Communication Engineering

Department

Introduction to
Internet of Things
The OSI Model Open System Interconnection Model

Human-computer interaction layer, where applications can access the network services.
Application Layer
It makes data usable to software.
Ensures that data is in a usable format. It is the layer where data encryption and
Presentation Layer
compression occurs.
Maintains connections and is responsible for controlling ports and sessions. The
Session Layer
sessions is between computers.
Transmits data using transmission protocols including TCP and UDP. In this layer the
Transport Layer
disassembling and reassembling of data occur.
Decides which physical path the data will take. The connection in the layer is between
Network Layer
networks.
Defines the format of the data on the network. The connection in this layer is in the
Data Link Layer
same network.
Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium. The layer includes wiring and con
Physical Layer
nections.
https://youtu.be/Ca1jnqwqzg0
The Data Link Layer
•Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the network’s physical layer or medium
(e.g., copper wire, coaxial cable, or a radio wave).

•The scope of the link layer is the local network connection to which the host is attached. Hosts on the same
link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols.

•The link layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the medium to
which the host is attached (such as a coaxial cable).

• 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer.

• For example, 802.3 is the standard for I0BASES Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium 802.3.i
is the standard for I0BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted-pair connections, 802.3. j is the standard for
I0BAS E-F Ethernet over fiber optic connections, 802.3ae is the standard for 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber, and
so on. These standards provide data rater from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s and higher. The shared medium in Ethernet
can be a coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, or optical fiber. The shared medium (i.e., Broadcast medium)
communicates for all the network devices. Thus, data sent by one device can be received by all devices subject
to propagation conditions and transceiver capabilities.
The Data Link Layer
• 802.11–WiFi: IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless local area network (WLAN) communication standards,
including an extensive description of the link layer.

• For example,
o 802.11a operates in the 5 GHz bands
o 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band
o 802.11n operates in the 2.4/5 GHz band
o 802.00ac operates in the 5 GHz band
o 802.00ad operates in the 60 GHz band

•These standards provide data rates from 1 Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s.

• 802.16 – WiMax: IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards, including extensive
descriptions for the link layer (also called WiMax). WiMax standards provide data rates of 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s.
the recent update (802.16m) provides data rates of 100 Mbit/s for mobile stations and 1 Gbit/s for fixed
stations.
The Data Link Layer
• 802.15.4- LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area networks
(LR-WPANs).

• These standards form the specifications for high-level communication protocols such as ZigBee. LR-WPAN
standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s.

• These standards provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power-constrained devices.

• 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: there are different generations of mobile communication standards,

including second generation (2G including GSM and CDMA), third generation (3G–including UMTS and
CDMA2000), and fourth generation (4G–including LTE*).

• IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over cellular networks.

• Data rates for these standards range from 9.6 Kb/s (for 2G) to 100 Mb/s (for 4G).

*LTE: Long-term Evolution

The Network Layer
• Security: The network layer provides security mechanisms to protect the IoT network from cyber-attacks
and unauthorized access. It uses encryption, authentication, and access control mechanisms to ensure that
the data transmitted over the network is secure and confidential.
• Quality of Service: The network layer manages the quality of service (QoS) for data transmission in the
IoT network. It ensures that the data is transmitted with the required reliability, latency, and throughput,
depending on the application requirements.
The network layer in IoT is responsible for providing connectivity, managing network topology,
routing, addressing, security, and QoS for the devices in the IoT network. It plays a critical role in ensuring
that the IoT system operates smoothly and efficiently.

Key Components
Communication Protocols
There are many communication protocols used in various domains of computing. Here are some commonly
used communication protocols in the IoT:
• Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a wireless networking protocol that allows devices to communicate with each other over a
local area network (LAN) or the internet. It is widely used in IoT devices that require high-speed data
transfer and have access to a power source.
• Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication protocol used in IoT devices that require
low power consumption and have limited range. It is commonly used in wearables, health monitors, and
smart home devices.
• Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power wireless communication protocol used in IoT devices that require low data
rates and have a limited range. It is commonly used in smart home devices, industrial automation, and
energy management systems.
• Z-Wave: Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol used in IoT devices that require low power
consumption and have a limited range. It is commonly used in smart home devices such as lighting,
security, and home automation.
• Cellular Networks: Cellular networks such as 3G, 4G, and 5G are wireless communication protocols used
in IoT devices that require long-range communication and mobility. They are commonly used in IoT
devices such as smart cars, industrial sensors, and remote monitoring systems.
Communication Protocols
• MQTT: MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol used in IoT
devices for reliable communication between devices and applications. It is commonly used in IoT
applications such as home automation, industrial automation, and smart grids.

• CoAP: CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a lightweight communication protocol designed for
IoT devices with limited computing resources and low power consumption. It is commonly used in IoT
applications such as smart homes, healthcare, and industrial automation.

• HTTP: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a widely used communication protocol for transmitting
data over the internet. It is commonly used in IoT applications for web-based control and monitoring.

• Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT): is a IoT protocol using low-power vast area network (LPWAN) technology. It
was developed by 3GPP for cellular wireless communication, enabling a wide range of new NB-IoT
devices and services. NB-IoT is one of the three main 3GPP LPWAN standards.

• LoRa: A physical, exclusive radio communication method based on chirp spread spectrum technology
derived. LoRaWAN specifies the system architecture and communication protocol.
Communication Protocols
These are just some examples of the communication protocols used in the IoT. The choice of communication
protocol depends on the requirements of the IoT application, including data rate, range, power consumption,
reliability, and security.
Zigbee WiFi BLE LoRa NB-IoT
Range 75-100 m 70-250 m 100 m 2-5 km 10-15 km
Bandwidth 2 MHz 22 MHz 2.4 GHz < 500 kHz 180 kHz
Data Rate 250 kbps 600 Mbps 1 Mbps 50 kbps 200 kbps
Throughput 250 kbps 600 Mbps 0.27 Mbps 50 kbps 150 kbps
Battery Lifetime 2 years > 10 years > 10 years
Requirement Kit Access Point Station Gateway SIM
Cost Low Moderate Low Low Low

Network Layer
Thank You