IRC:112-2020

(3) Use of Strength other than 28 days Strength:

Actual strength achievable (or achieved) at other than 28 days strength, but not at more than 84 days in case
of slow setting concretes, can be chosen to base the design/construction choices, if found more appropriate.
This decision should be based on achievement of early/delayed strength, and the age at which the first
design load, apart from the self-weight, is expected to be resisted by the structure.
(b) Standard Concrete is made on the basis of design mix proportioned by weight of its
ingredients, which in addition to cement, aggregates and water, may contain chemical
admixtures to achieve certain target values of various properties in fresh condition,
achievement of which is monitored and controlled during production by suitable tests.
Generally, concretes up to strength Grade M50 are included in this type.
(c) High Performance Concrete (HPC) is one, whose ingredients, proportions and production
methods are specifically chosen to meet special performance and uniformity requirements
that cannot be always achieved routinely by using only conventional materials, like, cement,
aggregates, water and chemical admixtures, and adopting normal mixing, placing and
curing practices. Use of mineral admixtures is required. These performance requirements
can be high strength, high early strength, high workability (including Self-Compacting
Concrete), low permeability and high durability for severe service environments, etc. or
combinations thereof. Production and use of such concrete in the field necessitates high
degree of uniformity between batches and very stringent quality control.
(d) Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a type of High Performance Concrete, that fills
uniformly and completely every corner of formwork by its own weight and fluidity without
application of any vibration, without segregation, whilst maintaining homogeneity. It is
suitable in situations where;
• reinforcement is very congested,
• access to allow vibration is not available,
• complicated geometry of the formwork,
• pouring is possible only from a single point,
• speedy placement is required,
It has also the other advantages of no noise due to vibration and no requirement of
finishing.

6.4.2 Design properties of concrete

6.4.2.1 General
(1) The recommended design properties are co-related to 28 days characteristic compressive
strength, unless specified otherwise.
(2) Depending on the purpose of analysis, some of the properties are used either at their mean
(average) value, or at lower characteristic value or at upper characteristic value based on 5
percent fractile or 95 percent fractile respectively.
(3) Stress-strain relationship for overall analysis of structure, stress-strain relationship
for sectional design, various moduli of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, tensile strength,
fracture mechanical strength, multiaxial strengths, etc., are the mechanical properties

29
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needed for various purposes of design. Unless greater accuracy is needed justifying
separate and direct testing for these characteristics, the values given in Table 6.5 may
be used in design, which are based on their relation to the compressive strength. The
co-relation equations are given in Annexure A-2.
(4) Some of the time-dependent behaviours of structure and time dependent effects are permitted
to be evaluated by using simplified expressions, using appropriately modified values of
some properties, (e.g. factored value of the modulus of elasticity to incorporate creep
effects). Where greater accuracy is needed, specialist literature or relevant international
codes may be referred.
(5) Relationship between Strength and Time:
The development of compressive strength of concrete depends on the type of cement,
curing conditions and maturity of concrete. Maturity is measured as a sum of the product
of time and mean temperature of concrete, measured in appropriate units as given below:
Maturity in day Celsius or hour Celsius = ∑ time in days (or hours) x (temperature in
°C+11°C). Eq. 6.1
In normal applications instead of the exact strength-maturity relationship simplified
strength-time relationship is used, with limits of validity as given in Clause 6.4.2.2. For
special applications, where temperature history deviates from the limits given, Annexure
A-2 may be referred.

6.4.2.2 Compressive strength and strength development with time

(1) Relationship connecting age in days to strength given by Eq. 6.2 and Eq. 6.3 can be used in
place of strength-maturity relationship, which are valid for seasonal variation of temperature
between (-)20°C to (+)40°C.
fcm (t) = βcc (t) fcm  Eq. 6.2
   1/ 2 
 28   
(t ) exp  S 1  
cc  
  t / t1   
 Eq. 6.3

  
where
f cm (t) = Mean concrete compressive strength at age ‘t’ days.
f cm = Mean concrete compressive strength at age ‘28’ days.
βcc (t) = Co-efficient depending on age ‘t’ and type of cement.
t = Age of concrete in days.
t1 = 1 day
S = Co-efficient whose value is taken as 0.25 for Ordinary Portland cement. Refer Annexure
A-2 for other cements.
Effect of substantial temperature deviation in the range of 0°C to 80°C (for example
in steam curing), is to be included by substituting equivalent time (tT) in place of
time ‘t’ at 20°C in Eq. 6.2 & 6.3. The expression for equivalent time tT is given in
Annexure A-2.

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TABLE 6.5 Stress and Deformation Characteristics for Normal Concrete
Strength Classes for Concrete
Strength class M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 M 45 M 50 M 55 M 60 M 65 M 70 M 75 M 80 M 85 M 90
1 fck (MPa) 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
2 fcm (MPa) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
3 fctm (MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0
4 fctk,0.05 (MPa) 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3
5 fctk,0.95 (MPa) 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.2
6 Ecm (GPa) 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 41
7 εc1 (0/00) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7
8 εcu1 (0/00) 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8
9 εc2 (0/00) 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4
10 εcu2 (0/00) 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6
11 n 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4
12 εc3 (0/00) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1
13 εcu3 (0/00) 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6

Notes:
(1) Strength designation of concrete, (based on characteristic strength) and corresponding properties to be
used in the design are given above. The strains are expressed in per thousand by o/oo sign. The co-relation
equations used are given in Annexure A-2.
(2) The tabulated values of Ecm are for quartzite/granite aggregates. For other aggregates, they should be
multiplied by factors as given below:
limestone = 0.9, sandstone = 0.7, basalt = 1.2.
(3) Properties of materials to be used in bridge construction given in Section 18 and the acceptance criteria
based on sampling theory of statistics are to be used for procurement purposes only.

(2) Effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time

Although concrete gains strength with age due to continued chemical reactions, it also
exhibits reduction of strength under the effect of sustained loading. This long term effect
together with effect of the size of the structural element is taken into account while
recommending design values of strength in this Code e.g. long term compressive strength
in-structure is taken as 0.67 times of 28 days cube strength. (It is directly incorporated in
formula for ultimate bending strength).
(3) Verification of early age strength by testing
To avoid irreversible damages like local cracking (eg. due to early age prestressing) the
achievement of early age strength shall be verified by testing. Refer Section 18 for details.
(4) Use of strengths beyond 28 days strength
Gain of strength beyond 28 days should not be considered in new designs except as per
Note No.3 below Table 6.4. For evaluation of strength/load carrying capacity of old existing
bridges and for retrofitting purposes, strength at ages other than 28 days can be used after
making allowance for age, sustained load effect, state of cracking and fatigue effects, for
which specialist literature may be referred.

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 IRC:112-2020

 c fcd for  c2   c   cu2


 Eq. 6.22
where
n = Exponent as given in Table 6.5
ε c2 = Strain at reaching characteristic strength as given in Table 6.5
ε cu2 = Ultimate strain as given in Table 6.5

f
f cd  ck
m
where
α = 0.67
γm = 1.5 For Basic & Seismic Combination
= 1.2 for Accidental Combination

σc
fck

fcd

0 εc2 εcu2 εc

Fig 6.5 Parabolic-Rectangular Diagram for Concrete in

Compression for Design of Sections

(b) Other simplified equivalent stress blocks

The parabolic rectangular stress-strain block described in (a) above is of general
validity for all design situations. However, simplified equivalent stress blocks such
as rectangle or bilinear may be used for design purposes where the net results are
sufficiently accurate. Refer Annexure A-2 for details.
(2) Confined concrete
Confinement of concrete results in higher strength and higher critical strains. As a result
stress-strain relationship is modified. The other basic material characteristics may be
considered as unaffected for design. Refer Annexure A-2 and/or specialist literature for
details.

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judgement is exercised in deciding whether torsion plays only a minor role in the behaviour of the
structure; otherwise torsional stiffness should be used in the analysis.

7.5 Combined Global and Local Effects

In addition to the design of individual elements to resist loading applied directly to them, it is also
necessary to consider the loading effects due to global loading where these coexist in an element.
Analysis of the structure may be accomplished either by one overall analysis or by separate analyses
for global and local effects. In the latter case, the forces and moments acting on the element from
global and local effects should be combined as appropriate. The design of individual elements should
take into account the combined effects.

7.6 Structures and Structural Frames

7.6.1 Beams

7.6.1.1 Effective span

(1) The effective span of a simply supported member should be taken as the smaller of:
(a) The distance between the centres of bearings,
(b) The clear distance between supports plus the effective depth.
(2) The effective span of a member framing into supporting members should be taken as the
distance between the centres of the supporting members.
(3) The effective span of a continuous member should be taken as the distance between centres
of supports.
(4) In the case of beams framing into wide columns, the effect of column width should be
included in the analysis.

7.6.1.2 Effective width of flanged beams and box beams

(1) For analysis of section for ULS & SLS effective width shall be taken as given in Fig. 7.1 &
Eq.7.1.
The effective flange width beff for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:
b
eff b eff ,i  bw  b  Eq. 7.1
beff ,i  0.2bi  0.1lo  0.21o
with ,
beff ,i  bi
and (For the notations see Fig. 7.1)

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Fig. 7.1 Definition of Parameters to Determine Effective Flange Width

(2) lo = The distance between the points of zero moments (in the absence of rigorous calculations
for continuous span it may be taken as 0.7 times effective span). The effective width may
be taken as constant for the full span.
(3) For limit state check of vibration for footbridge the actual flange width may be used.

7.6.2 Slabs

7.6.2.1 Moment and shear forces in solid slabs

Moments and shear forces in slab bridges, in the top slabs of beam-and-slab bridges, and box girder
bridges may be obtained from any rational and established method of analysis. The effective spans
should be in accordance with Section 7.6.1.1.
7.6.2.2 Special types of slabs
For analysis of special type of slabs such as skew slab, curved slabs, voided slabs and composite slabs,
specialist literature may be referred.

7.6.3 Columns

7.6.3.1 Definitions
A reinforced concrete column is a compression member whose largest lateral crosssectional dimension
is less than or equal to four times its lesser lateral dimension. A column should be considered as short
if the ratio le /i in each plane of buckling is such that the failure takes place without involving secondary
effects. In practice, the limits upto which the secondary effects can be neglected is given in Clause
11.2.

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Where 0   cp  0.25 fcd cw 1   cp / fcd 

Where 0.25 fcd   cp  0.5 fcd cw  1.25

Where 0.5 fcd   cp 1.0 fcd 
cw 2.5 1   cp / fcd
 
When:
σcp is the mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the concrete due to the design axial
force. This should be obtained by averaging it over the concrete section taking account of
the reinforcement. The value of σcp need not be calculated at a distance less than 0.5d cot θ
from the edge of the support.
v1= v is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear, given in Eq. 10.6

10.3.2 Elements not requiring design shear reinforcement

(1) The design shear resistance VRd.c ≥ VEd
(2) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:

 
 0.33
V
Rd .c 0.12 K 801 . f ck  0.15cp  bw .d
 
Subject to a minimum of VRd.c = (vmin + 0.15 σcp) bwd Eq. 10.1

200
K
1  2.0 where d is depth in milimeters. Eq. 10.2
d
and vmin = 0.031K3/2 fck1/2 Eq. 10.3

σcp is limited to 0.2 fcd (MPa) where  cp NEd / Ac  0.2 fcd (MPa)
Asl
1   0.02
bw .d (Fig. 10.5)
l bd l bd
VEd VEd
d

Asl A Asl A

A Asl
d

VEd lbd

A - section considered
Fig. 10.5 Definition of Asl in Expression ρ1

Ast is the tensile reinforcement which extends by length greater than lbd+d beyond section considered
(Fig. 10.5)
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 IRC:112-2020
(3) In prestressed single span members without design shear reinforcement both Zone B and
Zone C may exist. For Zone C, cracked in bending the expression for VRd.c as given in
Eq 10.1 can be used. For Zone B uncracked in bending, where flexural tensile stress in
the region under maximum bending moment is smaller than fctk 0.05/γm, the shear resistance
should be limited by the tensile strength of concrete. In these regions the shear resistance is
given by
I .bwc

 VRd .c  fctd 2  k1cp fctd  Eq. 10.4
s
Where notations are as per Section 10.3.1
For cross-sections where the width varies over the height, the maximum principal stress
may occur on an axis other than the centroidal axis. In such a case the minimum value of
the shear capacity should be found by calculating VRd.c at various axes in the cross-sections.
4) The calculation of the shear resistance according to the Eq. 10.4 is not required for cross-
sections between the support and the section which contains the intersection of the elastic
centroidaI axis and a line inclined from the inner edge of the support at an angle of 45°.
5) For members with concentrated loads applied on the upper side at a distance av where av is
within 0.5d to 2d from the edge of a support (or centre of bearing where flexible bearings
are used), the contribution of this load to the shear force VEd may be multiplied β= av/2d.
This reduction may be applied for checking VRd.c in Eq.10.1. This is only valid provided that
the longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support. For av≤0.5d, the value of
av=0.5d should be used.
The shear force VEd , calculated without reduction by β should however always satisfy the
condition.
VEd<0.5bwdvfcd
Eq. 10.5
where v is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.

 f 
v 0.6 1  ck  fck in MPa
 310  where fck is in MPa Eq. 10.6
(6) For the design of longitudinal reinforcement in the region cracked in flexure, the MEd line
shall be shifted over a distance αl = d in the unfavourable direction (Ref. Section 16.5.1.3
and Fig. 16.2).

10.3.3 Members requiring design shear reinforcement (VRdc < VED)

10.3.3.1 Shear resistance

(1) The shear resistance of concrete flexural element in a truss model is dependent on the
longitudinal reinforcement provided in the tension zone. For full effectiveness at
the design section of shear, the longitudinal reinforcement shall extend not less than
∆L = d.cotθ+lbd beyond the section considered where ‘d’ is the effective depth and lbd
the anchorage length (Fig. 10.5). The area of bonded prestressing steel may be included.
(2) Failure ascribable to web compression will be sudden and hence shall be avoided.
(3) The shear at the interface between concrete cast at different times requires additional
precautions as detailed in Clause 10.3.4.
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IRC:112-2020
(4) To find the least amount of shear reinforcement, for low and intermediate shear stresses,
the lower limits of θ given in Clause 10.2.2.2 will normally govern the design. For higher
shear stresses, the value of θ may be found by equating the design shear force VNS to VRd.
max
. The amount of shear reinforcement is then found by equating the design shear force VNs
to VRd.s. The value of θ may alternatively selected to optimize the design, for example by
minimizing the total amount of reinforcement.

10.3.3.2 Members with vertical shear reinforcement

(1) For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance is the smaller value of:
Asw
VRd .s  z f ywd cot   Eq. 10.7
s
and
fcd
VRd .max   cwbw z v1  Eq. 10.8
(cot   tan  )
where
Asw is the cross sectional area of the shear reinforcement
s is the spacing of the stirrups
f ywd is the design strength of web reinforcement to resist shear (and torsion)
f yk
=  m while the value of fyk is limited to 500 MPa.
v1 = v is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear given in Eq. 10.6.
z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for RCC section and to be calculated for PSC
section.
For sections which are under full compression under moment, and the compressive force in
the less compressive chord is at least equal to ΔFtd – 1/3 of compressive force in the web, z
shall be taken as 0.9 times of total depth.
For calculating the compressive force in the less compressive chord, the area of this chord
shall be assumed as follows:
(a) in case of box girder the area of soffit
(b) in case of T beam with bulb, the area of bulb
(c) in case of voided slabs the soffit area (area below void)
(d) in case there is no defined chord available for less compressive chord then it shall be
taken as zero, e.g. T Beam without bulb
αcw is coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord:
αcw = 1 for σcp = 0

1+σcp / fcd for 0< σcp ≤ 0.25 fcd
1.25 for 0.25 fcd ≤ σcp < 0.5fcd
2.5 (1 – σcp /fcd) for 0.5 fcd < σcp < 1.0 fcd Eq. 10.9

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Fig. 15.12 Stresses in the Anchorage Zone of Pre-Tensioned Members:

Curve (1) At Release of Tendons, Curve (2) At Ultimate Limit State.

(4) Deviators
(a) A deviator shall satisfy the following requirements:
- Withstand both longitudinal and transverse forces that the tendon applies to it
and transmit these forces to the structure;
- ensure that the radius of curvature of the prestressing tendon does not cause any
overstressing or damage to it.
(b) In the deviation zones the tubes forming the sheaths shall be able to sustain the radial
pressure and longitudinal movement of the prestressing tendon, without damage and
without impairing its proper functioning.
(c) The radius of curvature of the tendon in a deviation zone shall not be less than 40
times the diameter of wire/strand.
(d) Designed tendon deviations up to an angle of 0.01 radians may be permitted without
using a deviator. The forces developed by the change of angle shall be considered in
design.

15.4 Coated Steels

For coated steel, the bond is affected by coating system and the details of manufacture. The following
values may be used:
(1) For fusion bonded epoxy coated high strength deformed steel (HSD) and prestresssing
tendons, bond values given in previous Sections shall be reduced by 20 percent, and
anchorage and lap lengths increased by 25 percent.
The factor of 0.7 for reduction of above modified lap length to account for hooks and
bends, shall remain unchanged.
(2) For galvanised and stainless steel, the bond is to be taken the same as for non-galvanised
steel.

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16.4.1 Detailing rules IRC:112-2011
(1) For wall type pier of non-circular hollow section with length less than four times the width,
the rules for solid columns stipulated in Clause 16.2 will apply.
(2) For wall type pier of non-circular of hollow section with length more than 4 times the
width, the rules as per Clause 16.3 will apply.

16.5 Beams

16.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement

16.5.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement percentage
(1) The effective cross-sectional area of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement should be not
less than that required to control cracking (Section 12), nor less than AS.min where,
fctm
As.min  0.26 b d, but not less than 0.0013 btd Eq. 16.1
f yk t
Where
bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T- beam or L-beam with the flanges in
compression, only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of bt.
fctm should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class.
(2) The cross-sectional areas of the tension reinforcement shall not be greater than 0.025Ac at
sections other than at laps. The total of tension and compression reinforcement shall not
exceed 0.04Ac at a section.

16.5.1.2 Tensile steel in flanged section

The total amount of tensile reinforcement As of a flanged cross-section (e.g. at intermediate supports
of continuous T-beam) may be divided approximately equally over the effective width of the flange
(Refer Fig. 16.1).

Fig. 16.1 Internal and External Parts of a T-Beam

145
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 IRC:112-2020
16.5.2 Shear reinforcement
(1) The shear reinforcement should form an angle of 45° to 90° with the longitudinal axis of
the structural element.
(2) The shear reinforcement may consist of a combination of
(a) Links enclosing the longitudinal tensile reinforcement as well as the compression
zone of concrete,
(b) Bent-up bars;
(c) Shear assemblies in the form of cages, ladders etc. of HYSD bars which do not enclose
the longitudinal reinforcement, but are properly anchored both in the compression
and tension zones.
(3) At least 50 percent of the necessary shear reinforcement should be in the form of links.
(4) Links should be effectively anchored. A lap joint may be allowed in web only for high yield
strength deformed bars.
(5) The shear reinforcement ratio is given by Eq. 16.4
ASW
w 
 s.bw .sin    Eq. 16.4
The minimum value ρw.min for ρw is as given by:

 w.min 
 0.072 fck 
f yk
 Eq. 16.5
In above equations:
ρw = is the shear reinforcement ratio.
Asw = is the area of shear reinforcement within lengths.
s = is the spacing of the shear reinforcement, measured along longitudinal axis of the
member.
bw = is the minimum breadth of the web of the member.
α = is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis (i.e. for
vertical stirrups α = 90° and sin α = 1).
(6) The minimum clear distance between vertical legs of shear reinforcement should be largest
of :
• dg + 10 mm
• 40 mm
• 2φ of shear Reinforcement.
(7) The maximum longitudinal spacing sl.max of successive series of stirrups or shear assemblies
should not exceed sl.max , where,
sl.max =0.75d (1+ cot α) Eq, 16.6
(8) The maximum longitudinal spacing of bent-up bars should not exceed sb.max where,

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IRC:112-2020
sb.max = 0.6 d (1+cot α) Eq, 16.7
(9) The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed:
st.max = 0.75d ≤ 600 mm Eq. 16.8

16.5.3 Torsional reinforcement

(1) The torsion links should consist of fully closed loops formed by lapping straight portions
which have bents or hooks at free ends. The links should form an angle of 90° with the axis
of the structural element.
(2) The provisions of Clause 16.5.2 (5) and (7) are generally sufficient to provide the minimum
torsion links required.
(3) The longitudinal bars should be so arranged that there is at least one bar at each corner, the
others being distributed uniformly around the inner periphery of the links, spaced at not
more than 350 mm centres.
(4) The longitudinal spacing of the torsion links should not exceed 1/8th of the outer perimeter
of the member.
(5) The spacing in (4) above should also satisfy the requirements in Clause 16.5.2 (7) for
maximum spacing of links.

16.5.4 Surface reinforcement

(1) In certain cases, (e.g. clear cover to main reinforcement being larger than 75 mm and in
webs) it may be necessary to provide surface reinforcement, either to control cracking or to
ensure adequate resistance to spalling of the cover.
(2) Surface reinforcement to control cracking in webs should normally be provided in beams
over 1 m deep. It should be provided in two directions, parallel and orthogonal to main
tension reinforcement in the beam. The maximum spacing of bars shall be 200 mm. The
reinforcement already provided from other considerations can be taken into account to
cover this requirement.
(3) The requirements of minimum cover needed for reinforcing bars also apply to surface
reinforcement.
(4) The area of surface reinforcement As.sur should be not less than 0.01 Act.ext where
Act.ext is the area of cover portion outside the stirrups/links.
(5) The longitudinal bars of the surface reinforcement may be taken into account as a part of
longitudinal bending reinforcement and the transverse bars as a part of shear reinforcement
provided that they meet the requirements for the arrangement and anchorage of these types
of reinforcement.
(6) Any surface reinforcement in prestressed beams can be taken into account while calculating
surface steel as required by (4) above.

16.6 Solid Slabs

This Clause applies to two-way and one-way solid slabs, where effective span to thickness ratio is
equal to or greater than 5 in both directions for two-way slabs and in the direction of span for one-way
slab.

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16.6.1 Flexural reinforcement

16.6.1.1 General
(1) For curtailment of the main reinforcement, clauses for beam given in Clause 16.5.1.3 apply.
(2) The minimum and maximum steel percentages in the main direction should be as for beam
given in Clause 16.5.1.1.
(3) Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one-way slab. This should be at
least 20 percent of the main reinforcement.
(4) The maximum spacing of the bars for structural purposes is as follows where ‘h’ denotes
the total depth of the slab:
- For the principal reinforcement in one-way slab and reinforcement in both directions
in two-way slab : Smax shall be lesser of 2h or 250 mm.
- For secondary reinforcement in one way slab Smax shall be lesser of 3 h or 400 mm.
(5) For slabs provided with shear reinforcement, additional force in the main
longitudinal reinforcement as per Clause 16.5.1.3 shall be considered, taking
ae = effective depth.
(6) Rules as per Clause 16.5.1.3 also apply to slabs.
(7) Where the principal reinforcement in a slab which is considered as the flange of a T-beam
or L-beam is parallel to the beam, transverse reinforcement shall be provided at the top of
the flange. This reinforcement shall not be less than sixty percent of the main reinforcement
of the slab at its mid-span unless it is specially calculated. The length of such reinforcing
bars shall be as indicated in Fig. 16.5.
bw

Fig. 16.5 Provision of Reinforcing Bars

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Table 18.1 Reinforcing Steel

Relevant BIS
Type of Steel

Yield Stress/

proof stress/
0.2% proof-

actual 0.2%
Designation

but not less

as % of the

yield stress
Minimum

elongation
Minimum

stress ƒyk
Standard

Strength,

Min. %
Grade /

Tensile

than
Bars upto & including
IS:432 410 MPa 23
20mm dia. = 250 MPa
Mild Steel Grade-I (Part-1)-
1982 20mm ≤dia 50mm
410 MPa 23
240 Mpa
110% (not less than
Fe 415 14.5
485MPa)
IS:1786 415 MPa 112% (not less than
Fe 415D 18.0
500MPa)
Fe 415S ≥ 125% 20.0
108% (not less than
Fe 500 12.0
545MPa)
High Strength
IS:1786 500 MPa 110% (not less than
Deformed Steel Fe 500D 16.0
565MPa)
(HSD Steel)
Fe 500S ≥ 125% 18.0
106% (not less than
Fe 550 10.0
585MPa)
IS:1786 550 MPa
108% (not less than
Fe 550D 14.5
600MPa)
106% (not less than
Fe 600 IS:1786 600 MPa 10.0
660MPa)

Note:
1. Elongation on a gauge length of 5.65√A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the test
piece, when tested in accordance with IS:1608.
2. For seismic zones III, IV & V, HSD steel bars having minimum elongation of 14.5% and
conforming to other requirements of IS:1786 shall be used.
3. For seismic zones III, IV and V, HSD steel bars shall possess following properties:
a. The actual 0.2% proof strength of steel bars based on tensile test must not exceed
their characteristic 0.2% proof strength by more than 20 percent.
b. The ratio of the actual ultimate strength to the actual 0.2 percent proof strength/yield
strength shall be at least 1.15.

18.2.3.1 Galvanised reinforcement

Galvanising of reinforcing steel is achieved by hot dipping process in which steel reinforcement is
dipped in a bath of molten zinc at about 450°C and cooled in a controlled manner. The coating is
chromate treated to avoid reaction between zinc and fresh cement paste. The requirements of coating
are as per IS 12594-1988. In this process, zinc is chemically bonded with steel surface in layers with
varying percentage of zinc contents, from maximum of 100 percent (i.e. free) zinc as the outermost

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INFORMATIVE ANNEXURE B-3

EFFECT OF LIVE LOADS ON DECK SLABS

B3.1 Scope
The effect of concentrated loads on slabs spanning in one or two directions or on cantilever slabs may
be calculated from the influence fields of such loads or by any other rational method. A value of 0.2
may be assumed for Poisson’s ratio. A simplified method for estimating the action of concentrated
loads on slab, based on effective width method for cantilever and simply supported slab, is described
below, which may be used where more detailed calculations are not performed.

B3.2 Effective Width

The bending moment per unit width of slab caused by concentrated loads on solid slabs spanning in
one direction or on cantilever slabs, may also be calculated by assessing the width of slab that may be
taken as effective in resisting the bending moment due to the concentrated loads. For precast slabs, the
term ‘actual width of slab’ used in this Clause shall indicate the actual width of each individual precast
unit.
Slabs designed on the above basis need not be checked for shear.
(1) Solid slab spanning in one direction
(i) For a single concentrated load, the effective width may be calculated in accordance
with the following equation:


where
bef = the effective width of slab on which the load acts,
lo = the effective span,
a = the distance of the centre of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support,
b1 = the breadth of concentration area of the load, i.e., the dimension of the tyre or
track contact area over the road surface of the slab in a direction at right angles to
the span plus twice the thickness of the wearing coat or surface finish above the
structural slab, and
α = a constant having the following values depending upon the ratio b/lo where b is the
width of the slab.
Provided that the effective width shall not exceed the actual width of the slab; and
provided further that in case of a load near the unsupported edge of a slab, the effective
width shall not exceed the above value nor half the above value plus the distance of
the load from the unsupported edge.

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 IRC:112-2020

b/lo α for simply α for b/lo α for simply α for

supported slab continuous slab supported slab continuous slab
0.1 0.40 0.40 1.1 2.60 2.28
0.2 0.80 0.80 1.2 2.64 2.36
0.3 1.16 1.16 1.3 2.72 2.40
0.4 1.48 1.44 1.4 2.80 2.48
0.5 1.72 1.68 1.5 2.84 2.48
0.6 1.96 1.84 1.6 2.88 2.52
0.7 2.12 1.96 1.7 2.92 2.56
0.8 2.24 2.08 1.8 2.96 2.60
0.9 2.36 2.16 1.9 3.00 2.60
1.0 2.48 2.24 2 & above 3.00 2.60
(ii)
For two or more concentrated loads in a line in the direction of the span, the bending
moment per unit width of slab shall be calculated separately for each load according
to its appropriate effective width of slab calculated as in (i) above.
(iii) For two or more loads not in a line in the direction of the span: If the effective width
of slab for one load overlaps the effective width of slab for an adjacent load, the
resultant effective width for the two loads equals the sum of the respective effective
widths for each load minus the width of overlap, provided that the slab so designed is
tested for the two loads acting separately.
(2) Solid slab cantilever
(i) For a single concentrated load, the effective width may be calculated in accordance
with the following equation:
bef = 1.2a +b1 Eq. B3.2
where
bef = the effective width,
a = the distance of the centre of gravity of the concentrated load from the face of the
cantilever support, and
b1 = the breadth of concentration area of load, i.e., the dimension of the tyre or track
contact area over the road surface of the slab in a direction parallel to the supporting
edge of the cantilever plus twice the thickness of wearing coat or surface finish
above the structural slab.
Provided that the effective width of the cantilever slab shall not exceed one-third the
length of the cantilever slab measured parallel to the support. And provided further that
when the concentrated load is placed near one of the two extreme ends of the length
of cantilever slab in the direction parallel to the support, the effective width shall not
exceed the above value, nor shall it exceed half the above value plus the distance of
the concentrated load from the nearer extreme end measured in the direction parallel
to the fixed edge.

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IRC:112-2020
(ii) For two or more concentrated loads
If the effective width of slab for one load overlaps the effective width of slab for an
adjacent load, resultant effective width for the two loads shall be taken as equal to
the sum of the respective effective width for each load minus the width of overlap,
provided that the slab so designed is tested for the two loads acting separately.

B3.3 Dispersion of Loads along the Span

The effect of contact of wheel or track load in the direction of span length shall be taken as equal to the
dimension of the tyre contact area over the wearing surface of the slab in the direction of the span plus
twice the overall depth of the slab inclusive of the thickness of the wearing surface.

B3.4 Dispersion of Loads through Fills and Wearing Coat

The dispersion of loads through fills and wearing coat shall be assumed at 45°, both along and
perpendicular to the span.

242