lOMoARcPSD|25020206
Lesson
Quantitative Research
1 Design
What’s In
Quantitative research is more systematic and controlled than qualitative research
which you have learned in Practical Research 1 last school year. However, these two
research methods have a statement of the problem to investigate. At this point, it is
assumed that you are capable to state a research problem, write a background of the
study, scope and delimit, hypothesize, make a conceptual framework, and review
related literature.
Each type of research follows a particular design which aims to answer specific
questions. The research design leads to the direction of sampling procedure, data
gathering and data analysis.
Variables of the study must be given important considerations in your research
study. These types of variables which you will be using in your study will provide a
paradigm (conceptual framework) which helps the researcher decide on what will be
the design of the study.
So, it is very important that you have completed the previous tasks diligently to
maximize your learning in this module. In this lesson, you will be taught how to
select an appropriate research design.
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What’s New
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters below to identify the correct word/s which
will be discussed comprehensively in this lesson.
Jumbled Letters Answer
1. ocvamripatae rsserhace
2. acalroinetol srsreahec
3. eispvdricte cehaesrs
4. exrmetpnilea haceesrs edinsg
5. xe – tosp – afotc ressarehc
6. nno – exeipertmanl aceehrrss
7. uniqiatatetv ascsererh gedins
8. uqias – elxneaipertm ssacrreeh
9. usvyre hacersser
10. teru emltxrneaipe rrsseeach
What is It
According to Barrot (2017), research design is defined as the logical and coherent
overall strategy that the researcher uses to integrate all the components of the
research study. It will give meaning in the overall process of your research study.
Quantitative research is one type of factual investigation. It means that its analysis
focuses on verifiable observations and expressed in numbers. It is also a process of
collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and
averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider
populations.
There are two types of Quantitative Research Design, the non – experimental and
experimental.
1. Non – experimental Research Design
According to Kowalczyk (2015), non – experimental research means there is a
predictor variable of group of subjects that cannot be manipulated by the
experimenter. This suggests that different routes should be accustomed draw
conclusions, like correlation, survey or case study.
2. Experimental Research Design
It is guided by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental research can have
several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disapproved.
Once that statement is formed experiments are begun to seek out whether the
statement is true or not.
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1. Survey Research
- uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls.
- allows the researchers to review behavior and then present the
findings in an accurate way.
- usually expressed in percentage.
- can be conducted around one group specifically or used to
compare several groups.
- Example quantitative research title. Covid 19: How do
Filipinos View the Government’s Measures. This research
will assist decision – makers in formulating more acceptable
policies to control the spreading of the virus in the short term
and also help restore confidence in government for the long
term.
2. Correlational Research
- tests for the relationships between two variables.
- determines what the effect of one on the opposite that affects
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
the relationship.
- predicts the magnitude of the association.
- Example quantitative research title: A Study on Internet
Usage of Adolescents in relation to Aggression and
Psychological Well – being. This research aims to investigate
the relationship among internet usage, aggressive behavior and
NON - EXPERIMENTAL
psychological well – being of adolescents.
3. Descriptive Research
- is oftentimes as a survey or a normative approach.
- is a study of prevailing conditions.
- Example of quantitative descriptive research: A Study on the
Preparation of Student Teachers to Work with Diverse
Population. This study aims to describe the degree to which
the education programs prepared the students to work with
diverse population.
4. Comparative Research
- examines patterns of similarities and differences across a
moderate number of cases.
- uses limited number of cases.
- concerns to establish familiarity with each case included in a
study.
- Example of quantitative comparative research: A Study of the
Use of Library and Internet as Sources of Information by
Students. This study was conducted to compare the Internet
use and Library use among students. It was based on the
assumption that students use the internet more than library.
5. Ex – Post – facto Research
- examines patterns of similarities and differences across a
moderate number of cases.
- used in studies which measure the pre – existing effects.
- is a study where the researcher has no control over the
variables.
- Example of Ex – Post – facto Research: A study on One – to –
One Mobile Technology and Standardized Testing. This study
examined the impact of one – to – one mobile technology on
the number of students who passed the standardized test.
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1. Quasi - Experimental Research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN - involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested
without any random pre – selection process.
- is a study where the groups are known to be already
established before the research.
- Example of Quasi – Experimental Research: Evaluating the
EXPERIMENTAL Cooperative Component in Cooperative Learning. This
study examined the efficacy of the cooperative learning
pedagogy (Think – Pair – Share exercises) in problem solving
exercises.
2. True Experimental Research
- is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental
research.
- establishes cause and effect relationship.
- contains three criteria: control and experimental group;
researcher – manipulated variable; random assignment.
- Example of True Experimental Research: The effectiveness of
family planning programs. This study describes the
magnitude of effects for family planning programs.
lOMoARcPSD|25020206
Lesson
Sampling Procedure and the
2 Sample
What’s In
Do you remember your lesson on writing scope and delimitation? In that lesson, you
stated the subjects, participants, or respondents of your study. You also described
their characteristics which qualify them to be the source of your research data.
The next question you have to answer is how many of the subjects, participants, or
respondents should be selected as a source of data? This lesson will teach you how
to describe sampling procedures in quantitative research. Always remember that the
sampling procedure must be aligned to your chosen research design.
What’s New
You are almost finished cooking your favorite dish. In order to check if it tastes good
and ready for serving, what will you do?
I will …
. https://bit.ly/2BfQXHJ
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What is It
Population and Sample
The first step in determining the sample size is identifying the population of the topic
of interest. The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and
characteristics under consideration.
There are two types of population used in research: target population and accessible
population. The target population is the actual population, for example, all Senior
High School Students enrolled in Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
Strand in the Division of Bataan. While the accessible population is a portion of
the population in which the researcher has reasonable access, for example all Senior
High School enrolled in ABM strand at Bataan National High School.
When the whole population is too costly or time–consuming or impractical to
consider by the researcher, then, a sample representative is identified. Sample is
the specific group that you will collect data from. Its size is always less than the
population. For example, the sample that you will be using are the two (2) sections
of ABM class of Bataan National High School.
Sampling
Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed in
the research study. Sampling, in research, is a word that refers to the method or
procedures of choosing respondents to answer the question. According to Paris
(2013), the bigger the group from where you can choose the sample is called
population, and sampling frame is the list of members of such population from where
you will get the sample.
There are two kinds of sampling: the probability sampling or unbiased sampling and
non – probability sampling
1. Probability Sampling
This kind of sampling requires a researcher like you to have a list of your target
respondents focused on your study. This sampling provides an equal chance of
participation in the selection process given to every member listed in the sampling
frame. As a researcher, always remember that the smaller the sample is, the higher
chance of sampling error. Therefore, the bigger the number of respondents will avoid
sample errors. Sample errors yield if the selection does not take place in the way it
is planned by the researcher.
2. Non – probability Sampling
It disregards random selection of respondents. According to Edmond (2013), the
subjects are chosen based on the availability or the purpose of the study, in some
cases it is the discretion of the researcher.
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1. Simple Probability Sampling
- uses a pure chance selection process.
- runs from making a list of all respondents, writing each name on
the card, choosing cards through a pure chance selection.
- uses any of the following ways: fish bowl technique, roulette
wheel, or table of random numbers.
Example: population: 30; sample: 15
The researcher may write all 30 names in a clean sheet of paper,
place it in a bowl and draw 15 papers out of the bowl.
2. Systematic Probability Sampling
- uses sampling interval that will be used as quasi-random
selection method.
- runs from determining sampling interval, determining the
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
number of population and sample and computing for the
sampling ratio.
Example: population: 1500; sample: 150
150/1500 = 0.1 x 100 = 10%. The sampling interval is 10.
3. Stratified Probability Sampling
- is used in a study needing group – by – group analysis.
- divides population according to strata or groups before selecting
samples.
Example: group the population according to age, gender, etc.
4. Cluster Probability Sampling
- samples economically while retaining the characteristics of a
probability sample.
- runs through multiple clusters of people from the chosen
population will be created to have homogenous characteristics.
Example: population: 1000; sample: 150
The researcher can randomly select at least three (3) groups with
50 participants to represent the sample
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1. Quota Sampling
- is used when the researcher knows the characteristics of the
target population.
- is used when the budget is tight and time is limited for the study.
Example: population: 200 (100 males and 100 females) sample:
100 (25% males and 75% females).
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
2. Voluntary Sampling
- is a sampling technique wherein the subjects for the study are
the ones volunteering to be part of the sample.
- has no selection process.
Example: The researcher puts out a request from the members
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
of the population to join the sample, and the people will decide
whether or not to be in sample.
3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
- is used when the researcher chooses the people who are sure to
correspond to the objectives of the study.
Example: The study is about choosing a course in college. The
researcher will interview students who will pursue college
education.
4. Availability Sampling
- is used when the researcher automatically includes the persons
who show willingness to participate in the study.
- Also known as convenience sampling
Example: A marketing student needs to get feedback regarding
the taste of a new variant of certain food endorsed in the market.
He can create an online survey, send a link to all the contacts on
his phone, share the link in social media, and talk to people he
met on a daily basis.
5. Snowball Sampling
- does not give a specific set of samples.
- is used for a study involving unspecified group of people.
Example: a researcher is conducting a study among homeless
Badjao families in Bataan. The first homeless Badjao family he
met will be the primary data. The researcher can collect data
from other homeless Badjao families who are referred by the first
Badjao family. Referral of other homeless Badjao family may
continue until the researcher completed the number of Badjao
families he will include in the study.
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