UNIT II

B. Sc. (Hons.) – II Semester

Course Title: Fundamental of IT (CABSVO2005)
Under VOC Category of FYUP
Dr. Shabbir H. DAY-10 Date: 07.03.2024

MAC Address
The term MAC address is an acronym for Media Access Control Address. The MAC
Address refers to a unique identifier that gets assigned to a Network Interface Card/
Controller (NIC). Represented by a 12-digit hexadecimal number with a 64-bit
or 48-bit address linked and connected to the concerned network adapter. The MAC
Address can exist in a hexadecimal format. This type of address exists in six separate
sets of two characters/ digits – separated from each other using colons. Every device
worldwide has a unique MAC address. (The 48-bit identifier has 281.5 trillion
combinations, so we shouldn't worry about duplicates.)

IP Address
The term IP Address is an acronym for Internet Protocol Address. An IP Address refers
to the address that assists a user in identifying a network connection. It also goes by
the Logical Address name provided to individual connections in the present network.
An IP address lets us understand and control the way in which various devices
communicate on the Internet. It also defines the specific behavior of various Internet
routers.

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Difference between MAC Address and IP Address
Parameters MAC Address IP Address

Full-Form The term MAC address is an acronym for The term IP Address is an acronym for
Media Access Control Address. Internet Protocol Address.
Provider The Manufacturer of NIC Cards provides An ISO (Internet Service Provider) provides
a device with its MAC address. a device’s IP address.
Use Case The primary use of a MAC address is to The IP address, on the other hand, defines
ensure the physical address of a given a computer’s logical address in a network.
device/ computer.
Operation The MAC address primarily operates on The IP address primarily operates on the
the data link layer. network layer.
Alteration and This address does not alter (immutable) This address gets modified (mutable)
Changes or change with the passing time and depending on the change in environment
change of environment. and time.
Third-Party Any third party can find out a device’s The IP address stays hidden from display in
Access MAC address. front of any third party.
No. of bytes MAC Address is a hexadecimal address The IP address consists of sixteen bytes
consisting of six bytes (IPv6) or four bytes (IPv4)
Presentation The address is composed of six groups of IPv6 employs 128-bit addresses denoted in
two hexadecimal numerals, each of hexadecimal notation, while IPv4 employs
which is separated by a colon or hyphen 32-bit addresses encoded in dotted
(-). It is a 48-bit value. As an example: notation. As an example: IPv4: 192.168.1.1
The sequence 00:FF:FF:AB:BB:AA or IPv6: FFFF:F200:3204:0B00
00-FF-FF-AB-BB-AA
Command Type command getmac on CMD to get IP Type command ipconfig on CMD to get IP
address of your system (Output: Fig. A) address of your system. (Output: Fig. B)

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Output:

Fig. A:

Fig. B:

What is a Subnet and Subnet Mask?

A subnet, or subnetwork, is a network inside a network. Subnets make networks more
efficient. Through subnetting, network traffic can travel a shorter distance without
passing through unnecessary routers to reach its destination.

Imagine Alice puts a letter in the mail that is addressed to Bob, who lives in the town
right next to hers. For the letter to reach Bob as quickly as possible, it should be
delivered right from Alice's post office to the post office in Bob's town, and then to
Bob. If the letter is first sent to a post office hundreds of miles away, Alice's letter could
take a lot longer to reach Bob.

Like the postal service, networks are more efficient when messages travel as directly
as possible. When a network receives data packets from another network, it will sort
and route those packets by subnet so that the packets do not take an inefficient route
to their destination.

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Subnet masks work like a filter to help determine which part of an IP address identifies
the network and which identifies the device on that network. Every IPv4 address has
a network portion and a host portion. These parts are defined by the subnet mask
assigned to the address.

A common subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 tells us the first three octets of the address
denote the network id, and the last octet denotes the address's host id. It means, with
an address of 192.158.3.4 with a 255.255.255.0 mask, 192.168.3.0 is the network,
and the last octet, .4, is a host on that network.

Useful Internet Protocols

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

It stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is an internet standard that allows the process
of file downloading and uploading on different computers from the internet. FTP site
consists of different types of files (text, graphics, videos, images, etc.). It was
developed when security was not a big issue. It is older and is being replaced with
new protocols. FTP supports two separate Transmission Control Protocols the first
one is a control connection or command port (Port 21) to authenticate the user and
the second one is a data connection or data port (Port 20) to transfer the files. It
requires a specific username and password for access.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

It stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is the backbone of WWW. It is an internet

standard that allows the process of transfer of web pages over the internet. It also
defines how the web browser will respond to any web request. The web address of
all the web pages contains a protocol, domain name, and path to the web page. Most
of the web address contains http:// or https:// in their URL to show the HTTP protocol.
HTTP works similar to the combined functions of FTP and SMTP. It also uses
Transmission Control Protocol.

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 Difference between FTP and HTTP

HTTP FTP

It stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It stands for File Transfer Protocol

It is the set of rules that how web pages It is the set of rules that permit the
are transferred on different computers downloading and uploading the files on
over the internet. the computer over the internet.

It uses Transmission Control Protocol and It uses Transmission Control Protocol and
runs on TCP Port 80. runs on TCP Port 20 and TCP Port 21.

The URL using the HTTP protocol will The URL using the FTP will start with
start with HTTP. FTP.

It does not require authentication. It requires authentication.

It is efficient in transferring small files. It is efficient in transferring large files.

The files transferred to the computer over The files transferred to the computer over
the internet are not saved to the memory. the internet are saved to the memory.

HTTP is used to provide the web pages to FTP is used to upload or download files
the web browser from the webserver between client and server.

It uses one way communication system. It uses two way communication system.

HTTP is faster. FTP is slower as compared to HTTP.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was designed and

developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and is based on
standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers,
unlike the seven layers in the OSI model.
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TCP and IP are different protocols of Computer Networks. The basic difference
between TCP and IP is in the transmission of data. In simple words, IP finds the
destination of the mail and TCP has the work to send and receive the mail. UDP is
another protocol, which does not require IP to communicate with another computer.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An Internet service provider (ISP) is any company that provides Internet access to
consumers and businesses. The Internet is provided through a variety of channels,
including cable, DSL, fiber optics, dial-up, and wireless, with most ISPs offering all
options. Most large telecommunication companies, such as mobile and cable
companies, are ISPs.

ISPs make it possible for their customers to surf the web, shop online, conduct
business, and connect with family and friends—all for a fee. ISPs may also provide
other services, including email services, domain registration, web hosting,
and browser packages.

URL: Uniform Resource Locator

A Uniform Resource Locator identifies a specific resource, service, or object on
a network. URL strings consist of three parts: The protocol designation, the

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hostname or address, and the resource location. The URL substrings are separated
by special characters slash ‘/’ as shown below:

protocol :// host / location

https://amu.ac.in/departments/engineering.html
The protocol substring defines a network protocol for accessing a resource. These
strings are short names followed by the three characters ://. Typical URL protocols
include HTTP (http://) or HTTPS (https://), FTP (ftp://), and email (mailto://). Here are
some examples of URLs:
https://developer.mozilla.org
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/search?q=URL

Hyperlink
A hyperlink is a text or an icon that you can click on to get to another website. The
link, which is usually in blue and is underlined, serves as a reference point that
connects a particular page to other pages over the web. The linked text is what’s
known as the anchor text. For instance, when you click on the phrase “anchor text”
in the previous sentence, it directs you to a page containing the definition of an
anchor text. Hyperlinks can be generally divided into two: internal and
external hyperlinks.

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Internal Hyperlink: An internal hyperlink is a link that connects the different subpages
of one domain.
External Hyperlink: An external hyperlink connects users to a different domain.

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