New Era University

Integrated School – Senior High School

"The Lived Experiences of Criminology Students in the

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN RESEARCH

BY
BASICAL, DENISE B.
CADERAO, HAZEL M.
CALISAY, MIGGIY VIENNE B.
GUINA, REEV G.

Date Published:
May 2024

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 New Era University
Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………….…… I

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….…………… II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………….……………….. III

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..…...…………… IV

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION

● Background of the Study

● Statement of the Problem

● Significance of the Study

● Scope and Delimitations

● Definition of Terms

CHAPTER

2 THE RESEARCH BODY

● Review Related Literature

➢ Foreign Literature and Studies

➢ Local Literature and Studies

● Theoretical Framework

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

● Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER

3 METHODOLOGY

● Research Design

● Defining the Population and Sampling

● Data Sources

● Procedure for Data Collection

● Analyzing the Data

CHAPTER

4 OVERVIEW, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

● Overview

● Conclusion

● Recommendation & Suggestions

● Proposed Output

REFERENCES

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 New Era University
Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the individuals who contributed to the realization of
our research endeavor.

First and foremost, our deepest appreciation goes to our families, whose unwavering
support and encouragement sustained us throughout this semester. They provided both
moral and financial backing, demonstrating remarkable patience during our countless
sleepless nights dedicated to this study.

We also extend our gratitude to our friends, whose presence brought solace during
challenging moments. Their unwavering support and words of inspiration lifted our
spirits when we felt disheartened.

Special thanks to the faculty and staff of New Era University - Integrated School for
granting us permission to conduct our research among the Senior High School students.

We are immensely grateful to our Research in Daily Life 1 teacher, Ka. Sunday S. Sibul,
for his invaluable guidance, meticulous attention to detail in reviewing our work, and
tireless efforts in imparting new insights. His encouragement catalyzed the success of our
research.

Above all, we acknowledge the grace of the Almighty, whose strength and enlightenment
enabled us to undertake and complete this research endeavor.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to investigate leadership
development within a collegiate Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program with
attention given to the cadets’ lived leadership development experience. The central
research question is as follows: What is their perspective of their development as
collegiate ROTC cadet leaders? A comprehensive picture of the life world of the ROTC
cadet was gleaned through the use of focus groups, participant observation, and in-depth
interviews. Central to the cadets’ lived experiences were major themes such as discipline,
leadership development, camaraderie, and the negotiation of civilian and military
identities. This study adds richness to the literature on military education and leadership
development by amending our collective qualitative understanding of what those
curricular spaces constituted in lived practice.

This study makes the connection between larger conversations about military education
and leadership development in the Philippines. It illuminates the qualitative aspects of
ROTC training and provides insightful information about how program participants grow
personally and professionally. This information can be used to inform policy and improve
the effectiveness of such programs.

Included were ten graduating college seniors from the Department of Criminology; their
experience as leaders were gathered through interactive surveys, interviews, and
observations. Collected information was divided into topics that revealed the importance
of leadership experience, personality, and mentorship in the leader development process.
The insights from participating ROTC student perceptions showed evidence of a leader's
character’s uniqueness and gaining a mindset of a leader is considered an important
element in a successful leader development program. This study seeks to inform
education administrators, faculty, and individual students about the importance of
leadership involvement, character, and personal leader identification throughout the
leadership development process. Broader still, the research provides insightful
information to practitioners in all fields on formal and informal socialization dimensions
in leadership development.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

In the Philippines, the "Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)" forms the second tier

of the university-based "National Service Training Program (NSTP )" for students at

tertiary levels of education. Enclosed into the three leveled structure of ROTC, this

education program develops the combined skills of military proficiency and the deep

values of civic responsibility among students being part of ROTC.

The heart of this program is to create interest of students who are going to understand the

national defense imperatives in an excellent way. Through its operations of military

education and military programs, ROTC intend to train the youth with the proper skills,

knowledge, and values to effectively safeguard the integrity and security of the

Philippines.

Besides its military concentration, ROTC is a creative tool of obtaining values such as

discipline, leadership, and service among college-aged students. Hands-on training, class

instruction, and community engagement platforms are meant to weed out and shape

people who can fit in the society well, including contributing meaningfully to its

development.

In fact, ROTC is holistic in nature underlining a combination of rigorous academics and

practical skills development with civic community engagement. Through a well-

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

scheduled regimen that places duty, honor and sacredness to country as top priorities,

ROTC assumes a critical lead role forming future Filipino leaders and patriots.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

Since the early 1900s, the Philippines' ROTC program has evolved and adapted to military

and societal changes and has a long, illustrious history. Today, it remains vital to the nation's

defense readiness, offering undergraduates an opportunity to learn leadership, discipline and

real-world military skills they can put to use upon graduation.

The long history and acknowledged importance of ROTC in the Philippines contrast with a

dearth of academic research on the qualitative dimensions of cadet training. While quantitative

studies have proven useful in gauging such discrete indicators as academic achievement and

retention rates, the complex qualitative experiences, attitudes, and challenges that cadets undergo

as they evolve from college freshmen to commissioned officers remain unexplored.

ROTC has more specific goals including grooming college students who can become future

commissioned officers, or reservists in AFP during any emergency. At this time of year, the

House of Representatives has already endorsed the proposed act called House Bill 8961 as a law

mandating basic ROTC institutionalization, development, training, organization, and

administration for high school students in their final year across the country. With one hundred

and sixty-seven members voting in favor, four voting against, and zero abstentions, the chamber

passed it. According to the proposal, all high school students in public and private schools must

take up ROTC before graduation. Students who are not healthy mentally or physically as well as

those playing varsity sports do not have to join military training classes.

According to President Rodrigo Duterte, for the next generation of Filipinos to be able to fight

for their country, this program is indispensable. On the other hand, even in the absence of any

war-like situation, the youth must be educated on what it means to be a soldier and how they can

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

develop their leadership qualities. However, the women’s party Gabriela opposed the passing of

this bill as well as said that there was no substantial discussion about it

ROTC previously was the only program in colleges because the mandatory CWWL and CTL

program started only in 2001 under the NSTP Law of 2001. This could be a source of corruption

and abuse which is by no means an appropriate way of solving problems. Physical Hazing or

bombasting within ROTC as it is said 'testing the toughness, strong will and integrity of cadets' is

customary. However, the NSTP Law of 2001 was implemented in the year 2001 mainly to

respond to this and consequently, the ROTC (Reserve Officers’ Training Corps) leaders have

made that part of their requirements.

educational institutions. Just the year before, a UST student named Mark Nelson Chua was the

victim of bullying and, consequently, was killed. The NSTO Law passed in 2001 was a

necessary result of this event.

Jepoyo (2017) asserted that the ROTC systems that were being used by UP were the first to be

introduced in 1992. It was mandated in 1935 by which time it was then seen to be a compulsory

undertaking for all colleges and universities. On the other hand, it had completely taken off in

2002 when the cadet marching ended in its rival school. These cadets died senselessly at the

hands of unfortunate unrefined ROTC teachers in UST, and the horrifying description of their

deaths kept me awake. The initiation of the ROTC revival by President Duterte was approved by

his signing of Republic Act 10860 on February 17, 2017.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

The youth are what will be left of the present and form the country’s future. Republic of the

Philippines’ 1987 Constitution (Article II, section XIII) is stuck in this reality and must protect

and conserve the welfare, physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social alike of the youth. It

will strengthen national consciousness among the young and therefore engage in public affairs

and civic life.

Hence, this paper attempts to address this gap by conducting a qualitative exploration of the

nuances of ROTC training in New Era University. This study delves into the complex tapestry of

ROTC cadets' journey by interpreting their lived experiences. In so doing, it unravels themes

such as leadership development, discipline, camaraderie, and the confluence of civilian and

military identities.

The primary objective of this research is to present a detailed description of the impacts of

ROTC regimentation on the mental and physical development of participants online, through

surveys, observations, and in-depth interviews. This research project wishes to improve program

effectiveness; sway policy; and contribute to a bigger discussion on educational programs and

leadership development together with the military in the Philippines by getting the compounded

perspective of the cadets in ROTC.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

This study aims to identify the problems of those who are enrolled in a ROTC program,

in which the participants experience different aspects, and how those aspects affect their

wellbeing. ROTC impacts students mental and emotional health given their state and program in

terms of ROTC being mandatory. Not only does it impact wellbeing, but additionally, it is a

cause of the lack of flexibility among students. In that sense, it reduces the management of a

student's time, compressing their schedule into a tight and busy plan. Furthermore, financial

difficulties are a problem in some cases for students. The cost of the uniforms, equipment, etc.

will be an issue in this matter. Lastly, hazing and fraternity have a major impact on ROTC. Due

to the fact that ROTC has a ranking, which affects the system of control inside this program.

This study will reveal the experiences of the problems and encounter the questions:

● How does ROTC impact your relationship with friends and family?

● Is ROTC the main cause of Hazing?

● How did bias during ROTC participation affect the intentions of students to join the

program, and what could be done to make the process easier for them?

● What impact does ROTC have on your academic standing?

● To what extent does ROTC individualize the process of education for students, hence,

impacting their perception of self and the relations they have with their colleagues in the

elite corps, inside and outside the program?

● How profound is the balancing act between the intense academic burdens of college and

the augmented academic requirements of ROTC? What kind of impact does it have on

students’ performance?

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

● Does ROTC help you feel better about yourself? Why or why not?

● Is the ROTC time commitment indeed the hindering factor preventing students from

having enough time to socialize and make new friends or staying in touch with their

background friends and acquaintances?

● Apart from the financial burdens incurred due to the buying and maintenance of uniforms

and other equipment, transportation expenses and membership fees, and the payment of

wages usually missed by those who are in the program, how do these factors influence

students' decision to enroll in the program and continue in it?

Moreover, the research will not only focus on the previous obstacles to ROTC participation but

also delve into how schooling experience in ROTC potentially impacts students' self-perception

and mode of relating to others. Due to the fact that ROTC training is quite demanding, it is

obvious that some students might be having difficulties organizing the academic workload with

the requirements of the program, which results in decline in academic performance. Moreover,

ROTC requires a lot of time commitment that may cause stress in relationships such as making

new friends or spending time with family members because students feel their schedule gets

tight.

Additionally, this study is tailored to research the impacts of ROTC on students’ self-esteem and

identity in particular. The feeling of ROTC can either galvanize some individuals by giving them

order and significance, or it may end up bringing stress, lack confidence and even

disillusionment among the individuals who find it hard to attain the program’s expectation and

get to experience social dynamics problems within their ROTC unit.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

Among other things the financial burden connected with the participation in ROTC will be

examined to the fullest extent. Besides the cost of uniforms and equipment, all participants in the

ROTC program can be expected to face additional financial pressures such as transportation

expenses to get to training events, membership fees, and lost wages for the jobs they give up in

order to be a full-time member of ROTC.

Overall, the research aims to give a broad notion of complex issues endured by ROTC members,

or, in other words, distinct areas of academic, social, psychological, and financial well-being that

are being interconnected within the military training programmes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important because it offers valuable insights into the perspectives,

challenges, and overall experiences of students enrolled in mandatory ROTC programs. Through

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

a study of these experiences, students can assess how well the program prepares students for

military service, develops their leadership abilities, and builds a sense of responsibility. It

additionally makes it possible to identify specific areas that might need development, such as

addressing diversity-related concerns, improving support services for students, or improving the

curriculum. These studies’ recommendations may directly influence legislative decisions about

the creation and execution of required ROTC programs as well as student recruitment and

retention strategies. Furthermore, understanding the lived experiences of students in these

programs is vital for identifying how they affect students’ overall well-being during their

enrollment as well as their mental health and sense of belonging. The present study was

significant to the educators and program administrators, students, community and society,

military officials and leaders, policymakers, and researchers and academics.

● Educators and Program Administrators. They can gain insights into how the ROTC

program affects students and use this information to improve the program structure,

curriculum, and support services.

● Students. For the purpose of making educated choices about joining the program and

overcoming obstacles, current and prospective ROTC students can gain insight from their

classmates’ experiences.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

● Community and Society. Gaining insight from the real-life experiences of ROTC

students may contribute to advancing discussions concerning diversity, equity, and

inclusion in the armed services, as well as the place of military service in society.

● Military Officials and Leaders. Understanding students’ experiences can help military

officials assess the effectiveness of ROTC programs in preparing future officers and

identify areas for improvement in training and leadership development.

● Policy Makers. The findings from this study can influence broader military and

educational policies, as well as those pertaining to recruiting, keeping, and

encouragement of students, as well as required ROTC programs.

● Research and Academics. This study can contribute to the existing body of knowledge

on military education, leadership development, and student experiences, providing a

foundation for further research and academic discourse.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The present study evaluates the efficiency of the military service program, its preparedness along

with the experiences of the Criminology students of New Era University through extensive

research. With face-to-face interviews as the essential way of gathering data, this research

provides an avenue to gain rich feedback from participating students on the effects of the

program on their academic, professional and personal growth.

The study's scope has been restricted purposefully to Criminology students who might be found

suitable to the military application conditions. A primary aim is to seek depth and richness in the

data by recruiting a targeted sample of 10 students to survey.

Apart from analyzing the feedback of participants, this study will constantly apply solid data

analysis methods, such as, identifying and summarizing recurring patterns and nuances in

interview responses. This is aimed at highlighting the program's strong and weak points and

ascertaining whether it achieves the overall objectives it is meant for.

Moreover, this research is expected to address a few aspects of this program, such as the

curriculum: it includes training methods, support services and linking them to the academic

coursework. This program will provide the ultimate solution which will offer unbiased results,

and thus provide actionable recommendations for refinement.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

In other words, the aim of this study is to enable the program stakeholders such as university

administrators, faculty members, military personnel, and students themselves to comprehend the

achievement and the program’s loopholes so as to improve on it.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

DEFINITION OF TERMS

● ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps): The introduction of military education and

a training program for students whose studies are conducted in the Philippines at the

tertiary level should be in mind for the development of their military skills, attitude of

citizenship, and abilities to lead others.

● NSTP (National Service Training Program): Provision of an Advanced Reserve

Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Tag program for Filipino Intermediate students with the

following components: LTS (Literacy Training Service) and CWTS (Civic Welfare

Training Service). NSTP's objectives are to advance an environment of intercultural talk,

leadership, and to participate for the community's welfare among the youth.

● Criminology Students: Crime science majors study at the science of crime, criminal

acts, and justice administration systems, and those who want a career in criminal justice

will like this courses.

● Lived Experiences: The display of something in a way that an individual serves a role as

an anchor and, day-by-day, provides an account of his life with the sharing of the person's

perceptions, interaction, choices, and thinking, which gives shape to one's worldview and

affects one's conduct and beliefs.

● Leadership Development: We can refer this process to gaining of both soft and tools

like communication, decision-making, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills that are

all component of leadership tools development.

● Phenomenological Qualitative Study: A process in which researchers carry out

immersive social studies and the ones involved describe the unique features of their

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

experiences whether pertaining to phenomena or their perception under qualitative study.

● Civic Duty: The community if thus required to be fully immersed in civic and social

activities, respect the laws and the regulations such a society endorses and as a group

contribute to the betterment of the community as well the country.

● Discipline: Military personnel are shaped and molded through self-discipline, adherence

to rules and regulations and ethical and moral code (which are basic morals and values of

the training and education program) and behaving pro-military.

● Camaraderie: A feeling that people who have the same experiences, goals or even

hobbies could rely upon each other, make friends with and enjoy being part of a group,

which is usually achieved through tean work and a certain level of attainment of the

common purpose/goals.

● Identity: What can be alternatively called as the imaginative and complex self-identity

composed of an individual's own traits, his or her beliefs, values, roles, as well as the

groups to which he or she belongs that influence the way an individual perceives himself

or herself and his interaction with other people.

● Mandatory: Which You need or obligatory, a way of saying that being in the ROTC

program is not a choice but just a duty to eligible students.

● Well-being: The overall wellness of one's own health, both physically and mentally and

the emotional health, as a result of various factors, being among them, involvement in

extracurricular activities like ROTC.

● Flexibility: Through ROTC students adapt and learn to manage their schedule

successfully, allocating their time between academics, extracurricular activities, perhaps

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

even personal commitments, which may be filled up by ROTC program duties.

● Financial Burden: Issues and problems related to the financial side of life of ROTC

learners due to costs related to uniforms, classroom equipment, transportation, and money

of low-paid jobs.

● Hazing: The rite of passage that employs the process of subjecting people to

humiliations, tortures, or difficulties in order to lure them into a group, whether army

units or ROTC, leads to physical and psychological hardship and can make participants

feel alienated.

● Civilian Identity: The distinct attributes that determine the individuals’ non-military self

and social identity, which might be altered or debauched by the ROTC participation as

well as the military training.

● Military Identity: The identity and self-sense that joint forces members build up as parts

of the military community if the members comply with military values, norms and

traditions that they get from participation in ROTC.

● Program Effectiveness: The degree of success of the ROTC course achievement in

terms of achieving its objectives such as military skills, leadership abilities, and civic

responsibility of learner participants.

● Policy: ROTC’s rules, regulations, and instructions that fall under the college or the

military command which determine the administration and operations of ROTC program.

● Stakeholders: Parties such as administrators, instructors, students, military stationed on

the university's grounds, policymakers, local residents, and anyone else who is associated

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

with the ROTC program. This group may hold different perceptions and levels of

importance on the operation of the program and its related outcome.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

CHAPTER 2: THE RESEARCH BODY

The research undertaken on the Reserve Officers' Training Corps in the Philippines is a

multifaceted and dynamic field involving many topics that explore different aspects of the

program's origins, interconnect with contemporary military policies, and act as a tool for civic

engagement in youth in the country.

Researchers and professionals as well have taken a deep into various aspects of the ROTC and

they have looked at organizational structure, curriculum design, training procedures, and

outcomes of students. Furthermore, researchers have been endeavoring to apprehend the social

and institutional circumstances such as entry-level, survival, and overall satisfaction that

influence the students' counterparts in the programs.

Besides its focus on military work, ROTC research in th Philippines also focuses its work on its

national security, civil-military relations, and democratic governance. Through their contribution

to discussions concerning the influence of the program on students' personality growth, their

leadership potential as well as their national service the scholars continue to provide invaluable

insights on the significance of young people in the development of the nation and preparations

for defense.

From this, one can trace the deepening interest in countries' comparative and international

perspectives, with writers assessing the links between the Philippine experience and other

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

nations' approaches to military education and servicemen. By incorporating the ROTC program

into a broad theoretical framework and worldwide trends, researchers enhance the

comprehension of its importance not only within the Philippine context but also, globally.

Consequently, the research bank on ROTC in the Philippines gains meaning as a big pool of

knowledge and experience about the program's past reality, present difficulties, and future

opportunities going forward. These academics contend their research findings, theoretical

inquiries, and policy analyses to active debates and advantage democracy-making in the nation

means strengthening the role of ROTC in promoting national security, citizenship education, and

democratic values in the Philippines.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The outline of the literature review on the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in the

Philippines is designed to tell whoever is interested about the extent of knowledge in this part of

the NSTP of the country. This review is undertaken by bringing together a variety of publications

from academia, policy documents as well as empirical studies. By virtue of it, we present a

summary of the knowledge acquired and note the key themes, trends as well as gaps in the

literature.

The review goes deeper than reviewing the trying moments and the span of ROTC in the

Philippines. It gives the reader the chance to understand the evolution of ROTC from its humble

beginning right up to its development and transformation. Through analyzing key literary works

and archival documents, scholars illuminate the broad brush strokes of socio-political ground at

the start of the ROTC's importance in the armed forces institution and the national security

framework implementation in the Philippines.

Moving on, the review depicts an illustration of the ROTC program specific to its organizational

structure and institutional mechanisms and its place within the wider higher education and

military training systems framework. They draw the possible relationships between the

placements and case studies in an effort to explain the specifics of the arrangements,

administration, and oversight function that overrode ROTC activities at the national, regional and

local levels.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

Additionally, this review shows to what extent ROTC participation affects students' outcomes,

and institution performance, and releases social benefits. In the process of cross-checking

quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and longitudinal studies, the opinions of the research

scholars about the efficiency of ROTC in meeting its aims (as a way of strengthening leadership,

instilling discipline, and enhancing civic engagement of Filipino youth) are formed.

While looking at the inside of ROTC, the review also puts it in the bigger picture, which are

academic discourses on military education, national security, and civil-military relations within

the Philippines. There is a range of dimensions that scholars explore in their interdisciplinary

analyses and their theoretical frameworks as they reference societal phenomena including

democratization, human rights, and peace-building efforts in zone conflicts.

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

FOREIGN LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES

As the ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps) context in the Philippines is wrought with local

narratives that contain information on its growth, contribution, and importance to the Country's

National Service Training Program (NSTP), therefore it is quite imperative to carefully go

through such sources so as to avoid missing any important point. This detailed paper is structured

in a way to provide an understanding of the depth of research in ROTC. This breadth of research

is generated from many sources such as scholarly publications, policy documents, and empirical

studies. The primary aim of our review process will be to synthesize the available sources to

provide the audience with what has been collected about the topic while shining a light on the

main themes, trends and gaps in knowledge.

Though the review of the history of ROTC in the Philippines might include milestones and

chronological order, it seeks to explain the journey of ROTC development because of its diverse

challenges and hurdles such as the inception to the present-day version. Historians, with

unparalleled precision in evaluating seminal works and documentaries, clarified the socio-

political underpinnings that have made ROTC as an anchor of armed force institutions and

national security agendas in the Philippines.

Additionally, a number of issues important for the ROTC system organization and institutions

are considered and are placed in the context of higher education and military training and

educational systems. The core aim of our study is to demonstrate how organizational structures

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Integrated School – Senior High School
No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

and control mechanisms are applied to the US military at different levels namely at federal,

regional, and local levels by looking at case studies.

A second important dimension lies in the multi-faceted assessment of ROTC on student

achievements, institutional performance, and societal benefits. In order to determine the

effectiveness of ROTC in terms of developing civic-minded young leaders, well-disciplined, and

civically engaged Filipinos, rigorous analysis of the numerical look of surveys, the non-

numerical findings of interviews, and the repetitive studies with a varied population over time

will be conducted.

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