ASSESSMENT - 2

1.What is consumer orientated E-business

Consumer-oriented e-business, also known as business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce,

refers to online transactions conducted between a business and individual consumers over the
internet. It involves selling products or services directly to customers through digital
channels. This approach focuses on creating user-friendly websites or platforms that cater to
the needs and preferences of consumers, offering them a convenient and personalized
shopping experience. It often involves strategies like targeted marketing, customer
relationship management, easy navigation, and secure payment systems to attract and retain
customers.

2. Characteristics of E-retailing

● Global reach
● Convenience
● Diverse product range
● Personalization
● Accessibility
● 24/7 availability
● Efficient transaction processing
● Digital marketing and promotions

3. What is E-CRM

E-CRM stands for Electronic Customer Relationship Management. It involves using digital
technologies like email, social media, websites, and other online channels to manage and
improve relationships with customers. E-CRM focuses on understanding customers' needs,
interactions, and behaviors to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty through personalized
communication and services.

4. What are the steps for E-payment system

● Selection of Payment Method

● Input Payment Information
● Authorization
● Processing
● Approval
● Confirmation
● Settlement
● Record Keeping
5. Define the need of internet security

Internet security is crucial to safeguard personal information, prevent unauthorized access to

data, protect against cyber threats like malware or phishing attacks, ensure online privacy,
and maintain the integrity and confidentiality of digital communications. It's essential for
individuals, businesses, and organizations to mitigate risks and prevent potential harm caused
by cyberattacks.

6. What is the need for security

Security in e-business management is crucial to safeguard sensitive data, transactions, and

systems from unauthorized access, data breaches, fraud, and cyber threats. It helps build trust
with customers, protects intellectual property, ensures compliance with regulations, and
maintains the integrity and confidentiality of business operations. Strong security measures
are essential to uphold the reliability, reputation, and success of e-businesses.

7. What is the E-payments

E-payments refer to electronic transactions made over the internet or through electronic
devices, allowing people to send or receive money without using physical cash or checks.
These transactions can include online purchases, mobile banking, digital wallets, and various
other forms of electronic money transfers.

8. What is the E-cash

E-cash, or electronic cash, refers to a digital form of currency used for online transactions. It's
a virtual representation of money that allows for secure and instantaneous online payments,
typically backed by a trusted authority or technology. It's often used interchangeably with
terms like digital currency or cryptocurrency.

9. What is the E-cheque

cheque, short for electronic cheque, is a digital version of a traditional paper cheque. It
contains the same information as a paper cheque but is created, signed, and transmitted
electronically. E-cheques facilitate online payments, offering convenience and speed in
transactions while following similar banking protocols and verification processes as paper
cheques.

10. What are Micro payment system

Micro payment systems are platforms or methods designed for handling very small financial
transactions, often involving tiny amounts of money, typically less than a few dollars. These
systems enable quick, low-cost, and sometimes instantaneous payments for digital goods,
services, or content that might be impractical or uneconomical to purchase using traditional
payment methods due to high transaction fees. They're commonly used in online gaming,
content subscriptions, pay-per-view services, and other digital microtransactions.

11. What are E- governance

E-governance refers to the use of electronic communications technology, such as the internet
and various digital platforms, to enhance and streamline the delivery of government services,
information, and interactions with citizens, businesses, and other government entities. It aims
to make government processes more efficient, accessible, transparent, and citizen-centric.

12. What is social Media marketing

Social media marketing refers to the use of social media platforms to connect with your
audience to build your brand, increase sales, drive website traffic, and engage with
customers. It involves creating and sharing content on social media networks, interacting with
users, running ads, and analyzing results to optimize strategies. It's about leveraging social
media's reach and targeting capabilities to achieve marketing goals.

SET - A
PART - B

7 a) Explain the characteristics of E-payment system

E-payment systems, also known as electronic payment systems, have several key
characteristics:

Accessibility: E-payment systems offer convenience and accessibility, allowing users to make
transactions anytime, anywhere, as long as they have an internet connection. This
accessibility promotes global financial inclusion.

Security: Security is paramount in e-payment systems. They employ encryption,

tokenization, secure sockets layer (SSL) technology, and other measures to safeguard
sensitive financial information, preventing fraud and unauthorized access.

Speed and Efficiency: Transactions are processed swiftly compared to traditional payment
methods like checks or cash. Instantaneous transfers and real-time processing enhance the
speed and efficiency of e-payments.

Convenience and Flexibility: These systems offer various options for making payments,
such as credit/debit cards, mobile wallets, bank transfers, and digital currencies like Bitcoin.
This variety gives users flexibility in choosing the most convenient method.
Cost-Effectiveness: E-payments often reduce transaction costs compared to traditional
methods. They minimize expenses associated with physical infrastructure, paperwork, and
manual processing.

Integration and Compatibility: E-payment systems can integrate with various platforms and
devices, making them compatible with different operating systems, browsers, and hardware.

Traceability and Record-Keeping: Digital transactions leave a traceable trail, aiding in easier
record-keeping for both individuals and businesses. This transparency can streamline
accounting processes.

Scalability: E-payment systems can scale efficiently to accommodate increasing transaction

volumes and user demands without compromising performance.

Regulatory Compliance: These systems adhere to regulatory frameworks and compliance

standards set by financial authorities to ensure legality, security, and consumer protection.

User-Friendly Interfaces: Interfaces are designed to be user-friendly, making transactions

intuitive and easy to navigate for a wide range of users, regardless of their technical expertise.

These characteristics collectively contribute to the widespread adoption and continued

evolution of e-payment systems across the globe, revolutionizing the way people conduct
financial transactions.

7 b) Explain different E-tailing models

E-tailing, or electronic retailing, involves selling products or services through the internet.
There are various e-tailing models, each with its own approach and characteristiOpen sidebar

Direct Sellers: These are businesses that sell directly to consumers through their website.
They handle everything from inventory management to shipping.

Online Marketplaces: Platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Etsy allow multiple sellers to list
their products on one site, providing a wide range of options for consumers.

Flash Sales Sites: These platforms offer products at discounted prices for a limited time,
creating a sense of urgency to drive sales. Examples include Groupon and Zulily.

Subscription-Based Models: Businesses offer products or services on a subscription basis,

providing convenience and regularity to consumers. Examples include subscription boxes
like Birchbox or services like Netflix.
Crowdfunding Platforms: Sites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo allow entrepreneurs to
showcase their ideas and products to potential customers who can pledge support to fund the
project.

Social Commerce: This involves selling products directly through social media platforms
like Instagram, Facebook, or Pinterest, often using influencers to market products.

Brick-and-Click Model: Traditional retailers operate both physical stores and online
platforms, creating an omnichannel experience for customers.

Each e-tailing model has its advantages and challenges, and businesses often choose the
model that best aligns with their products, target audience, and overall business strategy.

8 a) Explain the features or marketing on web

Web marketing, also known as online marketing or internet marketing, involves promoting
products or services using the internet. It encompasses a wide range of strategies like social
media marketing, email marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing,
pay-per-click advertising, and more. Its goal is to reach and engage with potential customers,
increase brand awareness, and drive traffic to websites or specific online platforms to
ultimately boost sales or conversions.

Some key features of web marketing include:

Website Optimization: This involves creating user-friendly, visually appealing, and easily
navigable websites. It includes optimizing for mobile devices, fast loading times, and
engaging content to attract and retain visitors.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO): SEO aims to improve a website's visibility on search
engines like Google. It involves optimizing content, keywords, meta tags, and building
quality backlinks to rank higher in search results.

Content Marketing: Providing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain
a target audience. This can include blogs, articles, videos, infographics, and more, shared
through various online channels.

Social Media Marketing: Utilizing social platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
LinkedIn, etc., to connect with audiences, build brand awareness, and engage users through
posts, ads, and interactions.

E-Mail marketing: Sending targeted, personalized emails to leads and customers to promote
products, share updates, and nurture relationships. This can include newsletters, promotional
offers, and follow-ups.
Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising: Paid advertising where advertisers pay a fee each time
their ad is clicked. Platforms like Google Ads, Bing Ads, and social media ads offer targeted
advertising options based on demographics, interests, and behavior.

Analytics and Data Tracking: Using tools like Google Analytics to track website traffic, user
behavior, conversion rates, and other metrics. This data helps in making informed marketing
decisions and optimizing strategies.

Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influential individuals on social media or online

platforms to promote products/services to their followers, leveraging their credibility and
reach.

Combining these features strategically helps businesses reach their target audience, increase
brand visibility, drive traffic, and ultimately convert leads into customers.

8 b) What is security Threats and Explain 5 types of security threats

Security threats refer to potential events or actions that can harm or compromise the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems, data, or resources. These
threats can come in various forms, such as malware, phishing attacks, social engineering,
hacking, or insider threats, and they pose risks to individuals, organizations, or even entire
systems by exploiting vulnerabilities.

Security threats come in various forms, targeting different aspects of digital systems. Here are
some common types:

Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to a

system. This includes viruses, worms, ransomware, trojans, and spyware.

Phishing: Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information, such as passwords or credit

card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity through emails, websites, or messages.

Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: Hackers intercept and alter communication between

two parties, allowing them to eavesdrop, steal data, or manipulate information.

Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: Overwhelming

a system or network with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible or unusable.

SQL Injection: Exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications to inject malicious SQL code,
enabling attackers to access or manipulate databases.

Zero-Day Exploits: Attacks that exploit vulnerabilities unknown to the software developer,
giving hackers a window of opportunity before the vulnerability is patched.
Social Engineering: Manipulating individuals to divulge sensitive information or perform
actions that compromise security, often through psychological manipulation or deception.

Insider Threats: Risks posed by individuals within an organization who misuse their access,
intentionally or unintentionally, to harm the system or leak sensitive data.

IoT-Based Attacks: Exploiting vulnerabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) devices to gain

unauthorized access, control, or disrupt their functioning.

Ransomware: Malware that encrypts files or systems, demanding payment (usually in

cryptocurrency) for decryption or to avoid data exposure.

Understanding these threats helps in implementing robust security measures to mitigate risks
and protect systems and data from potential harm.

9 a) Explain online advertising

Online advertising refers to the use of the internet as a platform to deliver promotional
marketing messages to consumers. It's a diverse landscape encompassing various forms of
advertisements displayed on websites, social media platforms, search engines, apps, and
more. Here's an overview of some key aspects:

Types of Online Advertising:

1. Display Ads: Visual banners or images displayed on websites.

2. Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Ads shown on search engine results pages
(SERPs) like Google Ads.

3. Social Media Advertising: Promotions on platforms like Facebook, Instagram,

Twitter, etc.

4. Video Advertising: Ads played before, during, or after online videos on platforms like
YouTube.

5. Native Advertising: Advertisements that blend with the content and look organic.

6. Email Marketing: Promotional emails sent to a targeted audience.

7. Affiliate Marketing: Partnering with affiliates to promote products/services for a

commission.

Key Components:
 1. Targeting: Reaching specific demographics, interests, behaviors, or locations.

2. Bidding: Advertisers bid for ad placement in auctions (like in Google Ads).

3. Ad Creatives: Engaging visuals, compelling copy, and call-to-action elements.

4. Analytics: Tracking and analyzing campaign performance metrics (click-through

rates, conversions, impressions, etc.).

Advantages:

1. Audience Targeting: Precise targeting options based on user behavior, demographics,

interests, etc.

2. Measurable Results: Detailed analytics provide insights into ad performance.

3. Cost-Effectiveness: Options for various budgets with flexible pricing models (CPM,
CPC,

Challenges:

1. Ad Blocking: Users often employ ad blockers to avoid ads.

2. Ad Fatigue: Overexposure leading to reduced effectiveness.

3. Privacy Concerns: Regulatory changes impacting user data collection and targeting
capabilities.

Recent Trends:

1. Programmatic Advertising: Automated buying and selling of ad space in real-time.

2. Mobile Advertising: Optimizing ads for mobile devices due to increased mobile
usage.

3. Personalization: Tailoring ads based on individual preferences and behaviors.

Online advertising continuously evolves with technological advancements and consumer

behaviors, providing businesses with an array of options to connect with their target
audiences effectively.

9 b) Explain network security and security attacks

NETWORK SECURITY:
Network security involves the protection of networks and their components (devices,
software, and data) from unauthorized access, misuse, or disruption. It encompasses various
measures and technologies aimed at ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data and resources within a network.

Here are some key aspects of network security:

Firewalls: These are the first line of defense. They monitor and control incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Firewalls can be hardware,
software, or a combination of both.

Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): These systems detect and prevent

unauthorized access or attacks on the network. They analyze network traffic patterns and
behaviors to identify potential threats.

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs create secure, encrypted connections over a less
secure network, such as the internet. They are used to securely connect remote users or
branch offices to the main network.

Encryption: It involves encoding data so that only authorized parties can access it. It's crucial
for securing sensitive information during transmission or storage.

Access Control: This includes mechanisms like authentication and authorization to ensure
that only authorized users have access to specific resources within the network.

Network Segmentation: Dividing a network into smaller segments helps contain breaches
and limit the spread of threats. This practice isolates critical assets from the rest of the
network.

Patch Management: Regularly updating and patching software, firmware, and security
systems helps address vulnerabilities and strengthens the network's defense.

Security Auditing and Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of network activity helps in

identifying and responding to security threats promptly. Regular security audits help in
assessing the network's overall security posture.

Incident Response Planning: Having a well-defined plan to respond to security incidents is

crucial. It includes steps to identify, contain, eradicate, recover, and learn from security
breaches.

Employee Training: Human error is often a significant factor in security breaches. Educating
employees about security best practices helps mitigate risks associated with social
engineering attacks and inadvertent security lapses.
Implementing a comprehensive network security strategy involves a layered approach,
combining various technologies, policies, and practices to create a robust defense against
evolving cyber threats.

SECURITY ATTACKS:
Security attacks encompass a wide range of threats aimed at compromising the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data and systems. Here are some common types:

Malware: Software designed to harm or gain unauthorized access. Includes viruses, worms,
ransomware, and spyware.

Phishing: Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information like passwords or credit card
details by posing as a trustworthy entity via emails, messages, or websites.

Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS): Overwhelming a

system or network with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.

Man-in-the-Middle (MitM): Attackers intercept and possibly alter communication between

two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to data theft or manipulation.

SQL Injection: Exploiting vulnerabilities in websites/applications to inject malicious SQL

code, allowing attackers to access or manipulate databases.

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users,
compromising their interactions with the affected page.

Social Engineering: Manipulating individuals to divulge confidential information or perform

actions that compromise security, often through psychological manipulation or deceit.

Insider Threats: Malicious actions or negligence by individuals within an organization, such

as employees or contractors, posing a security risk.

Zero-Day Exploits: Attacks exploiting previously unknown vulnerabilities in software or

hardware before developers can create patches or fixes.

Ransomware: Malware that encrypts files or systems, demanding payment (usually in

cryptocurrency) for decryption keys.

IoT (Internet of Things) Vulnerabilities: Security weaknesses in interconnected devices,

allowing unauthorized access or control.

PART - C
10 a) Explain the types of Micro payments
Micropayments refer to small financial transactions, often involving very low sums of money.
There are several types:

Prepaid model: Users preload a certain amount of money into an account, and small
deductions are made for each micro-purchase. This model is commonly used in mobile games
or digital content platforms.

Postpaid model: This involves aggregating small transactions over a period and billing the
user for the total amount at the end. It's used in scenarios like paying for multiple articles on a
news website.

Token-based model: Utilizes tokens or cryptocurrency for microtransactions, allowing for

fast, low-fee payments. Blockchain technology often facilitates this method.

Aggregator model: Here, a service aggregates multiple small payments into a larger one,
reducing transaction fees. This is common in systems handling numerous small transactions.

Direct carrier billing: Frequently used in mobile app stores, this method enables users to
charge small purchases directly to their phone bill.

Each type has its own advantages and is suitable for different contexts based on factors like
transaction speed, fees, and user convenience.

10 b) Explain social media marketing. Describe the process of creating a social media
campaign

Social media marketing involves using social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, LinkedIn, etc., to connect with an audience to promote a product, service, or brand. It
encompasses various strategies such as creating engaging content, running targeted ads,
interacting with followers, and analyzing metrics to optimize campaigns.

Setting Goals: Understanding what you want to achieve—whether it's brand awareness, lead
generation, website traffic, or sales—is crucial.

Understanding the Audience: Identifying and understanding your target audience helps tailor
content and messages to resonate with them.

Content Strategy: Creating high-quality, relevant, and engaging content (posts, videos,
images, stories) is key. Consistency and variety in content formats are essential.

Choosing Platforms: Different platforms cater to different demographics and content types.
Choosing the right ones for your audience is vital.
Engagement: Engaging with your audience—responding to comments, messages, and
participating in discussions—builds relationships and trust.

Advertising: Paid social media advertising allows for precise targeting based on
demographics, interests, behaviors, etc. It complements organic efforts and can amplify
reach.

Analytics and Optimization: Monitoring metrics (likes, shares, comments, conversion rates,
etc.) helps in understanding what works and what needs improvement. Optimization based on
these insights is crucial for ongoing success.

Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers can expand reach and credibility
within specific communities or niches.

Community Building: Fostering a community around your brand encourages loyalty and
advocacy among followers.

Adapting to Trends: Social media landscapes change rapidly. Being adaptable and staying
updated on trends and algorithm changes is essential for staying relevant.

Successful social media marketing requires a comprehensive understanding of the platforms,

your audience, compelling content creation, and a consistent effort to engage and adapt to the
ever-evolving landscape.

SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN:

Creating a social media campaign involves several steps. Here's a detailed breakdown:

1. Define Objectives: Determine what you aim to achieve with the campaign—increased
brand awareness, engagement, lead generation, sales, etc.

2. Know Your Audience: Research and understand your target audience's demographics,
interests, behaviors, and preferences to tailor your content accordingly.

3. Choose Platforms: Select the social media platforms that align with your audience and
campaign goals. Consider the strengths of each platform (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
LinkedIn, TikTok, etc.).

4. Content Strategy: Develop a content plan that includes the type of content (videos, images,
infographics, etc.), posting frequency, tone of voice, and themes that resonate with your
audience.

5. Set Metrics: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the success of your
campaign. Metrics can include reach, engagement, clicks, conversions, etc.
6. Create Content: Produce high-quality and engaging content aligned with your strategy.
This could involve designing visuals, writing compelling copy, or producing videos.

7. Campaign Schedule: Plan the timing of your campaign. Determine when and how often
you'll post content, considering the best times for your audience's online presence.

8. Implement & Monitor: Execute your campaign and closely monitor its performance.
Engage with your audience, respond to comments/messages, and make adjustments if
necessary.

9. Measure & Analyze: Use analytics tools provided by social media platforms or third-party
tools to track your campaign's performance against the set KPIs.

10. Optimize: Based on the insights gained, optimize your campaign by tweaking content,
adjusting posting schedules, targeting different audience segments, or reallocating resources.

11. Evaluate & Learn: After the campaign, evaluate the overall performance. Identify what
worked well and what didn't, and learn from these insights to improve future campaigns.

Remember, flexibility is key in social media campaigns. Stay adaptable and willing to adjust
your strategies based on real-time feedback and trends.

SET - B
PART - B
7 a) Explain delivery management system

A delivery management system is a comprehensive software solution that streamlines the

process of managing and tracking deliveries from start to finish. It encompasses various
functionalities aimed at optimizing delivery operations, ensuring efficient routes, enhancing
customer satisfaction, and managing resources effectively.

Here are some key components of a delivery management system:

Order Management: This feature handles the entire order lifecycle, from order placement to
fulfillment. It includes order processing, assigning drivers or carriers, and scheduling
deliveries.

Route Optimization: Algorithms help in planning the most efficient delivery routes, taking
into account factors like delivery time windows, traffic conditions, multiple stops, and
vehicle capacity. This minimizes fuel consumption and reduces delivery times.
Real-time Tracking: Provides real-time visibility of delivery progress to both businesses and
customers. This feature allows monitoring the location of delivery vehicles, estimated time of
arrival (ETA), and any potential delays.

Fleet Management: Manages the entire fleet of delivery vehicles, including maintenance
schedules, driver assignments, fuel management, and vehicle tracking.

Inventory Management: Tracks inventory levels in warehouses or distribution centers,

ensuring accurate stock levels and timely replenishment to fulfill orders.

Customer Communication: Keeps customers informed about their delivery status through
automated notifications, including ETAs, delivery confirmations, and any delays.

Analytics and Reporting: Provides detailed insights through analytics and reporting tools.
Businesses can analyze delivery performance, track key metrics like delivery times, driver
efficiency, and customer satisfaction, and make data-driven decisions to improve operations.

Integration Capabilities: Seamless integration with other systems such as CRM, ERP, or
e-commerce platforms to synchronize data and streamline operations.

Overall, a delivery management system optimizes the entire delivery process, from order
placement to final delivery, improving operational efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing
customer experience.

7 b) Explain online service of business

Online services for businesses encompass a wide array of offerings delivered over the
internet to support various aspects of a company's operations. These services cater to
functions like sales, marketing, communication, customer support, and more. Here's an
overview of some key areas:

E-commerce Platforms: These allow businesses to sell products or services online. They
provide features for product listings, secure payment gateways, inventory management, and
order processing.

Cloud-based Software (SaaS): Services like Customer Relationship Management (CRM),

project management, accounting, HR management, etc., are accessible via the internet. Users
pay subscriptions to access and use these platforms without needing to install software
locally.

Digital Marketing Services: These include search engine optimization (SEO), social media
marketing, content creation, email marketing, and advertising. They aim to enhance a
business's online visibility, brand awareness, and customer engagement.
Remote Communication Tools: Platforms like video conferencing, messaging apps, and
collaboration software facilitate remote work and enable efficient communication among
teams and with clients/customers.

Customer Support Systems: Live chat, ticketing systems, and knowledge bases provide
avenues for businesses to assist customers, troubleshoot issues, and provide information
promptly.

Analytics and Data Services: Tools for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to make
informed business decisions. This includes web analytics, customer behavior analysis, and
performance metrics.

Cybersecurity Solutions: Services that protect businesses from online threats, ensuring data
privacy, network security, and safeguarding against cyber attacks.

Payment Processing Services: Online payment gateways and financial services enable
businesses to accept payments securely, offering various methods like credit/debit cards,
digital wallets, and online banking.

These services collectively help businesses establish an online presence, streamline

operations, reach a broader audience, improve efficiency, and ultimately enhance their
competitiveness in the digital landscape.

8 a) Explain E-business protocols

E-business protocols are sets of rules and standards that govern communication, data
exchange, and transactions over the internet within electronic business environments. These
protocols ensure secure, reliable, and standardized interactions between different systems,
enabling businesses to conduct operations online efficiently. Here are some key e-business
protocols:

HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): These protocols enable web browsers

to communicate with web servers. HTTP defines how information is transmitted while
HTTPS adds a layer of encryption, crucial for secure transactions.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails between servers. It defines
how emails are sent and received over the internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Facilitates the transfer of files between computers on a
network. It's commonly used for uploading website content or sharing large files.

SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security): Protocols that establish

encrypted links between a web server and a browser, ensuring secure data transmission,
commonly used in e-commerce for secure transactions.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language): A markup language that defines rules for encoding
documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable, essential for
exchanging structured data between different systems.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol for exchanging structured information in
the implementation of web services. It defines how messages are sent and received between
different platforms.

REST (Representational State Transfer): An architectural style for designing networked

applications. It relies on a stateless, client-server communication protocol, usually over
HTTP, allowing for interoperability between systems.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): A set of standards for structuring and transmitting
business documents electronically between trading partners. It's commonly used in supply
chain management and logistics.

OAuth (Open Authorization): A protocol for authorization that allows third-party

applications to access user data without sharing login credentials. It's often used by social
media platforms and other services for user authentication.

These protocols collectively form the backbone of e-business, ensuring seamless

communication, secure transactions, and standardized data exchange, crucial for the success
of online businesses.

8 b) Explain advertising on web portals

Advertising on web portals involves promoting products, services, or brands on websites that
act as gateways to various information, services, or resources. These portals often attract
substantial traffic due to their diverse content or services, making them attractive spaces for
advertisers to showcase their offerings.

Types of Web Portals: Portals can be general (like Yahoo) or niche-focused (like a
technology or lifestyle portal). Understanding the audience and purpose of the portal helps in
choosing the right platform for advertising.

Ad Formats: Web portals offer various ad formats like banners, pop-ups, interstitials, native
ads, or sponsored content. Each format has its advantages in terms of visibility, engagement,
and user experience.

Targeting and Audience Reach: Portals often provide options for targeted advertising,
allowing advertisers to reach specific demographics based on location, interests, behavior, or
other criteria. This helps in maximizing the impact of the ad campaign.
Costs and Pricing Models: Advertisers can choose from different pricing models such as
Cost Per Click (CPC), Cost Per Mille (CPM), Cost Per Acquisition (CPA), etc. The pricing
depends on the portal's popularity, ad placement, and chosen metrics.

Campaign Monitoring and Analytics: Web portals typically offer analytics tools to track the
performance of ads, providing insights into metrics like click-through rates, conversions, and
audience engagement. This data helps in refining and optimizing advertising strategies.

Ad Placement and Visibility: Strategically placing ads on high-traffic areas of the portal can
significantly impact visibility. Homepage banners, sidebar ads, or within content placements
are often prime spots for maximum exposure.

Ad Quality and User Experience: Balancing advertisement visibility with user experience is
crucial. Overwhelming ads can negatively impact a user's experience, leading to ad blockers
or disengagement. Maintaining high-quality, relevant, and non-intrusive ads is key.

Adaptation and Innovation: With evolving technology, web portals continually innovate
with new ad formats or interactive advertising methods (like AR/VR experiences or
interactive videos) to capture user attention effectively.

Successful advertising on web portals involves a blend of understanding the audience,

choosing the right ad formats, optimizing campaigns based on analytics, and ensuring a
positive user experience to achieve the desired marketing goals.

9 a) Explain the concepts of E-CRM

E-CRM, or Electronic Customer Relationship Management, is the application of CRM

strategies and technologies via digital platforms and channels. It focuses on managing and
improving interactions with customers, enhancing relationships, and optimizing customer
satisfaction and loyalty through electronic means.

Customer Data Management: E-CRM revolves around collecting, storing, and analyzing
customer data from various digital touchpoints like websites, social media, emails, and
mobile apps. This data includes demographics, purchase history, preferences, and behavior
patterns.

Personalization and Customization: Using the collected data, E-CRM enables personalized
interactions with customers. This can involve tailoring marketing messages, product
recommendations, and service offerings to match individual preferences and needs.

Multi-channel Integration: It integrates different communication channels like email, social

media, live chat, and mobile apps to create a seamless customer experience. This ensures
customers can interact with a business through their preferred channels.
Automation and Workflow Management: E-CRM employs automation tools to streamline
processes, such as automated responses to inquiries, scheduling follow-ups, and managing
workflows to ensure efficient handling of customer interactions.

Analytics and Reporting: Analyzing customer data gathered through E-CRM tools provides
insights into customer behavior, trends, and patterns. This data helps businesses make
informed decisions and refine their strategies for better customer engagement.

Customer Service Enhancement: E-CRM helps in providing better customer service by

enabling faster response times, resolving issues efficiently, and offering self-service options
through knowledge bases or FAQs.

Retention and Loyalty Building: By understanding customer preferences and needs, E-CRM
assists in creating loyalty programs, targeted promotions, and personalized rewards, fostering
long-term relationships and retaining customers.

Implementing E-CRM effectively involves a blend of technology, data analysis, and

customer-centric strategies to build and maintain strong relationships with customers in the
digital era.

9 b) Explain E-governance

E-governance refers to the utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs)

by governments to provide public services, exchange information, communicate with
citizens, businesses, and other arms of government, and improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of governance processes. It involves the digital transformation of government
operations, aiming to enhance transparency, accessibility, accountability, and citizen
engagement.

There are various models of e-governance, including:

Government-to-Citizen (G2C): This model focuses on providing services directly to citizens,

such as online portals for paying taxes, applying for permits, accessing healthcare
information, and more.

Government-to-Business (G2B): Involves interactions between government agencies and

businesses, facilitating processes like obtaining licenses, submitting bids, or accessing
regulatory information.

Government-to-Government (G2G): Involves the exchange of information and services

between different government departments or agencies to streamline operations, data sharing,
and decision-making processes.
Government-to-Employee (G2E): Concerns internal government operations, improving
efficiency in HR management, training, and communication among government employees.

E-governance initiatives employ various technologies such as:

Online Portals and Websites: These platforms enable citizens to access information, avail
services, and communicate with government entities conveniently.

Mobile Applications: Facilitate access to services on handheld devices, allowing citizens to

interact with the government on the go.

E-Forms and Online Services: Offer digital forms and services that can be completed and
submitted electronically, reducing paperwork and processing time.

Data Analytics and Big Data: Helps governments make informed decisions by analyzing
large datasets to identify trends, anticipate needs, and improve policymaking.

Blockchain Technology: Ensures secure and transparent transactions, especially in areas like
digital identity verification, voting systems, and secure document management.

E-governance initiatives aim to enhance governance by promoting transparency, reducing

bureaucracy, improving service delivery, and increasing citizen participation. However,
challenges such as digital divide, data security, privacy concerns, and technological
infrastructure disparities need to be addressed for effective implementation and equitable
access to these services.

PART - C
10 a) Explain virtual communities

Virtual communities are online spaces where people interact, share common interests, and
engage in discussions or activities regardless of physical proximity. These communities can
take various forms, such as forums, social media groups, multiplayer games, or specialized
platforms focused on particular hobbies or professions.

Key Elements of Virtual Communities:

Shared Interests: Members of a virtual community are drawn together by a shared interest,
passion, or goal. This common ground fosters engagement and connection among
participants.

Communication Channels: These communities offer diverse communication tools like

forums, chat rooms, video calls, or social media platforms. They facilitate interactions,
allowing members to communicate and collaborate easily.
Sense of Belonging: Virtual communities often create a sense of belonging. Participants feel
connected to one another, building relationships and a feeling of camaraderie despite not
being physically present.

Information Sharing: Members share knowledge, experiences, and resources related to the
community's interest. This information exchange often leads to learning and growth within
the community.

Community Norms and Rules: Most virtual communities establish guidelines and rules for
conduct to maintain a respectful and safe environment for all members.

Moderation and Leadership: Some communities have moderators or leaders who ensure
discussions stay on track, conflicts are managed, and the community guidelines are upheld.

Benefits of Virtual Communities:

Networking Opportunities: They provide platforms for networking, connecting individuals

globally who share similar interests or professional aspirations.

Support and Collaboration: Members can seek advice, support, and collaborate on projects
within these communities.

Learning and Skill Development: Virtual communities often serve as hubs for learning, where
individuals can acquire new skills or deepen their knowledge through shared resources and
discussions.

10 b) Explain EDI on internet

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the transfer of structured data between computer
systems without human intervention. When EDI is used over the internet, it involves the
transmission of documents such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, etc., using
standardized formats agreed upon by trading partners.

Here's how EDI operates on the internet:

Protocols: EDI transactions on the internet commonly use communication protocols like AS2
(Applicability Statement 2), AS3, or AS4 for secure and reliable data transfer.

Security: Encryption and authentication methods ensure data security during transmission.
Technologies like Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) or encryption
algorithms (PGP, AES) help secure EDI data.
Data Formats: EDI standards (like ANSI X12, EDIFACT, or XML) define the structure and
format of the data exchanged. These standards ensure that both the sender and receiver
understand the content of the transmitted documents.

Communication Channels: The internet provides various communication channels for EDI,
including value-added networks (VANs), direct connections (peer-to-peer), or through an
intermediary like a cloud-based service.

Integration: Businesses integrate EDI into their internal systems (Enterprise Resource
Planning - ERP, Customer Relationship Management - CRM, etc.) to seamlessly process
received data.

EDI Software: Specialized EDI software assists in translating, mapping, and processing
incoming and outgoing EDI messages, ensuring compatibility between different systems.

Compliance: Businesses need to comply with industry-specific or partner-specific EDI

requirements to ensure successful transactions.

Overall, using EDI over the internet streamlines business processes, reduces errors, and
enhances efficiency in exchanging essential business documents between trading partners.