away to the south-
west but they were not visible from within the LCA. Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast
seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 121 Moyle Glens

Location: County Antrim. Coastal glens on north-east edge of the Antrim plateau
between upland moors and Irish Sea.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Dramatic, broad glacial valleys extend into the Antrim plateau, rising to 315m AOD in their
upper reaches. Cross Slieve forms an upland outlier at 205m AOD between Cushendun
and Cushendall.

Landform
Distinctive flat-topped ridges such as Lurigethan and Tievebulliagh loom over this landscape
although they lie just outside the LCA. The southern glens have broad sweeping U-shaped
valley profiles, whereas the glens in the north have a more V-shaped profile with undulating
sides. The valleys contain rocky mountain steams that fall to the sea as waterfalls or
become meandering as they reach the flat floodplains near the coast. Dispersed pattern of
stone cottages and historic fishing villages of Cushendun and Cushendall cluster in coastal
bays.

Enclosure
Prominent hedgerows and trees, and areas of ancient broadleaved woodland give this LCA
a sheltered wooded appearance on lower slopes, becoming more exposed on upper slopes.

Complexity of landcover and features

Pastoral landscape divided by hedges and stone walls with high concentration of trees and
woodlands.

Man-made influence
Roads follow the contours of the valley sides. Flat valley floors and steep upper slopes
typically lack development although campsites, car parks and other tourist related
infrastructure affect some coastal locations.

Skylines and settings

Distinctive knolls (eg Cross Slieve and Tieverah) in this LCA and upland summits of the
Antrim plateau above form important skylines and distinctive landmarks. The valleys sides
of the Glendun River form an important setting to the settlement of Cushendun; lower slopes
of Lurigethan frame Cushendall. Historic features and coastal geological features are also
landmarks eg Red Arch and Castle.

Visibility and views

Long coastal views are afforded throughout this LCA. There are also spectacular views from
the coast and sea inland to a wild moorland backdrop.

Landscape quality (condition)

Excellent condition overall. Some small plantations on the upper slopes and some
degradation of stone walls in places. Caravan parks on coast can be visually intrusive.

Scenic quality
High as a result of distinctive valleys and coastal views. All of this LCA is included in the
Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Steep upper slopes have a wild and remote character.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The Glendun and Glenballyemon Rivers are both proposed SPAs. Glenariff is designated
an ASSI and the upper slopes of this areas form part of the Antrim Hills SPA which supports
breeding hen harrier and merlin. Historic land tenure pattern preserved in stone wall
enclosures reflecting early ladder farms. There are many archaeological sites, a large
number of which are in state care and some scheduled. Conservation Areas at Cushendall
and Cushendun.

Cultural associations
Rich history and folklore associated with the glens.

Amenity and recreation

Important area for tourism. Ulster Way passes through the LCA. Settlements of Cushendall
and Cushendun are local centres and gateways to the Glens providing holiday
accommodation. There are many parking areas along the coast and the coast road is a
valued scenic route. The glens are valued for their outdoor recreation including hill walking,
horse riding and cycling. The coast and sheltered bays are popular for water sports.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is of very high sensitivity for a whole host of reasons. This is one of the most
popular and highly valued scenic landscapes in Northern Ireland, its key attraction lying in
the extreme contrast between the adjoining uplands and dramatic coastal glens. The
landscape of the glens includes many small scale features and its landform is a significant
constraint to most wind energy development as it is either very steep, or flat and tightly
contained. There is a great diversity of landscape features, often highly valued for their
earth science, nature conservation or historic interest, and the small traditional settlements
are visual focal points within each valley.

Wind energy development could be prominent, intrusive and wholly inappropriate to the
traditional rural character of these landscapes.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a highly distinctive and valued landscape setting and exceptionally high
landscape and visual sensitivity. It is recommended that any turbine development be closely
associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and sheltering woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive open exposed
slopes, shorelines and the setting of cultural heritage and on the key landscape and visual
characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest such wind farms were at Corkey and Gruig, approximately 8km away to the west
but they are not visible from within the LCA. Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast
seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 122 Garron Plateau

Location: County Antrim. Upland plateau north-east of Ballymena to Garron Point on
coast.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale, open, expansive upland plateau rising to around 438m AOD at Mid Hill
although many summits are over 400m AOD eg Carncormick and Soarns Hill.

Landform
Upland plateau with uneven relief due to rocky outcrops, steep descents and deeply incised
stream valleys. The uneven landform harbours many upland loughs and reservoirs. The
edges of the plateau have a distinctive stepped profile or form rounded knolls and end in
dramatic cliffs at the coast.

Enclosure
Largely open and exposed landscape with little native tree cover. Coniferous woodland
creates localised enclosure.

Complexity of landcover and features

Predominately sheep grazing, lower slopes enclosed by stone walls and occasional beech
trees or Scots Pine. Peat bogs on more elevated areas comprising a matrix of heather and
moorland grasses, rushes and areas of peat cutting. Coniferous woodland at Glenariff
Forest Park and Cleggan Forest.

Man-made influence
Very limited, as do not penetrate beyond edge of plateau. Some commercial forestry and
small reservoirs in the south-west.

Skylines and settings

Lurigethan, with its promontory fort, is a distinctive coastal landmark. The edges of the
plateau form simple, open skylines when viewed from surrounding areas and are important
in providing a setting to adjacent glens, coastal fringes and inland lowlands.

Visibility and views

Long views to and from the edges of the plateau over the surrounding landscapes and the
sea. Views into the LCA from around Glenariff Forest Park to the north.

Landscape quality (condition)

Excellent condition overall.

Scenic quality
The whole of this area of very high scenic quality and is included in the Antrim Coast and
Glens AONB. Locally, however, scenic quality has been affected by blanket afforestation.

Wildness and tranquillity

Upland areas have a strong sense of relative wildness remaining largely undisturbed by
human activity.

Natural and cultural heritage features

This landscape contains valuable peatland habitats designated as the Garron Plateau ASSI,
SAC and Ramsar site and is the most extensive area of intact upland blanket bog in
Northern Ireland. The majority of the LCA falls within the Antrim Hills SPA which supports
breeding hen harriers and merlin. There are also ASSI designations at Blackburn (valued

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for its extensive, active limestone cave system) and Gortnagory (valued for its grassland and
rare orchids). Scattered archaeological sites associated with the plateau fringes.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Glenariff Forest Park is a popular outdoor recreation area and there are a number of walking
routes in this locality.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA has a large scale, simple expansive landform and landcover that in theory make at
least parts of the area suitable for wind energy development. However, the stepped
landforms and rounded knolls around the plateau edges form prominent open skylines that
are highly visually sensitive and are the setting for the coastal glens of Glenariff and
Glencloy to the east. Parts of the LCA are overlooked from slopes and summits to the north
around Glenariff Forest Park, and this too heightens sensitivity. The area around Glenariff
Forest Park is highly valued for recreation, while the northern reaches of the LCA, as it
extends towards the coast, becomes increasingly complex with distinctive upland loughs and
rocky outcrops. These factors, together with the area’s scenic quality and outstanding intact
peatland habitats result in high sensitivity over most of the LCA.

Areas of lesser sensitivity occur in the south-west, for example in areas of simple terrain
within or close to the extensive coniferous plantation of Cleggan Forest, where recreational
access is limited. Here the forestry might help contain visibility and use of existing forestry
access tracks could reduce infrastructure impacts on fragile moorland landscapes and
habitats.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of the large scale and horizontal form of the upland plateau within this LCA are well
suited to wind energy development, in particular the plateau areas adjacent to or within the
Cleggan Forest, where commercial forestry reduces landscape and visual sensitivity and
may facilitate vehicular access. Consideration could be given to the clustering of wind
energy development (of consistent layout height and design) as more than one area of wind
energy development in this LCA could undermine and fragment the character of this open
expansive moorland plateau. Consideration could also be given to setting wind energy
development well back from the steep upland and plateau edges to help contain its visibility.

Care needs to be taken to avoid adverse impacts on key views, particularly views from the
coastal glens and the sea to the east, and on the wild character of the area. Care also needs
to be taken to avoid adverse visual effects on areas of complex terrain and areas of upland
loughs and rocky outcrops. The landscape interests of natural and cultural features and
recreational resources should be respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest such sites were at Corkey and Gruig, around 7km north-west of this LCA.
Additional wind energy development has been applied for just to the south-west, in the
Central Ballymena Glens LCA. Careful consideration will need to be given to separation
distances from developments in adjoining LCAs (particularly LCA 117 Central Ballymena
Glens). Cumulative impacts within this LCA could be a future issue. Due to the proximity of
the Antrim coast seaward issues may be a consideration especially in parts of the landscape
from which there are high level views.

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LCA 123 Larne Glens

Location: County Antrim. Deeply incised glens between the Garron plateau and the
coast.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale, deeply incised glens rising to stepped moorland summits and reaching
approximately 190m AOD. Small to medium scale landscape patterns and features.

Landform
Steep-sided and incised glen valleys of the Glencloy and Glenarm Rivers. Towards the
coast the glens open out and the terrain is undulating.

Enclosure
Broadleaved woodland on steeper glen slopes, and small to medium scale patterns of stone
walls and hedges with hedgerow trees, provide enclosure and distinctive pattern. There is
also topographic enclosure by the surrounding moorland summits.

Complexity of landcover and features

Dramatic contrasts in colour between the lush pastures within the glens and the more
exposed moorlands above. Old quarry workings create dramatic features along the steep
slopes. Settlements of Carnlough and Glenarm are located on coast at the mouth of the
glens. Elsewhere there is a dispersed pattern of farmsteads.

Man-made influence
Conifer plantations in Glenarm. Quarry above Carnlough creates a distinctive landmark.

Skylines and settings

The lower lying coastal areas and mouth of the glen rivers provide important landscape
settings to the coastal settlements. The upper moorland slopes form high visible and simple
open skylines, framing and enfolding these sheltered glen landscapes.

Visibility and views

Elevated and spectacular views across the glens and down their length to and from the sea.
Also memorable views along the coastline. This landscape is highly visible from surrounding
moorland slopes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Extremely good condition – well managed landscape elements, robust stone walls, well
maintained hedgerows and strong landscape structure.

Scenic quality
High – the whole of this LCA is included within the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a landscape of contrasts – the upper moorland slopes of the glens and the exposed
rocky coastline both express a high degree of relative wildness, whereas the glen
landscapes are more sheltered and deeply tranquil.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Old quarry sites are of earth science interest and designated ASIs. Much of the deciduous
woodland is ancient and designated ASSI eg Glenarm Woods and Straidkilly Wood (the later
also being a NR); Lemnalary is a grassland ASSI. Much of the Glenarm is a Registered
Park as part of the Glenarm Castle Estate; Garron Tower in the north of the LCA is also a
Registered Park. Conservation Areas at Carnlough and Glenarm.

Cultural associations
Rich history and folklore associated with the glens.

Amenity and recreation

This landscape is valued for its recreation opportunities and is a major tourist destination.
The Ulster Way long distance follows the coast through this LCA. There are also a number
of other walking routes associated with this area.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is highly sensitive overall. The more open areas nearer the coast offer long
coastal views, and although the lower lying areas are relatively well treed they are also
overlooked from surrounding higher ground and form a central visual focus within the LCA.
Similarly the upper slopes of the glens are of high visual sensitivity, providing an outstanding
backdrop and skyline to the valleys. Both these areas are inherently sensitive to wind
energy development. The outstanding scenic quality of this landscape and its popularity for
visitors and for outdoor recreation increase its sensitivity still further.

This very high sensitivity across the whole area indicates that there is limited scope for wind
energy development in this LCA.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has a highly distinctive and valued landscape setting and has high landscape and
visual sensitivity throughout. It is recommended that any turbine development be closely
associated with and reflects the scale of farmsteads and sheltering woodland.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the extremely sensitive, open, exposed
slopes, shorelines, prominent knolls and the settings of cultural heritage sites and on the key
landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest such developments were at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog approximately 10km away
to the south-west, but they are not visible from this LCA. Due to the proximity of the Antrim
coast seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 124 Larne Basalt Moorland

Location: County Antrim. Upland moorland between Ballymena and the coast.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Large scale, broad, rounded summits reaching between 300 and 400m AOD.

Landform
Exposed broad upland area with distinctive rounded summits which often have simplicity of
outline. This area extends into a narrower ridge in the north separating Glenarm from the
coast. On the east is the dramatic rounded cliff of Sallagh Braes – the product of a massive
landslip, and to the south the cliffs of Agnew’s Hill.

Enclosure
Windswept, open landscape with little enclosure due to lack of trees, high elevation and
expansive topography.

Complexity of landcover and features

Derelict pastures on the edge of the moor invaded by rushes and gorse giving rise to
strongly textured landscape. The upper slopes and summits are covered in tussocky
moorland grasses with areas of peat bog and heather. Small isolated stone dwellings and
areas of small scale peat cutting.

Man-made influence
Radio masts are prominent vertical features. Commercial forestry in places eg Capanagh
and Shillanavogy Woods and Ballyboley Forest. Narrow roads cross the moorland and wind
around the edges of the summits.

Skylines and settings

The volcanic plug known as Slemish is an exceptional landmark. Outer summits and fringes
are prominent landmarks in views from adjacent lowlands and valleys, particularly the
Glenwhirry valley.

Visibility and views

The steep cliffs of Sallagh Braes are a notable landscape feature and viewpoint. Numerous
long distance views are also available from the narrow lanes which cross the moorland and
skirt its fringes.

Landscape quality (condition)

Good condition overall although some areas of derelict pastures and tumbled down stone
walls.

Scenic quality
High. Most of this LCA (with the exception of the southern fringes) falls within the Antrim
Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

The upper and central parts of this landscape have a wild character due to their openness
and remoteness. The dramatic and majestic knolls and cliffs also have relative wildness as
a result of their scale and dominance.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The majority of this area is covered by the Antrim Hills SPA which supports breeding hen
harrier and merlin. Slemish and Scawt Hill and Sallagh Braes are ASIs of earth science
interest while Scawt Hill is also an ASSI. Concentration of scheduled archaeological sites on
the northern finger of this LCA (Knockdhu ASAI), as well as on its southern fringes and at
Slemish.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Ulster Way and Antrim Hills Way long distance paths pass though this LCA.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA has a large scale, simple landform and land cover that suggest some suitability for
wind energy development. However, the outer hills often have a distinctive form and wide
visibility; hence they are especially sensitive to wind energy development, whether they lie
within the AONB or not. This also applies to the narrow finger of land in the northern part of
this LCA which forms an important setting to Glenarm and the coastal landscapes. As in
other parts of the Antrim Plateau, areas that can be seen from the coast and coastal glens
are of the utmost sensitivity.

The central parts of the LCA have an open plateau landform with simple, uniform land cover
and these areas might be less sensitive, particularly where there is some topographic
screening and where forestry plantations have already affected the area’s landscapes and
moorland habitats.

Overall Sensitivity – High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

Parts of the large scale and horizontal form of the upland plateau within this LCA are well
suited to wind energy development, in particular the central plateau areas of the LCA, away
from steep hillsides, distinctive summits and rocky cliffs, and where commercial forestry
reduces landscape and visual sensitivity and facilitates access. Consideration could be
given to the clustering of wind energy development (of a consistent layout, height and
design) as more than one area of wind energy development on the central plateau of this
LCA could introduce cumulative impacts and undermine the integrity of the landscape.
Consideration could be given to setting wind energy development well back from the steep
upland and plateau edges to help contain its visibility.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the settings of Slemish, Sallagh
Braes and Knockdhu, on key views from either the lowland landscapes to the west or from
the glens and coast to the north and east, and on the wild character of the area. The
landscape interests of natural and cultural features and recreational resources should be
respected.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
The nearest such developments were at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog, around 4km south-west of
the LCA. Careful consideration will need to be given to separation distances from existing
developments in adjoining LCAs (particularly LCA 125 Tardree Upland Pastures).
Cumulative impacts within this LCA could be a future issue. Due to the proximity of the
Antrim coast seaward issues may be a consideration especially in parts of the landscape
from which there are high level views.

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LCA 125 Tardree Upland Pastures

Location: County Antrim. South-west of Larne Basalt Moorland and northeast of
Antrim.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale upland fringe area with hills and ridges rising to 353m AOD.

Landform
Transitional landscape comprising undulating topography. Ridges have a smooth stepped
profile with some rocky outcrops or crags. The Glenwhirry valley, which cuts through the
centre of the LCA, is broad and shallow.

Enclosure
Relatively open landscape even in valley. Localised enclosure created by topography and
roadside trees and conifer plantations.

Complexity of landcover and features

Marginal pastures and poorly drained grassland and heather create a textured landscape
divided by a strong pattern of stone walls and hedges. Some commercial forestry on
Tobernaveen Hill. Scattered distribution of rural dwellings, concentrating within the
Glenwhirry valley.

Man-made influence
Electricity pylons pass through the central and southern parts of this landscape. Quarries
(disused and existing) eg Craigs Quarry. Existing wind farm (Elliots Hill) on Big Collin.

Skylines and settings

The uplands to the north-east of this LCA form an important and prominent skyline. The
south-facing slopes of Tobernaveen and Drumdarragh Hill also form prominent skylines and
a setting to the town of Antrim.

Visibility and views

Long open views across this landscape from main ridges. Also views across the Glenwhirry
Valley.

Landscape quality (condition)

Condition of this landscape varies. In some areas the stone wall enclosures are intact and
well maintained but elsewhere tumbled down. In places the landscape is degraded due to
quarries, electricity pylons and prominent development.

Scenic quality
Scenic quality in this LCA is mixed. The north and eastern fringes of this LCA fall within the
Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

This is a rural landscape which has a high degree of tranquillity away from main road routes.
The upland ridges with their rougher vegetation and more exposed aspect express relative
wildness in places.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Sandy Braes is an ASI. There are a number of archaeological sites which are scheduled,
many of which occur on the upland ridges.

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Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Tardree Forest is valued for recreation with marketed picnic spots and viewpoints.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The visually exposed character of this LCA suggests some sensitivity to wind energy
development. The southern slopes form a setting to Antrim and are particularly visible from
the M2; while the northern slopes and ridges protrude into the lower-lying landscape of the
Ballymena Farmland (LCA 116) and form part of the Antrim Coast and Glens AONB. Scenic
quality in these areas is also relatively good.

However there are some locations in the central and southern parts of the LCA where the
ridges have a smooth profile, visibility is reduced by dips in the landform or by forestry, and
the landscape has already been affected by man-made influences. In these areas
landscape sensitivity might be less.

Overall Sensitivity - Medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The middle slopes of the ridges in the central and southern parts of this LCA (particularly
where there are existing man-made influences) may be better able to accommodate wind
energy development than other areas. It is recommended that wind energy development
relates well to field patterns and topography. If lower hills adjacent to lowlands and valleys
are being considered it is recommended that wind energy development reflects the scale of
this landscape. It is recommended that attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where
turbines are seen in conjunction with pylons.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on very sensitive rocky knolls, ridge summits
and steep slopes. Care should also be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the Antrim
Plateau and on the settings of settlements and cultural heritage sites.

At the time of assessment this LCA had an existing wind farm at Elliots Hill (10 turbines of
65m) and a consented site adjacent at Wolf Bog (5 turbines of 100m). Further wind farms
are also proposed within the LCA and in other LCAs to the north and south (although these
sites are generally more than 15km away). This means that cumulative impacts must be
very carefully considered for any proposals in this LCA.

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LCA 126 Larne Coast

Location: County Antrim. Coastal strip north of Larne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Relatively narrow coastal strip with dramatic vertical form rising to approximately 200m AOD.

Landform
Undulating lowland between upland moorland to north-west and coast. Indented coastline of
headlands and cliffs creating a sequence of striking gateways.

Enclosure
Small wooded glens on steep slopes, and wind sculpted vegetation along the coast.

Complexity of landcover and features

Inland pastures divided by stone walls and a rugged belt of rough pasture along coastline.
Exposed rocks form landscape features in places. Settlements include Carncastle,
Ballygally and Larne; otherwise there is a dispersed pattern of farmsteads. Dramatic coast
road hugs the coastline.

Man-made influence
Significant urban, industrial and port development associated with Larne in the south of this
LCA. Golf courses and tourism developments are scattered sporadically along the A2.

Skylines and settings

Circular cliffs of Sallagh Braes overshadow this landscape and form a distinctive landmark,
as do the upper slopes of the Antrim plateau moorlands above.

Visibility and views

Expansive seaward views particularly from the coast road.

Landscape quality (condition)

Stone walls are an important visual component of this landscape and are in a good state of
repair.

Scenic quality
High scenic quality. The whole of this area with the exception of Larne is included within the
Antrim Coast and Glens AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Wild windswept character, particularly along the coastal area and on upper slopes to the
north and east.

Natural and cultural heritage features

Coastal area has a number of important earth science sites including the Waterloo ASSI at
Chaine Memorial Park and Larne Lough SPA. The SPA supports breeding terns and
overwintering brent geese. Wealth of archaeological interest including mottes, standing
stones and raths along the upland margins. There are a number of Registered Parks in this
landscape including Cairndhu, Carnfunnock Country Park, Chaine Park, and Drumalis.

Cultural associations
Not known.

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Amenity and recreation

Popular area for tourism and recreation. Carnfunnock Country Park. The A2 is an important
tourist route though this landscape. The Ulster Way long distant route hugs the coastline.
There are also a number of other marketed walking routes eg Linn Glen circular walk.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is highly sensitive to wind energy development because it is highly visible from the
A2 tourist route and from elevated land above – particularly from key viewpoints such as
Sallagh Braes. Towards Larne urban influences make the area somewhat less sensitive but
nevertheless it is still highly visible. This high visibility, together with high scenic quality,
dramatic and memorable coastal views, strong natural and cultural heritage interests, and
value in terms of tourism and recreation, means that there are limited areas within this LCA
of lower sensitivity to wind energy development.

The possible exception is land associated with the port of Larne, where brownfield and
industrial sites might have a lower sensitivity to appropriately scaled wind energy
development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has space constraints and high landscape and visual sensitivity. Industrial land
associated with the port of Larne might have landscape capacity for some form of wind
energy development. Careful consideration should be given to relationships with existing
built structures.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive exposed slopes and
ridges, shoreline landscapes, and views along the coast and from higher ground to the west
and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in or near this
LCA. Potential future cumulative impacts would have to be very carefully considered within
this LCA and between any future wind energy developments in the adjacent LCA28. Due to
the proximity of the Antrim coast seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 127 Larne Ridgeland

Location: County Antrim. South of Larne Basalt Moorland and north of Carrickfergus
Uplands.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Medium scale landscape with low ridges rising to 219m AOD at Black Hill.

Landform
Gently undulating farmland dominated by long south-west to north-east ridges and trough-
like valleys. South-west part of this LCA forms a distinct broad valley landscape along the
line of the Six Mile Water Fault.

Enclosure
Strong sense of enclosure due to thickets of woodland especially on upper valley slopes eg
Glenoe and presence of higher moorland topography to north and south.

Complexity of landcover and features

Well-structured farmland with large scale geometric fields defined by hedges. Pastures
show a transition from lush grassland to smaller marginal upland fields defined by stone
walls. Farms and isolated bungalows and houses and small loughside settlement of Glynn.

Man-made influence
Main communications and service corridor containing prominent pylons and roads which are
visually intrusive at times. Settlement focuses in the valleys including settlement of Millbrook
which forms an extension or suburb of Larne. Significant quarry at Magheramorne.

Skylines and settings

Moorland ridges above form prominent and simple skyline. The steep woodland on slopes of
Carnduff and Glynn Hill provide a strong setting for Glynn. The power station at
Ballylumford (outside the LCA) forms a prominent landmark. The upland ridge of Black Hill
forms an immediate setting to Larne Lough.

Visibility and views

Views from the valleys are bounded by the skyline ridges of moorland. Views from higher
ground are more extensive and take in most of Larne Lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

Reasonable. Field structure is still robust but vulnerable to decline.

Scenic quality
Mixed. The area to the north-west of the A8 to Larne falls within the Antrim Coast and Glens
AONB.

Wildness and tranquillity

Relative wildness is felt on upper slopes and ridges. Tranquillity is felt away from the main
transport corridors but is not widespread.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

The shores of Larne Lough are protected as part of the Lough Shores ASSI, Ramsar and
SPA and are important bird habitat as is Swan Island SPA. The SPAs support breeding
terns and overwintering brent geese. There is also an ASSI at Newlands. There are
scattered archaeological sites many of which are scheduled. Registered Parks at
Magheramorne House and Kilwaughter Castle.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Waterfall and walks in Glenoe. Main tourist routes to the coast.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This landscape is contained visually by higher land to the north and south; and parts of the
LCA are affected by development such as the power station, quarrying, pylons and transport
corridors. These factors tend to reduce the landscape’s sensitivity to wind energy
development. However, the northern slopes of this LCA are valued for their scenic quality
and the ridges in the south-east are highly visible from Larne Lough and the coast to the
north. These factors tend to increase sensitivity.

The low ridges behind Black Hill and Cross Hill are potentially most suited to wind energy
development, but they are relatively narrow and the landscape could easily be overwhelmed
by inappropriate wind energy development. They would be less sensitive to turbine
groupings, that are set well back from the edge of Larne Lough, thus avoiding both
significant visual impacts and also impacts on important bird habitats and species.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The low ridgelines behind Black Hill and Cross Hill in the south-east of the LCA might be the
best suited area in this LCA for some form of wind energy development. It is recommended
that wind energy development reflects the scale of the landform and landscape features and
creates a site layout which relates well to field and lane patterns. It is recommended that
attempts be made to minimise visual clutter where turbines might be seen in conjunction
with electricity transmission lines.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the Glenoe valley, views from the coast
to the north, and the setting of settlements.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA;
the nearest such sites were at Elliots Hill and Wolf Bog approximately 10km to the west;
there were also additional applications in that area. Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast
seaward issues may be a consideration, especially in parts of the landscape from which
there are high level views.

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LCA 128 Island Magee

Location: County Antrim. South and east of Larne.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Broad landscape of open water, wide valley and low ridges rising to approximately 160m
AOD. Area has a strong horizontal form.

Landform
Flat expansive open lough and valley land to the south, enclosed by low, smooth ridges
which run north-south and form rounded skylines. The lough has areas of tidal mudflats and
a rocky eastern shore.

Enclosure
Large areas of woodland on ridge slopes give rise to some enclosure in a landscape which
is otherwise generally open and exposed.

Complexity of landcover and features

Distinctive, regular hedgerow field patterns on ridges. Diverse landcover of rough grassland
on floodplain in wide valley, and pastoral farmed slopes on the ridges. Enclosed harbour
villages eg Portmuck.

Man-made influence
Caravan parks along the shoreline. Key settlement of Whitehead. Power station at
Ballylumford, and associated lines of pylons radiating outwards which interrupt the smooth
skyline.

Skylines and settings

The lower slopes of Black Hill to the west of the LCA form an important skyline ridge above
the southern part of Larne Lough. The slopes of Carnbrock and Muldersleigh Hill form an
important setting to the settlement of Whitehead.

Visibility and views

Notable views out to sea from east side of Island Magee. Views across and down Larne
Lough from higher ground in the western half of the LCA.

Landscape quality (condition)

The condition of landscape elements is mixed, being relative good on Island Magee but
showing signs of degradation in the valley floor and on some of the ridges.

Scenic quality
Generally high. Island Magee has been identified as an ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

The east side of Island Magee has a wild and remote character due to its relative
inaccessibility and exposure to the Irish Sea.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Important area for nature conservation – Larne Lough is designated an ASSI, Ramsar and
SPA for its bird habitat, as is Swan Island SPA. The SPAs support breeding terns and
overwintering brent geese. The lough head carries an ASI designation at Ballycarry and
Swan Island is an SPA and designated as a NR. The eastern coast of the peninsula is also
ASI. In addition Red Hall estate is a Registered Park and there are a number of scheduled
or proposed scheduled archaeological sites especially in the south of the LCA.
Conservation Area at Whitehead.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

This area is important for tourism and caravan holidays.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
The general openness of the landscape and the remote and wild qualities of Island Magee
itself make this LCA very sensitive to wind energy development. Similarly the hills and
ridges which flank the settlement of Whitehead are important in defining a setting to the town
and are also visually sensitive to wind energy development. In addition, Island Magee is
valued for its high scenic quality; and Larne Lough and its shores for their nature
conservation and bird habitats. It may therefore be difficult to accommodate wind energy
developments in this LCA.

A possible exception is land associated with the power station at Ballylumford, which might
have lower sensitivity to appropriately scaled wind energy development.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape and visual sensitivity. The industrial land associated with
Ballylumford Power Station might be the best suited area in this LCA to accommodate some
form of wind energy development. Careful consideration should be given to the scale of and
relationships with existing built structures.

Care needs to be taken to avoid adverse impacts on highly sensitive, exposed upper slopes
and shoreline landscapes and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values
that were described in this section. Careful consideration should be given to impacts on
views along the coast and from higher ground to the west.

At the time of assessment there were no operational wind farms in this LCA; the closest
such site lay more than 20km away to the west. Potential future cumulative impacts would
have to be very carefully considered within this LCA and between any wind energy
developments in the adjacent LCAs particularly LCA 126. Due to the proximity of the Antrim
coast seaward issues may be a consideration in the future.

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LCA 129 Carrickfergus Shoreline

Location: County Antrim, shoreline between Whitehead and Newtownabbey

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Fringe of flat land, 1-3km wide, rising to around 100m AOD on the edge of the LCA below
the escarpment to the north-west.

Landform
Narrow, flat coastal plain, rising gently inland towards the escarpment. Pronounced hilltop at
Castle Dobbs and valley of Kilroot river to north-east of LCA.

Enclosure
Almost continuous belt of coastal development including Greenisland and Carrickfergus,
broken by urban farmland. Well treed in parts but increasingly open towards the east,
except for pockets of woodland around Castle Dobbs.

Complexity of landcover and features

Communications and service corridor. Peripheral industry and scattered housing along
roads links settlements and obscures their separate identities.

Man-made influence
Large institutional, commercial and industrial developments along the coastal edge and
extensive urban development inland. Prominent industrial structures, notably the stack of
Kilroot Power Station, can be seen from miles around. The linearity of the LCA is
emphasised by roads, a railway and transmission lines. Ribbon development along A2 and
B90.

Skylines and settings

Inland the Carrickfergus Escarpment provides the setting to this LCA. The wooded setting
of Castle Dobbs and the Kilroot valley is locally important.

Visibility and views

Views of the sea are a key characteristic, especially between Newtownabbey and
Carrickfergus, but coastal development blocks views from some inland locations. Significant
waterfront views, notably at Carrickfergus Castle. East of Carrickfergus the railway follows
the shoreline offering fine views across the lough.

Landscape quality (condition)

Generally relatively poor.

Scenic quality
Only localised areas of scenic quality within the LCA, at Castle Dobbs. However
Carrickfergus Escarpment ASQ abuts the LCA north of Greenisland.

Wildness and tranquillity

Generally limited.

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Natural and cultural heritage features

Inner and Outer Belfast Lough ASSIs (also SPA and Ramsar) comprise intertidal foreshore
important for wintering waders and wildfowl (including great crested grebe and redshank)
and earth science. A number of castles, notably Norman Carrickfergus Castle and a cluster
of historic sites and monuments in the Kilroot valley. Registered Parks at Castle Dobbs and
Sea Park. Conservation Area at Carrickfergus.

Cultural associations
Many historical associations relating to Carrickfergus Castle.

Amenity and recreation

Most opportunities are concentrated in Carrickfergus, on the waterfront.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
This LCA is generally not sensitive in landscape terms due to the existing extent of man-
made influence, but is of higher sensitivity visually as it forms the foreground to views of the
Carrickfergus Escarpment and is very open to view from Belfast Lough and its southern
shores.

There might be some opportunity for wind energy development associated with existing
industrial sites, where sensitivity is less.

Overall Sensitivity - High to medium

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

The area where wind energy development is most likely to be suited in this LCA is on flat
land close to Kilroot Power Station. Proposals could consider creating a site layout which
has a strong visual and design relationship to existing industrial structures.

Particular care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on key views of Belfast Lough from
public open space and residential areas within the LCA. Care should also be taken to avoid
adverse impacts on the cliffs above Greenisland, exposed hill slopes and shoreline
landscapes and on the settings of Carrickfergus Castle and harbour, Castle Dobbs and the
monument at Knockagh.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.
Due to the proximity of the Antrim coast seaward issues may be a consideration in the
future.

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LCA 130 Carrickfergus Farmed Escarpment

Location: County Antrim. Land between the Carrickfergus shoreline and the upland
pastures to the north.

Key Landscape and Visual Characteristics and Values

Scale
Rolling farmland with distinctive field patterns on the steep face of the escarpment at
Carrickfergus, generally between 100 and 200m AOD.

Landform
Narrow apron of undulating land forming the transition between the Carrickfergus Shoreline
(LCA 129) and the Carrickfergus Upland Pastures (LCA 98). Woodburn Glen cuts back into
the slope, breaking the otherwise regular and smooth profile. Escarpment is highest and
most pronounced in the south-west.

Enclosure
Very open to view topographically. Almost wholly pasture land with a grid of small regular
fields enclosed by hedges and trees. Scots pine is a characteristic feature in hedges on the
steeper slopes. Narrow wooded glens incised into the hill slopes.

Complexity of landcover and features

There are two small reservoirs and areas of conifer woodland set within the characteristic
small-scale ladder field pattern.

Man-made influence
Strong rural character, but new houses form an incongruous recent addition. Numerous
transmission lines and pylons along most of the length of the LCA.

Skylines and settings

The basalt scarp and monument of Knockagh form notable skyline elements. The gradual
transition from small scale pastures to broader, more wooded landscape patterns on the
ridge top is very distinctive, and conservation of the visual integrity of the ridge top is
important. LCA provides the setting and backdrop to Newtownabbey and Carrickfergus.

Visibility and views

Panoramic views over Belfast Lough and its northern and southern shores. Urban
development and Kilroot Power Station and its industrial setting are prominent in many
views.

Landscape quality (condition)

Hedges are gappy and poorly maintained and this is affecting the small scale landscape
patterns in places. Much of the farmland retains a rural character although there are strong
pressures for housing on the lower slopes.

Scenic quality
Notwithstanding some intrusive influences scenic quality is relatively high, reflecting the
views and strategic role of this LCA relative to Belfast Lough. The south-western part of the
LCA forms part of the Carrickfergus Escarpment ASQ.

Wildness and tranquillity

Sense of wildness and grandeur associated with views from the upper slopes.

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 Wind Energy Development in Northern Ireland’s Landscapes: SPG to accompany PPS18

Natural and cultural heritage features

North Woodburn Glen has ash-hazel woodland designated as an ASSI and a cluster of
archaeological sites.

Cultural associations
Not known.

Amenity and recreation

Few formal opportunities but extensive informal use by nearby urban populations eg at North
Woodburn Glen and reservoir sites.

Assessment for Wind Energy Development

Overall sensitivity
Notwithstanding some intrusive influences, this LCA is intrinsically highly sensitive to wind
energy development in landscape and visual terms, sharing many of its characteristics and
sensitivities with other escarpment landscapes around Belfast, notably the Belfast Basalt
Escarpment, of which it is the geological continuation. It has distinctive small scale field
patterns, notable skylines and settings and is visually very exposed, with a relatively wild
character.

Wind energy development could easily dominate landscape character, and be visually very
prominent, intrusive and be difficult to access.

Overall Sensitivity - High

Location, siting, layout and design considerations

This LCA has high landscape and visual sensitivity and is in a highly prominent location. It is
recommended that any turbine development be closely associated with and reflects the
scale of groups of buildings and trees.

Care should be taken to avoid adverse impacts on the highly sensitive skylines and views
and on the key landscape and visual characteristics and values that were described in this
section.

At the time of assessment there were no operational or consented wind farms in this LCA.

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Our aim is to protect, conserve and promote the
natural environment and built heritage for the
benefit of present and future generations.

Northern Ireland Environment Agency

Klondyke Building
Cromac Avenue
Gasworks Business Park
Belfast BT7 2JA
www.ni-environment.gov.uk

Online — ISBN 1751-7796

Hard Copy — ISBN 1367 - 1979