Organic and Medicinal Chemistry

International Journal
ISSN 2474-7610

Research Article Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ

Volume 3 Issue 5- September 2017
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Prabhuodeyara M Gurubasavaraj
DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2017.03.555622

Effect of Concentration and pH on the Size of

Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Chemistry
Lakkappa B Anigol1, Jasmith S Charantimath1,2 and Prabhuodeyara M Gurubasavaraj1*
1
Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi-591156, India
2
Department of Chemistry, S. G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi-590010, India
Submission: September 09, 2017; Published: September 19, 2017
Corresponding author: Prabhuodeyara M Gurubasavaraj, Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, PBNH-4,
*

Belagavi-591156, India, Email:

Introduction
of synthesis of metal nanoparticles with tailor-made structural
Nanotechnology is versatile subject, which deals with
properties. Among the various bioreductants, coriandrum
biology, chemistry, physics and engineering. The term “Nano” is
sativum leaves extract was chosen for the present study since
derived from Greek word which means dwarf and size of particle
they have minerals and vitamin contents including calcium,
varies from 1-100nm [1]. Nanotechnology is the synthesis
phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. They
of nanoparticles which exhibit different sizes, shapes and
also contain sodium and oxalic acid.
morphology. Nanoparticles being very small in size posses large
surface area to volume ratio due to which nanoparticles exhibit Techniques using citrate reduction or reduction by plant
very different properties such as electrical , magnetic and optical extracts are all termed as green synthesis methods. To distinguish
properties than its bulk material [2]. In nanoparticle synthesis it from others we refer to our method as biosynthesis. Silver
is very important to control not only the particle size but also the nanoparticles have an advantage over the metal nanoparticles
particle shape and morphology as well. Therefore, controlling (e.g. gold and copper) because the surface Plasmon resonance
the shape and structure of nanoparticles seems to be the most energy of Ag is located far from the interband transition energy.
attractive fields of current research. The Ag nanoparticles-contained composites are investigated
for the non-linear optical effects solely based on the surface
Nanoparticles and nano devices contain potential to reduce
Plasmon contribution. In situ growth of metal nanoparticles in
pollutants such as water and air pollutants which can be used
polymer films and their nonlinear properties have been reported
for efficient alternate energy production. Nanoparticles show
by group [22]. The advantage of this method is the use of
activity against bacteria, fungus as well as Virus. Various chemical
aqueous medium for the fabrication process, employment of the
and physical methods are known for preparation of silver and
polymer itself as the reducing agent, mild thermal annealing for
other metal nanoparticles. These methods are very costly and
generating the metal and in situ generation of the nanoparticles
toxic to the environment [3]. The use of plant parts like seed,
inside the polymer matrix which serves as the stabilizer as well.
fruit, bark, stem, leaf etc. for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
quite novel method compared to the chemical and physical Different types of nanoparticles like Copper, Iron, Titanium,
method [4]. This is cost effective and easily scaled up process. Zinc, Gold, Magnesium and Silver have been come up but silver
Photo chemicals present in the plant posses anti-oxidant or nanoparticles have proved to be the most effective as compare
reducing properties which are responsible for reduction of metal to other metal nanoparticles because the surface Plasmon
compounds. Methods used for the synthesis of nanoparticles are resonance is located far from the inter transition energy. On
eco-friendly, bio-compatible, non-toxic and clean [5]. the vast of available literature on this topic, we hypothesize
inherently Capparis Moonii which is rich in photochemical and
During recent times several groups have achieved success
could form a basis for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles [9-15].
in the synthesis of Ag, Au and Pd nanoparticles using extracts
Capparis Moonii is a medically important plant which belongs
obtained from unicellular organisms like bacteria [6-9] and
to Capparis a flowering plant genus in the family. The whole
fungi [10-12] as well as extracts from plant parts e.g. geranium
plant contains a number of medicinally important compounds
leaves [13], lemon grass [14], neem leaves [15], aloevera [16]
and it is an excellent analgesic used in the treatment of asthma,
and several others [17-21]. The spectacular success in this field
Bronchits, Dyspesia, Flatulene etc. In this paper we report, for the
has opened up the prospect of developing bio-inspired methods

Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ 3(5): OMCIJ.MS.ID.555622 (2017) 001

 Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal

biosynthesis of the Ag nanoparticles using Capparius Moonii fruit Effect of Concentration of AgNO3
extract as reducing agent. The nanoparticles are characterized
The UV-Vis spectrum shows the effect of silver nitrate
by UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, IR, and TEM analysis. The
concentration on the formation of silver nanoparticles using the
usefulness of these biologically synthesized nanoparticles as
fruit extract of Capparis Moonii. Characteristic surface Plasmon
antimicrobial agents are also discussed.
absorption band was absorbed at 430nm. Absorption spectra at
Experimental Detail different values of the concentration (1mM, 2mM, 3mM, 4mM,
and 5mM) are presented in (Figure 2). A general trend is that
Preparation of Fruit Extracts
the surface plasmon resonance peak shift towards the higher
2gm of Rudanti fruit was taken and was crushed with help wavelength region as well as becomes narrower when the
of mortar and pestle. And the crushed fruit was taken in a 250 concentration value increases. Assuming that the shift in the
ml beaker containing 100mL distilled water. It was kept in a plasmon resonance peak indicates a change in the size of AgNPs
microwave oven for about 30 minute. Prepared fruit extract and hence any shift of the peak towards the higher wavelength
was filtered with the help of Whatman filter paper no 41 and is accompanied by a decrease in the size of the prepared AgNPs,
collected in a beaker. we conclude that the raising concentration of the solution results
Preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the formation of nanoparticles with smaller size [25-26]. On
the other hand, the broadening of the surface plasmon resonance
The fruit extract (50ml) was added to 250ml of 1mM of AgNO3
peak indicates the existence of the wider range of size in the
solution and kept in microwave oven. After 3 minutes added
solution (Figure 3).
distilled water to maintain a constant volume of 300ml. This
process continues up to 30 minutes. After heating color changes
to dark brown this indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles
[23] The bioreduced silver nanoparticles were collected and UV-
Visible of the solution was measured. The nanoparticles were
diluted to avoid errors due to high optical density.

Results and Discussions

UV-Vis Spectra Analysis

Figure 2: UV-Vis Spectra of Varied AgNO3 Concentration.

Figure 1: Uv-Vis Spectra of formation of silver nanoparticles with

different time.
UV-visible spectroscopy analysis was carried out on a
SHIMADZU-1800 visible absorption spectrometer with a
Figure 3: Uv-Vis spectra of varied pH of silver nitrate and plant
resolution of 0.5nm between 190nm to 800nm. Equivalent extract mixture.
amounts of the suspension (1ml) were diluted in a constant
volume of de-ionized water (10 ml) and subsequently analyzed
Effect of pH
at room temperature. The progress of the reaction between At the alkaline pH range, the stability of cluster distribution
metal ions and the leaf extract were monitored by UV-visible and colloid formation is increased with a declined tendency
spectra of AgNP’S in aqueous solution with different reaction for aggregation of the particles due to complete charging
times as shown in (Figure 1). It was observed that the peak of the clusters which maximize the repulsive electrostatic/
centered at 413nm at 5, 6, 7 minute samples on irradiating with electrosteric interactions. At elevated, monodispered and small
microwaves. The reduction of silver ions and for the formation of spherical nanoparticles are formed as well as the amount of
stable nanoparticles occurred rapidly within an hour of reaction AgNPs was also higher. A possible reason for this result was that
[24] (Figure 1). during the elevated pH, the reaction rate will be increased with

How to cite this article: Lakkappa B A, Jasmith S C, Prabhuodeyara M G. Effect of Concentration and pH on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized
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by Green Chemistry. Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ. 2017; 3(5): 555622. DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2017.03.555622.
 Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal

subsequent crystallization into smaller particles, which involved absorption range 3460-3500cm-1 indicates the presence of a
the nucleation and growth processes of smaller particles from carboxylic O-H group and 2933cm-1 range indicates the presence
Ag nuclei. There are many factors that affect the size and shape of Aldehyde C-H group present and 1746cm-1which represents
of the silver nanoparticle. In this part we will address the impact the Carboxylic acid and C-O stretching in the organic moiety.
of the pH on the size of AgNPs by monitoring the size variation And1632cm-1 which assigns an amide group present and
as a result of changing the pH of solution. Absorption spectra characteristic of C-O stretching is observed. The bands 1230cm-
at different value of the pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) are presented 1 represents the characteristics of multiple CO (Figure 4).
in (Figures 4 & 5). In the acidic condition the peak becomes
Particle Size Analysis of AgNPs
broader and the size of particle increases. With increase in pH
the absorption increases and gives the narrow peak at pH 9 with Particle size analysis at various concentration and pH shows
uniform distribution of size. Hence we presume that the basic different particle size. The sizes of nanoparticles are in the range
condition is favored for controlling the particle size. The pH is of 540nm to 16nm (figure 5) and (figure 6).
inversely proportional to size of AgNPs (Figure 3).

Figure 7: Powder XRD spectra of synthesized silver

Figure 4: FTIR spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles.
nanoparticles.

3.5.1.X-ray Diffraction Study: X-ray diffraction pattern of the

synthesized silver nanoparticles is shown below (Figure 7). A
number of Bragg reflection is observed at 2θ values 27.81º 32.16º
38.12º, 44.3º, 46.21º, 54.83º, 57.39º, 64.42º and 77.45º which
corresponds to (210), (122), (111), (200), (231), (142), (241),
(220) and (311) planes of pure silver based on the face-centered
cubic structure (JCPDS file No. 04-0783). From XRD results, it is
clearly observed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized by the
plant extract are crystalline in nature.

Biological Activity Studies

Figure 5: TEM images of synthesized silver nanoparticles.
Bacterial growth was reduced with an increase in AgNP
FTIR Spectra Analysis of AgNPs concentration. Further increasing concentration of AgNP caused
absence of bacterial growth. Their antibacterial activity can
not solely be explained on the basis of size, since the shape of
silver nanoparticles may have significant effect. The factors that
influence bacterial activity are initial bacterial concentration,
microbial strains and composition of culture media. More over
the size, shape, crystallinity, surface chemistry and capping
reagent of silver nanoparticles is likely to play an actual role and
may cause variation in the anti-bacterial effect. Results showed
that the anti-bacterial potential of AgNPs was greatly enhanced
as their size was reduced.
Figure 6: TEM images of synthesized nanoparticles at different
pH. Anti-bacterial activity
FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 6) is performed to get the idea The result obtained is shown below in the table. The
regarding various functional groups and their interactions with inhibition zones obtained indicates maximum anti-bacterial
silver, which may be accountable for fabrication and stabilization activity of the prepared test sample of silver nanoparticles at
of silver nanoparticles. Represents the absorption bands. The different concentration and pH. As the concentration of AgNPs

How to cite this article: Lakkappa B A, Jasmith S C, Prabhuodeyara M G. Effect of Concentration and pH on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized
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by Green Chemistry. Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ. 2017; 3(5): 555622. DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2017.03.555622.
 Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal

increases anti-bacterial activity increases with the decrease in hand the pH increases with the decrease in the anti-fungal
particle size. On the other hand the pH of AgNPs increases with activity or negligible. The AgNPs have higher anti-fungal activity
decreasing anti-bacterial activity. The below table shows anti- and maintains pH in the acidic medium. Anti-fungal activity
bacterial activity of silver nanoparticles and is synergistic activity of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic activity against A.N
against P.A (Pseudomonas aurginosa) S.A (Staphylococcus (asperigillus niger), P.C (Penicillin chrysogeum), C.A (Candida
aureus) V.C (Vibrio cholera) and E. Coli (Escherichia Coli), albicans) and C.O (Cladosporium oxysporum), these are having
these are compared with standard values of Amoxicillin. In this standard values and comparable with above anti-bacterial
S.A of AgNp-5 shows a higher anti-bacterial activity at 5mM activity of AgNPs having different concentration and different
concentration and shows a lower activity at AgNp-10,and P.A pH. In this table A.N of antifungal activity of AgNp-5(higher
of AgNp-5 shows a higher ant-bacterial and lower antibacterial concentration) shows highest anti-fungal activity and low anti-
activity at AgNp-10, P.A of AgNp-5 have anti-bacterial activity fungal activity at AgNp-10(higher pH).And in case of P.C shows
near to standard value of Amoxicillin and it is favorable. Similarly their anti-fungal activity at AgNp-5 and negligible or zero
a V.C shows a higher anti-bacterial activity at AgNp-5 it is near antifungal activity at AgNP-8, AgNp-9, AgNp-10. Similarly in C.A
to standard value and low anti-bacterial activity at AgNp-10. AgNp-5 having higher antifungal activity and low or negligible
Similarly E. coli has higher Antibacterial activity at AgNp-5 and activity at AgNp-8, AgNp-9, AgNp-10. And finally C.O having
low at AgNp-10(Higher pH) (Table 1) and (Figure 8). higher anti-fungal activity at AgNp-5 and low at AgNp-9, AgNp-
Table 1: P. A: Pseudomonas aureginosa S. A: Staphylococcus aureus 10 (Table 2).
V. C: Vibrio Cholerae E. coli: Escherichia Coli Standard: Amoxicillin Table 2: C. O: Cladosporium oxysporum; P. C: Penicillin chrysogenum;
Bore Size: 9mm. C. A: Candida albicans; A. N: Aspergillus Niger. Standard: Flucanazole
Zone of inhibition in mm Bore Size: 9mm.
Sample
Code SA PA VC E. Coli Sample Zone of inhibition in mm
Code AN PC CA CO
AGNP-1 23 23 21 19
AGNP-2 25 23 25 25 AGNP-1 20 17 14 13

AGNP-3 26 25 27 25 AGNP-2 23 14 12 16

AGNP-4 29 27 27 26 AGNP-3 26 18 18 16

AGNP-5 29 29 31 27 AGNP-4 10 19 10 18

AGNP-6 26 25 25 21 AGNP-5 27 23 22 25

AGNP-7 24 23 23 19 AGNP-6 14 18 12 16

AGNP-8 17 19 21 18 AGNP-7 13 14 12 14

17AGNP-9 13 17 19 17 AGNP-8 13 00 00 13

AGNP-10 11 11 17 19 17AGNP-9 12 00 00 12

Standard 34 32 36 32 AGNP-10 12 00 00 12

Controle -- -- -- -- Standard 30 28 31 32
Controle -- -- -- --

Conclusion
We have successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles
using capparis moonii fruit extract. The nanoparticles were
characterized by UV, XRD, IR, and Particle analyzer techniques.
The size of the particles was varied depending upon the pH and
Silver nitrate concentration. The synthesized silver nanoparticles
were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. All
samples showed both antifungal and antibacterial activities. The
activity was size dependent and showed highest activity to lower
sized nanoparticles which is in agreement with the literature. We
are currently exposing the anticancer activity of the synthesized
nanoparticles.
Figure 8: Antibacterial studies of silver nanoparticles.
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How to cite this article: Lakkappa B A, Jasmith S C, Prabhuodeyara M G. Effect of Concentration and pH on the Size of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized
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by Green Chemistry. Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ. 2017; 3(5): 555622. DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2017.03.555622.